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ELECTRICAL CALCULATIONS

"THE EASY WA V"

By: J. R. Seiver

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ELECTRICAL CALCULATIONS

"THE EASY WAY"

J. R. Seiver

A PRACTICAL nHOW TO DO ITn BOOK FOR EVERY DAY ELECTRICAL CALCULATIONS INVOLVED IN THE DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

First Edition 1993

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE ..•.•..•.•••..••••••.•.•.••.•.•..•.•..•.•.••...• 5 INTRODUCTION • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •.•• 6

A NEW CALCULATION TECHNIQUE •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 9 BACKGROUND INFORMATION •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••..• 10 INCLUDING X/R IN THE CALCULATION ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 11 EQUIVALENT IMPEDANCE EQUATION •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 13 DELTA - WYE CONVERSIONS •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 14

COMBINING kVAs ••.•...•.••.•.•.••••.•.••••.•.••••.•.•.••• 15

A SIMPLE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM •••••.•.•.••••.•.••••••.••••.•.• 16 CIRCUIT REDUCTION (kVA Method) ••••••••••••••••••••••••••.••• 17 THREE PHASE SHORT CIRCUIT STUDIES ••.••••••••••••••••••••••• 18

Fundamentals of Short Circuit Calculations .....•..•.•.•.•......• 1 8 Source (Utility) Fault Capacity .................•.•.•.•....•.. 19 Generator Fault Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 20

Motor Impedance 21

Motor Fault Capacity (Short Circuit) 21

Transformer Impedance ............................•......• 22 Transformer Fault Capacity •....•.•....•.•......•........... 22

Transformers With Taps 23

Three Winding Transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • . • . . . • . • . . • .• 23 Reactor Fault Capacity .•.•..•.•.•..•.•.•.•................ 25 Cable Fault Capacity . • . • . • . . • . • . • . . • . • . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 25 EQUIVALENT kVA SUMMARY - SHORT CIRCUIT •••••••••••••••••.•.• 26

UNBALANCED SYSTEM SHORT CIRCUIT STUDIES ••••.•.•.•.•.••.•.• 27 "The Easy Way" - HOW TO DO ITI (Short Circuit) •••••••••••••••.•.•• 30 MOTOR STARTING STUDIES •••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•.•.•.• 32

Motor Starting Calculations - The Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • .• 34 EQUIVALENT kVA SUMMARY - MOTOR STARTING .•.•.•••••••••••••• 35 SOURCE CAPACITY DISTRIBUTION - LOAD FLOW •.•.••••••••••••••.• 36 LOAD DISTRIBUTION - LOAD FLOW ••••••••••••••••••••••.•.••••• 37 "The Easy Way" - HOW TO DO ITI (Motor Starting) ••••••••••••.•.•. •• 38

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REFERENCES .•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.••••• 40 APPENDIX .••..•••.••••••••••••••••••.••.••.•...•••••.•.•. 41 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS .•••••••••••.•.••.•.••.•.••.•.••.•..•.•. 50

EXAMPLE 1: No Upstream Motor Contribution , 51

EXAMPLE 2: Keeping Track of X/R .•....•................... , 52 EXAMPLE 3: Transformers With Taps - 1.0 PU Tap ..•.........•.• 53 EXAMPLE 4: Transformers With Taps - 0.975 PU Tap ...•......•.. 54

EXAMPLE 5: Phase to Ground Fault , 55

EXAMPLE 6: Improving Power Factor •..•.•.•......•......... , 56

EXAMPLE 7: Reducing Starting Voltage Drop With Shunt Capacitor 57

EXAMPLE 8: Three Winding Transformer 58

EXAMPLE 9: What kVA Should You Use? , 59

EXAMPLE 10: Find Feeder Length for Fifteen Percent Drop 60

EXAMPLE 11: Using the "Regular Equation" - Starting 61

EXAMPLE 12: Using the "Regular Equation" - Running 62

EXAMPLE 13: The "Real World" Maximum Feeder Length - Case 1 63

EXAMPLE 14: The "Real World" Maximum Feeder Length - Case 2 64

EXAMPLE 15: The "Real World" Maximum Feeder Length· Case 3 65

EXAMPLE 16: Double Ended Bus - Tie Breaker Open 66

EXAMPLE 17: Double Ended Bus - Tie Breaker Closed (Bus Fault) .•.... 67

EXAMPLE 18: Double Ended Bus - Tie Breaker Closed ( Cable Fault) , 68

EXAMPLE 19: How to Iterate the Solution 69

EXAMPLE 20: Special Case Requiring Iteration for Solution , 70

COMPARISON RESULTS - "The Easy Way" vs. ETAP •.•.••••••.••••••• 71

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PREFACE

With the advent ofthe personal computer (PC), manual electrical calculations are essentially becoming a thing of the past. The formal classical manual electrical calculations usually used are abstract, difficult, time consuming and do not lend themselves to "what W scenarios. Modern computer programs used to make electrical calculations are abstract as well, but very fast and relatively simple to use. Computer system modeling errors are not uncommon, however, and without some idea of the "right answer", computer results may be in error by orders of magnitude without realizing it.

This book presents a new MANUAL technique for electrical system analysis which is simple, easy to use, considers the whole system, and is accurate enough to check computer results. The method can also be used to design and develop electrical systems, much more quickly than with other manual methods, when it is desired not to use a computer, when no computer is available, or for those many occasions when a fast but accurate check is needed. There is no complex number algebra or trigonometry involved; rather, only a few commonly used simple equations are required. A hand held calculator is all that is needed to make the simple calculations.

The method is based upon the premise that electrical systems are kVA systems, and manipulates kVAs in a unique way to affect a total system solution. The method can be used to make short circuit calculations, load flow/voltage drop calculations, motor starting calculations, and many other day to day calculations made by the electrical engineer. A single simple calculation provides a solution for every bus in the system; separate calculations for each bus are not required.

A step by step procedure is presented allowing the user to get "up and running" very quickly. Tables of typical cable characteristics, and typical motor data used in most calculations are provided as well. Many "real world" example problems are included to show the broad use of the technique, along with a comparison of results between "The Easy Way" and the Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP)®.

It is hoped that this book will become a handy reference manual to which the electrical engineer will refer often as he or she goes about the every day activities involved with the design, development, and analysis of electrical systems.

J. R. Seiver

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INTRODUCTION

Most of the electrical calculations made in the design and development of electrical systems are:

1.) Short Circuit Calculations (three phase, phase to ground~ phase to phase, and phase to phase to ground); 2.) Voltage Drop Calculations; 3.1 Transient Motor Starting Calculations

The manual calculation method most often used for short circuit calculations is called the "per unit" method. The "per unit" method is abstract involving many difficult to remember formulas required to convert all system elements to a common base. Once all system circuit elements are converted to a common base, the system is reduced to a single equivalent impedance at the point of the fault in order to determine the fault current. When faults at all the buses of a system are to be calculated, a separate calculation is necessary to solve for a fault at each bus, which for large systems is a very time consuming effort. Results obtained by this method, however, are as accurate as the data (and the assumptions) used, and are conservative.

Calculations to verify that feeder steady state voltage drops meet design requirements are performed on a routine basis. In many cases, because of the installation conditions, conductor derating is required, and after feeder conductors are sized to satisfy the derating requirements, voltage drop is no longer a problem. Most manual voltage drop calculation methods are straight forward and involve well known simple equations, probably the most popular of which, in the simplified form, is the following equation:

v DfIOP = I • ( R Cos 6 + X Sin 6 )

Where:

V DfIOP = Phase to neutral voltage drop I = Line current

e = Phase angle of the load R = Feeder cable resistance X = Feeder cable reactance

Using this equation forces the engineer to assume that the current which will flow is the load current, since it is the only current that is known. In the case of a running motor, which is a constant kVA device, load current varies inversely with voltage; and in the case of a starting motor, or other static loads, which are constant impedance devices, the load current varies directly with voltage, so that except for just the right length of feeder cable, the calculation will be in error.

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Manual calculations which assume that constant current is flowing, and consider only load power factor, do not take into account the real situation. Of course the error is not significant, and the· calculation provides a "good answer" for the drop in the cable. The system source capacity and other loads on the bus have an impact on the calculation, and to subtract the cable drop just calculated from the nominal bus voltage to arrive at the motor terminal voltage, not only assumes that there are no other loads, but that the source capacity is infinite (constant voltage bus).

System source capacity, at the point where the calculation is made, is often overlooked (or assumed to be infinite) in many electrical calculation procedures. Fortunately, most systems are "stiff" enough that the errors are generally not significant; but for those "soft" systems that are sometimes encountered, significant error can result if the "total system" is not considered.

USUALLY, THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ERRORS IN CALCULATIONS IS NOT NEARLY AS IMPORTANT AS THE FACT THAT MANY ENGINEERS DO NOT CONSIDER THE IMPACT OF THE ASSUMPTIONS IMPOSED BY THE EQUATIONS, THE LIMITATIONS OF THE CALCULATING METHODS, NOR WHAT THE CALCULATION IS TO BE USED FOR. SO THAT WHEN SYSTEM CONDITIONS ARE IMPORTANT. ERRORS CAN BE SIGNIFICANT. AND THE ENGINEER IS UNAWARE OF THE IMPACT OF THE RESULTS.

Most manual methods used for motor starting calculations, in general. consider that only a single motor is to be started on a single isolated bus in the system and then calculates the voltage drop at the motor terminals. Once again, the system capacity at the bus in question is assumed to be the fault capacity at that bus, and such calculations totally ignore the "real problem" of motor starting, which involves answers to the following questions:

~ What happens to the voltage at the bus to which the motor being started is connected?

~ What happens to the voltage at the bus to which the motor being started is connected, if there are running loads on that bus?

~ What happens to the voltage on adjacent upstream and downstream buses which have running loads on those buses?

Calculations to find answers to these Questions involve the total system, including the "system capacity" at the bus to which the starting motor is connected. A load flow calculation is required to make such a calculation which, to do manually, has been very difficult and time consuming - until now!

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Computer programs now available for these calculations have greatly simplified this effort. Modeling the system in the computer, however, is also very time consuming, and computer modeling and input errors are not uncommon. In fact many times there are subtle computer modeling error that are extremely difficult to detect. Without some idea of what the results should be, computer solutions with erroneous answers may be accepted unawares because, "computer answers are bound to be right". A simple, easy to use, manual calculation method is needed to allow the engineer to have some idea of what the "right" answer is for the many day to day calculations made.

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A NEW CALCULATION TECHNIQUE

Electrical Calculations "The Easy Way", is a simple, accurate, easy to use, manual electrical calculation technique based upon load flow, which can be used to solve for three phase short circuit currents at All system buses with a single calculation. In addition to three phase fault currents, line to ground fault currents, phase to phase fault currents, and phase to phase to ground fault currents can be calculated as well. "The Easy Way" technique is just as simple and accurate for solving for voltages at ALL points in the system with a single calculation, including All bus voltages and All feeder voltage drops. "The Easy Way" technique is just as simple and accurate for making motor starting calculations for ALL cases with a single calculation, including starting a single motor on a bus, or starting multiple motors, with running loads on all buses. The foremost feature of this calculation technique, is that it allows the engineer to consider the entire system during the calculation instead of just a small segment; and consequently, the engineer can better relate to the electrical system, and "get 8 feel" for what is happening during normal operation and for upset conditions.

The following are some of the capabilities and advantages of using "The Easy Way" method to make manual electrical system calculations:

~ There are. no complicated formulas to remember - only a few simple ones.

~ A single short circuit calculation provides fault currents at all system buses.

~ A single motor start calculation provides voltages at all system buses, and the motor terminals.

~ Multiple motors may be started simultaneously on any number of buses, and a single motor start calculation provides voltages at all system buses, as well as at the terminals of every motor.

~ Manual system remodeling to answer "what if" Questions while developing the electrical system, can be accomplished very easily.

~ Reverse calculations can be performed to determine system requirements to meet design criterion.

~ Many other day to day electrical system calculations, such as cable sizing for voltage drop, capacitor power factor correction, and others can be made very simply.

Most manual calculation methods have some limitations and shortcomings. The simplified voltage drop equation mentioned earlier assumes constant current, and considers only the phase angle of the load, not the feeder cable. The "per unit" impedance reduction method commonly used for manual short circuit calculations, in order to simplify the complex algebra involved for a solution, allows separate resistance (R) and reactance (X) networks to be resolved to keep track of X/R, giving only approximate results. These limitations seldom effect the accuracy of the results from a practical stand point, however, but it is nice to know what they are if the results are critical or may affect equipment selection.

