Professional Documents
Culture Documents
AIM: To demonstrate the use of venturimeter as flow meters and to determine the co-
efficient of discharge
APPARATUS:
1. Measuring tank to measure the flow rate
2. 3 pipe lines of different diameters with a venturimeter
3. Tappings with ball valves are provided at inlet and throat of
venturimeter and these are connected to manometer
4. A constant steady supply of water with a means of varying the flow
rate using mono block pump
5. Separate valves are provided for three pipe lines to conduct
experiments separately
6. Stop watch
THEORY:
venturimeter is a device which is used for measuring the rate of flow of
fluid through pipe line .The basic principle on which a venturimeter works is Bernoullis
principle, It consists of a short convergent cone, a throat and a long divergent cone.
The inlet section of the venturimeter is of the same diameter as that of the
pipe which is followed by a convergent cone .The convergent cone is a short pipe which
tapper from the original size of the pipe to that of the throat is a short tube having its
cross sectional area smaller than that of the pipe .The divergent cone of the venturimeter
is gradually diverging pipe with its cross sectional area increasing from that of the throat
to the original size of the pipe,
Total length of venturimeter is nearly 10 times the diameter of the inlet
pipe. The long divergence is given to minimize the loss of energy due to expansion. The
pressure difference between the inlet and throat is measured using an U- tube manometer,
from this the discharge is calculated.
PROCEDURE:
1. Fill in the sump tank with clean water
2. keep the delivery valve closed
3. Connect the power cable to ph , 220v, 10A with earth connection
4. Switch on the pump and open the delivery valve
FM & HM Lab 1
5. Open the corresponding ball valve of the venturimeter
6. Adjust the flow through the control valve of the pump
7. Open the corresponding ball valve fitted to venturimeter tappings
8. Note down the differential head reading in the manometer
9. Operate the butterfly valve to note down the collecting tank reading and keep it open
when the reading are not taken
10. change the flow rate and repeat the experiment
11. Repeat the experiment for different pipes
TABLE OF READINGS:
Dia of pipe Differential head Rise in water level Time taken in sec
h1 h2 ‘R’
TABLE OF CALCULATION:
FM & HM Lab 2
SAMPLE CALCULATION:
Basic data/Constant:
Area of Collecting tank ‘A’ = 0.16m2
Rise of water level ‘R’ = 100mm
Time taken for rise water level = sec
Area of the inlet pipe a1 = m2
Area of the throat a2 = m2
Theoritical discharge :
Actual Discharge :
Qa = A X R m³/s
100Xt
Where A =Area of collecting tank
R = rise of h 10cm
T = time for R cm rise in sec
Co-efficient of discharge :
Cd = Qa/Qth
Precautions:
1) While testing for one pipe line, the valve of the other line should be closed
2) Open the delivery valve when monoblock pump is on, to avoid spillage of mercury.
3) If there is any chance or indication for mercury spillage, then immediately switch
off the motor.
4) Mercury is poisonous don’t come in contact with it.
FM & HM Lab 3
Graphs:
Qa vs √H
RESULT : The average “Cd” for venturimeter is __________
CONCLUSION:
The flow rate has been determined using venturimeter practically and
theoretically.
FM & HM Lab 4
CALIBRATION OF ORIFICEMETER
AIM : To demonstrate the use of orifice meter as flow meters and to determine the
co-efficient of discharge
APPARATUS:
1. Measuring tank to measure the flow rate
2. 3 pipe lines of different diameters with a orificemeter
3. Tappings with ball valves are provided at inlet and outlet of orifice
meter and these are connected to manometer
4. A constant steady supply of water with a means of varying the flow
rate using mono block pump
5. Separate valves are provided for three pipe lines to conduct
experiments separately
6. Stop watch
THEORY:
An orifice meter is simple device used for measuring the discharge through
pipes. orifice meter also works on the same principle as that of the venturimeter i.e. by
Bernoullis principle. It consists of a circular plate with an orifice opening at the center,
inserted in a pipe line. The flow converges, passes through the opening and expands and
occupies the full size of the pipe.
The pattern of flow is similar to that of venturimeter, but the losses are more
because of sudden obstruction of flow. Hence the cd will be far less than the
venturimeter. The pressure difference between the inlet and outlet of orificemeter is
measured using an U- tube manometer, from this the discharge is calculated.
