You are on page 1of 51

CALIBRATION OF VENTURIMETER

AIM: To demonstrate the use of venturimeter as flow meters and to determine the co-
efficient of discharge
APPARATUS:
1. Measuring tank to measure the flow rate
2. 3 pipe lines of different diameters with a venturimeter
3. Tappings with ball valves are provided at inlet and throat of
venturimeter and these are connected to manometer
4. A constant steady supply of water with a means of varying the flow
rate using mono block pump
5. Separate valves are provided for three pipe lines to conduct
experiments separately
6. Stop watch
THEORY:
venturimeter is a device which is used for measuring the rate of flow of
fluid through pipe line .The basic principle on which a venturimeter works is Bernoullis
principle, It consists of a short convergent cone, a throat and a long divergent cone.
The inlet section of the venturimeter is of the same diameter as that of the
pipe which is followed by a convergent cone .The convergent cone is a short pipe which
tapper from the original size of the pipe to that of the throat is a short tube having its
cross sectional area smaller than that of the pipe .The divergent cone of the venturimeter
is gradually diverging pipe with its cross sectional area increasing from that of the throat
to the original size of the pipe,
Total length of venturimeter is nearly 10 times the diameter of the inlet
pipe. The long divergence is given to minimize the loss of energy due to expansion. The
pressure difference between the inlet and throat is measured using an U- tube manometer,
from this the discharge is calculated.
PROCEDURE:
1. Fill in the sump tank with clean water
2. keep the delivery valve closed
3. Connect the power cable to ph , 220v, 10A with earth connection
4. Switch on the pump and open the delivery valve

FM & HM Lab 1
5. Open the corresponding ball valve of the venturimeter
6. Adjust the flow through the control valve of the pump
7. Open the corresponding ball valve fitted to venturimeter tappings
8. Note down the differential head reading in the manometer
9. Operate the butterfly valve to note down the collecting tank reading and keep it open
when the reading are not taken
10. change the flow rate and repeat the experiment
11. Repeat the experiment for different pipes

TABLE OF READINGS:

Dia of pipe Differential head Rise in water level Time taken in sec
h1 h2 ‘R’

TABLE OF CALCULATION:

Dia of pipe Loss of Actual Theoretical Coefficient


head H = discharge discharge of Average
12.6h ‘Qa’ in Qt in discharge Cd
metres m3 /sec m3/sec ‘Cd’

FM & HM Lab 2
SAMPLE CALCULATION:
Basic data/Constant:
Area of Collecting tank ‘A’ = 0.16m2
Rise of water level ‘R’ = 100mm
Time taken for rise water level = sec
Area of the inlet pipe a1 = m2
Area of the throat a2 = m2
Theoritical discharge :

Qth = a1 a2 X√(2gH) ∕ √( a1²- a2²) m³/s

k= a1 a2 X√(2g) ∕ √( a1²- a2²) m³/s


Qth = k√H
Where H = 12.6 (h1-h2)
1000
h1 and h2 are manometer reading in mm
12.6 and 1000 are convertion factors
a1=area of inlet pipe =π/4*d1²

a2=area of throat =π/4*d2²


g = acceleration due to gravity 9.81m/sec

Actual Discharge :

Qa = A X R m³/s
100Xt
Where A =Area of collecting tank
R = rise of h 10cm
T = time for R cm rise in sec
Co-efficient of discharge :

Cd = Qa/Qth

Precautions:
1) While testing for one pipe line, the valve of the other line should be closed
2) Open the delivery valve when monoblock pump is on, to avoid spillage of mercury.
3) If there is any chance or indication for mercury spillage, then immediately switch
off the motor.
4) Mercury is poisonous don’t come in contact with it.

FM & HM Lab 3
Graphs:
Qa vs √H
RESULT : The average “Cd” for venturimeter is __________

CONCLUSION:
The flow rate has been determined using venturimeter practically and
theoretically.

FM & HM Lab 4
CALIBRATION OF ORIFICEMETER

AIM : To demonstrate the use of orifice meter as flow meters and to determine the
co-efficient of discharge
APPARATUS:
1. Measuring tank to measure the flow rate
2. 3 pipe lines of different diameters with a orificemeter
3. Tappings with ball valves are provided at inlet and outlet of orifice
meter and these are connected to manometer
4. A constant steady supply of water with a means of varying the flow
rate using mono block pump
5. Separate valves are provided for three pipe lines to conduct
experiments separately
6. Stop watch
THEORY:
An orifice meter is simple device used for measuring the discharge through
pipes. orifice meter also works on the same principle as that of the venturimeter i.e. by
Bernoullis principle. It consists of a circular plate with an orifice opening at the center,
inserted in a pipe line. The flow converges, passes through the opening and expands and
occupies the full size of the pipe.
The pattern of flow is similar to that of venturimeter, but the losses are more
because of sudden obstruction of flow. Hence the cd will be far less than the
venturimeter. The pressure difference between the inlet and outlet of orificemeter is
measured using an U- tube manometer, from this the discharge is calculated.
PROCEDURE:
1. Fill in the sump tank with clean water
2. keep the delivery valve closed
3. Connect the power cable to ph , 220v, 10A with earth connection
4. Switch on the pump and open the delivery valve
5. Open the corresponding ball valve of the orifice meter pipe line
6. Adjust the flow through the control valve of the pump
7. Open the corresponding ball valve fitted to orifice meter tappings
8. Note down the differential head reading in the manometer

FM & HM Lab 5
9. Operate the butterfly valve to note down the collecting tank reading and keep it open
when the reading are not taken
10. change the flow rate and repeat the experiment
11. Repeat the experiment for different pipes

TABLE OF READINGS:

Dia of pipe Differential head Rise in water level Time taken in sec
h1 h2 ‘R’

TABLE OF CALCULATION:

Dia of pipe Loss of Actual Theoretical Coefficient


head H = discharge discharge of Average
12.6h ‘Qa’ in Qt in discharge Cd
metres m3 /sec m3/sec ‘Cd’

FM & HM Lab 6
SAMPLE CALCULATION:
Basic data/Constant:
Collecting tank ‘A’ = 0.16m2
Rise of water level ‘R’ = 100mm
Time taken for rise water level = sec
Area of the inlet pipe a1 = m2
Area of the orifice a2 = m2

Theoritical discharge :

Qth = {a1Xa2*√(2gH)} ∕ √( a1²- a2²) m³/s

k= a1 a2 X√(2g) ∕ √( a1²- a2²) m³/s


Qth = k√H
Where H = 12.6 (h1-h2)
1000
h1 and h2 are manometer reading in mm
12.6 and 1000 are convertion factors
a1=area of inlet pipe =π/4*d1²

a2=area of orifice =π/4*d2²


g = acceleration due to gravity 9.81m/sec

Qa = AXR m³/s
100Xt
Where A = area of collecting tank
R = rise of h 10cm
t= time for R cm rise in sec

Co-efficient of discharge :

Cd = Qa/Qth

Precautions:

5) While testing for one pipe line, the valve of the other line should be closed
6) Open the delivery valve when monoblock pump is on, to avoid spillage of mercury.
7) If there is any chance or indication for mercury spillage, then immediately
switch off the motor.
8) Mercury is poisonous don’t come in contact with it.

