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TerrJIOBOH peaepuyap). ,[(JIR

CJIe,[(OB8TeJIbHO, rrpHJIOJKHMOCTb, H8HJIH ,[(JIR cjJ8KTOPH8JIOB«'IHCeJI 38rrOJI06P81I181OlIIHXCR B 6ecHHK8KHX COMHeHHH.

cjJOPMYJIbI CTHpJIHHr8

N!

HeHI1R», rrporrOPllHOH8JIbHbIX

(H, T8KI1M 06P830M, He MOJKeT BbI3B8Tb

KOHe'lHOCTb O,[(HOBpeMeHHO C

N),

2)
cy 06

Borrpoc

06 HH,[(HBH,[(Y8JIbHOCTH 'IJIeHOB 8HC8M6JIR, rro,[(06HbIH aonpoB «HOBOH CT8THCTHKe», anecs He B03-

HH,[(HBH,[(Y8JIbHOCTH 'I8CTHll

HHK8eT. H8IIlH

CHCTeMbI CYTb M8KpOCKOrrH'IeCKHe T8KHM

CHCTeMbI, rrO,[(,[(81OIIIHeCR ,[(B8 COCTORHHR 8H-

HH,[(HBH,[(Y8JIbHOMY p8crr03H8B8HHIO. C8M6JIR, OTJIH'I81OIIIHeCR, nanpnxrep,

06P830M,

TeM, 'ITO CHCTeM8

NQ 6

H CHCTeM8 llJIR

NQ 13
,[(ByX

rrOMeHRJIHCb POJIRMH, CJIe,[(yeT p8CCM8TpHB8Tb 0,[(HH8KOBbIX 8TOMOB CHCTeMbI P83JII1'1HR MOJKeT He 6bITb.

K8K P83JIH'IHble.

NQ 6,

rrOMeHRBIIlHXCR CBOHMH POJIRMH, aroro B rrOCJIe,[(HeM CJIy'l8e MbI HMeeM ,[(eJIO

Bnpoveu,

JIHillb C BorrpOCOM rrp8BHJIbHOH HyMep811HH COCTORHHHOT,[(eJIbHOHCHCTeMbI, rrp8BHJIbHOrO orrHC8HHR ee KB8HTOBO-MeX8HH'IeCKOH npnporna.

rJIABA MeTO,lJ; HaUOOJIee

aeposrrnorn
N

pacnpeneaemra
onncsraaexr
MbI ncer-

PaCCMOTpHM npnpozty mo60H

aHCaM6JIb

H3

H,[(eHTWIHbIX

CHCTeM. MbI

H3 3THX CHCTeM, rrepeLJHCJI1UI ee B03MOJKHble COCTORHHR, HaMH LJepe3

0603HaLJaeMble na HMeeM

1, 2, 3, 4, ... , 1, ...

npaaunne

B BH,[(Y KBaHTOBO-MeXaHHLJeCKYIO CHCTeMY, COCTORHHR KOTOPOH c06CTBeHHbIMH 3HaLJeHHRMH 3aMKHYToH 3HaLJeHHR 3HeprHH , CHCTeMbI na 3THX

,[(OJIJKHbI orrHCbIBaTbCR KOMMYTHPYIOIlIHX

rreperaeuustx.

C06cTBeHHble

COCTORHHRXMbI 6y,[(eM 0603HaLJaTb -repea Cl, C2, C3, ••• HX TaK, LJT06bI cl+l rrpHMeHeHa nyer ~

ei, ... , pacnonaraa

MOJKeT 6bITb

ei.