PROCEDURE:
1. Fill in the sump tank with clean water
2. keep the delivery valve closed
3. Connect the power cable to ph , 220v, 10A with earth connection
4. Switch on the pump and open the delivery valve
5. Open the corresponding ball valve of the orifice meter pipe line
6. Adjust the flow through the control valve of the pump
7. Open the corresponding ball valve fitted to orifice meter tappings
8. Note down the differential head reading in the manometer
FM & HM Lab 5
9. Operate the butterfly valve to note down the collecting tank reading and keep it open
when the reading are not taken
10. change the flow rate and repeat the experiment
11. Repeat the experiment for different pipes
TABLE OF READINGS:
Dia of pipe Differential head Rise in water level Time taken in sec
h1 h2 ‘R’
TABLE OF CALCULATION:
FM & HM Lab 6
SAMPLE CALCULATION:
Basic data/Constant:
Collecting tank ‘A’ = 0.16m2
Rise of water level ‘R’ = 100mm
Time taken for rise water level = sec
Area of the inlet pipe a1 = m2
Area of the orifice a2 = m2
Theoritical discharge :
Qa = AXR m³/s
100Xt
Where A = area of collecting tank
R = rise of h 10cm
t= time for R cm rise in sec
Co-efficient of discharge :
Cd = Qa/Qth
Precautions:
5) While testing for one pipe line, the valve of the other line should be closed
6) Open the delivery valve when monoblock pump is on, to avoid spillage of mercury.
7) If there is any chance or indication for mercury spillage, then immediately
switch off the motor.
8) Mercury is poisonous don’t come in contact with it.
FM & HM Lab 7
Graphs:
Qa vs √H
CONCLUSION:
The flow rate has been determined using orifice meter practically and
theoretically.
FM & HM Lab 8
IMPACT OF JET ON VANES
_____________________________________________________________
AIM:
To determine the coefficient of impact of jet –vane combination by comparing the
actual force with the theoretical force for stationary vanes of different shapes i.e
hemispherical, flat plate and inclined plate.
APPARATUS:
1. Pressure Gauge
2. Stop watch
3. Force through digital indicator
4. Measuring tank
THEORY:
When the jet of water is directed to hit the vanes of any particular shape the force
is exerted on it by the fluid in the opposite direction the amount of force exerted depends
on the diameter of jet shape of vane fluid density flow rate of water more importantly it
also depends on whether the vane is moving or stationary in our present care we are
concerned about the force exerted on the stationary vanes the following are the theoretical
formulae for different shapes of vanes based on flow rate.
2 ρav 2
Hemi spherical-----Ft=
g
ρav 2
Flat plate ----- Ft=
g
ρav 2
Inclined plate ------ Ft= 2
sin θ (θ = 600)
g
Where g = 9.81 m/s2
a = area of jet in m2
ρ = density of water=1000 kg/m3
v = velocity of jet in m/sec
θ = angle the deflected jet makes with the axis of the striking jet in degrees
= 60o
Ft=the theoretical force acting parallel to the direction of jet
Fa=actual force developed as indicated by the analog force indicator
FM & HM Lab 9
Description: It is a closed circuit water re-circulation system consisting of sump
tank, mono block pump set, jet/vane chamber, rotometer for the flow rate
measurement direct reading analog force indicator. The water drawn from the sump
tank by mono block centrifugal pump and deliver it vertically to the nozzle through
rotometer. The rotometer is a direct indicating flow rate instrument, which gives the
discharge in LPM (Litres/minute) which is determined by the top position of the float.
The flow control value is provided for controlling water into the nozzle. The water is
issued out of nozzle as jet. The jet is made to strike the vane, the force of which is
transferred directly to the force indicator. The force is read in kgf or N. The provision
is made to change the size of nozzle/jet and the vane of different shapes.
PROCEDURE:
1) Fix the required diameter of jet and the vane of required shape in the position
and the force indicator to zero.
2) Keep the delivery valve closed and switch on the pump.
3) Close the front transparent cover tightly.
4) Open the delivery value and adjust the rate of water as read on the rotameter.
5) Observe the force as indicated on force indicator.