FM & HM Lab 7
Graphs:
Qa vs √H

RESULT : The average “Cd” for orifice is __________

CONCLUSION:
The flow rate has been determined using orifice meter practically and
theoretically.

FM & HM Lab 8
IMPACT OF JET ON VANES
_____________________________________________________________
AIM:
To determine the coefficient of impact of jet –vane combination by comparing the
actual force with the theoretical force for stationary vanes of different shapes i.e
hemispherical, flat plate and inclined plate.
APPARATUS:
1. Pressure Gauge
2. Stop watch
3. Force through digital indicator
4. Measuring tank
THEORY:
When the jet of water is directed to hit the vanes of any particular shape the force
is exerted on it by the fluid in the opposite direction the amount of force exerted depends
on the diameter of jet shape of vane fluid density flow rate of water more importantly it
also depends on whether the vane is moving or stationary in our present care we are
concerned about the force exerted on the stationary vanes the following are the theoretical
formulae for different shapes of vanes based on flow rate.
2 ρav 2
Hemi spherical-----Ft=
g

ρav 2
Flat plate ----- Ft=
g
 ρav 2 
Inclined plate ------ Ft=   2
 sin θ (θ = 600)
 g 
Where g = 9.81 m/s2
a = area of jet in m2
ρ = density of water=1000 kg/m3
v = velocity of jet in m/sec
θ = angle the deflected jet makes with the axis of the striking jet in degrees
= 60o
Ft=the theoretical force acting parallel to the direction of jet
Fa=actual force developed as indicated by the analog force indicator

FM & HM Lab 9
Description: It is a closed circuit water re-circulation system consisting of sump
tank, mono block pump set, jet/vane chamber, rotometer for the flow rate
measurement direct reading analog force indicator. The water drawn from the sump
tank by mono block centrifugal pump and deliver it vertically to the nozzle through
rotometer. The rotometer is a direct indicating flow rate instrument, which gives the
discharge in LPM (Litres/minute) which is determined by the top position of the float.
The flow control value is provided for controlling water into the nozzle. The water is
issued out of nozzle as jet. The jet is made to strike the vane, the force of which is
transferred directly to the force indicator. The force is read in kgf or N. The provision
is made to change the size of nozzle/jet and the vane of different shapes.

PROCEDURE:

1) Fix the required diameter of jet and the vane of required shape in the position
and the force indicator to zero.
2) Keep the delivery valve closed and switch on the pump.
3) Close the front transparent cover tightly.
4) Open the delivery value and adjust the rate of water as read on the rotameter.
5) Observe the force as indicated on force indicator.
6) Note down the diameter of jet, shape of vane, flow rate and force and tabulate
the results.
7) Switch off the pump after the experiment is over and close the delivery valve.
Table of Readings:

Dia of Jet Vane type Discharge(Q) Pressure “P”in Force indicator


(LPM) kg/cm3 reading
(Fa) inkgf

FM & HM Lab 10
Table of Calculations:

Diameter of Vane type Discharge Actual force Theoretical coefficient


jet in mm “Q” in m3/s Fa in kgf Force ( Fa/Ft)
Ft in kgf

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:

Basic data /Constants:


A = Area of Collecting Tank = 0.16m2
R = Rise of water in mm = 100mm
T = time taken for rise of water in sec.
Q = Discharge in m3/sec
d = jet diameter = 5mm
Straight vane:

π
a= d 2 =___________
4

Q
Velocity v= =_____________
A

ρav 2
Ft = =____________
g

Inclined vane:
π
a= d 2 =___________
4
Q
v= =_____________
A

FM & HM Lab 11
 ρav 2  2
Ft=  
 sin θ =_____________
 g 
Hemi spherical vane:

π
A= d 2 =___________
4

Q
V= =_____________
A

2 ρav 2
Ft =
g
RESULT:
 Fa 
The coefficient   for straight vane, 5mm diameter is:______________
 Ft 
 Fa 
The coefficient   for inclined vane, 5mm diameter is:______________
 Ft 
 Fa 
The coefficient   for hemispherical vane, 5mm diameter is:______________
 Ft 

CONCLUSION:
Thus the force exerted by the jet on different type of vanes is verified practically
and theoretically.

FM & HM Lab 12
FRICTION IN PIPES

AIM:
To determine Darcy friction co-efficient and to investigate the relationship
between the hydraulic gradient “(h/l)” and velocity “v” for different diameters of pipe.
APPARATUS:

1) Pipe line of three different diameters of G.I


2) U-tube manometer with a stabilizing valve to measure the pressure
difference across the tappings, one at either end of the pipe line fitted with a ball
valve.
3) A constant steady supply of water with a means of varying the flow rate using
centrifugal pump.
4) Measuring tank to measure the flow rate.
5)Each pipe line is provided with a separate control valve toexperiment
separately.
THEORY:

A closed circuit of any cross-section used for flow of liquid is known as a pipe in
hydraulics generally, pipes are assumed to be running full and of circular cross-section.
Liquids flowing through pipes are encountered with resistance. Resulting in loss of head
or energy of liquids.The resistance is of two types depending upon the velocity of flow.
1) Viscous resistance and
2) Frictional resistance, due to different diameters.

PROCEDURE:

1) Fill in the sump tank with clean water.


2) Keep the delivery valve closed.
3) Connect the power cable to 1ph, 220v, 10 amps with earth connection.
4) Switch on the pump & open the delivery valve.
5) open the corresponding ball valve of the pipeline.
6) Adjust the flow through the control valve of the pump
7) Open the corresponding ball valves
8) Note down the differential head reading in the manometer.

FM & HM Lab 13
9) Operate the butterfly valve to note down the collecting tank reading
against
the known time and keep it open when the readings are not taken.
10) Change the flow rate & repeat the experiment for different diameter of
pipes.
FORMULAE:
For straight pipes:

Darcy’s formula for finding the loss of head in a pipe is


4 flv 2
H=
2 gd

Where h = loss of head due to friction = 12.6(h1-h2)


l = the length of the pipe
f = friction factor of the co-efficient
h1-h2 = differential head in mm of Hg
Therefore,
Q
V= m/sec
A
AR
Q= m3/sec
100 xt
Where ‘R’ is the rise of water in cm &‘t’ is the time in sec.