B CJIYLJaeHe06xo,[(HMOCTH 3Ta cxexra

TaKJKe H K «KJIaCCHLJeCKOHCHCTeMe», COCTORHHR KOTOPOH CJIeKaK RLJeHKH rpaaosoro rrpOCTpaHCTBa

onacsrsart,
06'beM, BO acex

(Pk, qk),

HMeIOIlIHe

paBHbIH MaJIbIMH

rrpHLJeM He3aBHCHMO OT 'roro, HarrpaBJIeHHRX LJT06bI 3HeprHR

RBJIRIOTCR

OHH 6eCKOHeLJHO BO BCRKOM B npenenax

HJIH HeT, OHH ,[(OJIJKHbI 6bITb He MeHRJIaCb CYllIeCTBeHHO RBJIReTCR

CJIYLJae TaKHMH,

RLJeHKH. BrrpOLJeM, 3TO npnxteaenne neansnr, IIpH ero,

60JIee HJIH MeHee BTopOCTe-

a 60JIee CYllIeCTBeHHO CJIe,[(YIOllIee. paCCMOTpeHHH COCTORHHRaHCaM6JIR MbI 6y,[(eM acer.aa aanaaarr.

YKa3bIBaR,

'ITO CHCTeMa NQ

1 HaXO,[(HTCR B
XOTR

COCTORHHH, narrpnwep

h,

CHCTeMa NQ MbI ro

2-

B COCTORHHH 12, •••

, CHCTeMa NQ

N-

B COCTORHHH IN.

6y,[(eM nocrynart.

TaK B ,[(aJIbHeHIIIeM,

B CYIlIHOCTH ,[(eJIaTb 3TO-

HeJIb3R, H60 KBaHTOBO-MeXaHHLJeCKaR CHCTeMa He HaXO,[(HTCR B TOM HJIH ,[(OJIJKHO orrHCbIBaTbCR 3aMKHYTOH CHCTeMOH HeBbI6paHHbIX paa H aascerna. CTaHOBRCb na IIpH BbI-

HHOM COCTORHHH, KOTopoe KOMMYTHPYIOIlIHX 3TY TOLJKY 3peHHR, 6paHHOH conoaynaocrn CHCTeMa HMeeT

rreperaenustx,

MbI MbICJIHM B crporo

«KJIaCCHLJeCKOM» nyxe.

COCTORHHH MOJKHO CLJHTaTb, 'ITO HH,[(HBH,[(yaJIbHaR aMrrJIHTY,[(y BepORTHOCTH H, CJIe,[(oHa6JIIO,[(eHHH aMrrJIHTY,[(y

JIHIIIb onpenenennyro

BaTeJIbHO, onpenenennyro B COCTORHHRX NQ

BepORTHOCTb 6bITb

HaH,[(eHHOH rrpn

1,

NQ

2,

NQ

H T.,[(.

rrO,[(LJepKHBaIO: JIHIIIb

BepORTHOCTH. ,IJ,aJKeTaKaR ,[(eTepMHHHpOBaHHOCTb oT,[(eJIbHOH CHCTeMbI RBJIReTCR anecs H3JIHIIIHeH. ,IJ,eHcTBHTeJIbHO, ,[(JIR rrpHrrHCbIBaHHR OT,[(eJIbHOH

CHCTeMe «LJHCTOrOCOCTORHHR»Bo061l1e HeT ,[(OCTaTOLJHbIXOCHOBaHHH. ECJIH 6bI MbI yrJIy6HJIHCb B paccyautenna aroro pona, TO 3TO 3aBeJIO

6bI Hac B 06JIaCTb OLJeHb TOHKHX KBaHTOBO-MeXaHHLJeCKHX BorrpOCOB. 3TO

10

CmamUCmU'leC7WR

mepMOaU71aMU7W

6bIJIO C,[IeJIaHO HeH:MaHOM, BHrHepOM He OTJIWIalOTCR CYIlleCTBeHHO OT 'rex, HbIX HaMH BblIIIe

H ,[IpyrHMH, KOTopble

O,[lHaKO HX pe3YJIbTaTbI YKa3aH-

rrOJIY'IalOTCR npn

60JIee rrpOCTbIX H 60JIee HaHBHbIX paCCYJK,[IeHHRX, KOTO-

pbIMH MbI H BOCrrOJIb3yeMCR. B TaKOM CJIY'Iae HeKOTOpbIH: KJIaCC COCTORHHH: aHCaM6JIR 6Y,[IeT xapaKTepH30BaTbCR H3 orimero '1HCJIa TeM, 'ITO

aI, a2, a3, ... , ai

CHCTeM

CHCTeM HaXO,[lRTCR COOTBeTCTBeHHO B COCTORHHRX 1, COCTORHHR aHCaM6JIR OXBaTbIBalOTCR BceMH pa3JIH'IHbIMH 6e3 rrepe-