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Likewise, Electrical Calculations "The Easy Way" is not without limitations and shortcomings, and the user needs to be aware of them. Even though kVAs are vector quantities, "The Easy Way" treats them as though they were scalars, which is NOT "mathematically correct". The results obtained by using "The Easy Way" when compared to computer program results, are surprisingly accurate in spite of this violation of "mathematically correct" procedures. When resolving two parallel impedances into a single impedance using the kVA method as compared to using classical methods, the result will be in error on the low side. When resolving two series impedances into a single impedance using the kVA method as compared to classical methods, the result will be in error on the high side. Depending upon the relative number of series and parallel circuit elements that are involved in any given system configuration, the errors compared to rigorous calculation methods have been found to "average out" to some extent. In addition, "The Easy Way" calculation method, treats all loads as though they were constant impedance loads. So that for constant kVA loads, such as running motors, if "very accurate" results are desired, iterative procedures must be resorted to, which is no different from other calculation methods when handling constant kVA loads.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

The common denominator of electrical systems is kilovolt amperes (kVA). Even though we pay primarily for electrical energy, kilowatts (kW); make "energy balance" calculations; correct for "power factor" (PF); and try to use "energy efficient" equipment, the electrical power system must be able to distribute and safely control kilovolt amperes (kVA). Feeder cable must handle the total current, not just the "in-phase" component of current. The system generators, switchgear, and other equipment must be capable of supplying, controlling and interrupting "reactive" (quadrature) as well as "real" (inphase) current. The fact is: AN ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM IS A kVA SYSTEM.

Since the electrical system is a kVA system, a technique to make system studies and design calculations of the system, based upon manipulating kVAs, would be desirable. Such a technique has been developed in Electrical Calculations "The Easy Way", which allows the electrical engineer to perform routine electrical system studies and design calculations by manipulating kVA. The value of kVA alone includes all of the necessary system parameters (such as power factor and consequently kVAR/kW) to arrive at the magnitude of the solution with a great deal of accuracy. With this technique of manipulating kVA, the calculations are greatly simplified relative to the "per unit" calculation method. There are no complex number algebraic calculations to make and no trigonometry involved.

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There are no complicated formulas needed to convert system element impedances to a common base. kVA is independent of bus voltage; kVA is the same on both sides of transformers; kV A requires no normalization to a common base, which allows the electrical engineer to "move around" in the system without complicated abstract conversions; kVAs are proportional to admittance and are combined accordingly to affect a system solution.

To use this technique, all system circuit elements must be converted to their "Equivalent kVA" values before the calculation is made.

The • Equivalent kVA· of PASSIVE DEVICES such as transformers, reactors, or cable is, by definition:

The kVAs which would be delivered into a short circuit connected to one set of the device terminals with the other set of terminals connected to an infinite source of kVAs at system voltage.

The "Equivalent kVA" of ACTIVE DEVICES such as the Utility, generators, or motors is, by definition:

ThekVAs which would be delivered into a short circuit connected to the device terminals with constant system voltage maintained.

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INCLUDING X/R IN THE CALCULATION

The ratio of circuit element reactance (Xl to circuit element resistance (R), X/R, is an important factor which is used to determine the asymmetrical value of fault current. The X/R ratio is used to determine the multipliers to use to convert from the symmetrical fault current to the interrupting current, when selecting breakers. To keep track of X/R when using "The Easy Way", it is important to convert impedance (Z) to kilovolt-amperes (kVA), before determining kW and kVAR. After determining kVA, kW and kVAR can be determined by means of conventional phasor manipulations (l.e. a = Tan" (X/R) = Tan" (kVAR/kW); kW = kVA • CasS; kVAR = kVA • Sina). This method is comparable to using separate networks for R and X as allowed by the IEEE "Red Book" to keep track of X/R when making short circuit calculations using the "per unit" method.

The following example illustrates the method used to convert from the resistance (R), reactance (X) and impedance (Z) domain to the kilowatt (kW), kilovar (kVAR) and kilovolt~ampere (kVA) domain.

Example:

For a 480 Volt system in the R. X and Z domain:

R = 3;

x = 4;

X/R = 1.33

Z = R + j X = 3 + j 4 = 5 L 53 °

Converting to the kW. kVAR and kVA domain:

kVAR /kW = X/A = 1.33

e '" Arctan ( X/ R) = Arctan ( kVAR I kW) = Arctan 1.33 = 53 °

kVA = 1,000 • kV2 = 1,000· 0.482 = 46L -530

Z 5253°

kW = {kVA. CosS} ={46. Cos(-53°1} = 27.7 kVAR = {kVA. SinS} = {46. Sin(-53°)} = -36.8 kVA I<' 27.7 - j36.B "';t L -53°

4b

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EQUIVALENT IMPEDANCE EQUATION

The following is the derivation of an equation which can be used to convert any series impedance to it's "Equivalent kVA" value. Other techniques exist to make this conversion for certain system elements which will be covered later.

1+ Z +-N
____. V".fV\y
1+ Z +-N
____. A./''V''y
~
; KV +_+ 1.
Z .-N
____. AA A
'V "
E+_N NEUTRAL I I.

I

= 1,000 • kVep~

.f3

= 1,000 • kVep~

.f3 • z, ...

kVA = '3. kV • I

V,j III"", III

kVA = '3. kV • 1,000· kVIII"",

V,j III"'" In

v3 • Zep ...

kVA

1,000 • kV!"",

= ----=--.;__;_

z. ...

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DELTA - WYE CONVERSIONS

Some electrical system configurations contain sections where three circuit elements are connected in a three terminal, "DELTA" configuration and must be converted to their equivalent three terminal, three element "WYE" configuration, before a solution can be made by means of "The Easy Way" analysis method. It may be desirable to convert a three terminal, three circuit element "WVe" connected configuration to the equivalent three terminal. three circuit element "DELTA" connected configuration as well. To make these conversions use the following formulas:

2

2

3

kVAo1 kVAY2 • kVAY3 kVAY1 So
Sy kVAo1
kVAo2 kVAY1 • kVAY3 kVAY2 So
Sy kVAo2
kVAo3 kVAY1 • kVAY2 kVAY3 So
Sv kVAD3 Where:

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COMBINING kVAs

kV As are proportional to admittances, which are reciprocal impedances, and are combined in the same manner as admittances are. Following are examples of how to combine kVAs when making calculations using "The Easy Way":

SERIES kVAs

The total of all kVAs in series (kVAT) is

the "reciprocal sum" or "inverse sum" of all series kVAs which is by definition:

-

-

-

1

i V\lA ~

1 +_1_+ 1_

kVA1 kVA2 kVAn

-.--

PARALLEL kVAs

The total of all kVAs in parallel (kVAT) is the "arithmetic sum" or "sum" of all parallel kVAs, which is by definition:

BUS

:;;.;---+----- ••• ----

•••

kVA1 + kVA2 + • • - kVAn

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A SIMPLE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

13.8 KV MVAsc = 00

------- ... -- .. --"'"r .. - ... ----- ........ - .. -------

i

,

: :

,

.!. SOURCE

c-

:~: Z = O.19.n

r

13.8 KV ! MVAsc = 1000

13.8 KV

TRANSfORMER

4.16 KV

4.16 KV

fEEDER CABLE

MT

tAT

MOTOR

ONE~LlNE DIAGRAM

kVA DIAGRAM

SOURCE

TRANSfORMER

fEEDER CABLE

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MOTOR

•• , ••• r. : •• ~ ~ :~. _ ~ ". __ .:;~~." •. :. :~. ::'.: .'. '.' ..

KVAl_2 = 1
SOURCE 1 1
KVA1 KVA1 + KVA2
13.8 KV 4.16 KV FAULT

TRANSFORMER 1
KVA2 KVA3_4 = 1 1
KVA3 + KVA4
4.16 KV
FAULT

CABLE
KVA3
NT CIRCUIT REDUCTION (kVA METHOD)

MOTOR KVA4

4.16 KV

FAULT

kYAT 13 • 4.16

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THREE PHASE SHORT CIRCUIT STUDIES

What is a short circuit study? A short circuit study is a calculation made on the electrical system to determine the maximum fault current (short circuit current) which will flow into a "fault" (short circuit) should one occur anyplace in the system. Why do we make a short circuit study?- Should a fault occur in the electrical system, it is desirable (necessary?) to remove the fault from the electrical system as quickly as possible in order to minimize damage and as close to the fault as possible in order to isolate only the faulted portion. The switchgear which performs this function must be sized properly to accomplish this desired result. So a short circuit study is performed primarily to obtain the information required to size the electrical equipment used to control and interrupt the electrical energy of the system. Information derived from a short circuit study is also used to determine the setting of the protective relays which control the switchgear. For short circuit calculations, "The Easy Way" gives the maximum three phase symmetrical fault current, or the "momentary" value of fault current.

-j

Fundamentals of Short Circuit Calculations

Short circuit calculations are based upon reducing the total system to a single equivalent impedance at the point of the fault, which is connected to the nominal bus voltage to produce the fault current at that bus. This is to say that the system voltage suddenly collapSes to zero at each bus except the bus under consideration which remains at nominal (1.0 PU) value .

., The Utility, all generators and s!! motors are sources of short circuit current . ., Transformers limit short circuit current •

., Reactors limit short circuit current .

., Cables limit short circuit current.

.. Capacitors do not contribute to short circuit current .

., Static loads (heaters, lighting, etc.) do not contribute to short circuit current.

.. All motors, 50 HP and smaller, are lumped together and assigned an impedance value of Z=25%. .. All motors, larger than 50 HP, are lumped together and assigned an impedance value of Z=17%.

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Source (Utility) Fault Capacity

By definition, the source fault capacity (MVAsc) is the maximum output capability at system voltage; and the source impedance is one per unit (Zpu = 1) on the source fault capacity base.

Example:

The fault duty (capacity) at the 115 Kv bus is 2500 MVA.

MVAsc = 2,500

Zpu = 1 (On a 2500 MVA Base)

Isc = 2,500,000 = 12,551 Amps .;3.115

When the source (Utility) is given as a per unit impedance (Zpu) on a given base (MVABAS£), then the source fault capacity (MVAsc) may be obtained by:

MVAsc = MVABASE z;

Example:.

The source (Utility) impedance at the 115 Kv bus is 0.04 per unit (~=0.04) on a 100 MVA base.

MVA = 100 = 2 500

'"'sc 0.04 '

Isc = 2,500,000 = 12,551 Amps .;3.115

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Generator Fault Capacity

The effective impedance of a generator for short circuit calculations is called subtransient reactance (Xo "). which is by definition, the impedance which limits short circuit current immediately after a fault occurs at the generator terminals. The fault capacity (kVAsc) of a generator. or the "Equivalent kVAn of a generator is:

100 • kVA

Generator kV ~c = % ~ G

Where:

%z

1 00. [ X~ + j X~ ] "" 1 00 • X; X/R

Example:

Generator Data:

50 MVA 13.800 Volts

Xo" = 0.113 (Z= 11.3%)

kVA 50,000 = 442.478

. sc = 0.113

lac = 442,478 = 18,512 Amps 13 • 13.8

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Motor Impedance

The effective impedance of a motor for short circuit calculations is called subtransient reactance (X,"), which is by definition, the impedance which limits short circuit current, flowing out of the motor, immediately after a fault occurs at the motor terminals.

I = FLA

Motor percent impedance (%Z) is often used as well. By definition, the percent impedance (%Z) of a motor is equal to the percent of rated voltage required to produce full load current (FLA) in the stator winding with the rotor locked so it cannot turn. The percent impedance is given on the motor kVA

base, usually assuming that:

1 Horsepower = 1 kVA

Motor Fault Capacity (Short Circuit)

The fault capacity (kVAsc) of a motor or the "Equivalent kVA" of a motor is:

100 • kV~

:: -----:::-:-:::---

%Z

kV~

Motor kVAsc

[~ + 'XII]

X /R J 0

Where:

% Z :: 100 •

... 100. X~

Example:

Motor Data:

1,500 Horsepower (HP) 4,000 Volts

FLA = 1 93 Amps

Xo" = 0.167 (Z = 17%)

kVA = 1,500 = 9000

sc 0.167 '

lac =

9,000 :: 1,299 Amps 13 • 4.0

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e Copyright 1993 Seiller • Anociat_ Inc.

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Transformer Impedance

By definition, the percent impedance I%Z) of a transformer is equal to the percent of rated primary voltage required to produce full load secondary current IFLA) in a bolted fault on the secondary. The transformer percent impedance I%Z) is usually given on the transformer base IDA) rating. Transformers with dual ratings cannot produce more short circuit kVA (kVAsc) than single rated transformers.

I = FLA

'f.V li,l------li n n n i _.. \ ~ .BOLTED JT'--_----l~ U U u ! /~' FAULT

_j L..

Transformer Fault Capacity

The fault capacity IkVAsc) of a transformer or the "Equivalent kVA" of a transformer is:

Transformer kVA _ 1 00 • kVAT _ kVAT

sc- %Z -

z:-

Example:

Transformer Data: 115·13.8 Kv

50/60 MVA @ 55 -c 66.5/74.5 MVA @ 65 -c OA/FA

Z = 9% @ 50 MVA

kVA .. 50,000 .. 555 555

'""'Be 0.09 '

Isc" 555,555 .. 2,789 Amps (Primary) 13·115

lac = 555,555 = 23,243 Amps (Secondary) 13 • 13.8

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j

Transformers With Taps

When transformer taps are encountered in the calculation, one must remember that the transformer impedance varies approximately directly as the square of the tap setting, which means that the transformer "Equivalent kVA" varies inversely as the square of the tap setting.

kVA,.

Transformer kV Asc = z; • (Tappu I'

The secondary voltage (base voltage) of a transformer varies inversely with the tap setting. Generally the tap is set lower than 1.0pu in order to compensate for the voltage drop due to system loads. This means that in addition to the added "Equivalent kVA" realized from the lower tap setting, the transformer rated secondary voltage is also increased.