TABLE OF READINGS:

Discharge of water collected


Rise in water Time taken Differential
Pipe dia Level in ‘R’in mm ‘t’ in secs ‘d’in mm of Hg

FM & HM Lab 14
TABLE OF CALCULATIONS:

SAMPLE CALCULATI ONS:

Basic data/ Constants:

Area of measuring tank “A” = 0.16 m2


Length of pipe “l” = 1.5 meters
Density of water “ = 1000kg/m3
Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81m/sec2
Diameter of pipe “d”= 25.4mm, 19.07mm, 12.7mm
1)Discharge
AR
Q= m3/sec
100 xt
Where, A = Area of the collecting tank
R = Rise of water ,(say 10cm)
t = time for R cm rise of water in sec
2) Velocity:
V = Q/a m/s
Where Area of the pipe (a) = (π/4)Xd2
Diameter of the pipe (D) =
3) Darcy’s friction factor:

FM & HM Lab 15
2 gdH
f=
lv 2
where, g = acceleration due to gravity
d = diameter of pipe considered in mm
H = total head
L =length of pipe=1.5m
V = velocity/sec

Precautions:

1) While testing for one pipe line, the valve of the other line should be closed
2) Open the delivery valve when monoblock pump is on, to avoid spillage of mercury.
3) If there is any chance or indication for mercury spillage, then immediately switch
off the motor.
4) Mercury is poisonous don’t come in contact with it.

RESULT:

CONCLUSION:

FM & HM Lab 16
DETERMINATION OF MINOR LOSSES

AIM: To determine the friction factor for sudden enlargement, contraction, bend,
elbow, gate valve, globe valve, ball valve.

APPARATUS: 1) Experimental set up


2) Stop watch.

THEORY: Apart from the head loss in a pipe due to friction, there are other sources of
loss of head due to sudden enlargement, contraction, bend, elbow, gate valve, globe
valve, ball valve. It is customary to refer the losses of all fittings in a pipe by specifying
constant F the friction factor. Determination of friction factor helps in the selection of
transition / fittings in a pipe line carrying liquids.

PROCEDURE:
1) Fill up the sump tank with sufficient quantity of water.
2) Fill up the manometer with mercury up to half level.
3) Measure the dimensions of the collecting tank.
4) Connect the upstream and down stream tubes of the manometer to the pressure
tappings of the fitting which is to be tested.
5) Close the valve of the other pipe lines.
6) Start the pump.
7) Open the delivery valve slightly.
8) Close the drain valve in the collecting tank.
9) Note the time taken for 10cm rise of water level in the collecting tank.
10) Note the left and right limb readings of the manometer.
11) Repeat the steps 7 to 10 and take a set of readings for each transition/fitting.

FM & HM Lab 17
12) After the experiment is over, open the drain valve of the collecting tank and
remove the drain plug of the sump tank and empty the tanks completely.

TABLE OF READINGS:
Discharge of water collected
Rise in water Time taken Differential
Pipe dia Level in ‘R’in mm ‘t’ in secs ‘d’in mm of Hg

TABLE OF CALCULATIONS:

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:
Basic data/Constant:
Area of Collecting tank ‘A’ = 0.16 m2

FM & HM Lab 18
Rise of water level ‘R’ = 100 mm
Time taken for rise water level = sec
Actual discharge (Qa ) = A X R m³/s
1000Xt
Where A =Area of collecting tank
R = rise of h 100mm
Head lost due to friction (Hf) = 12.6 (h1-h2)
1000
Where h1 and h2 are manometer reading in mm
12.6 and 1000 are convertion factors
1.Sudden enlargement:
2 g .Hf
F=
[v1 − v 2 ] 2

Where v1 and v2 are the velocity of flow of the pipe before enlargement and after
enlargement.
Q Q
v1 = , v2 =
a1 a1

Where a1 and a2 are the area of the pipe before enlargement and after enlargement.
2. Sudden contraction:
2 g .Hf
F=
[v1 ] 2

Where v1 is the velocity of flow of the pipe after contraction.


3. Bend, Elbow, Gate valve, Globe valve, Ball valve:
2 g .Hf
F=
[v ] 2

Q
v=
a
Where v is the velocity of flow of the pipe of fitting
a is area of fitting.
PRECAUTIONS:
1) While Testing for one pipe line, the pressure tappings and control valve of the other
pipe lines should be closed.
2) While testing for one fitting , the pressure tappings of other fittings should be closed.
3) If there is any chance or indication for mercury spillage, then immediately switch
off the motor.
RESULT:

FM & HM Lab 19
Friction factor for the given fitting F =

CONCLUSION:

PERFORMANCE TEST ON SINGLE STAGE


CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

AIM:
To conduct a test on a single stage centrifugal pump at various speeds and to draw
performance characteristics of the pump
APPARATUS:
1) Centrifugal pump Experimental setup
2) Stop watch
THEORY:
A pump is a device used for lifting water/liquid from lower level to higher level. It
increases the pressure energy of liquids in a closed system using principle of conversion
of mechanical energy into pressure energy. A Centrifugal pump, in action, uses the
centrifugal force to raise the pressure of the fluids, i,e. the liquid is made to rotate in a
closed chamber (volute casing) creating the centrifugal action which gradually builds the
pressure gradient towards outlet thus resulting in the continuous flow.
These pumps compared to Reciprocating pump are simple in construction , more
suitable for handling viscous, turbid(muddy) liquids. But their hydraulic heads per stage
at low flow rates is limited, and hence not suitable for very high heads.
SPECIFICATIONS:
Electrical Supply : 230V, 15A,AC,1phase,50Hz with neutal & earth connections
Motor : AC Motor, 1.5 HP, 1500 RPM
Centrifugal pump : 1 Hp, 3000 RPM(Max)- kirloskar make
Pressure gauges : 2 kg/cm2
Vaccum gauges : 0-760mm of HG
Energy Meter constant : 1500Rev/kwh
Speed Indicator : 0-9999 RM (Digital Tyupe)
Measuring Tank : 0.25m2

FM & HM Lab 20
PROCEDURE:

1) Fill the sump tank with clean water.


2) Keep the delivery valve closed and suction valve open after initially priming the
pump.
3) Connect the power cable to 1 ph, 230V, 15A with earth connection.
4) Confirm the belt is put to the lowest speed position.
5) Switch-On the mains, so that the mains ON indicator glows, Now switch on the
starter.
6) Now, you will find the water starts flowing to the measuring tank.
7) Close the delivery valve slightly so that the delivery pressure is readable.
8) Operate the butterfly valve to note down the collecting tank reading against the
known time and keep it open when the readings are not taken.
9) Note down the pressure gauges, vaccum gauges, and time for number of
revolutions of energy meter disc.
10) Note down the other readings as indicated in the tabular column.
11) Repeat the experiment for different openings of the delivery valve and suction
valve.
12) Change the belt to different speed positions and repeat the experiment.
13) Tabulate the reading as shown.
14) After the experiment is over , keep all delivery and suction valves open.