6) Note down the diameter of jet, shape of vane, flow rate and force and tabulate
the results.
7) Switch off the pump after the experiment is over and close the delivery valve.
Table of Readings:
FM & HM Lab 10
Table of Calculations:
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:
π
a= d 2 =___________
4
Q
Velocity v= =_____________
A
ρav 2
Ft = =____________
g
Inclined vane:
π
a= d 2 =___________
4
Q
v= =_____________
A
FM & HM Lab 11
ρav 2 2
Ft=
sin θ =_____________
g
Hemi spherical vane:
π
A= d 2 =___________
4
Q
V= =_____________
A
2 ρav 2
Ft =
g
RESULT:
Fa
The coefficient for straight vane, 5mm diameter is:______________
Ft
Fa
The coefficient for inclined vane, 5mm diameter is:______________
Ft
Fa
The coefficient for hemispherical vane, 5mm diameter is:______________
Ft
CONCLUSION:
Thus the force exerted by the jet on different type of vanes is verified practically
and theoretically.
FM & HM Lab 12
FRICTION IN PIPES
AIM:
To determine Darcy friction co-efficient and to investigate the relationship
between the hydraulic gradient “(h/l)” and velocity “v” for different diameters of pipe.
APPARATUS:
A closed circuit of any cross-section used for flow of liquid is known as a pipe in
hydraulics generally, pipes are assumed to be running full and of circular cross-section.
Liquids flowing through pipes are encountered with resistance. Resulting in loss of head
or energy of liquids.The resistance is of two types depending upon the velocity of flow.
1) Viscous resistance and
2) Frictional resistance, due to different diameters.
PROCEDURE:
FM & HM Lab 13
9) Operate the butterfly valve to note down the collecting tank reading
against
the known time and keep it open when the readings are not taken.
10) Change the flow rate & repeat the experiment for different diameter of
pipes.
FORMULAE:
For straight pipes:
TABLE OF READINGS:
FM & HM Lab 14
TABLE OF CALCULATIONS:
FM & HM Lab 15
2 gdH
f=
lv 2
where, g = acceleration due to gravity
d = diameter of pipe considered in mm
H = total head
L =length of pipe=1.5m
V = velocity/sec
Precautions:
1) While testing for one pipe line, the valve of the other line should be closed
2) Open the delivery valve when monoblock pump is on, to avoid spillage of mercury.
3) If there is any chance or indication for mercury spillage, then immediately switch
off the motor.
4) Mercury is poisonous don’t come in contact with it.
RESULT:
CONCLUSION:
FM & HM Lab 16
DETERMINATION OF MINOR LOSSES
AIM: To determine the friction factor for sudden enlargement, contraction, bend,
elbow, gate valve, globe valve, ball valve.
THEORY: Apart from the head loss in a pipe due to friction, there are other sources of
loss of head due to sudden enlargement, contraction, bend, elbow, gate valve, globe
valve, ball valve. It is customary to refer the losses of all fittings in a pipe by specifying
constant F the friction factor. Determination of friction factor helps in the selection of
transition / fittings in a pipe line carrying liquids.
PROCEDURE:
1) Fill up the sump tank with sufficient quantity of water.
2) Fill up the manometer with mercury up to half level.
3) Measure the dimensions of the collecting tank.
4) Connect the upstream and down stream tubes of the manometer to the pressure
tappings of the fitting which is to be tested.
5) Close the valve of the other pipe lines.
6) Start the pump.
7) Open the delivery valve slightly.
8) Close the drain valve in the collecting tank.
9) Note the time taken for 10cm rise of water level in the collecting tank.
10) Note the left and right limb readings of the manometer.
11) Repeat the steps 7 to 10 and take a set of readings for each transition/fitting.
FM & HM Lab 17
12) After the experiment is over, open the drain valve of the collecting tank and
remove the drain plug of the sump tank and empty the tanks completely.