Transformer Secondary Voltage

Rated Secondary Voltage Tappu

For example, if the tap of a 1,000 kVA transformer with a 480 volt secondary and an impedance of Z=5.75% is set to 0.975M the transformer "Equivalent kVA" (kVAscI will be increased from 17,391 to 18,295 [i.e, 17391 divided by 0.9752). In addition, the nominal base secondary voltage will be increased from 480 volts to 492 volts (i.a. 480 divided by 0.9751. Since all of the "Equivalent kVA" have been derived based upon the "nominal" 480 volt system voltage, after solving for all the bus voltages using "The Easy Way" method, the percentages obtained must be converted to the "nominal" 480 volt system voltage by dividing by the tap setting. tl.e. %VB divided by 0.975).

Three Winding Transformers

Three winding transformer impedances are generally given as the design impedance values which are obtained by measuring between pairs of windings. For instance, the impedance between the primary and secondary 1 (ZM,I is measured across the primary with secondary 1 short circuited and secondary 2 open circuited. Likewise, the impedance between the primary and secondary 2 (Zp.s.) is measured across the primary with secondary 2 short circuited and secondary 1 open circuited. And in a similar way, the impedance between secondary 1 and secondary 2 (Z81.S2) is measured across secondary 1 with secondary 2 short circuited (or vica-versa) and the primary open circuited.

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• Copyright 1993 $eiver • Aaoclat ... Inc.

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These impedance values are determined in the same way that the impedance for a two winding transformer is determined. In order to model a three winding transformer for use with the

"The Easy Way" method of analysis, the impedances of the three individual windings must be determined. The impedances between pairs of windings must.2!! be on the same base. If they are not given on the same base, they must be converted to the same base before determining the individual winding impedances. To find the individual winding impedances when the impedances between pairs of windings are given, use the following equations:

Zp z.; + Zp_S2 - Zs, -S2
2
z, Zp_s, + Zs - Z
, -S2 P-S2
2
Zs2 = Zp_S2 + Zs'-S2 - Zp_s,
2 See Example 8 in the example problem section for a typical calculation involving a three winding transformer.

Having determined the three individual winding impedances by using the above equations, the three winding transformer is modeled as three separate impedances, one for each winding. The three winding transformer may also be considered as three separate two winding transformers connected as shown in the example on the following page. After configuring the three winding transformer properly, and calculating the .. Equivalent kVA" of the three windings, the calculation is carried out using "The Easy Way" method as with any other system configuration by combining kVAs in the same

manner.

In some cases when the two secondaries, of a three winding transformer, are designed for equal rating and equal impedance, the primary impedance will be very small and on rare occasions even slightly negative. If the primary impedance turns out to be negative, the negative sign should be carried through the conversion to .. Equivalent kVA". which will make the .. Equivalent kVA" negative. The negative n Equivalent kVA" should be carried through the subsequent calculation to determine a solution. The final solution should always turn out to be a positive value.

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• Copyrillht 1993 Seiver & Associates Inc.

All Rights Reserved

p

p

'v~ / 6000 kYA I v (400000)

'vV 6000 kVA

'vrv 5000 kYA Vrv 1000 kYA

5000 kYA 'v~ (86957)

\ ,~ / 1000 kYA viv (17391)

51

52

S*

S2

THREE WINDING TRANSFORMER (Standard Configuration)

THREE WINDING TRANSFORMER ("The Easy Way" Modell

When the impedances between pairs of windings are given as follows:

(On a 5000 kVA Base)

(On a 5000 kVA Base)

Zs. -S2 = 34.5 %

(On a 5000 kVA Base)

Then to find the individual winding impedances, use following equations:

Zp = Zp.Sl + Zp'S2 - ls,-S2 = 1.25% (On a 5000 kVA Base)
2
z, '" Zp_Sl + ls,-52 - Zp_S2 = 5.75% (On a 5000 kVA Base)
2
Zs2 '" Zp_S2 + Zs. -S2 - Zp_Sl '" 28.75% (On a 5000 kVA Base)
2 Page 24a

• Copyright 1993 $eiVM & Aaeociot ... Inc.

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· j

!

Reactor Fault Capacity

A reactor is a series impedance used to limit fault current. and which causes voltage drops in electrical systems. The fault capacity (kVAsc) of a reactor or the nEquivalent kVAn of a reactor is:

Reactor kVAsc = 1.000· kV2 Z (Ohms)

Example:

Reactor Data: 13.8 Kv

Z=0.125 Ohms/Phase

kVl!. = 1,000 • (13.8)2 = 1 523 520

'""'sc 0.125 ' . ,

Isc = . 1,523,520 = 63,739 Amps .f3 • 13.8

Cable Fault Capacity

A length of cable is a series impedance which limits short circuit current and causes voltage drops in electrical systems. The fault capacity (kVAsc) of a cable, or the "Equivalent kVA" of a cable is:

Cable kV ~c = 1 ,000 • kV2 Z (Ohms)

Example:

Cable Data:

3/C • 500 KCM (650 Ft.) 480 Volt System R=0.0260hms/1000' X=0.0270hms/1000' Z=0.024 Ohms

kV~ = ',000 • (0.48 )2 = 9,600

e 0.024

Isc = 9,600 = 11,547 Amps

Va • 0.48

Page 25

• Copyright 1993 $eIv ... &. Aaooci.t ... Inc.

All Right. Reserved

i

!

I

EQUIVALENT kVA SUMMARY IShort Circuit)

The following is a summary of the "Equivalent kVAs" of the various electrical system circuit elements involved in short circuit calculations:

Utility:

•

11 )

kVAsc = Utility Fault Capacity (kVA)

•

100 • kVAG

kVAsc = % Z

Generator:

(2)

•

• Motor: kVAsc = 100 • kVAM kV~ = kVAM (3)
%Z --z:- ---xu
0
1
i 100 • kVAT kVAT
; • Transformer: kVAsc (4)
... ~
%Z z;:- !

; __ i

= 1,000 • kV2 Z IOhms)

Reactor:

kVAsc

(5)

•

kV As.: = 1 ,000 • kV2 Z 1 Ohms)

• Cable:

(6)

*

The maximum projected (future) kVAsc should be obtained from the Utility for use in short circuit calculations, while the minimum (or present) kVAsc should be used for voltage drop calculations.

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• Copyright 1993 SeiIlI!l1 & Aaooiet .. Inc.

All Rigm. Rserved

· i

UNBALANCED SYSTEM SHORT CIRCUIT STUDIES

Unbalanced conditions in three phase electrical systems are analyzed by means of Symmetrical Components. It is beyond the scope of this book to cover Symmetrical Components and their application. The reader is directed to any of several good texts for a discussion on the subject of Symmetrical Components and the techniques used to resolve unbalanced conditions in three phase electrical systems. The upset conditions in three phase systems, of interest here, result from a phase to ground fault, a phase to phase fault, or a phase to phase to ground fault. These upset conditions occur frequently in practice, and the fault currents must be calculated. The positive, negative and zero sequence equivalent kVAs which result from these unbalanced conditions, are manipulated in the same manner that kVAs in balanced systems are using "The Easy Way" analysis method to obtain a solution. Once the system has been resolved by using "The Easy Way", the short circuit kVA (and consequently the fault current), for solidly grounded systems, can be found by using the following formulas, which have been developed by means of symmetrical component techniques:

Phase to Phase Fault:

kVAsc

13 • [kVA, • kVA~ ] kVA, + kVA2

13 • kVA, = 0 866 kVA

2 ..,

(7)

Phase to Ground Fault:

(8)

Phase to Phase to Ground Fault:

3 { kVA, • kVAo }

• kVA, + kVA2 + kVAo

kVAsc

(9)

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• Copyright 1993 Selver • Anoci.t_ Inc>.

All Right. Aeooerved

Where:
kVA, 1,000 • kV2 = Positive Sequence kVA (10)
Z,
kVA2 = 1,000 • kV2 = Negative Sequence kVA (11 )
Z2
kVAo = 1,000 • kV2 = Zero Sequence kV A (12)
Zo
kVAN = 1,000 • kV2 = Neutral Grounding kVA (13)
3l,.,
And:
Z, = Positive Sequence Impedance
Z2 = Negative Sequence Impedance
Zo = Zero Sequence Impedance
~ = Grounding Resistor value in ohms When available, the actual values for positive, negative, and zero sequence impedance should be used. In the absence of actual values, a value of the negative sequence impedance (Z2) equal to the positive sequence impedance (Z,) should be used. For all circuit elements except large motors and generators, the negative sequence impedance (Z2) is equal to the positive sequence impedance (Z,).For large motors andlor generators, the zero sequence impedance (Zo) can vary over a wide range depending upon the type of machine. A typical value for zero sequence impedance for large motors andlor generators is one half the positive sequence impedance (Z,), that is Zo = Z, 12.

For the case of a phase to phase fault, since there is no connection to ground, there is no zero sequence kVA (kVAol, nor neutral grounding resistor kVA (kV~) involved. For all fault conditions involving ground, zero sequence kVA (kVAo) and, if appropiate, neutral grounding resistor kVA (kV~) always exist.

It is important that the proper circuit configuration is used for each type of fault situation under consideration before "The Easy Wayn method is applied. After the proper circuit configuration has been determined, the same analysis technique used to solve for a three phase fault, is used to solve f.or kVA" kVA2, and kVAo, as appropiate. The values of positive, negative, and zero sequence kVAs, along with the neutral grounding resistor kVA (kV~), when applicable, are combined by means of the appropiate equation above to obtain the final kVAsc and consequently the value of the fault current.

Page 28

o Copyright 1993 Selver &. _Iat.,. 11lC.

All Rights Reserved

For resistance grounded systems the maximum ground fault current which can flow is limited by the value of the resistor selected. Some common values are 200 amperes, 400 amperes, and , ,000 amperes. Calculation of the ground fault current for resistance grounded systems is not necessary unless it is desired to know the actual value (since it will always be less than the value determined by the grounding resistor) for setting relays. Equations for calculating the actual ground fault kVA (and consequently the ground fault current), for resistance grounded systems, which were derived using symmetrical component techniques are:

Phase to Ground Fault:

kV Asc = 3 • {, I [_'. - + _1 - + _,_ + 1 J}

. kVA, kVA2 kVAo kV~

(14)

Phase to Phase to Ground Fault:

kVA =3. { kVA,·kVAo·kVAN } (15)

sc kVA, • (kVAo + kVAN I + kVA2• (kVAo + kV~ I + kVAo• kVAN

Page 29

• Copyright 1993 Soiver & _I.e ... Inc.

All Right. ReoervlOd

""'

I

1

.! i

"THE EASY WAY" HOW TO DO IT! (Short Circuit)

1. Draw a simplified one-line diagram to include all significant circuit elements which will contribute to or limit short circuit current.

2. On each bus, all motors 50 horsepower and smaller are lumped together, assigned a value of Z=25%, and drawn as a single motor. All motors greater than 50 horsepower are lumped together, assigned a value of Z=17%, and drawn as a single motor.

3. Draw all generators or sources above the bus and all motors below the bus.

4. Typically, only significant cable runs are considered in short circuit calculations.

5. Draw an arrow at the transition point between all system circuit elements.

6. Convert all system circuit elements to their short circuit "Equivalent kVA" values.

7 . Begin with the most downstream circuit element and work upstream combining circuit element "kVAs" as you go.

8. At each arrow, write the combined "kVA" values obtained at that point, BELOW the line of the

arrow.

9. Continue upstream combining circuit element "kVAs" as you go until you reach a bus with other downstream branches, or untif you reach the Utility bus.

10. Upon reaching a bus with other downstream branches, repeat Steps 7 thru 9 for all downstream branches.

11. Continue upstream combining circuit element "kVAs" as you go, including all branch "kVAs" at each bus, untif you reach the Utility bus.

12. Next, begin at the Utility bus and work downstream combining circuit element "kVAs" as you go.

13. At each arrow, write the combined "kVA" value obtained at that point, ABOVE the line of the

arrow.

14. Continue downstream combining circuit element nkVAs as you go until you reach a bus with other upstream branches, or until no further nkVA" combinations canbe made.

15. Upon reaching a bus with other upstream branches, repeat Steps 12 thru 14 for all upstream branches.

16. Continue downstream combining circuit element "kVAs" as you go, including all branch "kVAs" at each bus, until no further "kVA" combinations can be made.

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• Copyrillht 1993 Seiver & _i81 ... Inc.

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!

I

"J !

17. At any arrow, the sum of the nkVAn values ABOVE and BELOW the line is the short circuit kVA at that point; the value ABOVE the line representing the upstream contribution, and the value BELOW the line representing the downstream contribution.

18. The short circuit kVA at any bus is the sum of all branch "kVAs" flowing into the bus from upstream and downstream.

Page 31

• Copyright 1993 Sejyar & _Iat ... Ina.

All Right. fIeoerved

MOTOR STARTING STUDIES

What is a motor starting study? A motor starting study is a calculation made on an electrical system to determine what happens to the motor terminal voltage while the motor is in the process of starting. To the electrical system, a motor when starting "looks" like a load which is approximately six (6) times larger than the same motor when running. So to start a motor is like suddenly placing a six times larger load on a bus than when the motor is running normally. Since motor torque varies as the square of the motor voltage, if the system is not "stiff" enough (i.e. if the system fault capacity is too smalll, the voltage drop may be so severe that the motor may not start at all; and motors running on the same bus or on adjacent buses may stall. Other undesirable disturbances such as contactors dropping out, arc discharge lamps extinguishing, and other lights dimming may also result.