TABLE OF READINGS:

Delivery Vaccum Energy meter Reading Discharge


Speed Pressure pressure(Pv) Rise of
of ‘P’ in mm of Hg No. of Time Water Time
pump kg/cm2 revolutions Taken in sec level ‘h’ ‘t’ in
in mm sec

FM & HM Lab 21
TABLE OF CALCULATIONS:

Speed in HPElec Total Discharge HPhyd % % Pump


rpm head ‘Q in
‘H’ in mts m3/sec

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:

1) Basic Data/constants:

1 HP = 736 Watts
1kg/cm2 = 760 mm of Hg (10m of water)
Density of water w = 1000 kg/m3
Energy meter constant = 1500 rev/ Kwh
Area of collecting tank = 0.25m2
Efficiency of motor and transmission = 75% ( assumed)

2) Electrical power as indicated by energy meter :

5 1000 60 x60 16 .3
HPelec= x x =
1500 736 t t
Where t = Time taken for 5 rev of energy meter disc in sec

3) Total head:

FM & HM Lab 22
H = 10 [ Delivery head + Suction head]
PV
= 10[P + ]
760

4) Discharge;

A h h 0.25 3
Q= x = x m /sec
1000 t 1000 t
Where A=Area of collecting tank= 0.25 m2
h = height of water collected in mm
t = Time taken in sec for collecting tank

5) Hydraulic Horse power(Delivered by the pump):

WQH
HPhyd =
75

6) Overall efficiency:
HPhyd
%η = x100
HPElec

GRAPH: Draw the following graphs.


a) Speed Vs Discharge
b) Speed Vs Output
c) Speed Vs Efficiency
RESULT:

PRECAUTIONS:

1) Do not start the pump if the voltage is less than 180v


2) There is a no danger of water being not there in the sump tank, since the
measuring tank is fitted with overflow pipe.
CONCLUSION:

The Performance curves are drawn.

FM & HM Lab 23
PERFORMANCE TEST ON RECIPROCATING PUMP

AIM; To conduct a test on a Reciprocating pump at various speeds and to draw


performance characteristics of the pump and also to determine percentage slip.
APPARATUS: Reciprocating pump experiment setup.
2) Stop-Watch.
THEORY: A reciprocating pump is a device used for lifting liquids from a lower level
to a higher level by increasing the pressure energy of the liquid in a closed system. The
pressure rise is due to the reciprocating action of the piston, i,e. The pump consists of
plunger which moves to and fro in a closed cylinder. The cylinder is connected to suction
and delivery pipes and are fitted with non return valves to admit the liquid in one
direction only. The piston is connected to a crank by means of connecting rod . As the
crank is rotated at uniform speed by prime mover, the plunger moves to and fro thus
creating continuous flow of liquid
The following characteristics becomes significant in determining the performance
of the pump.
Coefficient of Discharge: It is the ratio of actual discharge (Qa) to theoretical
discharge(Qt).
Cd = Qa/Qt
Actual discharge (Qa) = Area of the collecting tank x rise of height of water in mm
Time taken
Qa = A x R/t
Theoretical discharge is calculated as the volume of liquid that can be drawn inside the
cylinder.
Qt = Swept volume of cylinder /second.
Qt = n a L N
60
Where n = number of strokes of the pump / revolution
n = 1 for single acting pump
n =2 for double acting pump
a = area of cross section of the cylinder = Π d2 m2

FM & HM Lab 24
4
d = diameter of cylinder in metres
L = length of stoke of piston in metres.
Here being a double acting pump. The cylinder has two valve, one for allowing water into
the cylinder from the suction pipe and the other for discharging water from the cylinder
through the delivery pipe.
Specification of the pump:
Type: Double acting single cylinder
a) Piston Stroke L = 40 mm
b) Piston Diameter d = 55 m
The experimental set up consists of a reciprocating pump mounted on a sump
tank. The pump is driven by an electric motor through a cone pulley arrangement to
operate at 4 different speeds. The belt can be put in different grooves of the pulleys for
different speeds, by loosening the belt and shifting it to the required pulley groove. The
outlet from the pump is collected in a collecting tank of cross sectional area 0.4 m x 0.4
m. This tank is fitted with a gauge glass scale fitting and a drain valve. Suitable pressure
and vacuum gauges and a pressure relief valve is fitted in the pump pipe lines. An energy
meter is provided to determine the input power to the motor.

PROCEDURE:
1) Fill in the sump tank with clean water.
2) Keep the delivery and suction valves open.
3) Connect the power cable 1ph, 220V, 15 Amps.
4) Select the required speed using step cone pulley arrangement
5) Switch-ON the Mains, so that the Mains – ON indicator glows. Now, Switch –ON the
motor.
6) Select the desired speed using step cone pulley arrangement & digital rpm indicator.
7) Note down the Pressure Gauge, Vacuum Gauge and time for number of revolutions of
energy meter disc at full opening of delivery and suction valve.
8) Operate the butterfly valve to note down the collecting tank reading against the known
time. And keep it open when the readings are no taken.
9) Repeat the experiment for different openings of the delivery valve (Pressure & Flow
Rate), note down the readings as indicated in tabular column.
10) Repeat the experiment for different speeds and repeat the steps (4) & (9).

FM & HM Lab 25
11) Tabulate the readings as shown in Annexure.
12) After the experiment is over, keep the delivery valve open and switch off the mains.
13) Calculate the results using Formulae .
TABLE OF READINGS:

Pump Motor Delivery Vacuumm Time for 5 Water Discharge


speed in speed in pressure in gauge in Revs of collected Time taken
rpm rpm kg/cm2 (P) mm of Hg Energymeter in mm of in sec
(Pv) in Sec(t) height (h)

TABLE OF CALCULATIONS:

Speed of Head Discharge HPelec HPshaft HPpump %η ovral %η pum % slip


pump in ‘H’ in ‘Q’in l p
rpm metres m3/sec

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:

1) Basic Data / Constants:


1 hp = 736 Watts
1 Kg/Cm2 = 760 mm of Hg (10m of water )
Density of Water ‘W’ = 1000 Kg/m3

FM & HM Lab 26
Energy meter constant = 1500 rev = 1KWH
Area of Collecting Tank ‘A’ = 0.125m2

2) Electrical Power as indicated by Energy Meter:

5 1000 60 x 60
HPelec = x x
1500 736 t
HPelec = 16.3/t

Where ‘t’ is the time taken by the Energy Meter for 5 revolutions in seconds.