2, 3, ... , l, ...
KpbITHR cOBoKyrrHocTRMH

H ace

KJIaCCaMH, orrHCbIBaeMbIMH '1HCeJI ai: COCTORHHR

,[IOrrYCTHMbIMH

NQ

123

3HeprHR

(2.1)
paBHO, o-re-

qHCJIO OT,[IeJIbHbIX COCTORHHH:,OTHOCRIlIHXCR K 3TOMY KJIaccy, BH,[IHO,

N! P = al! a2! a3! ... al! ... Coaoaynnocri,

'1HCeJI ai ,[IOJIJKHa,pa3YMeeTCR,

(2.2)

y,[lOBJIeTBOpRTb YCJIOBHRM

2:al

= N,

2: Elal = E.
I B CYillHOCTH 3aKaH'IHBaeTCR.

(2.3)
Onna-

BblpaJKeHHRMH

(2.2)

(2.3)

HaIII pac-rer

KO B 3TOH: cpopMe pe3YJIbTaTbI B HaCTORilleM

COBepIIIeHHO

nenocrynnsr
'ITO,

,[IJIR HCCJIe,[lOBaHHR.

MeTO,[le npennonaraerca, '1HCJIO pacnpeneaenna CYMMOH: 'rex

rrOCKOJIbKY acex

'1aH:HO BeJIHKO, orimee

(T. e. cyMMa

N '1pe3BbIP) no-rm
na-

rrOJIHOCTblO HC'IeprrbIBaeTCR '1HCeJI

P,

,[IJIR KOTOPbIX conoaynnocrn OT cosoxynaocru, H3 '1HCJIa 'rex, CJIOBaMH, C'IHTaR, noaynena

ai

He OTJIH'IalOTCR CYIlleCTBeHHbIM ana-reane

06pa30M

lOIlIeH: MaKCHMaJIbHOe

y,LIOBJIeTBOpRlOT COOTHOIIIeHHRM KaR conoayrnrocrt, npenefiper-aexr

(2.3)].UpyrHMH ,

[pa3YMeeTCR,

KOTopble 'ITO 'raMbI

'1HCeJI 3arrOJIHeHHR MOJKeT 6bITb

scerna,

JIHIIIb O'leHb MaJIOH:,LIOJIeH: acex

B03MOJKHbIX pacnpenenenmt, KOr,LIa-JIH60 peaJIH30BaH-

KOTopaR HMeeT «HC'Ie3alOille HOH:». 3TO rrpennonoatenne

MaJIble IIIaHCbI 6bITb

crporo

BbIIIOJIHReTCR B npenene

N ---+

00 (r.e.

B npn-

MeHeHHH K «MbICJIeHHOMY» HJIH «BHpTyaJIbHOMY» HbIX CJIY'laRX MbI scerna 3H'IeCKH

aHCaM6JIlO, B COMHHTeJIbCPHMbI

rrO,LIpa3YMeBaeM 3TOT rrpe,[leJIbHbIH: nepexon, TerrJIOBOMY peaepayapy»;

COOTBeTCTBYlOIlIHH: «6eCKOHe'lHOMY

eme paa y6eJK,[IaeMCR B

xpynnsrx

npeawyutec'raax

TO'lKH 3peHHR fH66ca).