TABLE OF READINGS:
Discharge of water collected
Rise in water Time taken Differential
Pipe dia Level in ‘R’in mm ‘t’ in secs ‘d’in mm of Hg
TABLE OF CALCULATIONS:
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:
Basic data/Constant:
Area of Collecting tank ‘A’ = 0.16 m2
FM & HM Lab 18
Rise of water level ‘R’ = 100 mm
Time taken for rise water level = sec
Actual discharge (Qa ) = A X R m³/s
1000Xt
Where A =Area of collecting tank
R = rise of h 100mm
Head lost due to friction (Hf) = 12.6 (h1-h2)
1000
Where h1 and h2 are manometer reading in mm
12.6 and 1000 are convertion factors
1.Sudden enlargement:
2 g .Hf
F=
[v1 − v 2 ] 2
Where v1 and v2 are the velocity of flow of the pipe before enlargement and after
enlargement.
Q Q
v1 = , v2 =
a1 a1
Where a1 and a2 are the area of the pipe before enlargement and after enlargement.
2. Sudden contraction:
2 g .Hf
F=
[v1 ] 2
Q
v=
a
Where v is the velocity of flow of the pipe of fitting
a is area of fitting.
PRECAUTIONS:
1) While Testing for one pipe line, the pressure tappings and control valve of the other
pipe lines should be closed.
2) While testing for one fitting , the pressure tappings of other fittings should be closed.
3) If there is any chance or indication for mercury spillage, then immediately switch
off the motor.
RESULT:
FM & HM Lab 19
Friction factor for the given fitting F =
CONCLUSION:
AIM:
To conduct a test on a single stage centrifugal pump at various speeds and to draw
performance characteristics of the pump
APPARATUS:
1) Centrifugal pump Experimental setup
2) Stop watch
THEORY:
A pump is a device used for lifting water/liquid from lower level to higher level. It
increases the pressure energy of liquids in a closed system using principle of conversion
of mechanical energy into pressure energy. A Centrifugal pump, in action, uses the
centrifugal force to raise the pressure of the fluids, i,e. the liquid is made to rotate in a
closed chamber (volute casing) creating the centrifugal action which gradually builds the
pressure gradient towards outlet thus resulting in the continuous flow.
These pumps compared to Reciprocating pump are simple in construction , more
suitable for handling viscous, turbid(muddy) liquids. But their hydraulic heads per stage
at low flow rates is limited, and hence not suitable for very high heads.
SPECIFICATIONS:
Electrical Supply : 230V, 15A,AC,1phase,50Hz with neutal & earth connections
Motor : AC Motor, 1.5 HP, 1500 RPM
Centrifugal pump : 1 Hp, 3000 RPM(Max)- kirloskar make
Pressure gauges : 2 kg/cm2
Vaccum gauges : 0-760mm of HG
Energy Meter constant : 1500Rev/kwh
Speed Indicator : 0-9999 RM (Digital Tyupe)
Measuring Tank : 0.25m2
FM & HM Lab 20
PROCEDURE:
TABLE OF READINGS:
FM & HM Lab 21
TABLE OF CALCULATIONS:
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:
1) Basic Data/constants:
1 HP = 736 Watts
1kg/cm2 = 760 mm of Hg (10m of water)
Density of water w = 1000 kg/m3
Energy meter constant = 1500 rev/ Kwh
Area of collecting tank = 0.25m2
Efficiency of motor and transmission = 75% ( assumed)
5 1000 60 x60 16 .3
HPelec= x x =
1500 736 t t
Where t = Time taken for 5 rev of energy meter disc in sec
3) Total head:
FM & HM Lab 22
H = 10 [ Delivery head + Suction head]
PV
= 10[P + ]
760
4) Discharge;
A h h 0.25 3
Q= x = x m /sec
1000 t 1000 t
Where A=Area of collecting tank= 0.25 m2
h = height of water collected in mm
t = Time taken in sec for collecting tank
WQH
HPhyd =
75
6) Overall efficiency:
HPhyd
%η = x100
HPElec
PRECAUTIONS:
FM & HM Lab 23
PERFORMANCE TEST ON RECIPROCATING PUMP
FM & HM Lab 24
4
d = diameter of cylinder in metres
L = length of stoke of piston in metres.
Here being a double acting pump. The cylinder has two valve, one for allowing water into
the cylinder from the suction pipe and the other for discharging water from the cylinder
through the delivery pipe.
