Professional Documents
Culture Documents
of
Management
Thought
Chapter 2
Evolution
of
Management
thought
Early Approach to Management
(1771-1924)
*Robert Owen: (1771-1858)
Human Resource Management Pioneer
*Charles Babbage: (1792-1871)
Inventor and Management Scientist
Andrew Ure: (1778-1857)
& Charles Dupin: (1784-1873)
Management Education Pioneers
Henry Robinson Towne: (1844-1924)
“Engineer as an Economist”
Robert Owen (1771-1858)
Evolution
of
Andrew Ure: (1778-1857)
Management
thought Charles Dupin: (1784-1873)
Bureaucratic Management
Evolution
of
Management
thought
Evolution Behavioral Approach
Behavioral Approach of Mary Parker Follet:(1868-1933)
Mary Parker Follet Management Focusing on Group Influences
Elton Mayo thought Elton Mayo:(1880-1949)
Focusing on Human Relations
Abraham Maslow
Abraham Maslow:(1908-1970)
Focusing on Human Needs
Douglas McGregor
Chris Argyris
Douglas McGregor:(1906-1964)
Traditional Assumption about
Employees
Chris Argyris: Matching Human
& Organizational Development
Quantitative Approach -
Overview
Management Science
Operations Management
Evolution
of
Management
thought
Quantitative Approach:
-Management Science
-Operations Management
-Management Information systems
Modern Evolution
Approach of
to Management
Management: thought
-Systems theory
-Contingency
theory
Emerging
Approaches in
Management
Thought:
-Theory Z
-Quality
Management
Evolution
of
Management
thought
Early Approach to Management
(1771-1924)
*Robert Owen: (1771-1858) Classical Approach
Human Resource Management Pioneer
-Scientific Management
*Charles Babbage: (1792-1871)
Emerging Inventor and Management Scientist
*Frederick Winslow Taylor
Approaches in Andrew Ure: (1778-1857) *Frank & Lillian Gilbreth
Management & Charles Dupin: (1784-1873) *Henry Laurence Gantt
Management Education Pioneers -Administrative Theory
Thought: Henry Robinson Towne: (1844-1924) *Henri Fayol:(1841-1925)
-Theory Z “Engineer as an Economist” -Bureaucratic Management
-Quality
Management
Slide 3
Charles Babbage: (1792-1871)
Inventor and Management Scientist
British professor of Mathematics is widely
known as the “father of modern
computing”.
Mathematics professor publicly supported
the idea of division of labor
He was impressed by the work
specialization (the degree to which work
is divided into various tasks)
Charles Babbage: (contd)
The management scientist believed that each
factory operation should be thoroughly
understood so that the necessary skill involved
in each operation could be isolated
Each operation could then be trained in one
specific skill and made responsible only for that
part of the operation
Babbage felt that work specialization would
reduce training time and improve (through
constant repetition of each operation) the skills
and efficiency of workers Slide 3
Andrew Ure: (1778-1857)
British academician who taught at
Glasgow University, published the
philosophy of Manufacturing
Philosophy of Manufacturing explains the
various principles and concepts of
manufacturing
It is in 1771 the wheel was invented and
an academician (an art / science teacher-
professor) is talking of production or
manufacturing (to produce goods in large
numbers, usually in a factory using
machines Slide 3
Charles Dupin: (1784-1873)
A French Engineer –an early proponent of
the study of management
In 1819, Dupin was appointed as a
management professor in Paris, which
marked the beginning of an illustrious
career
His writings, well-known throughout
France, may have influenced Henry
Fayol’s contributions to the theory of
management Slide 3
Henry Robinson Towne: (1844-1924)
Henry R Towne, President of the Yale and
Towne manufacturing company and a
mechanical engineer, realized that good
business skills were essential for running a
business
He emphasized the need to consider
management as a separate field of systematic
study on the same level as engineering
In the paper, "The Engineer as an Economist,”
presented in 1886,
Slide 3
Early Approaches to Management
The early pioneers (preclassical theorist):
– generally tried to find solution to
contemporary (of yester years) managerial
problems
– with their technical backgrounds did not
regard management as a separate field of
study Slide 4
7. Remuneration:
– The compensation paid to employee should be fair
(reasonable) and based on factors like:
Business condition
Cost of living
Productivity of employees and the ability of the firm to pay
8. Centralization:
– Depending on the situation, an organization should
adopt a centralized or decentralized approach to
make optimum use of its personnel
Fourteen Principles of Management (contd)
9. Scalar Chain:
– This refers to the chain of authority that extends
from the top to the bottom of an organization
– The scalar chain defines the communication path in
an organization
10. Order:
– This refers to both material and social order in
organizations
Material order indicates that everything is kept in the right
place to facilitate the smooth coordination of work activities
Social order implies that the right person is placed in the
right job
Fourteen Principles of Management (contd)
11. Equity:
– All employees should be treated fairly
– A manager should treat all employees in the
same manner without prejudice
12. Stability of tenure of personnel:
– A high labor turnover should be prevented
and managers should motivate their
employees to do a better job
Fourteen Principles of Management (contd)
13. Initiative:
– Employees should be encouraged to
give suggestions and develop new and
better work practice
14. Espirit de corps:
– This means “a sense of union.”