When starting a (large) motor on an electrical system, it is also important to know what happens to the voltage at all of the other buses in the system as well. While the "worst case" for any given bus, is to start the largest motor on that bus last, starting the largest motor on the system last may not be the "worst case" for the system. Starting a smaller motor on an adjacent bus to the bus with the largest motors, while all of the other large motors on the system are running, may cause more severe voltage drops, and is therefore the "worst case" for the overall system. All running loads are "demanding" their share of the system capacity, and to start an additional motor may require more system capacity than is available without causing unacceptable voltage drops.

Calculations which only consider a single motor starting on an isolated bus of the system, do not tell the whole story. Such calculations which are based upon "motor starting kVA" (SkVA) and "short circuit kVA" (kVAsc), at the motor terminals (whatever that is), and the kVA divider method to determine motor terminal voltage drop, fail to consider the "available system capacity" at the motor terminals, which is a function of the running load on the system. "Short circuit kVA", at the motor terminals, and "available system capacity", at the motor terminals are not always the same. In fact, they are only the same for a single motor starting on an isolated bus of the system with no other loads on the bus, which is NOT a "real world" case at all.

THE REAL STORY IS: MOTOR STARTING IS A LOAD FLOW PROBLEM, NOT A SHORT CIRCUIT PROBLEM.

Page 32

• Copyright 1993 Seiv", "Aaociat ... Inc.

All Right. Aeoerved

Running motors on an electrical system (or bus) do not "prop up" the bus voltaaell Any loads on the starting motor bus (and all other system buses as well) represent "demands" on the system capacity and deminish the "available system capacity" for starting motors.

Electrical Calculations - "The Easy Way" is a manual load flow calculation technique which includes ALL system buses and considers ALL loads (running and static) to determine the "available system capacity" at the starting motor terminals, and at All buses. From the "available system capacity" values thus obtained, the kVA divider method is used to calculate the motor terminal voltage and ALL system bus voltages in one simple calculation.

For motor starting calculations, the equivalent kVA of all system circuit elements is the same as those used for short circuit calculations except for motors. Motors in motor starting calculations, are not sources of electrical energy as in short circuit calculations, but are simply loads which require (demand) energy from the system. Running motors are constant kVA loads whose equivalent kVA is generally assumed to be equal to the motor horsepower rating (Le. the "Equivalent kVA" = rated horsepower). Motors being started are constant impedance loads which are approximately six (6) times their normal running load (i.e. the "Equivalent kVA" = six (6) times rated horsepower). In addition, all other static loads, which are not considered in short circuit calculations, must be considered when making motor starting calculations.

Page 33

o Copyright 1993 Seiver "AaoclatM Inc.

All Right. Rmerved

Motor Starting Calculations - The Problem

The real problem with starting large motors on electrical system buses is to determine the system capacity available at the motor terminals when the button is pushed. Most manual calculation methods, that I am familiar with, use the short circuit capacity at the starting motor bus as the system capacity at that bus, and then consider the feeder cable impedance to arrive at the system capacity at the motor terminals.

Motors which are sources of short circuit kVA when making short circuit calculations, become loads that require system kVA when making load flow and motor starting calculations. In fact the only source of system kVA when making load flow and motor starting calculations, is the Utility and any other generators; all motors in the system are loads.

To assume that the system capacity at the motor starting bus is equal to the short circuit capacity at that bus, is to say that there are no other loads operating on that bus, and for that matter that there are no other buses in the system. If there are other motors on the bus or on other buses that contribute to short circuit current (for a short circuit calculation), at the motor starting bus, then those motors become loads that "demand" system capacity and reduce (sometimes dramatically) the system capacity available to start the motor in question.

'v V XMrR >- kVAsc {What the system looks }
=
like as CA~ACITY to the
motor terminals.
FEEDER
CABLE
-<
>- SkVA = {What the starting motor }
STARTING J looks like as LOAD to the
NOTOR system. "'

SOURCE

Page 34

• Copyright 1993 Seivef • Aaoe'-t .. I"", All Righls Reooerved

Starting Motor "Equivalent kVA"

For motor starting calculations, all motors to be started are converted to their II Equivalent kV A It value (SKVA) by assuming that:

SKVA ... 6. Motor Horsepower (HP)

When more exact data are required, the following equations should be used as appropiate depending upon the data available:

SKVA = .f3 • kVM • lRAM
SKVA .f3 • kVM • FLAM
X"
, 0
,
.. !
SKVA Motor HP
X"
D
SKVA =- Motor HP • Code letter (kVA/HP)
Where:

FLAM = Motor Full load Amps
lRAM = Motor locked Rotor Amps
HP Motor Horsepower " "'

! !

.. ,,1

Page 34a

• Copyright 1993 Seiver & Associateo Inc.

All Rights R_ved

Running Motor "Equivalent kVA"

For motor starting calculations, all running motors are converted to their "Equivalent kVA" values (kVA .. t by assuming that:

kVA",.

Motor Horsepower (HPl

When more exact data are required, then the following equations should be used as appropiate depending upon the data available:

kVA",. = 13· kV",. • FLA",.

kW",.

kW",. 0.85

kVA",.

Power Factor

0.746 • HP

kVA",.

Power Factor • Efficiency

kVA",.

K • Motor Horsepower

Where:

K = 1 .00 (1 HP to 100 HP)

K 0.95 ( 101 HP to 1,000 HP)

K 0.85 ( 1,001 to 10,000 HP)

Page 34b

• Copyright 1993 Seiv", &. Associatee Inc. e All Rightto Reserved

EQUIVALENT kVA SUMMARY (Load Flow & Motor Starting)

The following is a summary of the "Equivalent kVAs" of the various electrical system circuit elements involved in motor starting calculations:

• Utility: kV Asc = Utility Fault Capacity (kVA) * (16)
• Generator: kVAsc 100 • kVAG kVAG = kVAG (17)
%Z z:- --xu
0
• Starting Motor: SKVA HP kV~ ... 6 • Motor Horsepower (18)
X" = ---xn
0 0
• Running Motor: kV~ = kVAM Motor Horsepower (19)
• Transformer: kVAsc = 100 • kVAT = kVAT (20)
%Z z::-
• Reactor: kVAsc = ',000 • kV2 (21)
Z (Ohms)
• Cable: kVAsc 1,000 • kV2 (22)
Z (Ohms)
• Static Loads: kVAsc = Actual Static Load kVA (23) *

The minimum or present kVAsc should be used for voltage drop and motor starting calculations, while the maximum projected (future) kV Asc should be obtained from the Utility for use in short circuit calculations.

Page 35

• Copyright 1993 SeIv"" & _i8t ... Inc.

All Rights Relerved

SOURCE CAPACITY DISTRIBUTION (Load Flow Calculations)

I For load flow calculations the total system FAULT capacity. which consists only of the Utility

contribution and local generation, is divided up to serve the various loads. If the calculation is being" made to determine the impact of starting a motor, then the motor to be started is just another load. Even though the total system capacity may exceed the load by several orders of magnitude, the total system FAULT capacity is allocated as required to serve the various loads. The total system FAULT capacity is allocated to multiple loads according to the ratio of the individual lOAD kVAs as follows:

50 MVA

Z = '12.5%

400,000

2,000

17.000

V BUS = 96%

48,000

12%

29%

59%

116,000

236,000

5,000 '

10,000

5000 HP

10,000 HP

2000 HP

400,000 V BlIS = '4"-1 ~7 ,;"'0""'0=0

116,000 121,000

236,000 = 48,000 246,000 50,000

VBlIS = 96 %

Page 36

o Copyright 1993 Seiver " As.ocoi.l .. Inc.

All RighI. Reoerved

LOAD DISTRIBUTION (Load Flow Calculations)

For load flow calculations if the total system FAULT capacity consists of more than one source, perhaps the Utility contribution and several local generators, they all share to serve the total load. Even though the total load many be several orders of magnitude smaller than the total system capacity, each source carries it's "fair share" of the total load. The total load is allocated to multiple sources according to the ratio of the individual source FAULT capacities as follows:

20 MVA Z = 107.

10 MVA

Z = 12.57.

5 MVA

Z = 16.77.

200,000 80,000 30,000
6,450 2,600 950
64,5% 26% 9.5%
310,000 V BUS = 97%
10,000 10,000 HP

V - 310,000 = sus - 320,000

200,000 206.450

= 80,000 82,600

30,000 30,950

Vails = 97 %

Page 37

• COPVlillhl 1993 $elver" Aaoolat ... 11'10.

All Righto Aeoerved

I

I

. I

.. , 3 .
,
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9. ·1

:1

"THE EASY WAY" HOW TO DO IT!

(Load Flow & Motor Starting)

1. Draw a simplified one-line diagram to include all sources of electrical energy, all consumers of electrical energy, and all significant circuit elements which will limit the flow of electrical energy.

2. On each bus, except for the motor's) to be started, all consumers are lumped together and drawn as a single consumer (motor). Motor(s) to be started are drawn separately with their feeder cables.

Draw all sources above the buses, and all consumers below the buses.

Typically, all cable is ignored, except for the feeder cable to the motor(s) being started. Draw an arrow at the transition point between all system circuit elements.

Convert all system circuit elements to their load flow "Equivalent kVA" values.

Begin with the most downstream circuit element and work upstream combining circuit element "kVAs" as you go.

At each arrow, write the combined "kVA" value obtained at that point, BELOW the line of the

arrow.

Continue upstream combining circuit element "kVAs" as you go until you reach a bus with other downstream branches, or until you reach the Utility bus.

1 O. Upon reaching a bus with other downstream branches, repeat Steps 7 thru 9 for all downstream branches.

11. At any given bus, after all downstream branch "kVAs" have been combined UP to the bus, calculate the ratio of each branch "kVA" to the total of all branch "kVAs", and write the ratio as a percentage JUST BELOW the bus next to each branch. These percentages represent the percentage of upstream capacity to be allocated to each load branch.

12. Continue upstream combining circuit element "kVAs" as you go, repeating Steps 7 thru 11, until you reach a bus with more than one (1) upstream branch, or until you reach the Utility bus.

13. Next, begin with the Utility bus and work downstream combining circuit element "kVAs" as you go.

14. At each arrow, write the combined "kVA" value obtained at that point, ABOVE the line of the

arrow.

15. Continue downstream combining circuit element "kVAs" as you go until you reach a bus with other upstream branches or until no further "kVA" combinations can be made.

Page 38

• Copy,ight 1993 Seiver &. Ano>ctllt ... Inc.

All Right. Reserved

16. Upon reaching a bus with other upstream branches, repeat Steps 13 thru 15 for all upstream branches.

17; At any given bus, after all upstream branch nkVAsn have been combined DOWN to the bus, calculate the ratio of each branch nkVAn to the total of all branch nkVAs", and write the ratio as a percentage just ABOVE the bus next to each branch. These percentages represent the percentage of downstream load to be allocated to each upstream source branch.

18. Continue downstream combining circuit element "kVAsn as you go, repeating Steps 13 thru 17, until you reach a bus with more than one (1) downstream branch or until on further nkVA" combinations can be made.

19. When combining nkVAsn in a downstream direction and a bus is reached with more than one (1) downstream branch, the upstream nkVA" at that point, (capacity), is distributed to each downstream branch (load) according to the percentages written BELOW the bus next to each branch.

20. When combining "kVAs" in an upstream direction and a bus is reached with more than one (1) upstream branch, the downstream nkVAn at that point, (load), is distributed to each upstream branch, (capacity), according to the percentages written ABOVE the bus next to each branch

21. The work must proceed first from downstream and then from upstream in an alternate manner, depending upon circuit complexity, to complete the combinations, in order to determine the proper value of "kVAn to be placed ABOVE and BELOW the line at each arrow.

22. After aU nkVAsn have been properly determined, the voltage at any arrow may be obtained by dividing the "kVAn value ABOVE the line, by the sum ofthe nkVAn values ABOVE and BELOW the line.

23. At any arrow, the value of "kVAn BELOW the line represents the downstream load connected at that point, and the value of "kVAn ABOVE the line represents the upstream system capacity available at that point.

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• Copyright 1993 $ely ... So. Aaocl.t .. Inc.

All Right. Resented

[1 ]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5J
I [6]
.1 [7]
[8J REFERENCES

DONALD BEEMAN, "Industrial Power Systems Handbook"; New York: McGraw Hill, 1955. "Electrical Transmission and Distribution Reference Book"; East Pittsburg, PA: Westinghouse Electric Corporation, 1 964.

"Applied Protective Relaying, A New iSilent Sentinels' Publication"; East Pittsburg, PA:

Westinghouse Electric Corporation, 1960.

IEEE Std. 141 ~ 1986, "IEEE Recommended Practices for Power Distribution for Industrial Plants" (ANSI).

IEEE Std. 399~1990, "IEEE Recommended Practice for Power Systems Analysis "(ANSll.