Tnaea 2. Memoii nautianee

MbI rrpHHHMaeM

BepORmn020

pacnpedenenun

11

3,L1eCb 3TO rrOJIOmeHHe 6e3 ,LIOKa3aTeJIbCTBa; rrOCJIe,LIHee 6ypaccwo'rpeaun npyroro MeTO,LIa«MeTO,LIaCpe,LIHHX

,LIeT ,LIaHOrr03,L1Heenpn

3Ha'IeHHlh> ,Il,apBHHa - <PaYJIepa. IIpH 60JIbIIIOM, HO KOHe'IHOM

3TO rrOJIOmeHHe CrrpaBe,LIJIHBO TOJIbKO cnyxae MbI yme He

rrpH6JIH3HTeJIbHo. MomeM oripaayror

,Il,ei1cTBHTeJIbHO, B 60JIbllMaHOBcKoM pacnpezteaeanaxm,

npeaeoperari, conoaynaocr

B KOTOPbIX «'IHCJIa 3arrOJIHeHHR» COOTBeTCTBY-

a, OTKJIOHRlOIlIHeCR OT conoaynaocrn,

lOIlIeH MaKCHMYMY.

OHH ,LIalOT CBe,LIeHHR0 TepMO,LIHHaMH'IeCKHX cpJIYKTyarrOCTORHHOHanep-

IIHRX 60JIbllMaHOBCKOH CHCTeMbI, rrO,LI,LIepmHBaeMOHrrpn rHH

E,
MbI

HaXO,LIRIlIeHCRB YCJIOBHRX H,LIeaJIbHOHTerrJIOBOH H30JIRIIHH. He 6Y,LIeM, O,LIHaKO,OCTaHaBJIHBaTbCR na 3TOM rrO,LIp06HOOrpaHH'IeHHOH rrpHMeHHMOCTH OT'IaC-

TH BBH,LIy aecsxra

caMOH 60JIbllMaHOBCKOH rrOCKOJIbKY YCJIOBHe H,LIe6bITb OCYIlleCTBJIeHO, rrpn 3TOM OT'IaC'ITO 3TH <PJIYKTY-

TO'IKH 3peHHR, a TaKme

rro CJIe,LIYlOIlIeH rrpH'IHHe:

aJIbHOH TerrJIOBOH H30JIRlIHH rrpaKTH'IeCKH pe3YJIbTaTbI,

He MomeT

rrOJIY'IeHHble ,LIJIR TepMO,LIHHaMH'IeCKHX cpJIYKTyallHH YCJIOBHH, rrpHMeHHMbI

nepeaanayewoxr

K ,LIeHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH JIHillb

TH, a HMeHHO B TOH Mepe, pe3YJIbTaTbI auaa

B KaKOH MomHO ,LIOKa3aTb HJIH npmrart.,

TaKOBbI me, KaK H ,LIJIR CJIY'IaR TerrJIOBOrO peaepsyapa. rrpn -

CHCTeMbI, rrOMeIlleHHOH B TerrJIOBOH peaepsyap MoryT 6bITb rrOJIY'IeHbI 3Ha'IHTeJIbHO npoute TaKHM 06pa30M, MoryT HaM He3a'IeM 6bITb

rrOCTORHHOHTeMHerrOCpe,LICTBeHHO 60JIee

neparype,

H3 xoauennan

fH66ca.

paCCMaTpHBaTb

CJIOmHbIH CJIY'IaH, H3 KOToporo Mble JIHillb

rrOJIY'IeHbI

naansre,

npnxreaa-

K H,LIeaJIbHbIM, HepeaJIH3yeMbIM K

YCJIOBHRM. B Ka'IeCTBe CPYHKIIHH, MaKCH-

B03BpaIllaRCb

(2.2)

(2.3),

BbI6epeM

MyM KOTOPOH MbI HIlIeM, norapadnr 06bI'IHbIM

P,

Y'IHTbIBaR ..\ H

,LIOrrOJIHHTeJIbHbleYCJIOBHR

MeTO,LIOMMHOmHTeJIeH Jlarpaaasa BblpameHHR

/1,

T. e. 6Y,LIeM HCKaTb a6-

COJIlOTHbIH MaKCHMYM

logP -..\ L
I ,Il,JIRnpeoripaaosaaaa CTHpJIHHra B BH,LIe:

al - /1 LElal.
I

(2.4)

norapaqiaoa

cpaKTOpHaJIOB BOCrrOJIb3yeMcR cpOpMyJIOH

log(n!) = n(logn -1).