– Management must inculcate a team
spirit in its employees
Slide 4
Bureaucratic Management
Bureaucratic management, one of the
schools of classical management,
emphasizes (importance) the need for
organizations to function on a rational
(showing clear thoughts or reasons) basis
Weber (1864-1920):
A contemporary (lived in the same
period) of Fayol, was one of the major
contributors to this school of thought
Weber’s observation
Slide 5
Chris Argyris: (1923 -
Matching Human & Organizational
Development
A Yale University professor in psychology
made significant contributions to the
behavioral school of management
thoughts
The major contributions of this behavioral
scientist are:
The maturity-immaturity theory
Integration of individual and organizational goal
Model I and Model II organization analysis
The maturity-immaturity theory
Argyris points out the inherent (in-built)
conflict (opposing each other) between
the healthy individual and the rigid
structure of the formal organization
He believes that people progress from a
stage of immaturity and dependence to a
state of maturity and independence
Many organizations tend to keep their
employees in a dependence state,
thereby blocking further progress
resulting in failure and frustration
How to correct it?
Integration of individual and organizational
goals;
Argyris argues, that conflict can be corrected by
techniques such as:
– Job enlargement
– Job loading
This will:
– Increase the work-related responsibilities of the
individual
– Allow him to participate in the decision-making
process
Model I and Model II organization analysis
Argyris classifies organizations on the basis of
the employees’ set of values as :
– Model I:
The employees here are manipulative and pitted against
each other
They are not willing to take risks
– Model II:
Workers are open to learning and less manipulative
Their access to information gives them freedom to make
informed choices
This intern increases their willingness to take risks
Hence, according to Argyris, managers should
strive to create a Model II environment Slide 5
Quantitative Approach
The quantitative management perspective
emerged during World War II between US Army
and UK Navy (Royal Navy) brought together
managers, government officials and scientists
to help it deploy its resources more efficiently
and effectively
These war experts used some of the
mathematical approaches to management
devised earlier by Taylor and Gantt to solve the
logistical (supply of material/ positioning of
ships/men/arms and ammunitions etc.)
problems faced by the army
Quantitative Approach (contd)
This approach focuses on achieving
organizational effectiveness through the
application of:
– Mathematical concepts
– Statistics concepts
The three main branches of the
quantitative approach are:
– Management science
– Operations management
– Management information systems Slide 6
Management Science
The management science approach stresses the use of:
Mathematical models:
– Waiting line theory or queuing theory
– Linear programming
– The decision theory
– The situation theory
– Time series analysis etc.
Statistical models for decision-making
Here, we visualize that management as a logical entity,
the action of which can be expressed in terms of:
Measurement data
Mathematical symbols
Relationship among them
Another name commonly used for management science
is operations research Slide 6
Operations Management
Operations management is an applied form of
management science
It deals with the effective management of the
production process and the timely delivery of
an organization’s products and services
Operations management is concerned with:
– Inventory management
– Work scheduling
– Production planning
– Facilities location and design
– Quality assurance
Operations Management (contd)
The tools used by operations managers
are:
– Forecasting:
Example: Assessing before hand the next years
sale
– Inventory analysis
– Material requirement planning systems
– Networking models
– Statistical quality control methods
– Project planning
– Control techniques Slide 6
Management Information Systems
Management information system
focus on designing and implementing
computer based information systems
for business organizations
In simple terms, the MIS converts
raw data into information and
provides the needed information to
each manager at the right time, in
the needed form
Slide 6
Modern Approaches to management
Two of these approaches are:
Systems Theory: What is a system? (contd)