Specification of the pump:
Type: Double acting single cylinder
a) Piston Stroke L = 40 mm
b) Piston Diameter d = 55 m
The experimental set up consists of a reciprocating pump mounted on a sump
tank. The pump is driven by an electric motor through a cone pulley arrangement to
operate at 4 different speeds. The belt can be put in different grooves of the pulleys for
different speeds, by loosening the belt and shifting it to the required pulley groove. The
outlet from the pump is collected in a collecting tank of cross sectional area 0.4 m x 0.4
m. This tank is fitted with a gauge glass scale fitting and a drain valve. Suitable pressure
and vacuum gauges and a pressure relief valve is fitted in the pump pipe lines. An energy
meter is provided to determine the input power to the motor.
PROCEDURE:
1) Fill in the sump tank with clean water.
2) Keep the delivery and suction valves open.
3) Connect the power cable 1ph, 220V, 15 Amps.
4) Select the required speed using step cone pulley arrangement
5) Switch-ON the Mains, so that the Mains – ON indicator glows. Now, Switch –ON the
motor.
6) Select the desired speed using step cone pulley arrangement & digital rpm indicator.
7) Note down the Pressure Gauge, Vacuum Gauge and time for number of revolutions of
energy meter disc at full opening of delivery and suction valve.
8) Operate the butterfly valve to note down the collecting tank reading against the known
time. And keep it open when the readings are no taken.
9) Repeat the experiment for different openings of the delivery valve (Pressure & Flow
Rate), note down the readings as indicated in tabular column.
10) Repeat the experiment for different speeds and repeat the steps (4) & (9).
FM & HM Lab 25
11) Tabulate the readings as shown in Annexure.
12) After the experiment is over, keep the delivery valve open and switch off the mains.
13) Calculate the results using Formulae .
TABLE OF READINGS:
TABLE OF CALCULATIONS:
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:
FM & HM Lab 26
Energy meter constant = 1500 rev = 1KWH
Area of Collecting Tank ‘A’ = 0.125m2
5 1000 60 x 60
HPelec = x x
1500 736 t
HPelec = 16.3/t
Where ‘t’ is the time taken by the Energy Meter for 5 revolutions in seconds.
4) Discharge:
Q = A x h m3/sec
1000 x T
Q = 0.125 x h
1000 x T
HPpump =
WQH
75
Where ‘W’ = 1000 Kg/m3
‘Q’ = Discharge
‘H’ = Total Head
7) Pump Efficiency:
FM & HM Lab 27
%η pump = HPpump x 100
HPshaft
8) Overall Efficiency :
%η overall = HPpump x 100
HPelec
%S = Vs - Va x 100
Vs
PRECAUTIONS:
1) Do not start the pump if the voltage is less than 180V
2) Do not exceed 5 kg/cm2 on pressure gauge reading and never fully close
the delivery valve
3) Frequently grease/ oil the rotating parts
4) Initially put clean water free from foreign material
FM & HM Lab 28
PERFORMANCE TEST ON A MULTI STAGE CENTRIFUGAL
PUMP
AIM: To conduct a test on a three stage centrifugal pump at various heads and discharge
to obtain the pump characteristics.
APPARATUS : 1) A Four stage centrifugal pump with pressure and vacuum gauge
fitted at delivery and suction sides.
2) An electric motor for driving the pump.
3) Water sump and a collecting pump.
4) Energy meter.
THEORY: Centrifugal pump consisting of two or more impellers the pump is called the
multistage centrifugal pump. The impeller may be mounted on the same shaft or on
different shafts. In this pump the liquid is made to rotate in a closed chamber (volute
casing) thus creating the centrifugal action which gradually builds the pressure gradient
towards outlet thus resulting in the continuous flow, the pressure gradually builds up in
successive stages. The multistage centrifugal pump have the following functions;
1. To produce high heads.
2. To produce large quantities of liquids.
If a high head is required the impellers are connected in series (on the same
Shaft ) while the discharge is required to be large the impellers are connected in parallel.
These pumps are more suitable for handling viscous, turbid(muddy) liquids.
PROCEDURE: 1) Fill in the sump tank with clean water.
2) Keep the delivery and suction valves open.
3) Connect the power cable to 3 ph, 440V, 30 amps with earth connection
4) Switch ON the mains , so that mains ON indicator glows. Now, switch on the pump.
5) Now, you will find the water starts flowing to the measuring tank through notch tank
6) close the delivery valve slightly, so that the delivery pressure is readable.