3) Shaft Horse Power :

HPshaft = ηmotor X HPelec


HPshaft = HPelec X 0.75

Where ηmotor = Efficiency of motor = 75%

4) Discharge:
Q = A x h m3/sec
1000 x T

Q = 0.125 x h
1000 x T

Where ‘A’ = 0.125 m2 is the area of Collecting Tank


‘ h’ = The height of water collected in mm.
‘ T’ = The time taken in seconds for collecting water.
5) Total Head :

H = 10 (Delivery Pressure + Vacuum Head )


10 ( P + Pv/ 760) metres
Where ‘P’ is the pressure in Kg/ Cm2
Pv is the Vacuum in mm of Hg .

6) Hydraulic Horse Power (Deliverd by the pump ):

HPpump =
WQH
75
Where ‘W’ = 1000 Kg/m3
‘Q’ = Discharge
‘H’ = Total Head
7) Pump Efficiency:

FM & HM Lab 27
%η pump = HPpump x 100
HPshaft
8) Overall Efficiency :
%η overall = HPpump x 100
HPelec

9) % of Slip for Reciprocating Pump:

%S = Vs - Va x 100
Vs

Where Vs= Swept volume of piston


Va = Actual volume of water collected
Va = Q X 60 X 106 cm3/min

PRECAUTIONS:
1) Do not start the pump if the voltage is less than 180V
2) Do not exceed 5 kg/cm2 on pressure gauge reading and never fully close
the delivery valve
3) Frequently grease/ oil the rotating parts
4) Initially put clean water free from foreign material

GRAPHS: Draw the following graphs


a) Head (H) Vs percentage Efficiency
b) Head (H) Vs percentage slip.
RESULTS:

CONCLUSIONS: Performance curves are drawn

FM & HM Lab 28
PERFORMANCE TEST ON A MULTI STAGE CENTRIFUGAL
PUMP

AIM: To conduct a test on a three stage centrifugal pump at various heads and discharge
to obtain the pump characteristics.
APPARATUS : 1) A Four stage centrifugal pump with pressure and vacuum gauge
fitted at delivery and suction sides.
2) An electric motor for driving the pump.
3) Water sump and a collecting pump.
4) Energy meter.
THEORY: Centrifugal pump consisting of two or more impellers the pump is called the
multistage centrifugal pump. The impeller may be mounted on the same shaft or on
different shafts. In this pump the liquid is made to rotate in a closed chamber (volute
casing) thus creating the centrifugal action which gradually builds the pressure gradient
towards outlet thus resulting in the continuous flow, the pressure gradually builds up in
successive stages. The multistage centrifugal pump have the following functions;
1. To produce high heads.
2. To produce large quantities of liquids.
If a high head is required the impellers are connected in series (on the same
Shaft ) while the discharge is required to be large the impellers are connected in parallel.
These pumps are more suitable for handling viscous, turbid(muddy) liquids.
PROCEDURE: 1) Fill in the sump tank with clean water.
2) Keep the delivery and suction valves open.
3) Connect the power cable to 3 ph, 440V, 30 amps with earth connection
4) Switch ON the mains , so that mains ON indicator glows. Now, switch on the pump.
5) Now, you will find the water starts flowing to the measuring tank through notch tank
6) close the delivery valve slightly, so that the delivery pressure is readable.
7) Operate the butterfly valve slightly to note down the collecting tank reading against the
known time and keep it open when the readings are not taken.

FM & HM Lab 29
8) Note down the time taken in seconds for the number of revolutions of energy meter
disc.
9) Note down the pressures in each stage on pressure indicator & pressure gauges also by
operating the corresponding ball valve
10) Note down the other readings as in tabular column.
11) Repeat the experiment for different openings of the delivery valve and suction valve.
TALBE OF READINGS:

Energy Rise of Discharge


Speed in Delivery Vacuum meter water ‘h’ in Time taken
rpm pressure/ pressure reading for mm ’t’ sec
head stages Pv 5 rev in‘t’ in
I,II,III,IV sec
Kg/cm2

TABLE OF CALCULATIONS;

Head ‘H’ in Discharge HPelec %η pump %η ovreall


mm ’Q’ in HPpump (with load)
m3/sec

FM & HM Lab 30
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:

1) Basic Data /Constants:


1hp = 736 Watts
1Kg/cm2 = 760 mm of Hg = 10 m of water
Density of Water ‘w’ = 1000 Kg/m3
Energy meter = 500 rev = 1 KWH
Area of Collecting tank= 0.25m2
HPelec (no load)= 0.24hp
2) Discharge:
Q = A x h m3/sec
1000X t
Where, A = Collecting tank area
h = Rise in water level in mm
t = Time taken in sec
3) Total Head :
H = 10(Delivery pressure + vaccum head)
H = 10 [ P + Pv/760] metres
Where P = Pressure in kg/cm2
Pv = Vacuum head in mm of HG.
4) Electric Power:

5 1000 60 x 60 16 .3
HPelec= x x =
150 736 t t

5) Hydraulic Horse Power:

HPpump = WQH
75
3
Where W = 1000 kg/m
Q = Discharge in m3/sec
H =Total Head in m

6) HP shaft = HPelec x η m
Where η m = Efficiency of motor = 75%

7) Pump Efficiency:
%η pump = HPpump x 100
HPshaft

FM & HM Lab 31
GRAPHS: Draw the following graphs
a) Total Head Vs Efficiency
b) Discharge Vs pump Efficiency, head in m, HPelec

RESULTS:

PRECAUTIONS :

3) Do not start the pump if the voltage is less than 300v


4) There is no danger of water being not there in the sump tank, since the measuring
tank is fitted with overflow pipe.
5) Frequently grease/ oil the rotating parts
4) Initially put clean water free from foreign materia
Conclusion:
Hence performance characteristics for one particular speed at various heads has
been studied.

FM & HM Lab 32
PERFORMANCE TEST ON FRANCIS TURBINE

AIM: To conduct the Brake Test on Francis Turbine and to determine.


a) Brake power (b) Turbine Efficiency
ii) To evaluate the performance characteristics of the Francis Turbine.
APPARATUS:
1) Francis Turbine experiment setup.
2) Stop-Watch
THEORY:
Hydraulic turbines are the machines which use the energy of water(Hydro
power) and convert it into mechanical energy. Thus the turbine becomes the prime mover
to run the electrical generators to produce electricity.
Francis Turbine is a reaction type turbine consists of Runner, scroll casing,
Guide mechanism and draft tube. Between the scroll casing and runner, the water turns
through right angle and passes through the runner and thus rotating the runner shaft.
When guide vanes are varied, high efficiency can be maintained over wide range of
operating conditions.