Pa3YMeeTCR, MbI paCCMaTpHBaeM BeJIH'IHHbI

(2.5)
nenpepsramae
nepexren-

ai

KaK

nsre.

,Il,JIR aapaauan

(2.4)

HMeeM:

- L log ai Oal- ..\L Oal - /1 L EIOal = 0, I I I

12
rrpWleM T8K qTO (npn JIlO60M

CmamUCmU'leC7WR

mepMOaU71aMU7W

MbI ,LIOJIJKHbIrrpHp8BHHTb

HYJIlO K03tPqlHLlHeHTbI

npn

K8JK,LIOM

6aZ,

l): logaz

+.x +
=

/lEz = 0

HJIH az a-A-/1€1

.x H IL

,LIOJIJKHbI 6bITb

onpeneneusr
e-A-/1€1

H3 ,LI068BOqHbIX YCJIOBHH:

L
z
IIYTeM qHTb pea rrOqJIeHHOrO

= N,

Eze-A-/1€1

= E.

,LIeJIeHHH MbI

HCKJIlOq8eM

.x,

XOTH

MOJKHO rrOJIY0603H8qHB qe-

e-A

T8KJKe H HerrOCpe,LICTBeHHO H3 nepaoa

tP0PMYJIbI.

E /N

Cpe,LIHlOlO ,LIOJIlO 3HeprHH, rrOJIyqeHHbIH

rrpHXO,LIHIlIYlOCH H8 O,LIHYCHCTeMY, CJIe,LIYlOIlIHM 06P830M:

MbI MOJKeM Bblp83HTb

H8MH pe3YJIbT8T

(2.6)

Cosoaynnocrt, yp8BHeHHH BTOPOH CTPOKH Bblp8JK8eT pacnpeneneane H8IIlHX N CHCTeM rro HX 3HepreTHqeCKHM ypOBHHM. MOJKHO CK838Tb, QTO 3TH
yp8BHeHHH CO,LIepJK8TB 38pO,LIbIIIle BClO TepMO,LIHH8MHKY, KOTOP8H LleJIHKOM COBepIIleH3HJK,LIeTCHH8 3TOM OCHOBHOM p8Crrpe,LIeJIeHHH. C8MO Bblp8JKeHHe HO rrp03p8QHO ,LIOJIHoriutero 3KcrrOHeHT8 e-/1Et Bblp8JK8eT

QHCJIO 38rrOJIHeHHH B BH,LIe HBJIHeTCH JIHillb

QHCJI8

CHCTeM, 8 CYMM8

B 3H8MeH8TeJIe

«HOPMHPYlOIlIHM H3 nepaoro

MHOJKHTeJIeM». P83YMeeTCH,

IL

CJIe,LIOB8JIO 6bI onpeneaart, H OT X8p8KTe3TO yp8BHeHHe

yp8BHeHHH

B 38BHCHMOCTH OT Cpe,LIHeH 3HeprHH

pa CHCTeMbI (T. e. BeJIHQHH

EZ).
IL

ECTeCTBeHHO, HeB03MOJKHO.

QTO pennrrs

B 06Il1eM BH,LIeOTHOCHTeJIbHO

C8MOM ,LIeJIe,OQeBH,LIHO,QTO

tPYHKLlHOH8JIbH8H 38BHCHMOCTb MeJK,LIY IL H 8 LleJIHKOM 38BHCHT OT X8p8KTep8

He HBJIHeTCH YHHBepC8JIbHOH,

CHCTeMbI. COOTHOIIleHHHM BrrOJIHe He peIIl8H 3TO

CQ8CTblO, O,LIH8KO, MbI MOJKeM ,LI8Tb H8IIlHM

Y,LIOBJIeTBOpHTeJIbHYlO 06Il1YlO tPH3HQeCKYlO HHTeprrpeT8L1HlO, yp8BHeHHe OTHOCHTeJIbHO