J. LEWIS BLACKBURN, "Protective Relaying, Principles and Application"; Dekker, 1987. LUKE YU, IVAN MINCEFF, D.W. HAMILTON, G.W. BOTTWELL, "Motor Contribution During Three Phase Short Circuit Fault"; IEEE Paper No. PCI·81·12; IEEE 1981.

RICHARD L. BEAN, NICHOLAS CHACKAN, JR., HAROLD R. MOORE, EDWARD C. WENTZ, "Transformers for the Electric Power Industry"; East Pittsburgh, PA.; Westinghouse Electric Corporation, 1 959

[9] MOON H. YUEN, "Short Circuit ABC - Learn It in an Hour, Use It Anywhere, Memorize No Formula"; IEEE Transactions On Industry Applications, Vol. 1 A·1 0, No.2 MarchlApril 1974.

[10] G. L. OSCARSON, "The ABC of Checking Voltage Drop in Starting AC Motors", E·M Synchronizer, 1961, Electric Machinery Mfg. Co., Minneapolis, Minn.

Page 40

• Copyright 1893 $elver & Anociat ... Inc.

All Right. Aeoerved

APPENDIX

Typical Cable Data:

.. Low Voltage Cable (600 VI Data

.. Medium Voltage Cable (5 Kv) Data .. Medium Voltage Cable (15 Kv) Data

Typical Motor Data:

.. Induction Motor Data - 460 Volt

.. Induction Motor Data - 2,300 Volt .. Induction Motor Data - 4,000 Volt

.. Induction Motor Data - 13,200 Volts Induction Motor Performance Data

Page 41

• Copyright 1993 Seiver a. AQooI.t. Inc.

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o Copyrlghl 1993 SooIver & _181l1li Inc, AU RighI. ReMrved

TYPICAL MOTOR DATA

RUNNING & STARTING DATA 460 VOLT

FULL LOAD RUNNING DATA STARTING DATA
(NEC) Z R X
HP VOLTS FLA EFF PF KVA Xd' LRA SKVA XJR PF (OHMS)
0.5 460 1.0 0.70 0.67 0.6 0.25 4 3 2 0.910 66.397 60.421 27.529
0.75 460 1.4 0.74 0.68 1.1 0.25 6 4 2 0.650 47.427 40.313 24.984
1 460 1.8 0.74 0.70 1.4 0.25 7 6 2 0.810 36.887 29.879- 21.632
1.5 460 2.6 0.75 0.72 2.1 0.25 10 8 3 0.770 25.537 19.664 18.294
2 460 3.4 0.74 0.74 2.7 0.25 14 11 3 0.720 19.529 14.061 13.552
3 460 4.8 0.77 0.76 3.8 0.25 19- 15 3 0.680 13.633 9.406 10.142
5 460 7.8 0.79 0.78 6.1 0.25 SO 24 3 0.620 8.736 5.417 6.655
7.5 460 11 0.78 0.82 8.8 0.25 44 35 3 0.580 6.036 3.501 4.917
10 460 14 0.81 0.83 11 0.25 56 45 4 0.540 4.743 2.561 3.992
15 460 21 0.81 0.63 17 0.25 64 67 4 0.500 3.162 1.581 2.738
20 460 27 0.63 0.84 22 0.25 108 86 4 0.460 2.459 1.131 2.184
25 460 34 0.82 0.84 27 0.25 138 108 4 0.440 1.953 0.659 1.754
30 460 40 0.83 0.85 32 0.25 160 127 4 0.420 1.680 0.697 1.508
40 480 52 0.65 0.85 41 0.25 206 166 5 0.400 1.277 0.511 1.170
50 460 65 0.83 0.87 52 0.25 260 207 5 0.380 1.021 0.388 0.945
60 460 77 0.83 0.88 61 0.167 461 367 6 0.360 0.578 0.207 0.537
75 460 96 0.63 0.88 76 0.167 575 458 7 0.340 0.462 0.157 0.434
100 460 124 0.85 0.89 99 0.167 743 592 8 0.310 0.358 0.111 0.340
125 480 156 0.84 0.89 124 0.167 934 744 9- 0.300 0.284 0.085 0.271
150 460 180 0.88 0.89 143 0.167 1078 859 10 0.280 0.248 0.069 0.237
200 460 240 0.68 0.89 191 0.167 1437 1145 11 0.250 0.185 0.046 0.179
250 460 299 0.68 0.89 238 0.187 1790 1426 13 0.2S0 0.148 0.034 0.144
300 460 359 0.86 0.89 286 0.167 2148 1711 14 0.220 0.124 0.027 0.121
350 460 418 0.88 0.89 333 0.167 2506 1996 15 0.210 0.106 0.022 0.104
400 460 468 0.90 0.89 373 0.187 2800 2231 16 0.200 0.095 0.019 0.093
450 460 526 0.90 0.89 419 0.167 3150 2510 17 0.190 0.084 0.018 0.083
500 460 578 0.90 0.90 460 0.167 3461 2757 16 0.180 0.077 0.014 0.075
550 460 636 0.90 0.90 507 0.187 3807 3033 19 0.176 0.070 0.012 0.069
600 460 686 0.91 0.90 547 0.167 4108 3273 20 0.174 0.085 0.011 0.064
850 460 743 0.91 0.90 592 0.187 4450 3545 21 0.172 0.060 0.010 0.059
700 460 800 0.91 0.90 636 0.167 4792 3818 22 0.170 0.055 0.009 0.055
750 460 857 0.91 0.90 683 0.167 5134 4091 23 0.168 0.052 0.009 0.051
800 460 915 0.91 0.90 729 0.167 5477 4363 24 0.164 0.048 0.008 0.048
650 460 972 0.91 0.90 774 0.167 5819 4636 25 0.182 0.046 0.00i' 0.045
900 460 1029 0.91 0.90 820 0.167 6161 4909 26 0.160 0.043 0.007 0.043 .'

Paga45

o Copyright 1993 Seiver & Associat ... Inc.

All RighI. Reserved

TYPICAL MOTOR DATA

RUNNING & STARTING DATA 2300 VOLTS

FULL LOAD RUNNING DATA STARTING DATA
R X Z
HP VOLTS FLA EFF PF KVA Xd' LRA SKVA PF (OHMS}
50 2300 13 0.88 0.84 50 0.167 76 302 0.380 6.653 16.194 17.506
60 2300 15 0.88 0.84 61 0.167 91 363 0.360 5.252 13.611 14.590
75 2300 19 0.88 0.84 76 0.167 114 453 0.340 3.968 10.976 11.672
100 2300 25 0.88 0.84 101 0.167 152 604 0.310 2.714 8.323 8.754
125 2300 31 0.89 0.85 123 0.167 185 738 0.300 2.150 6.837 7.167
150 2300 37 0.89 0.85 148 0.167 222 886 0.280 1.672 5.734 5.972
200 2300 50 0.89 0.85 197 0.167 296 1181 0.250 1.120 4.337 4.479
250 2300 62 0.89 0.85 247 0.167 371 1476 0.230 0.824 3.487 3.583
300 2300 73 0.90 0.86 289 0.167 435 1731 0.220 0.672 2.980 3.055
350 2300 85 0.90 0.86 337 0.167 507 2020 0.210 0.550 2.560 2.619
400 2300 97 0.90 0.86 386 0.167 580 2309 0.200 0.458 2.245 2.291
450 2300 109 0.90 0.86 434 0.167 652 2597 0.190 0.387 2.000 2.037
500 2300 121 0.90 0.86 482 0.167 724 2886 0.180 0.330 1.803 1.833
550 2300 130 0.91 0.87 518 0.167 779 3103 0.176 0.300 1.678 1.705
600 2300 142 0.91 0.87 565 0.167 850 3385 0.174 0.272 1.539 1.563
650 2300 154 0.91 0.87 612 0.167 921 3668 0.172 0.248 1.421 1.442
700 2300 166 0.91 0.87 660 0.167 991 3950 0.170 0.228 1.320 1.339
750 2300 177 0.91 0.87 707 0.167 1062 4232 0.166 0.208 1.233 1.250
800 2300 189 0.91 0.87 754 0.167 1133 4514 0.164 0.192 1.156 1.172
850 2300 201 0.91 0.87 801 0.167 1204 4796 0.162 0.179 1.088 1.103
900 2300 213 0.91 0.87 848 0.167 1275 5078 0.160 0.167 1.028 1.042
950 2300 225 0.91 0.87 895 0.167 1346 5360 0.155 0.153 0.975 0.987
1000 2300 237 0.91 0.87 942 0.167 1416 5642 0.150 0.141 0.927 0.938
1250 2300 289 0.92 0.88 1152 0.167 1731 6897 0.145 0.111 0.759 0.767
1500 2300 347 0.92 0.88 1382 0.167 2078 8276 0.140 0.089 0.633 0.639
1750 2300 405 0.92 0.88 1613 0.167 2424 9656 0.135 0.074 0.543 0.548
2000 2300 463 0.92 0.88 1843 0.167 2770 11035 0.125 0.060 0.478 0.479
2250 2300 509 0.93 0.89 2028 0.167 3048 12143 0.122 0.053 0.432 0.436
2500 2300 566 0.93 0.89 2253 0.167 3387 13492 0.120 0.047 0.389 0.392
3000 2300 679 0.93 0.89 2704 0.167 4064 16191 0.118 0.039 0.324 0.327 Page 46

• Copyright 1993 Sell/or &. Auociat ... Inc.

All Right. R...erved

.. !

TYPICAL MOTOR DATA

RUNNING & STARTING DATA 4000 VOLTS

FULL LOAD RUNNING DATA STARTING DATA
R X Z
HP VOLTS FLA EFF PF KVA Xd' LRA SKVA PF (OHMS)
150 4000 21 0.91 0.85 145 0.167 125 866 0.280 5.172 17.731 18.470
200 4000 28 0.92 0.85 191 0.167 165 1142 0.250 3.501 13.560 14.005
250 4000 34 0.92 0.85 238 0.167 206 1428 0.230 2.577 10,903 11.204
300 4000 40 0.94 0.87 274 0.167 237 1639 0.220 2.148 9.525 9.764
350 4000 46 0.94 0.87 319 0.167 276 1912 0.210 1.758 8.182 8.369
400 4000 53 0.94 0.87 365 0.167 315 2185 0.200 1.465 7.175 7.323
450 4000 59 0.95 0.87 406 0.167 351 2432 0.190 1.250 6.459 6.579
500 4000 65 0.95 0.87 451 0.167 390 2702 0.180 1.066 5.824 5.921
600 4000 77 0.95 0.88 535 0.167 463 3206 0.174 0.868 4.914 4.991
700 4000 90 0.95 0.88 625 0.167 540 3740 0.170 0.727 4.215 4.278
800 4000 103 0.95 0.88 714 0.167 617 4275 0.164 0.614 3.692 3.743
900 4000 116 0.95 0.88 803 0.167 694 4809 0.160 0.532 3.284 3.327
1000 4000 129 0.95 0.88 892 0.167 771 5343 0.150 0.449 2.980 2.994
1250 4000 158 0.96 0.89 1091 0.167 943 6535 0.145 0.355 2.422 2.448
1500 4000 187 0.96 0.90 1295 .0.167 1119 7755 0.140 0.289 2.043 2.063
1750 4000 216 0.96 0.91 1494 0.167 1292 8948 0.135 0.241 1.772 1.788
2000 4000 247 0.96 0.91 1708 0.167 1476 10227 0.125 0.196 1.552 1.565
2250 4000 277 0.96 0.91 1921 0.167 1661 11505 0.122 0.170 1.380 1.391
2500 4000 308 0.96 0.91 2135 0.167 1845 12783 0.120 0.150 1.243 1.252
3000 4000 362 0.97 0.92 2508 0.167 2168 15017 0.118 0.126 1.058 1.065
3500 4000 422 0.97 0.92 2926 0.167 2529 17520 0.115 0.105 0.907 0.913
4000 4000 520 0.93 0.89 3605 0.167 3116 21588 0.111 0.082 0.737 0.741
4500 4000 585 0.93 0.89 4056 0.167 3506 24286 0.106 0.070 0.655 0.659
5000 4000 650 0.93 0.89 4506 0.167 3895 26985 0.100 0.059 0.590 0.593 Page 47

.. Copyright 1993 Seiver & Auoc18t .. Inc.