PROCEDURE: 1) Connect the supply pump-motor unit to 3ph, 440V,30A, electrical


supply, with neutral and earth connections and ensure the correct direction of pump motor
unit.
2) Keep the gate closed.
3) Keep the electrical load at maximum, by keeping all the switches at ON-position.
4) Press the green button of the supply pump starter & then release.
5)a) Slowly, open the gate so that the turbine rotor picks up the speed and attains
maximum at full opening of the gate.
b) Keep the guide vane angles at maximum.
6) a) Note down the voltage and current , speed, pressure, vacuum on the control panel,
head over the notch, and tabulate the results.
b) Change the position of guide vane angles and repeat the readings. If necessary, the
gate valve (butterfly valve) also can be used for speed control.

FM & HM Lab 33
7) Close the gate and then switch OFF the supply water pump set.
8) Follow the procedure described below for taking down the reading for evaluating the
performance characteristics of the Francis Turbine.
a)To obtain Constant speed characteristics: ( operating characteristics):
1) Keep the gate opening at maximum.
2) For different electrical loads on the turbine/generator, change the guide vane angle
position, so that the speed is held constant. See that the voltage does not exceed
250 V to avoid excess voltage on Bulbs.
3) Reduce the gate opening setting to different position and repeat(2) for different
speeds 1500 rpm, 1000 rpm, and tabulate the results.
4) The above readings will be utilized for drawing constant speed characteristics
Viz.,
a) Percentage of Full load Vs Efficiency.
b) Efficiency and BHP Vs Discharge characteristics.
b)To obtain constant head characteristics: (Main characteristics):
1) Select the guide vane angle position.
2) Keep the gate closed, and start the pump.
3) Slowly open the gate and set the pressure on the gauge.
4) For different electrical loads, change the guide vane angle position, and maintain the
constant head and tabulate the results as given in table-II.
c)To obtain run-away speed characteristics:
1. Switch OFF all the load on the turbine.
2. Keep guide vane angle at optimum position.
3. Slowly open the gate to maximum and note down the turbine speed. This is
the runaway speed which is maximum

d) Performance under unit head- unit quantities.


In order to predict the behavior of a turbine working under varying conditions and
to facilitate comparison between the performances of the turbines of the same type but
having different outputs and speeds and working under different heads, it is often
convenient to express the test results in terms of certain unit quantities.
From the output of a turbine corresponding to different working heads ( table
calculations-II) it is possible to compute the output which would be developed if the head

FM & HM Lab 34
was reduced to unity ( say 1mt): the speed being adjustable so that the efficiency remains
unaffected.
a) Unit speed
Nu = N/√H

b) Unit Power
Pu = P/H3/2
c) Unit Discharge
Qu = Q/√H
d) Specific Speed
The specific speed of any turbine is the speed in rpm of a turbine
geometrically similar to the actual turbine but of such a size that under corresponding
conditions it will develop 1 metric horse power when working under unit head (i.e. 1
meter ).
The specific speed is usually computed for the operating conditions
corresponding to the maximum efficiency.
Ns = N√P / H5/4

TABLE OF READINGS-I

Constant speed characteristics:

METHOD: By keeping the gate constant & By changing the guide vane position.

Head on Head Load on Energy


Guide Turbine turbine over generator Wattage Meter
vane Speed in Notch of Bulb reading
position RPM Press- Vacu (Flow in action Time 5
ure ume rate ‘V’ ‘I’ Revolutions
‘P; in ‘Pv’ ‘h’ in Volt Amp in seconds.
Kg/C in mts s s
m2 mm
of Hg

FM & HM Lab 35
TABLE OF CALCULATIONS-I
Constant Speed Characteristics;

Net Head
Turbine on Discharge % of Full
Speed in Turbine (Flow rate) %ηturbine Load
RPM ‘H’ in Q’ in
mtrs. m3/sec
HP hyd BHP

TABLE OF READINGS – II

Constant Head Characteristics :


Method : By keeping the Gate opening constant & By changing the guide vane
angles.

Head
over Load on Energy Wattage
Head on Turbine Turbine Notch Generator Meter of bulb
Press- Vacuume speed (Flow Reading in
ure ‘P; ‘Pv’ in in RPM rate) ‘h’ ‘V’ ‘I’ Time for 5 action
in mm of in mts Volts Amps revolutions
Kg/Cm2 Hg in sec

FM & HM Lab 36
TABLE OF CALCULATIONS-II
Constant Head Characteristics;

Net Head
Turbine on % of Full
Speed in Turbine %ηturbine Load
RPM ‘H’ in Discharge
mtrs. (Flow rate)
Q’ in HP hyd BHP
m3/sec

SAMPLE CALCULATION:

1) Head on the Turbine ‘H’ in meters of Water :

H = 10 (P + Pv/760)
Where, P = Pressure gauge reading in Kg/Cm2
Pv = Vacuum gauge reading

2) Discharge (Flow rate) of water through the turbine:

Flow rate over the rectangular notch is =


Q = Cd 2/3 b √2g h3/2 m3/sec
Where, Cd = 0.6 (assumed )
B = 0.5m (width of notch )
3) Hydraulic input to the turbine:

HP hyd = WQH
75
Where, W = 1000 Kg/m3
Q = Flow rate of water in m3/sec from Formulae-2
H = Head on turbine in mts from formulae-1
4) Break horse power of the turbine:

FM & HM Lab 37
BHP =Electrical output
η of generator
= HPelec
75
where 0.75 is the Efficiency of Transmission & Generator and
5 1000 60 x60 16 .3
HPelec= x x =
EM 736 t t

Where, E.M = 1500 rev/KWH (Energy meter constant ) and is the time in
seconds for energy meter disc to rotate by 5 revolutions.

5) Turbine Efficiency:

%η tur = BHP/ HP hyd x 100

6) Unit quantities – under unit head,

a) Unit speed, Nu = N / √H

b) Unit Power Pu = P / H3/2

c) Unit discharge Qu = Q / √H

7) Specific spped:

Ns = N √P / H5/4 (obtained at maximum efficiency)

8) Percentage full load = Part load BHP x 100 (At any particular speed.)
Max. load BHP

GRAPH: Draw the following graphs.