7) Operate the butterfly valve slightly to note down the collecting tank reading against the
known time and keep it open when the readings are not taken.
FM & HM Lab 29
8) Note down the time taken in seconds for the number of revolutions of energy meter
disc.
9) Note down the pressures in each stage on pressure indicator & pressure gauges also by
operating the corresponding ball valve
10) Note down the other readings as in tabular column.
11) Repeat the experiment for different openings of the delivery valve and suction valve.
TALBE OF READINGS:
TABLE OF CALCULATIONS;
FM & HM Lab 30
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:
5 1000 60 x 60 16 .3
HPelec= x x =
150 736 t t
HPpump = WQH
75
3
Where W = 1000 kg/m
Q = Discharge in m3/sec
H =Total Head in m
6) HP shaft = HPelec x η m
Where η m = Efficiency of motor = 75%
7) Pump Efficiency:
%η pump = HPpump x 100
HPshaft
FM & HM Lab 31
GRAPHS: Draw the following graphs
a) Total Head Vs Efficiency
b) Discharge Vs pump Efficiency, head in m, HPelec
RESULTS:
PRECAUTIONS :
FM & HM Lab 32
PERFORMANCE TEST ON FRANCIS TURBINE
FM & HM Lab 33
7) Close the gate and then switch OFF the supply water pump set.
8) Follow the procedure described below for taking down the reading for evaluating the
performance characteristics of the Francis Turbine.
a)To obtain Constant speed characteristics: ( operating characteristics):
1) Keep the gate opening at maximum.
2) For different electrical loads on the turbine/generator, change the guide vane angle
position, so that the speed is held constant. See that the voltage does not exceed
250 V to avoid excess voltage on Bulbs.
3) Reduce the gate opening setting to different position and repeat(2) for different
speeds 1500 rpm, 1000 rpm, and tabulate the results.
4) The above readings will be utilized for drawing constant speed characteristics
Viz.,
a) Percentage of Full load Vs Efficiency.
b) Efficiency and BHP Vs Discharge characteristics.
b)To obtain constant head characteristics: (Main characteristics):
1) Select the guide vane angle position.
2) Keep the gate closed, and start the pump.
3) Slowly open the gate and set the pressure on the gauge.
4) For different electrical loads, change the guide vane angle position, and maintain the
constant head and tabulate the results as given in table-II.
c)To obtain run-away speed characteristics:
1. Switch OFF all the load on the turbine.
2. Keep guide vane angle at optimum position.
3. Slowly open the gate to maximum and note down the turbine speed. This is
the runaway speed which is maximum
FM & HM Lab 34
was reduced to unity ( say 1mt): the speed being adjustable so that the efficiency remains
unaffected.
a) Unit speed
Nu = N/√H
b) Unit Power
Pu = P/H3/2
c) Unit Discharge
Qu = Q/√H
d) Specific Speed
The specific speed of any turbine is the speed in rpm of a turbine
geometrically similar to the actual turbine but of such a size that under corresponding
conditions it will develop 1 metric horse power when working under unit head (i.e. 1
meter ).
The specific speed is usually computed for the operating conditions
corresponding to the maximum efficiency.
Ns = N√P / H5/4
TABLE OF READINGS-I
METHOD: By keeping the gate constant & By changing the guide vane position.
FM & HM Lab 35
TABLE OF CALCULATIONS-I
Constant Speed Characteristics;
Net Head
Turbine on Discharge % of Full
Speed in Turbine (Flow rate) %ηturbine Load
RPM ‘H’ in Q’ in
mtrs. m3/sec
HP hyd BHP
TABLE OF READINGS – II
Head
over Load on Energy Wattage
Head on Turbine Turbine Notch Generator Meter of bulb
Press- Vacuume speed (Flow Reading in
ure ‘P; ‘Pv’ in in RPM rate) ‘h’ ‘V’ ‘I’ Time for 5 action
in mm of in mts Volts Amps revolutions
Kg/Cm2 Hg in sec
FM & HM Lab 36
TABLE OF CALCULATIONS-II
Constant Head Characteristics;
Net Head
Turbine on % of Full
Speed in Turbine %ηturbine Load
RPM ‘H’ in Discharge
mtrs. (Flow rate)
Q’ in HP hyd BHP
m3/sec
SAMPLE CALCULATION:
H = 10 (P + Pv/760)
Where, P = Pressure gauge reading in Kg/Cm2
Pv = Vacuum gauge reading
HP hyd = WQH
75
Where, W = 1000 Kg/m3
Q = Flow rate of water in m3/sec from Formulae-2
H = Head on turbine in mts from formulae-1
4) Break horse power of the turbine:
FM & HM Lab 37
BHP =Electrical output
η of generator
= HPelec
75
where 0.75 is the Efficiency of Transmission & Generator and
5 1000 60 x60 16 .3
HPelec= x x =
EM 736 t t
Where, E.M = 1500 rev/KWH (Energy meter constant ) and is the time in
seconds for energy meter disc to rotate by 5 revolutions.