All Right. Reserved

TYPICAL MOTOR DATA

RUNNING & STARTING DATA 13,200 VOLTS

FULL LOAD RUNNING DATA STARTING DATA
R X Z
HP VOLTS FLA EFF PF KVA Xd' LRA SKVA PF (OHMS)
2500 13200 99 0.93 0.89 2253 0.167 590 13492 0.120 1.550 12.821 12.914
3000 13200 118 0.93 0.89 2704 0.167 708 16191 0.118 1.270 10.686 10.762
3500 13200 138 0.93 0.89 3155 0.167 826 18889 0.115 1.061 9.163 9.224
4000 13200 158 0.93 0.89 3605 0.167 944 21588 0.111 0.896 8.021 8.071
4500 13200 177 0.93 0.89 4056 0.167 1062 24286 0.106 0.760 7.134 7.174
5000 13200 197 0.93 0.89 4506 0.167 1180 26985 0.100 0.646 6.425 6.457
5500 13200 212 0.94 0.90 4850 0.167 1270 29041 0.099 0.594 5.970 6.000
6000 13200 231 0.94 0.90 5291 0.167 1386 31681 0.098 0.539 5.473 5.500
6500 13200 251 0.94 0.90 5732 0.167 1501 34321 0.097 0.492 5.053 5.077
7000 13200 270 0.94 0.90 6173 0.167 1617 36962 0.096 0.453 4.692 4.714
7500 13200 289 0.94 0.90 6613 0.167 1732 39602 0.095 0.418 4.380 4.400
8000 13200 302 0.95 0.91 6903 0.167 1808 41338 0.094 0.396 4.196 4.215
8500 13200 321 0.95 0.91 7335 0.167 1921 43921 0.093 0.369 3.950 3.967
9000 13200 340 0.95 0.91 7766 0.167 2034 46505 0.092 0.345 3.731 3.747
9500 13200 359 0.95 0.91 8198 0.167 2147 49089 0.091 0.323 3.535 3.549
10000 13200 377 0.95 0.91 8629 0.167 2260 51672 0.090 0.303 3.358 3.372
11000 13200 406· 0.96 0.92 9291 0.167 2434 55636 0.089 0.279 3.119 3.132
12000 13200 443 0.96 0.92 10136 0.167 2655 60694 0.088 0.253 2.860 2.871
13000 13200 480 0.96 0.92 10981 0.167 2876 65752 0.087 0.231 2.640 2.650
14000 13200 517 0.96 0.92 11825 0.167 3097 70809 0.086 0.212 2.452 2.461
15000 13200 554 0.96 0.92 12670 0.167 3318 75867 0.085 0.195 2.288 2.297
16000 13200 579 0.97 0.93 13231 0.167 3465 79230 0.084 0.185 2.191 2.191i1
17000 13200 615 0.97 0.93 14058 0.167 3682 84181 0.083 0.172 2.063 2.070
18000 13200 651 0.97 0.93 14885 0.167 3899 89133 0.082 0.160 1.948 1.955
19000 13200 687 0.97 0.93 15712 0.167 4115 94085 0.081 0.150 1.846 1.852
20000 13200 723 0.97 0.93 16539 0.167 4332 99037 0.080 0.141 1.754 1.759
25000 13200 886 0.98 0.94 20245 0.167 5303 121230 0.079 0.114 1.433 1.437
30000 13200 1063 0.98 0.94 24294 0.167 6363 145475 0.078 0.093 1.194 1.198
40000 13200 1417 0.98 0.94 32393 0.167 8484 193967 0.077 0.069 0.896 0.898
50000 13200 1771 0.98 0.94 40491 0.167 10605 242459 0.076 0.055 0.717 0.719 Page 48

• Copyright 1993 Seiver &. Anociats Inc.

All RIght. Aeo"",ed

-I

P E R C E N T. A G E

V A R I A T I o N

INDUCTION MOTOR PERFORMANCE DATA

+30- L _ L ; : _ ·· · · .. ·· .. ·T .. · · __; · .. · ..

. .

+10-

,

................ 1" .. " ...

0-

-10-

-20- ; : .

T ••• r ••• T> ••• ~ ••• d.T> .. ' ... ,+ ••••• L~L ••••• L •••••••• -

TO , ': ., d T ~....... . ...•..•• , .•. : •.• _ ..•..•••....•....• : _. . _ .. _ ~ ..••••...•..•.•...•. _ .••.•...••••.. 0...... ~ ~ .. _ .. _ r ••• •

-3 0- _ ':' 1.04'. .. , ; : : ;

-20

o

+10

+20

-10

PERCENTAGE VOLTAGE VARIATION

Page 49

• Copyright 1993 Seiv .... "AAociat ... Inc.

All Rlghta Reoerved

EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
-1
·i
i
[1 J No Upstream Motor Contribution ..
[2J Keeping Track of X/R
[3] Transformers With Taps - 1.0 PU Tap
[4J Transformers With Taps - 0.975 PU Tap
[5] Phase to Ground Fault
[6J Improving Power Factor
[7J Reducing Starting Voltage W/Shunt Capacitor
[8J Three Winding Transformer
[9J What kVA Should You Use?
[lOJ Feeder Length for Three Percent Drop - Running
Ill] Using the "Regular" Equation - Running
[12J Feeder Length for Fifteen Percent Drop - Starting
[12J Using the "Regular" Equation - Starting
[14J "Real World" Voltage Drop - With 1.0 PU Taps
[15} "Real World" Voltage Drop - With 0.975 PU Taps
[16J Double Ended Bus - Tie Breaker Open
[17J Double Ended Bus - Tie Breaker Closed (Bus Fault)
[18J Double Ended Bus - Tie Breaker Closed (Cable Fault)
[191 How to Iterate the Solution
[20] Special Case Requiring Iteration to Solve • ~. ,,' :_:. ~ •• _w ; .• " .' .. , .;,., .:' ••• , •••• _ '".- ; .••

Page 50

.. Copyright 1993 S";ver & Associate. Inc.

All Right. Reoerved

EXAMPLE 1:

No Upstream Motor Contribution

13.SKV

Mv'Asc. : 500

4.lb k:V

15000 KVA .z =' b% (2500c0)

IS<:.:. 23094- Vs ~ '14%

_ )(__JI:.) (Z71)o(

lsc_ = 3224-J

.. 172310 4"185 00000; 10000

_4_S_o_v_._+- .... __ -lsc = r3~800

(34473

l"Z04S2. 22kb("Z ..

240081 5>"4-3 I

Z1444- Z33Q2' _

7Z00 7200

12%

1500 KVA :':5.750% (Zf,OSl)

10000 f-P a= 11%

_ 305QS ZSE,4-4-

o 0

Page 51

• CapyriUht 1993 SeW", &. Aaaclateo Inc.

- All Rillht. Reooerved

• FAULT ALL BUSES -. Re6ULAR CALc..ULA'TloN

PAULT'(L.OAD ~ 0<:))

• FAvL.i 480 \I. 8lJS QIJt.'1 - No UPSTREAM MOTOR. CouTRlBUT10rJ

MVAse. ... LOOO )( R = 2.S'

EXAMPLE 2:

Keeping Track of X/R

\'3.8 KV

KVA -=:. 1000. K.V2.

Z~

KVAR/I<.W - X/Ro

.a- = TA~-I (KVAR./KW) = TAt..l-I (X/R) KW = KVA. Cos e

KVAR. ... KVA· Sl~ e-

4.'" KV

,5000 Ky'A

2:= 5"~1S.% X/Fa. =-r

(S6CfSl) ~ tZ.2CJS+ j &083

\ KVAs<.. = 101000 \ 1«' 14-011

2500 IfJ ~=17% x/I<.::" 25'

1000 I-P i!= 17% x/I<. = IZ

• - KVA

• - KW

• - KVAR

Page 52

.. CDpyrlght 1993 Seiver t. As.oci.u .. Inc.

All Right. Rootenied

I
I
!
I::'. 6 6!.V MVAsc:= Soo Va: .:=t9.~~
\__ KVA.e ~ $0294-1 VB -= C1'1.17o
500000 500000 5>00000
2'14-1 1414 bbS lsc. =- 2104-2
l(X:)O t::vA
~=$.i57D
TAP::; I.OpLJ
."80,," 16S0b IGBOb (11341)
i 373'l I :;'30~ b<:fS r KIIA><.~ 20345
j I:sc:.:= 244"11
4e.o ",. Vs= .::r~%
, 28%' VB = '12%,
i
!
. ,\ ~"'1o
Jqs.oID 11342 41 IS;: 11//11 5464-- l1B4?
IC:'~ 10"39 Iqs: 1'VC- "'';0 I'.CM 91lt! ,$06 2500
. "so'
(112Z)
SSlo 4-~'14- 24Zs.., lUt.1pe:D
1200 IZ60 '200 tAoTOI2-S
500 \fl'
T VM,. -:= '13.b% c=20%
Vfv1T :: 7'110 EXAMPLE 3:

Transformers With Taps - 1.0 PU Tap

• PLAIoJT K'Ul...h.JlrUt4 tJlJRMAL

• STAR -rl"-l(., 2.00 tP LV / SOD rP lCuutJJ~

• S HofaT CrRc.u\ T CALClILATIlJr.-l

Page 53

e Copyright 1993 Selv .... & AnDciates Inc.

All Right. Roooerved

~ .•• '.,~ __ .~_ ~'_:;·_~C.~'~_,~'.:.

.. 1'2101 5J!? 196114--

500 ;;00 '2.500

EXAMPLE 4:

Transformers With Taps - 0.975 PU Tap

VB, ~ c:t9.Cf~ VB :. '1C!.1 '70

VB": 9b.2,% VB:: '12'70

.. - STARn~C:j Zoo rP w / Sao rP ~UIJ~l)J~ • - SHogT C:!~CUIT CA,LC.IJLATIOkl

50u;oo ?OOOOO

lUMPeb MOTORS SOO~ c= :20'7'.0

\__ I<VA,<-' 502~10 Isc..:' 2 J 04-~

Z"i10

1000 "'VA

c= 5.75% lAP -= O.Q'5pu

t l82Cf5)

r

KVAs~:: ZlltH ..

I~c. -= 248'1

2870
6~'7c
201¥j 11'1~1 4-94Z
I04-$. 104-5' 1'1~ 10/<: -3S0 KCNI
~~ "SOl
(8\\3)
~1B4 4-930 3011
1200 ]200 200
MT VMT' :; .:r~. <J '10
VfvlT =- 80 % Page S4

o Copyright 1993 SaW ... & AAocist ... Inc.

All Rlg~ F\eoIerved

0 "H89~ 6"'1>SQ4- ...
0 54"5% ~"'~'Ho
6
_L>-
..,
I~BOOO lS;:;j23 15031~'f ...
1>0000 75000 '5000
12 K,V
.. l
. i
Iqeooo IS3139 15313"1
I~oooo 7f;ooo "Sooo EXAMPLE 5:

r>-

o

l500oco I ?OOQOO •

Phase To Ground Fault

1500 MVA ~'" 100/0

o

tVA sc..:: 1< VA I

Pr. .. AsE To Gl«XJrJt> FAUL.T :

o ISOCOOO 1$00000

tCABLE

z== 3.87..n.. (IZ:~OZ33)

kVA:x_ =- 3 • 1(vA., • \(VAfjI

KVA, +tv'A.2. +~v'A~

15 MVA Z=7.b% ( ICleOOO)

t ?ooo f-P :2r-z =- 20% Zp':' 10%

• - POSITIVE. S~lleaNcE KVA

Page 55

e Co~y:rjght 1993 Seiver &. A .. eeteree Inc.

All Right. Reoerved

.;

!

i

EXAMPLE 6:

Improving Power Factor

FIIJD THE KVAR. Re~lIc:.Et> ro COIaR..E:C.T TrrE ~ev.Je~ FAc:.To~ oFA. IS t::.VA, 10 kw, 440 VCLoT 100 Hi: LoAb TO O.Cj5. y.,jHAT VAL.UE OF CAPAc.,-oR IS RE~*Eb ~rd.).

ORIGIW .... \... KVAR. :

KVA~:r ~CKVA)z.-(r.Wr~i '= -J (15)';.- (IO)'L '

=

U.16 is

KVAR.. .. il.IS

KVARc. = -7.89

!Jew I<VA;

KVAI-1 ~ KW/PF

= l%.~S = lo .. s:~ ;;S

Nt:w KVA~:

KVARN :. -J (l<.VANt-(KW)Z. ' :: ...J (Io.s:!) z. - (lot '

3 ... 287 1i!*'""'"

'= 3.291 - H.le

=

- 7. S'1 '*

~c.. = 1000 KVz / I<VAe.c..

- 24.?4 !-900 OHMS

CAPAC.ITOf(. VAL.UE :

C ': 1 /21l~. Cc:.

1084+:'.

-=

Page 56

o Copyright 1993 Selver & Anocia'lJJJ inc.

Ail Righll Reserved

EXAMPLE 7:

Reducing Starting Voltage Drop With Shunt Capacitor

INHAT SI1~E SHU"-lT CA?Ac.[TOR IS Iie.EGI;UIr<:E.,t:) 'To R:EbUc.E' £TAR..iINC= VOLTAGe. DROP TO 2.D ~E"R.C.EI-JT eVe = 20%).

15,,1

5000 KVA 2-= e.! '% (~11ZS)

"VAl'?..= 2o~q

KVA~t.J:' 1148

2099

SKVAN =

= 1324-

KVA~N = -J(r.VAN)'-(KW)z' = 1 !4e

"'11'2.6 lbol

1484-. 1"i~2

1:'.2 K"

149+ .. \Cj(:'2.

1000 KVA i!= Sal % (lq~08)

5411 2160

{OH LINE C=O.OZ4A (Z3~S."T")

KVA~~ Stq~ S2q~ SKVA 1374 'ZZOO

'2'l00

400 I-P

SK.VA 0::. 2.200 KVAR

PF= 0.3

t:.W = 'SK.VA • PF

Page 57

• Copyright 1993 Selver & AHoclat ... Inc.