Constant head characteristics:
a) Unit speed Vs Unit power
b) Unit speed Vs Efficiency
Constant speed characteristics(operating characteristics):
a) DischargeVs %η of Turbine , BHP

PRECAUTIONS:
1) Do not start the pump if the supply voltage is less than 300v
2) To start and stop the pump, always keep Gate valve closed
3) Gradual opening and closing of the gate valve is recommended for smooth
operation

RESULT:

FM & HM Lab 38
CONCLUSION:

PERFORMANCE TEST ON PELTON WHEEL


_____________________________________________________________

AIM: To find the efficiency of the pelton wheel turbine.


ii) To evaluate the performance characteristics of the Francis Turbine.
APPARATUS:
1. Pelton wheel turbine experimental setup
2. Stop Watch
3. Centrifugal Pump Set
4. Sump Tank
5. Collecting Tank
6. Notch Tank
7. Brake Drum
8. Rectangular Notch
THEORY:
Hydraulic turbines are the machines which use the energy of water(Hydro
power) and convert it into mechanical energy. Thus the turbine becomes the prime mover
to run the electrical generators to produce electricity.
Pelton wheel is an impulse type of turbine where the available energy is first
converted into the kinetic energy by means of an nozzle, the high velocity jet from the
nozzle strikes a series of suitably shaped buckets fixed around the rim of a wheel. The
buckets changes the direction of the jet with out changing its pressure, the resulting
change in momentum set bucket and wheel in to rotatory motion and thus mechanical
energy made available at the turbine shaft. The water after passing through the turbine
unit enters the collecting tank.
Description:
The actual experiment facility consist of multi stage centrifugal pump set, turbine
unit , sump tank, collecting tank, notch tank arranged in such a way that the whole unit
works as a recirculating water system. The centrifugal pump set supplies the water from
sump tank to the turbine through control valve which has the marking to meter the known
quantity of water. The water after passing through the turbine unit enters the collecting

FM & HM Lab 39
tank .The water then flows back to sump tank with 600 v-notch for the measurement of
flow of rate.
The loading of the turbine is achieved by rope brake drum connected to spring
balance. The provision for measurement of turbine speed, head on the turbine are built in
the control panel.
PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the supply water pump-water unit with 3-phase, 400v, 20A, electrical
supply with neutral and earth connection and ensure the correct direction of the
pump motor unit.
2. Keep the butterfly valve and sphere valve closed.
3. Keep the brake drum loading at minimum.
4. Press the green button of the supply pump starter now the pump picks up the full
speed and becomes operational.
5. Slowly open the sphere valve so that turbine rotor picks up the speed and attain
the maximum at full opening of the valve.
A. To obtain constant speed characteristics:

1. Keep the butterfly valve opening at maximum.


2. For the different brakedrum loads on the turbine change sphere rod setting
between maximum and minimum so that the speed is held constant
3. Tabulate the readings in table 1.
B. To obtain constant Head characteristics:

1. keep the sphere rod setting and butterfly valve setting as maximum.
2. For different brake load, Note down the speed ,Head over notch and tabulate the
readings as per table 2.
C. To obtain run way speed characteristics:

1. keep the load on the zero.


2. keep sphere rod and butterfly valve at maximum.
D. Performance under unit head unit quantities:

In order to predict the behaviour of a turbine working under varying condition and
to facilitate comparison between the performances of the turbines of the same type but
having different outputs and speeds and working under different heads, it is often
convenient to express the test results in terms of certain unit quantities.

FM & HM Lab 40
From the output of a turbine corresponding to different working heads it is
possible to compute the output which would be developed if the head was reduced to
unity the speed being adjustable so that the efficiency remains unaffected.
1. Unit speed:
N
Nu=
H
2.Unit power:
P
Pu = 3

H 2

3.Unit discharge:
Q
Qu =
H
4.Specific speed:
The specific speed of any turbine is the speed in rpm of a turbine
geometrically similar to the actual turbine but of such a size that under corresponding
conditions it will develop 1 metric horse power when working under unit head.
The specific speed is usually computed for the operating conditions corresponding
to the maximum efficiency.
Ns=N√P/H5/4

TABLE OF READINGS:
Constant Speed characteristics:
Method : By keeping butterfly valve position fully open
By changing the sphere valve position
N Sphere P Head over F1 F2 Energy
in valve in the notch in in meter
rpm position in kg/cm2 in h mts kgf kgf reading for
mm 5 rev.

FM & HM Lab 41
TABLE OF CALCULATIONS

Constant speed characteristics:

N H Flow rate
in in Q in HPhyd BHP %ηturbine full load
rpm mts m3/sec %

TABLE OF READINGS

Constant head characteristics:


Method: Sphere rod at fixed position
Butterfly valve fully open
Change brake drum load

N P Head over F1 F2 Energy meter


in in the notch in in In reading for 5
rpm kg/cm2 h mts kgf kgf rev.

TABLE OF CALCULATIONS (Constant head characteristics):

FM & HM Lab 42
Flow rate Q
N in rpm H in mts in m3/sec HPhyd BHP %ηturbine

Unit quantities under unit head


Net head on Unit speed Unit power Unit Specific %ηturbine
turbine H Nu Pu discharge speed
mts Qu Nu

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:

1. Head on turbine in meter of water;

H = 10P =_______

“P” is the pressure gauge reading in kg/cm2

2. Flow rate of water through the turbine over 600 V-notch

8
Q= Cd √2g tanθ/2 h5/2
15

Assuming Cd =0.6, g=9.81, θ=600 ,h=head over the notch in m.

3.Hydraulic input to the turbine :

WQH
HPhyd=
75
where W =1000 kg/m3

4.Brake horse power of the turbine :

FM & HM Lab 43
2πN ( F1 − F2 ) r
BHP=
4500
Where F1,F2 are spring balance readings in kgf and r=0.15 radius of break drum.

5.Turbine efficiency :
B HP
%ηtur = x100
HPhyd

6. % full load =
Partload , BHP
ηtur = x100 ( at any particular speed)
Maxload , BHP
7.Unit quantities- under unit head:

1. Unit speed:-
N
Nu=
H
2.Unit power:
P
Pu = 3

H 2

3.Unit discharge:
Q
Qu =
H
4. Specific speed:-
N P
Ns= 5
H 4

GRAPHS:

Draw the following graphs


a) Total head Vs Brake power
b) Total head Vs Efficiency
PRECAUTIONS:
1) Do not start the pump if the supply voltage is less than 300v
2)To start and stop the pump, always keep Gate valve closed
3) It is recommended to keep the sphere rod setting at close position before starting the
turbine. This is to prevent racing of the runner shaft with out load.
RESULT:

Hence the the average efficiency of pelton wheel is

CONCLUSION:

Performance characteristics are drawn.


PERFORMANNCE TEST ON KAPLAN TURBINE

FM & HM Lab 44
AIM: To determine the performance characteristics of Kaplan Turbine at constant speed
and under constant head.
APPARATUS: 1) Kaplan turbine experiment setup.
2) Stop-Watch.
THEORY:
Hydraulic turbines are the machines which use the energy of water(Hydro
power) and convert it into mechanical energy. Thus the turbine becomes the prime mover
to run the electrical generators to produce electricity.
Kaplan turbine, the Reaction type consists of main components
such as propeller(runner), scroll casing and draft tube. Between the scroll casing the
runner, the water turns through right angle into the axial direction and passes through the
runner and thus rotating the runner shaft. The runner has four blades which can be turned
about their own axis so that the angle of inclination may be adjusted while the turbine is
in motion. when runner blade angles are varied, high efficiency can be maintained over
wide range of operating conditions. In other words even at part loads, when a low
discharge is flowing through the runner, a high efficiency can be attained in case of
Kaplan turbine, where as this provision does not exist in Francis and propeller turbines
where, the runner blade angles are fixed and integral with hub.
DESCRIPTION:

The experimental setup consists of a centrifugal pump set , turbine unit, sump
tank, collecting tank, notch arranged in a such a way that the whole unit works on
recirculating water system the centrifugal pump set supplies the water from the sump tank
to the turbine through gate valve which has the marking to meter the known quality of
water. The water after passing through the turbine unit enters the collecting tank through
the draft tube. The water then flows back to the sump tank through the notch tank with
cipolleti notch for the measurement of flow rate. Additionally, the provision is also made
to estimate the rate of flow of water using the “Bend Meter.”
The loading of the turbine is achieved by electrical AC generator connected to
lamp bank. The provisions for measurement of electrical energy AC voltmeter and
ammeter turbine speed (digital RPM indicator) Head on the turbine (pressure gauge) are
built-in on the control panel.