IL,

T8K K8K rrOCJIe,LIHHH BeJIHQHH8 (BBe,LIeHH8H rrepT. e. K8K M8TeM8THQeCKOe tPYH,LI8MeH-

BOH8Q8JIbHO JIHillb BcrrOMOr8TeJIbHOe

K8K MHOJKHTeJIb JI8rp8HJK8, Cpe,LICTBO) OK83bIB8eTCH

3H8QHTeJIbHO 60JIee

T8JIbHOH BeJIHQHHOH, QeM C8MO

U;

noaroray

tPH3HK rrpe,LIrrOQHT8eT rrOJIYQ8Tb

Tnaea 2. Memoii nautianee

B KaJK,[(OM 'IaCTHOM cJIY'Iae

BepORmn020

pacnpedenenun
a He Ha060pOT,

13
'ITO 6bIJIO

KaK rpYHKIIHIO

Il,

6bI COBepIIIeHHO aeneaecooripaaasnr. QT06bI 06'bRCHHTb 3TO 6e3 H3JIHIIIHHX OKOJIH'IHOCTeH:,MbI peIIIHTeJIb3peHHR fH66ca, T. e. 6y,[(eM C'IHTaTb, 'ITO MbI HMeeM npencras-

HO CTaHeM na TO'lKY ,[(eJIOC BHpTyaJIbHbIM

aHCaM6JIeM, OT,[(eJIbHbIH:3JIeMeHT KOToporo

JIReT C060H: caxroe paCCMaTpHBaeMYIO 3JIeMeHTbI paanonpaanst, TaIlHH,

CHCTeMY. IIOCKOJIbKY ace OT,[(eJIbHble

MbI MOJKeM, nepexozta

rrpe,[(CTaBJIRTb ce6e

az,

HJIH, sepnee,

;J-,

K rpH3H'IeCKOH: arrrepnpeKaK 'IaCTOTbI, C KOTOPbIMH 6y,[(eT

OT,[(eJIbHaR cacrexra, BCTpe'laTbCR

norpyaseanaa

B 60JIbIIIOH: TerrJIOBOH:peaepsyap, RBJIReTCR

B COCTORHHHeli

B 3THX YCJIOBHRXcpe,[(HeH: anep-

rHeH: oT,[(eJIbHOH:CHCTeMbI. IIpHMeHHM CHCTeM: ypOBHH: IIpH naurn pe3YJIbTaTbI

(2.6) B
(3m

K 'rpexr

pa3JIH'IHbIM

aHCaM6JIRM

A
ak 3TOM MbI rronpaayxreaaew, 3JIeMeHTbI 6Y,[(YT RBJIRTbCR CHCTeMaMH otiurero

A+B
101= ak

+ (3m.
JKe cnyxae

(2.7)

'ITO B rrepBOM H BTOPOM CJIY'IaRX OTJII06bIMH ,[(ByMR 'rnna. paCCMOTpeHHbIMH paOT,[(eJIb-

nensnsre

nee pa3JIH'IHbIMH

'rpert.exr

HbIH: 3JIeMeHT 6y,[(eT COCTORTb H3 O,[(HOH: HCTeMbI C HaXO,[(RIlIHXCR B CJIa60M 3HepreTH'IeCKOM 3HepreTH'IeCKHH: H JII060ro yponens B 'rpert.exr

H O,[(HOH: HCTeMbI C

B,
ak

B3aHMo,[(eH:CTBHH, TaK 'ITO 06Il1HH: 6y,[(eT CYMMOH: JII060ro

cnyvae

(3m

(HH,[(eKC cay-rae

1 3aMeHReT
cyMMa

naa nanexca

m).