All Right. Reserved

KVA~c:. 'Ct' K\lARN - I<VAR. ": -151

:;:

MVAs~ = LSoo

EXAMPLE 8:

1 I

.J

Three Winding Transformer

1500000 1';Bi$

181~oO 112143

t3.8 xv

15000 kVA i:= 7o/~ (2.14-2.8~)

\("1350 , 64-4-4-1
20603 3!$12
SoookVA lOGO kVA
r= 5.15% 2-.::S.157t)
501223 (6"-451) J~eq1. ( 11~.'lI)
27000 4.$.00
4.161<" 4Sov- 2115<:>0 2214-~

210243 qoooo

boeo KYA 2;1.S%, (400000)

----2000--

----

2400

500 If' ~=2?%

400 I-P z..=.1770

Page 58

• Copyright t 993 Seiver & _oei.tea Inc.

All Righta R_rved

, . ,

EXAMPLE 9:

What kV A Should You Use?

( %Vb:. 100. SK\lA ~

~ SKVA+ KVAsc.

W,",ERE :

IISKV

SKVA = STARTING KVA

KVASc. = SH()RrC::n'~.<utT KVA ? I?

MVA $C. = cooC:)

50

ISO

250

1';.8 ~v

7SMVA 2=10% ( 150)

lw/o STA~TING MoTOR.) (wi AI.L RU,.,..MlNG.)

\"MVAS<:. ... 1000 \ 1050

Vr, = 88. 2~ (STARTIt.JGs) ... 92 .. c,,% (RUN~IN~)

375

•

250

50

YMT= 88 .. 2%,

~

looco W 2=20%

( STAR.T\ NG)

KVAsc:. ::

5 - 1.00CI0 t-P 2:= 20~ (LUMPEb)

'SYSTE.M CAPAC-lTV AT THE MOTOR Te.I<MINAL~

- -

Page 59

• Copyright 1993 5eiver &. _I.t ... Inc.

All Right. Aeoerved

EXAMPLE 10:

Feeder Length for Three Percent Drop - Running

FINt) FEEDER CABLE LE:~6TH FOR. p.... 3% VOLTA~e. DRDP AT THE MOToR.. Te'R MINAL'S WI-III..E RUf-.lNI~<=r e- W~,6.1 \~ THE Vt.)I....TAC.,E. CRoP WHILE STARTI~G.

FolC.. A. ~N~1At-..\T KvA. l..OAD (l<U"-lrJlr.Jt; MOTOR..)~ IT CA~ BE S!4c:w'Jr-.J THAT Tl-Ie A~POAi<.e.NJ l.OAD KVA.A VARIe.S INVe.R:ScLY \/J'P4 LOAD VC\...TA<:E:. S<i(UAR..E.D •

FoR. A ~% YOLTAl;E Di?t:JP THE S'(~TE"" CAPAqT'I' (KVA'$.C.) A1 THE ft1oTolC!... TEIC.MHJAI...S MU~T 8E ~

KVAs.c. = 100 - ?'t:l'l'CI • KVAJ:.,. ~ClVj)

480 v. MVAsc. =QCI

VMT = 9170 (fit)'

= B5.14% (S)

00 ,4

l022 lob 3/c:. - 3SD kCM

rC. = o.04SCl njtl\' KVAF'= (:,813 LGTI4 -= 730 FT.

FeEDe.R. ~BLe KYAF.: I~!

KVAF = 1/ (.1/KVA'Sc. - 1/010)

: l/ fa813-1/J7Q) = b~3 FEEbER. CAtaLE JI'JIlPebJlr.-NCe (=,,) \5:

:l. F '= J.C:lC:'O • Ky' 2. = O. Q ;'3502. .n.

KVAl=

1200 213 4

- 85 .. 14% ....

= 1200 --=r

200 loP 4bO V. FLA -= 24-0 A. X'D" ':. O.lG:.1

LooO • -rF(OHMS) Cc:. (<OHMS / M ')

L =

=

SKVA, '=

200 o.lbl

VO~TA<::ze WHILE 5T_AR.:PW~ ·IS :

V~" -= KV'ASc:;. ::' ba,3

KYA:sc.. + SKV" bS1~ + 1200

Page 60

• Copyright 1993 Selver &. AAoolalea Inn.

All Alglmo Reaervod

1

I

EXAMPLE 11:

Using the "Regular" Equation - Running

FIND VOLiAGE' DROP AT ti\OTOR. I"E"RMl .... IAL5 W\-I\l...e R.lJNNING FOR A. FEECe~ W\41C.H \S 130 FEET LO~G.

VOLTAc;E .DROP E~U"TIOt-J I~ SIMf'LIFle~ FORM IS:

HJ PHASE TO t-.1eUTRAL.. VOL-TS

PI-iASe: 1'0 PHASe VOL-TAGE DROP ItJ Peltc.e rJT Ie:

% Vb = .\1~. I.(~CoS.& t X'SltJa.) V4'.~

Cose:; PF -= o .. S't S If..) So = 0.456

~ ~ e":::r. 0.02.:'64- ;< SIt..) e. -= o. ~C<9 14

113. 2.4<> • o. o~30=- 4-eo

r = 240 J

4ac v MVA~ ~oO

3/c:::. - 350 KC.fVI

R. =- o, c !:> '" "l SL / tAo' X =0.02'" AIM' L = T~o =r.

2.85'

100 - 2..851 ~ 91. 14-%, --:Ii

Page 61

• Copyright 1993 $ely.,. " Anocl.t .. Inc.

AI, R1ghta Reserv ....

2.00 loP 4-bo V FL~G 240 PF= o .. ~ X'all = 0.11

FLA:. 2."30 @ 4eo v,

I %VWli
Z"30.00 97.26
2'3b .41 ~1. JS
Z?:'iO.b,=> '11.18
236. "7 '11.18 i

.. i

!

.. 1

)

EXAMPLE 12:

Feeder Length for Fifteen Percent Drop - Starting

FIND FEEDER CABLE LE"~TH FOR A 15% VOL-TAGE bRCP AT THE

MOToR. TERMHJAL'S WI-IIL.E' S1AR~tN<:,. WHAT IS TI4E VCLTAGJE. C>1aOt=>

WI-!\lE. R.U}.J~I~G ?'

FoR. A Cc:?NSl'At-JT IMpebPJ..k:.e LoAt> C:sl'ARTIt.JG MOTOR.) , IT CAN Be St-bW"l T~AT THE APPA~'EN:r LOAD K,VAA ~EMAINs COt-.JS,TAr-J.T A.S LOAb VCLTA..6E VA~\es.

FeR A 150% \t)LTA~E DRat> TJ.t€ SYSTEM CAPAc.tfl (KYASc.) AT TIfE' MOToR. TE:R.MI).JALS MusT BE :

KVAs<:. '= 100- rovo • SKVA %vr>

= £S/lS • 12.00 = b.Soo ~

480 v·

MVAsc..."'O<:>

~/c:. - '350 kCM r. =0.0459 .n./M' KVAr= = ~6ao LGp·4 - 136 =t;

EeeD~ c::.A8L.E KVAr:: IS:

KVAt= = l/(J./I<VA",,-- l!ge)

-= 1/(1/"900 - 1/,..0) = ~8oo ~

FEEDE~ CABLE IMPEDANCE (J.r=) Is:

:. O.O!SSB

FEEDER LENG1H lOS:

1.000 • ~E (OHMSL -tc: (O"'M~/M*)

L =

VMT :. KVAsc.

"'VAse:. + K.VAp..

6800

=

~800+ ZIZ."T

Page 62

• Copyright 1993 Seiv .... .& Ahoclal_ lne_ All Right. ReHrved

200 l-P %0 Y. FLA= 2+0

X~I =. 0.1'"

SKVA = 200/0. \~ 1 = J200

KVAA. % VM'T
200.ClO ~j.l+
2Jt.'94- '1~.~6
212. "" C}~. en
2:12..11 9b. ttl :··1

. I

: .1

i !

I

.1

EXAMPLE 13:

Using the "Regular" Equation - Starting

FIJ..\D VOLTAGtE. DROP AT [v'\OToP.. ,-eRM\NA\._'S Wl-II LE STARTIN'=l l=OJit- A FeeblER. WHIC.H \ 5 138 r=:EET LoNG.

VOLTAGE DRoP "EIQUATIOW IN S IMPL..I~tE£) FoRM IS:

IN PHAse TO NEUT~L VOI...TS.

PHAse: TO PHAWSE VOl-TAGlE" !)ROP It-J PERc.eNT IS:

%Vtl =. 11~· I • Ct Case +)( Sit') e.) V~-47

r· 144~ I

'3/c:. - 350 KCtv\ 1<..= o. 03"1 ..n../M' )( = Q.oZ1~ ..n./M' L = "l~a Fr.

Cos 9- = PF =. 0.25:

S'lJ e- -= O.9bB

R Cos So =. O.OOfD11 X S I to.1 S-,.. o , 0 I '112.

200 ~ 4(:,0 v FLA= 24-0

PF = 0.25' xl ::. O.lbl

1 "1'3. 1440 • 0.02."4-4 4-90

LRA = Fl..A /X~'

'=- 240/0.161 .= 1440

V~T:: 100- 1~. 75 =

Page 63

.. Copyright 1993 Selver & Anociat ... lno.

All Right. ~ed

V~S= 98.4-'10 4.1" KV MVAs;:.: 350
\3%
4SS40
1;;'4- SIrE :. 3jc. -~ 3/0 >000
Vt>ROP = 1'70 L6TH = r1ZS FT.
!:::IJA", = Cj!:lCOO
VPRI -= ~1.(.,7" -:"1332-
1S"<=J SOoo I-P
1000 ,,"-VA R.UJJNIt.JG
2=5.'~~ L.OAb
j 11I8~ .. (11'3'H)
1<=14 "TAP = 1.0

VstJs :' q~ .. 4-% 480 V.
2.40/D
Z.1~~
19+ 'SIze = 3/c. - 350)::'eM ,"00
VI>RoP = 3% L6'TH -= 71b FT.
kVAF = '=>4b1
VMT = '9O.Cco?'o I"tZI
·:2.00 '='00 I-?
RU'-l#.JI~
L.DAb
200 loP
KVAs.: = 100 - "7cVt> • K.VAM = Q9000
%Vl> EXAMPLE 14:

"Real World" Voltage Drop ~ With 1.0 PU Taps

':z, 1000. KV'2.

e-Ft=Ebe~ ...

I<VAF

lOOO • ~F (OHMS) LEn.J~TH (F-T.)

O.IOI~:;

..n.j"".

Page 64

• Copyright 1 993 Seiv ... & Anociate$ Inc.

All Right. Aeo"",ed

EXAMPLE 15:

"Real World" Voltage Drop - With 0.975 PU Taps

VEUS = lOO.CI~ 4.1~ KV MVAsc. = 35'0
,;%
4.5""'l2 s;'
-"[55 'SItE ~ ~/.::;- ~3/o
VDR.OP ~ 1% LG.TH .,. 1125-
KVAF :. t:J900o
VPRf :- 100. L ~ =3'3'2
"'1bl 5000W
100.0 KvA. RUt.JNU.JG
~= 5.75% L..OAD
11$.5h ( 162"1+)
."'14 TAP= 0.916

V&u'S = ~S.4-% 4Bo v.
24'7.,
Z'13
''14- .$I=-E -=- 'Ie - 3$0 kCM bOO
, Vb"oP -= ~% LGTH ; "77" FT.
,
,j KVAF '=- b4(.. 1
Vl.1i ": CiS.4-% 1941
2.00 bOOH>
Rut,u..lIf.JG
LOAD
200 IT'
KvAsc:. = lCO - Z,Vo • KVAM -= Q9000
1'0 Vr> KVAF :::. 1 / (J/~VAsr:. - l/~VAs) :- C!tqOOO

rFeebe;:, 'Co 100::>. KV2. = 0.'746
K\/AF
CCAaLE = 1000 • ~E ~oflMS2 ~ O.lOIS:' .A/MJ
LeNGTH (FT.)
CA8LE St'tE (FROM TASLE) -=. 3Lo Page 65

• Copyright 1993 Seiv .. &. Anoci.t_ lne, All Right. Reoerved

EXAMPLE 16:

Double Ended Bus - Tie Breaker Open

34 SKI!

MVAsc. = CIo<:I

~
00
~ UTILITY
, (ZOOO)
::.
2000
6&
34-.SK.Y
ZOl8 ·t~ 2:048 . 4
4B 3/c. -350 IB *-4/0
Zooo FT: zcoo FT .
liOI ·4 (10620) I SSz. .4 • «(.:,401)
4S 16
1111 ·0 11 'a? 1S4-4- J~+2 ·4
32 31c - 350 i" 8 10 o/c.- 2/0
2"100 FT. V ~ 1.5 MVA \j ~ 3.75 MilA 2700 FT.
14-14- (~OI5) 10S;o (5Z~O)
. [ Z:: .5.7.5% 1:=' 5.1~% . ~
32- (I~O) (b5) 10
121 62-
18 Cj
2.4 "V 2.4- t.v
V V 1.S kVA III (;,2 V ~.7:;
lS <1 \) ~=;'.1
:= .5.75%
( \'30) (b5)
11<=f 3000 IT' rsec If' tol
4-2- r-·1770 %:!: 17 "70 12
Z.4KY 2.4 ",,,
11'1 "I
42 IZ 2000 I-P i;= 111'.,

Page 66

.. Copyright 1993 Seiver """",,iat ... Inc.