5) Turbine Efficiency:
a) Unit speed, Nu = N / √H
c) Unit discharge Qu = Q / √H
7) Specific spped:
8) Percentage full load = Part load BHP x 100 (At any particular speed.)
Max. load BHP
PRECAUTIONS:
1) Do not start the pump if the supply voltage is less than 300v
2) To start and stop the pump, always keep Gate valve closed
3) Gradual opening and closing of the gate valve is recommended for smooth
operation
RESULT:
FM & HM Lab 38
CONCLUSION:
FM & HM Lab 39
tank .The water then flows back to sump tank with 600 v-notch for the measurement of
flow of rate.
The loading of the turbine is achieved by rope brake drum connected to spring
balance. The provision for measurement of turbine speed, head on the turbine are built in
the control panel.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the supply water pump-water unit with 3-phase, 400v, 20A, electrical
supply with neutral and earth connection and ensure the correct direction of the
pump motor unit.
2. Keep the butterfly valve and sphere valve closed.
3. Keep the brake drum loading at minimum.
4. Press the green button of the supply pump starter now the pump picks up the full
speed and becomes operational.
5. Slowly open the sphere valve so that turbine rotor picks up the speed and attain
the maximum at full opening of the valve.
A. To obtain constant speed characteristics:
1. keep the sphere rod setting and butterfly valve setting as maximum.
2. For different brake load, Note down the speed ,Head over notch and tabulate the
readings as per table 2.
C. To obtain run way speed characteristics:
In order to predict the behaviour of a turbine working under varying condition and
to facilitate comparison between the performances of the turbines of the same type but
having different outputs and speeds and working under different heads, it is often
convenient to express the test results in terms of certain unit quantities.
FM & HM Lab 40
From the output of a turbine corresponding to different working heads it is
possible to compute the output which would be developed if the head was reduced to
unity the speed being adjustable so that the efficiency remains unaffected.
1. Unit speed:
N
Nu=
H
2.Unit power:
P
Pu = 3
H 2
3.Unit discharge:
Q
Qu =
H
4.Specific speed:
The specific speed of any turbine is the speed in rpm of a turbine
geometrically similar to the actual turbine but of such a size that under corresponding
conditions it will develop 1 metric horse power when working under unit head.
The specific speed is usually computed for the operating conditions corresponding
to the maximum efficiency.
Ns=N√P/H5/4
TABLE OF READINGS:
Constant Speed characteristics:
Method : By keeping butterfly valve position fully open
By changing the sphere valve position
N Sphere P Head over F1 F2 Energy
in valve in the notch in in meter
rpm position in kg/cm2 in h mts kgf kgf reading for
mm 5 rev.
FM & HM Lab 41
TABLE OF CALCULATIONS
N H Flow rate
in in Q in HPhyd BHP %ηturbine full load
rpm mts m3/sec %
TABLE OF READINGS
FM & HM Lab 42
Flow rate Q
N in rpm H in mts in m3/sec HPhyd BHP %ηturbine
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:
H = 10P =_______
8
Q= Cd √2g tanθ/2 h5/2
15
WQH
HPhyd=
75
where W =1000 kg/m3
FM & HM Lab 43
2πN ( F1 − F2 ) r
BHP=
4500
Where F1,F2 are spring balance readings in kgf and r=0.15 radius of break drum.