HeTpY,[(HO BH,[(eTb, ,[(ByX CyMM:

'ITO B 'rpe'rt.exr

pacnanae rca

na npouaneneuue

L
z

e-Ilq

LL
k

e-Il(O:k+f3m)

L
k

e-llD:k

L
m

e-llf3m•

(2.8)

m
pe'lb

Tor-na,

na OCHOBaHHH

(2.6), -

H,[(eT 0 TpeTbeM

CJIY'lae, H KaK

06Il1ee 'IHCJIO paBHReTCR

3arrOJIHeHHR

az

(xoropoe

MOJKeT 6bITb 0603Ha'leHO

a«, m)

az

== ark,

m) =

L e-p,D:k L e-P,f3m
k m ypoane ak.

e-P,(D:k+f3m)

(2.9)

IIpo,[(OJIJKHM paCCMOTpeHHe 'rpe'rsero TeM

A + B,

CJIY'laR H 6y,[(eM HCKaTb 'IHCJIO CHCOHO, o-re-

B KOTOPbIX

HaXO,[(HTCRaa onpenenennoxr

BH,[(HO,HaXO,[(HTCRCYMMHpOBaHHeM

(2.9)

rro scexr m.

pe3YJIbTaTe

L e-llf3

HC'Ie3aeT B 'IHCJIHTeJIe H B 3HaMeHaTeJIe, H MbI nonynaexr

14
TaKI1M CI1CTeM nee 06pa30M, MbI

CmamUCmU'leC1WH

mephWaU1WMU1W

BI1,L1I1M,qTO 06Il1ee cnyvae

CTaTI1CTl1qeCKOe pacnpeneaenne cpe,LI11MHororo me, KaK npyroro cpezt-

B 'rpert.exr

(BKJIlOqaIOIlIee

ananenne

I1X aneprna) npn

B TOqHOCTI1 'ranee

11 B aHCaM6JIe

(nepasra
60pOM

CJIyqaH),

YCJIOBI1I1,qTO MbI ofiecne-aaaaexr

(Ha,LIJIemaIllI1M BbI-

E /N A

B cnyvae

A)

O,LII1HaKOBOCTb 3HaqeHl1H rrpl1MeHI1MbI

/l

B 060l1X CJIyqaRX.

IIoCKOJIbKY

're me paccyacnenaa

11 K CI1CTeMe

B,

TO, CO-

rJIaCHO BbIIIleI13JIOmeHHOMY, TeMbI 11

noayvae'rca

CJIe,LIYIOIlIee: eCJII1 rrpl1BeCTI1 CI1CC npyrow 11 rrOMeCTI1Tb I1X

B cJIa60e

B3aI1MO,LIeHCTBl1e npyr

B TerrJIOBOH peaepsyap,

TO 06e CI1CTeMbI 6Y,LIYT BeCTI1 ceria B TOqHOCTI1 TaK, B TerrJIOBOH BbI6l1palOTCR O,LII1HaKOBbIMI1.

KaK eCJII1 6bI Kam,LIaR 113 HI1X B OT,LIeJIbHOCTI16bIJIa rroxiemeaa peaepsyap, TaKI1MI1, rrpn qT06bI YCJIOBI1I1, qTO ace 'rpn 3HaqeHl1R TerrJIOBbIX peaepsyapa 'rpex CJIyqaRX

/l

6bIJIl1 BO acex

Hnaxe

roaopa,

eCJII1 3TO OCYIlleCTBJIeHO, YCTaHOBI1BIIlaRCR anepre'rnnecxaa B3al1MHOe BJII1R-

CBR3b OKa3bIBaeTCR ,LIOCTaTOqHOCJIa60H, BCJIe,LICTBl1exero Hl1e I1JII1 06MeH aneprnen PaBeHCTBO 3HaqeHl1H B Cpe,LIHeM OTCYTCTBYIOT.

/l

03HaqaeT

paBeHCTBO

TeMrrepaTYp.

BPR,LI JII1 paa 11

MomHO mrrepnpe'rnpona'rt,

3TO naane.

