Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CONCEPTS OF ISDN
1) Principle of ISDN
2) Evolution of ISDN
3) The user interface
4) Objectives
5) Benefits
6) Services
7) Architecture
1. PRINCIPLE OF ISDN:
a) Support of voice and non voice applications using a limited set of standardized
facilities.
- This principle defines the purpose of ISDN and the means of achieving it.
- ISDN support voice communication (telephone calls) and non voice communication
(digital
data exchange).
b) Support for switched and non switched applications:
- ISDN will support for circuit switching and packet switching.
- ISDN will support for non switched services in the form of dedicated lines.
c) Reliance on 64 kbps connection:
- ISDN provides circuit switched and packet switched connection at 64 kbps.
d)Intelligence in the network:
- ISDN provides network management and maintenance capabilities.
e)Layered protocol architecture:
- ISDN protocols exhibit a layered architecture and can be mapped to OSI model(open
system interconnections).
- This allows gradual implementation of ISDN services to a given customer base.
f)Variety of configurations:
- More than one physical configuration is possible for implementing ISDN and provides
the
usage of existing equipment of the customer base.
2. EVOLUTION OF ISDN:
a) Evolution from telephone IDN’s:
- The ISDN evolve from the existing telephone networks.
- Existing telephone network forms the foundation for the services to be provided by
ISDN.
b) Transition of one (or) more decades:
- The introduction of ISDN services will be done in the context of existing digital
facilities
and services.
- Protocol conversion will be needed between alternative facilities and/or services.
c) Use of existing networks:
- If an ISDN will provide a packet switched service, for the time being the interface to
that
service will be X.25 (fast packet switching) may need to be a new interface in the future.
d) Interim user-network interface:
- With the lack of digital subscriber lines might delay introduction of digital services in
developing countries.
- With the use of modems and other equipment existing analog facilities can support to
some countries.
e)Connection at other than 64 kbps:
- The 64 kbps data rate was chosen as the basic channel for circuit switching.
- For digital data application the data rate is too low.
- Thus other data rates will be needed.
3. USER INTERFACE:
#) The user has access to the ISDN by mean of a local interface to a digital “pipe” of a
certain
bit rate.
(i)A residential customer may require only sufficient capacity to handle a telephone and a
personal customer.
(ii)An office may wish to connect digital PBX,LAN to the ISDN and this will require
higher
capacity pipe.
4. OBJECTIVES:
#)National governments, data processing and communication companies, standards
organizations and others are leading to the development of worldwide ISDN.
- The principle benefits of ISDN to the customer can be cost savings and flexibility.
- The integration of voice and a variety of data on a ingle transport system means that the
user does not meet multiple needs.
6. SERVICES:
Facsimile:
- Service for the transmission and reproduction of graphics and hand written and printed
material.
- This can be used to transmit a page of data at 64 kbps in 5 seconds.
Teletex:
- This service is for exchange correspondence. Used to prepare, edit, transmit and print
messages.
- Transmission is at a rate of one page in two seconds at 9.6 kbps.
Videotex:
- An interactive information retrieval service.
- A page of data can be transmitted in 1 second at 9.6 kbps
7. ARCHITECTURE:
#)ISDN will support physical connector for users.
- A digital subscriber line.
- Transmission services.
- Common physical interface provides telephone interface, personal computer and video
tex
terminal.
- The terminal equipment is the customer equipment and network termination is the
device
on the customer premises.
- Subscriber line is the physical signal path from the subscribers NT to the ISDN central
office.
- ISDN central office connects numerous subscriber lines to the digital network which
provides,
a) Circuit switched capabilities:
- Operating at 64 kbps provided by other digital switched telecommunication network.
b) Non switched capabilities:
- 64 kbps dedicated link provided by broadband ISDN used for asynchronous transfer
mode transmission.
c) Switched capabilities:
- High speed >64 kbps switched connections using ATM as a part of broadband ISDN.
d) Packet switched capabilities:
- this facility resembles packed switched service provided by other networks.
e)Frame mode capabilities:
- a service that supports frame relay.
f) Common channel signaling capabilities:
- These are used to control network and provide call management. It uses SS7 signaling
system number-7.
g) It has a capability of user to network control dialogue.
Transmission Structure
Digital pipe between central office and ISDN subscriber carry a number of
communication channels, varies from user to user
The transmission structure of access links includes channels of:
B channel: 64 kbps
D channel: 16 or 64 kbps
H channel: 384 (H0), 1536 (H11), or 1920 (H12) kbps
B Channel:
A user channel, carrying digital data, PCM-encoded digital voice, or a
mixture of lower-rate traffic at a fraction of 64 kbps
The information is carried in frame format, using either high-level data link
control (HDLC) or PPP as the Layer 2 protocol. PPP is more robust than HDLC
because it provides a mechanism for authentication and negotiation of compatible
link and protocol configuration.
D Channel:
H Channel:
Provides user information transmission at higher data rates
Use the channel as a high-speed trunk or subdivide it based on TDM
Examples: fast fax, video, high-speed data, high quality audio
Basic Rate Interface:
The entry level interface to ISDN is the Basic Rate Interface (BRI), a 144 kbit/s service delivered over a pair of standard telephone copper wires.
The 144 kbit/s rate is broken down into two 64 kbit/s bearer channels ('B' channels) and one 16 kbit/s signalling channel ('D' channel).
* The U interface is a two-wire interface between the exchange and the Network Terminating Unit which is usually the demarcation point in non-
North American networks.
* The T interface is a serial interface between a computing device and a Terminal Adapter, which is the digital equivalent of a modem.
* The S interface is a four-wire bus that ISDN consumer devices plug into; the S & T reference points are commonly implemented as a single
BRI-ISDN is very popular in Europe but is much less common in North America.
In North America, NFAS allows two or more PRIs to be controlled by a single D channel, and is sometimes called '23B+D + n*24B'. D-channel
backup allows you to have a second D channel in case the primary fails. One popular use of NFAS is on a T3.
PRI-ISDN is popular throughout the world, especially for connection of PSTN circuits to PBXs."
Even though many network professionals use the term 'ISDN' to refer to the lower-bandwidth BRI circuit, in North America by far the majority
of ISDN services are in fact PRI circuits serving PBXs
The B-ISDN is designed to offer both connection oriented and connectionless services. The broadband information
transfer is provided by the use of asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), in both cases, using end-to-end logical connections
or virtual circuits. Broadband ISDN uses out-of-band signaling (as does N-ISDN). Instead of using a D Channel as in N-
ISDN, a special virtual circuit channel can be used for signaling. However, B-ISDN was not widely deployed so far.
ATM adaptation layer (AAL). This layer is responsible for mapping the service offered
by ATM to the service expected by the higher layers. It has two sublayers.
ATM Layer. This layer is independent of the physical medium over which transmission is
to take place. It has those functions: Generic flow control (GFC) function, Cell header
generation and extraction, Cell multiplex and de multiplex.
Physical layer. This consists of two sublayers: Transport Convergence (TC) and Physical
medium (PM)
The management plane consists of two functions to perform layer management and plane
management. The plane management is not layered as the other layers are. This is
because it relies needs information on all aspects of the system to provide management
facilities for the systems as a whole. The layer management provides information and
control facilities for the protocol entities that exists in each individual layer. This includes
operation and maintenance (OAM) functions for each layer.
The control plane is responsible for the supervision of connections, including call set-up,
call release and maintenance.
The user plane provides for the transfer of user information. It also includes mechanisms
to perform error recovery, flow control etc.