5.Turbine efficiency :
B HP
%ηtur = x100
HPhyd
6. % full load =
Partload , BHP
ηtur = x100 ( at any particular speed)
Maxload , BHP
7.Unit quantities- under unit head:
1. Unit speed:-
N
Nu=
H
2.Unit power:
P
Pu = 3
H 2
3.Unit discharge:
Q
Qu =
H
4. Specific speed:-
N P
Ns= 5
H 4
GRAPHS:
CONCLUSION:
FM & HM Lab 44
AIM: To determine the performance characteristics of Kaplan Turbine at constant speed
and under constant head.
APPARATUS: 1) Kaplan turbine experiment setup.
2) Stop-Watch.
THEORY:
Hydraulic turbines are the machines which use the energy of water(Hydro
power) and convert it into mechanical energy. Thus the turbine becomes the prime mover
to run the electrical generators to produce electricity.
Kaplan turbine, the Reaction type consists of main components
such as propeller(runner), scroll casing and draft tube. Between the scroll casing the
runner, the water turns through right angle into the axial direction and passes through the
runner and thus rotating the runner shaft. The runner has four blades which can be turned
about their own axis so that the angle of inclination may be adjusted while the turbine is
in motion. when runner blade angles are varied, high efficiency can be maintained over
wide range of operating conditions. In other words even at part loads, when a low
discharge is flowing through the runner, a high efficiency can be attained in case of
Kaplan turbine, where as this provision does not exist in Francis and propeller turbines
where, the runner blade angles are fixed and integral with hub.
DESCRIPTION:
The experimental setup consists of a centrifugal pump set , turbine unit, sump
tank, collecting tank, notch arranged in a such a way that the whole unit works on
recirculating water system the centrifugal pump set supplies the water from the sump tank
to the turbine through gate valve which has the marking to meter the known quality of
water. The water after passing through the turbine unit enters the collecting tank through
the draft tube. The water then flows back to the sump tank through the notch tank with
cipolleti notch for the measurement of flow rate. Additionally, the provision is also made
to estimate the rate of flow of water using the “Bend Meter.”
The loading of the turbine is achieved by electrical AC generator connected to
lamp bank. The provisions for measurement of electrical energy AC voltmeter and
ammeter turbine speed (digital RPM indicator) Head on the turbine (pressure gauge) are
built-in on the control panel.
FM & HM Lab 45
PROCEDURE:
FM & HM Lab 46
In order to predict the behavior of a turbine working under varying conditions and
facilitate comparison between the performances of the turbines of the same type but
having different outputs and speeds and working under different heads, it is often
convenient to express the test results in terms of certain unit quantities.
From the output of a turbine corresponding to different working heads it is
possible to compute the output which would be developed if the head was reduced to
unity (say 1 mt) the speed being adjustable so that the efficiency remains unaffected.
a) unit speed :
Nu = N/√H
b) unit power
Pu = P/H3/2
c) Unit discharge
Qu = Q/ √H
d) Specific speed: The specific speed of any turbine is the speed in rpm of a turbine
geometrically similar to the actual turbine but of such a size that under corresponding
conditions it will develop 1 metric horse power when working under unit head (i.e. 1
meter ).
The specific speed is usually computed for the operating conditions
corresponding to the maximum efficiency
Nu = N√P/H5/4
FM & HM Lab 47
TABLE:1 Constant speed characteristics:
Method: By keeping the rotor pitch constant & By changing the gate position.
FM & HM Lab 48
Table:2 Constant head characteristics
Method: By keeping the gate opening constant & by changing the rotor pitch
Table of calculations-II
Constant head characteristics:
Turbine Net head Discharge
speed in on turbine ‘Q’ in HPhyd BHP %η tur
rpm ‘H’ mts m3/sec
FM & HM Lab 49
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:
2)Discharge ‘Q’:
Q = 1.48 h3/2
3)Input to Turbine:
HPhyd = WQH/75
Where W = 1000kg/m3
Q = Discharge
H = Net head
4)HPtur
HPtur = HPele
0.75
5) HPele
5 1000 60 x60 16 .3
HPelec= x x =
EM 736 t t
6) % η turbine
HPtur x 100
HPhyd
Unit Quntities under unit head:
Where, P = V x I
736 x 0.75
FM & HM Lab 50
Specific Speed ’Ns’ = N√P/H5/4
FM & HM Lab 51