All RighI. ~erved

..

i I i

EXAMPLE 17:

Double Ended Bus - Tie Breaker Closed (Bus Fault)

34.5 kV

MvA~c.. = 0..::.

OC>
UTILITY
» (2000)
2000
IS
S4.5 xv
"1"'1'0 3~"l ..
[:'42 .4 • hit:. .4
9 3/c. - ~50 'I ~/c. - 4/0
20:::0 FT. 2000 FT.
IICl4- .4 t (lOSZO) bll (,=,4-01)
9 9
. ~ 12.1~ "'" • 4
28 '31c:. - 350 14- 3,..f- 2/0
2100 Fr. 'v 7.S; MVA 'v ~/ 3.75 MvA 2700 F
.j (8015) ~ 2:= 5.15% r= 5.751'" .411 (3290)
26 ( I,&)) ( (5) 14-
117 5-9
2.4 KV v 2.4- 1::.\1
. ,"'
FAUL"T
\) ~ 7.E; MVA I1b L MVA5C. = 203 V V 3.15
'2.1 c ... 5.1
~=5.1S?o
( 130) ( "5)
4500 \-P
3" t = l"'1o/'D \8
2·4W ~ iCY" 33% 2.4- kl/

54- T.

Page 67

• Copyright 1993 &elver & _i.t ... Inc.

All Right. Reserved

EXAMPLE 18:

Double Ended Bus - Tie Breaker Closed (Cable Fault)

FT.

M·.S K-V

oC>
UTILl'ry'
~ 2000
2000
34.5- I(.V
2022 .• t 2,044- .•
44- ?_k;-3S0 22- .sic. - 4-10
2:aao FT. 2000 Fr.
MVAs<.: 174B 7 l704- ,4 (10820) I!iSo .• • (6401) rtllVASC= 1512
4-4- 22
~ .xL.
,... r~
FAULT FAULT
28 3.k-350 16 8 14- '. 3/c. -2/0
2700 FT. \J V I.S. ""VA 'v ~ 3._1$ MVA 2700
ZS ,4 (80IS) i;:. ~.7~% i!- S.7~% (:'ZqO)
(I =30) (t'c:.S;) 14-
IS '1
2.4- Kv "77 .. 33~ Z.4-KY
\) fv' I.? MVA ~ 3.7S
21 'V r:;;..
Z:=:;.7S~
(/30) ( t:.S)
4SooW
36 Z: 17'70 IS
2.4- K:v G,7% 3:'''1.. 2.4- I<.V

54- Page 68

• Copvrlaht 1993 Seiver & Auoc>i.t ... Inc.

All Right. Reo"",OId

EXAMPLE 19:

How to Iterate the Solution

MVA.~ = ,So

13.8 \<V

1190

\5'0000 1114

ApPARENT L.OAb KVAA, VARIES ) INVER'5EL'l' AS LOAf) VCLiAGE

S~UARECl FOR. A. CONSTAf.JT I<VA L..OAt> (R.UNlJ\lJG MOTOR.').

\".,. _........,,___ __...._ .? ./

loco KVA ~=5.15 % (11'391)

4Sov

C
~4Z~ D
240 B - '3;E_- ~S'o I(Cfv1 ~so
'160 FT-
\l::.VAF = S2.84
2019 C
251 A '9S:0 \-P
MT VM1': 89.22 %
-~ A B C D E VMT
KVAA KVA 0/0 K,VA KVAsc. 0/0
Zoo' lq~ '''-.Bb 2S6~ 18S8 90. '28
245' 234- 1'1.60 33G:>5 2056 8t:1. :'5
ZSl 2.~'9 20.11 34-19 20"16 89.2.1
ZSl 240 20. L6 342? 2.0,8 gq.23
251 240 20.1$ 34Zb 2018 e'i.Z2.
251 240 ZOo J" '34-26 2018 8C!.'2.2. Page 69

• Copyright 1993 Sdv« &. ~iOlt_ Inc.

All Right. Reserved

·.,

!

i

I

EXAMPLE 20: Special Case Requiring Iteration to Solve

bbKV , MVAsc.= oa
c:oO
1639(0
V 20000 KVA
V t=9%
(25'0000)
25'0000 _
l'75"41 Vrc = 93.4-%
12 K,V
C
I01SZS D I'*'Z4-1Z lS/MVA
154-1 B Joooo i?:= 1,!;5%
V LoodO'KVA
V r=ce% Loooo I-P
(1bb"'~1)
("So360 E F
7c{6~> . A· 100000
VB = 6<1.2% 120~;;
6.~ \(.'oJ
I 6J; 3bO
20000·
,
STARTING POIt..J, - 7'
•
20000 I-P
A B c D E E/(E.-+ F)
K.VALoAP KVA % KVA K:VA '7"
8000 7"34- 4$.3 IOaz%? bSbn 3".&
.,Cf24- "7564 43.1 I07bbb &,,5411 .3'1.5
"'90q ""15S1 43.0 IOi555 "5~70 '3'1.5
iqO~ "1548 43.0 101 s~'Z. ~S3t,2 ;Co1. S'
'1'105 754-1 43.0 rDl~ze 6;'~bO ~~.S"
1''105 Page 70

• Copyright 1993 SeiVIIf" Anoei .. t .. lne.

All Right. Reservood

(Comparison Answers)

"THE EASY WAY" vs. ETAP

Co-Generation Plant One-Line Short Circuit Calculations:

... While Starting Generator

... With Plant Running Normal

... Maximum 480 Volt Fault Duty

Motor Starting Calculations: ... Plant Running Normal

... Starting Gas Compressor ... Starting Gas Turbine

Page 71

• Copyright 1993 Seiver &. Aoaoclatel Inc.

AU Riahts Reterved

· !

, ~,

COGEN PLANT ONE-LINE

ELECTRICAL CALCULA TIONS - "THE EASY WA Y"

t.4VAsc = 1000

2 115 KV

3 13.8 KV

50 t.4VA Xa = 0.1137

50 UVA

Z = 9.5%

4 4.16 KV

2000 KVA Z = 5.75%

5~4~8~OV __ ~ __ ~ -. ~ ~ .- ~_

1000 KVA Z = 5.75%

a... (I')

~oo HP 900 H~

v

FUEL GAS COMP

a... (I')

200 HP \.40 HP 40 HPJ ¢OO HP 200 H~ 510 HP 200 KVA

CRANKING y y

MOTOR AIR COMP BOILER FEED LUMPED MISC

PUMPS

PagEl 72

e CoPV"gn! 1 993 Seiver &. Anoclat ... Inc.

All Right. Reo~rved

ELECTRICAL CALCULA TIONS - "THE EASY WA V"

SHORT CIRCUIT CALCULATION

115 KV MVA = 1000 KVA sc = IOOht!194-
2 I sc = .5'(:)54-
50 MVA £1i4P '=0 SeJ06
XcI" = 0.1137 E,e~R:' 0.96%
50 MVA
Z = 9.5%
344£26 (.52"'316)
7DSS 0
.35/916
3 13.8 KV KVAse = 351'116
lse = 14-7z4-
54';'8213. E7:4P= /4-~77
7088
2000 KVA E.eRoe = .0.3'2 %-
Z = 5.75%
/5' h (3.f7Sa)
89132
4 4.16 KV KVA sc = 4o-l-?B
I sc = .5"62/
3t:.eqo 35204- iF774P = S6Z?
3hoB ..52"'14-
1000 KVA e.e£o£ ::: ~. 14-%
Z = 5.75%
/181 (/73'1}) 900 HP
4S5!J Z = 17%
5 4BOV KVA sc = /~372
~/"1 lsc = 196'13
14172 er/lP = ~O129
2353 2200
£?,eeae = 212%
400IP SSo /I>
Z = 17% Z = 25%
WHILE STARTING GENERATOR Page 73

• Copyright 1993 Seiver 8< AMoci.t .. Inc.

All Right. Reo...vet!

ELECTRICAL CALCULA TIONS - "THE EASY WA Y··

SHORT CIRCUIT CALCULATION

2 115 KV MVA = 1000 KVA sc = . /24/5/9
ISC = 6233
.1a:JOaOO 50 MVA Ei.4,D == d:JIBoZ.
241'>17 Xa' = 0.1137 E.e,t?O!L = a.8.3%
50 MVA
Z = 9.5%
304ez8 (.526316)
44hS3S 4n7G4
1151412-
,3 13.8 KV KVAsc = 7111bb
Isc = 3~/~1
,.1 7B.t15BZ €TAP :: a's()47
6584-
2000 KVA EEIl"O/l = O. /~~
Z = 5.75%
S39e:;6 (34-783)
'B122
4 4.16 KV KVA sc = 41ifZB
38600 :86Ifl~ ISC = .5750
292B 5Z~4- Er~= 5"7.!i3
1000 KVA E~,e = 0.05%
Z = 5.75%
/1'189 (/1391 900 HP
aS76 Z = 17%
5 480V KVAsc = 15.3~S-
1418 /316(; lsc = 18482
1176 ZZCO GTAP =- /880$
e.eeoe ::' 1.7%
Zoo fP S50iP
Z = 17% Z = 25% WITH PLANT RUNNING NORMAL

Page 74

(I Copyright 1993 SejVM III ~~,-.- .-

ELECTRICAL CALCULA TIONS - "THE EASY WA Y"

SHORT CIRCUIT CALCULATION

2 115 KV

MVA = 1000

KVAsc = ISC =

3 13.8 KV KVAsc =
oa lsc =
70/38
2000 KVA
Z = 5.75%
347B~ (34-783)
8902-
4 4.16 KV KVAsc = 4.3685"
4<:'01'7 38311 lsc = 6063
3608 .5214- eT-+P::' 5'1SS-
1000 KVA E.l!.I!oA!! = 1.8%
Z = 5.75%
/2128 (17.59/) 900 HP
45S3 Z = 17%
5 4BOV KVA sc = /6681
/4328 14481 ISC = 2006S"
29S~ 2200 GTA,tJ.: IB967
,GJe"Ra/i! = .s;B %
400 fP 5£0 If'
Z = 17% Z = 25% 50 MVA xd' = 0.1137

50 MVA

Z = 9.5%

MAXIMUM 480 VOLT FAULT DUTY

Page 75

o Copyright 1993 Seiver &. Aaociat ... lne.

All Right. Reoerv&d

·4 'l!··

. ~ .

. b,'-"'·

PLANT RUNNING NORMAL

ELECTRICAL CALCULA TIONS - ··THE EASY WA Y"

MOTOR STARTING CALCULATION

115 KV MVA = fOOO V BUS = q,¥. Cj '%
2
€TA-P ::. 9'9.7%
LOOOOCO 50 MVA €~~o/Z = O~2%
752- Xd" = 0.1137
50 MVA
Z = 9.5%
.3 .f828 (.sZ6316)
7.5";1 4397b4
QS9
3 13.8 KV 4-4-% .56% V BUS = "!9.&%'
e:TAP= '19~3%
784$82 EIUlc/Z.:' 0.5%
/712
2000 KVA
Z = 5.75%
, 33?Ob (34-783)
, 180/
r 4.16 KV V BUS = 14.1%
:\ 4 ,&0% $1%,0
.'". ETAP =96%
1~653 IbbS3 £.e.e()£! -:: I. z. %
(" 901 &/00
t·
.,
-" fOOO KVA
I..~ ":I.
Z = 5.75%
8$07 (/759/) 900 HP
qso
5 480V V BUS = "70. 0 '70
crAP; <fl. '9 %
BS07 €.2~= 2.2~
qso Page 76

• Copyright 1993 SfIIver 8< _lata Inc.

All Right_ Reoerved·

2 115 KV tAVA = 1000 V BUS = "11. 7~
J"ooooo 50 t.4VA €TA,o = 99. Sx:,
2£'6/ x,f :: 0.1137 GRRate= 0.1%
50 t.4VA
Z = 9.5%
3449. (526316)
257+ a
0
3 13.8 KV ,/~% V BUS:; 99.3%
344BZ8 .!FTApe 99.4-%
2574- ERRt:JIZ'" a. 1%
2000 KVA
Z = 5.75%
$1596 (31#783)
278.0
4 4.16 KV VBUS= '1/~'j%
"B% G7;fP = 9~.1%
21367
18Bo E,e..ecR. :. 1.3%
1000 KVA
Z :; 5.75%
95"86 (t73'O 900 HP
2108
5 480V V BUS = 82.0%
55%;, /-5?; EUP-:: 83.$'%
527.3 ~/$
. '-".~ 1158 ~ 3/C, 350 wCN 150 ~.eet::Je = 1.671>
150' .
i,ssz_ (33274) &jS!) ;.p
/z"o
6 t.4T V BUS:; 79.1'1.:0
4552 ETA-P:-81%
/2t:JO E.eeoR = Z • .,.~
200 HP
f SKVA = 1,200
j
L
STARTING GAS TURBINE c •• ....,

. \

,

r

rl- "'1

ELECTRICAL CALCULA TIONS - "THE EASY WA Y"

MOTOR STARTING CALCULATION

Page 78

• Copyrillht 1993 Seiv ... 8< Auocia! .. Inc.

All Right. RMe<Ved