FM & HM Lab 45
PROCEDURE:

1) Connect the supply pump-motor unit to 3ph, 440V,30A electrical supply


with neutral and earth connections and ensure the correct direction of
pump-motor unit.
2) Keep the gate closed and also keep the electrical load at maximum by
keeping the all switches at ON position.
3) Press the green button of the supply pump starter and then release.
4) Slowly, open the gate so that the turbine rotor picks up the speed and
attains maximum at full opening of the gate.
5) Note down the voltage and current, speed , pressure vacuum on the control
panel head over the notch, and tabulate the results.
6) Close the gate and then switch off the supply water pump set.
7) Follow the procedure described below for taking down the reading for
evaluating the performance characteristics of the Kaplan turbine.

a) To obtain constant head characteristics(main characteristics):


1) Select the propeller vane angle position.
2) Keep the gate closed and start the pump.
3) Slowly open the gate and set the pressure on the gauge.
4) For different electrical load, change the rotor pitch position and maintain the
constant head and tabulate the results.

b) To obtain constant speed characterics(operating characteristics):


1) Keep the gate opening at maximum .
2) For different loads on the turbine/generator, change the gate position so that the
speed is held constant say at 1500 rpm. See that the voltage does not exceed 250V
to avoid excess voltage on bulbs.
3) Reduce the gate opening setting to different position and repeat (2) for different
speeds 1500 rpm , 1000 rpm and tabulate the results.
4) The above readings will be utilized for drawing constant speed characteristics.
a) % of full load Vs efficiency.
b) Efficiency and BHP Vs Discharge characteristics.

c) Performance under unit head-unit quantities:

FM & HM Lab 46
In order to predict the behavior of a turbine working under varying conditions and
facilitate comparison between the performances of the turbines of the same type but
having different outputs and speeds and working under different heads, it is often
convenient to express the test results in terms of certain unit quantities.
From the output of a turbine corresponding to different working heads it is
possible to compute the output which would be developed if the head was reduced to
unity (say 1 mt) the speed being adjustable so that the efficiency remains unaffected.
a) unit speed :
Nu = N/√H
b) unit power
Pu = P/H3/2
c) Unit discharge
Qu = Q/ √H

d) Specific speed: The specific speed of any turbine is the speed in rpm of a turbine
geometrically similar to the actual turbine but of such a size that under corresponding
conditions it will develop 1 metric horse power when working under unit head (i.e. 1
meter ).
The specific speed is usually computed for the operating conditions
corresponding to the maximum efficiency
Nu = N√P/H5/4

FM & HM Lab 47
TABLE:1 Constant speed characteristics:
Method: By keeping the rotor pitch constant & By changing the gate position.

Gate Head on turbine Head Load on Wattage Energy


positi Turbin over generator of bulb meter
on e notch ‘n’ in action reading
Speed Pressu Vaccuu (mts) Volts Amps in secs
in re ‘P’ m ‘V’ ‘I’ for 5
rpm in ‘Pv’ rev.
Kg/cm mm of
2
Hg

Table of calculations :Constant speed characteristics


Method: By changing the rotor pitch constant & By changing the gate position
Net head
Turbine on turbine Discharge % of
speed in ‘H’ in mts ‘Q’ in HPhyd BHP %η tur full load
rpm m3/sec

FM & HM Lab 48
Table:2 Constant head characteristics
Method: By keeping the gate opening constant & by changing the rotor pitch

Head Load on Energy


Head on turbine Turbine over generator Wattage meter
Pressure Vaccume speed in notch of bulb reading
in Pressure RPM ‘H’ in Volts Amps in time for
kg/cm 2
in mm of mts ‘V’ I action 5 rev
Hg

Table of calculations-II
Constant head characteristics:
Turbine Net head Discharge
speed in on turbine ‘Q’ in HPhyd BHP %η tur
rpm ‘H’ mts m3/sec

Table:5 Unit quantities under unit speed


Net head Unit speed Unit power Unit Specific %η tur
on turbine ‘N’ Pu Discharge speed NS
‘H’ mts Qu

FM & HM Lab 49
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:

Constant speed characteristics:

Basic data /Constants:


Turbine speed ‘N’ = 1300 rpm
Pressure ‘P’ =
Vacuum ‘Pv’ = mm of Hg
Head over notch ‘h’ = mtrs
Load on generator ‘V = 188 volts
‘ I’ = 1.53 Amps
Energy meter constant = 1500 rev/Kwh
1)Net Head on Turbine ‘H’ :
H = 10(p + Pv/760) m

2)Discharge ‘Q’:
Q = 1.48 h3/2
3)Input to Turbine:
HPhyd = WQH/75
Where W = 1000kg/m3
Q = Discharge
H = Net head
4)HPtur
HPtur = HPele
0.75
5) HPele
5 1000 60 x60 16 .3
HPelec= x x =
EM 736 t t
6) % η turbine
HPtur x 100
HPhyd
Unit Quntities under unit head:

Unit Speed (Nu) = N/√H

Unit Power (Pu) = P/H3/2

Where, P = V x I
736 x 0.75

Unit Discharge ‘Qu’ = Q/√H

FM & HM Lab 50
Specific Speed ’Ns’ = N√P/H5/4

Percentage Full Load = Part Load BHP x 100


Max BHP

GRAPHS: Draw the following graphs.


a) % of full load Vs Efficiency
b) Discharge Vs Efficiency, BHP
c) Unit Speed Vs Unit Discharge
d) Unit speed Vs Efficiency
PRECAUTIONS:
4) Do not start the pump if the supply voltage is less than 300v
5) To start and stop the pump, always keep Gate valve closed
6) Gradual opening and closing of the gate valve is recommended for smooth
operation
7) Fill the water enough so that the pump does not choke.
RESULTS:

CONCLUSION: Hence the performance characteristics of Kaplan turbine at constant


speed and under constant head has been studied.

FM & HM Lab 51

You might also like