TaK KaK MbI MomeM BbI6paTb

HaBCer,LIa CTaH,LIapTHYIO CI1CTeMY ,LIeHCTBl1eC JII060H npyroa <pYHKlIl1eH

(erepxsoxrerp»)

11rrpl1BeCTI1 BO B3aI1MO-

CI1CTeMOH B, TO

/l

,LIOJImHO 6bITb YHI1BepCaJIbHOH

'rexmepar'ypsr

T.
6bITb C,LIeJIaHO 3Haql1TeJIbHO 60JIee y6e,LII1TeJIbRBHbIH BI1,L1 3aBl1Cl1MOCTl1 /l OT 'rexrne-

3TO 3aKJIIOqeHl1e MomeT

HbIM, eCJII1 HaM y,LIaCTCR onpenena'rs

parypsr.
aJIR 3TOH lIeJII1 rrOJIe3HO06paTl1Tb me BpeMR BeCbMa CYIlleCTBeHHbIH BYIOIlII1X paccyzanenan. BHI1MaHl1e na CaMOOQeBl1,L1HbIH 11B TO pe3YJIbTaT rr060QHbIH HaIIlI1X npenmecr-

2.:
I

MbI

BI1,L1eJII1, QTO B CJIYQae

e-M€l

=
/l,

2.:
k

e-WXk

2.:
m

+B

e-Mi3m.

CJIe,LIOBaTeJIbHO,<PYHKlII1R OT nyio

nrparoutaa,

KaK MbI yBI1,L1I1M,aecsxra

Bam-

POJIb, a I1MeHHO <PYHKlII1R

log
lee 3HaQeHl1e RBcTByeT

2.: eI

M€[

(2.10)

113 paCCMOTpeHI1R rrOCJIe,LIHI1X QJIeHOB

(2.6)]

RBJIReT-

CR a,LI,LII1TI1BHOH ,LIJIR,LIByX CI1CTeM, HaXO,LIRIlII1XCRB CJIa60M 3HepreTl1QeCKOM B3aI1MO,LIeHCTBI1I1.B 3TOM 11 COCTOI1TTO OQeBI1,L1HOe, HO cyutec'rneaaoe JIOmeHl1e, 0 KOTOPOM R yrrOMI1HaJI BbIIIle. rro-

Kaxoao
6paTb

me <PYHKlII10HaJIbHOe COOTHOIIleHl1e Mem,LIy MOHOTOHHbIX <PYHKlII1H

/l

11 T? QT06bI

BbI-

113 MHomeCTBa

f(T)

TY,

KOTopaR

RBJIReTCR

Tnaea 2. Memod uautio.cee

«I1CTI1HHOih> TeMrrepaTypoH PI1H:

BepORml1020

pacnpeiienenun

15

T,

I1MeeTcR,

RaR 113BecTHo, JII1IIlb O)J,I1HRpl1TeMHOJRI1TeJIeM 6ec-

liT

RBJIReTCR

YHI1BepCaJIbHbIM rerina

I1HTerpl1pYlOIlII1M

ROHeqHO MaJIOrO npnpautenaa ro paBHOBeCI1R -

dQ

B COCTORHI1I1TepMO)J,I1HaMl1qeCRO)J,JIR

YHI1BepCaJIbHbIM

B TOM CMbICJIe, qTO OH npnronen

JIlO60H CI1CTeMbI. llpyrl1x He CYIlleCTByeT MO)J,eJIb RBJIReTCR -

CPYHRIII1H OT

T,

06JIa)J,alOIlII1X 3TI1M CBOHCTBOM,

B 3TOM 3aRJIlOQaeTCR onpenexenne eme He)J,OCTaTOQHOH,QT06bI 1160 eCJII1 «npupona»

(KeJIbBI1H).

Haura

MbI MOrJII1 BOCrrOJIb30BaTbCR

3TI1M onpeneneuaexr, BeHb

RaJR)J,oH CI1CTeMbI (T. e. ee yponapaxrerpa:

Ez)

CPI1RCl1pOBaHapaa 11 aaacer I1JII1 T.

na, ace 3aBI1CI1T OT ozmoro

Jk

I1JII1

U,

CJIYQae O)J,HOHrrepeMeHHoH

PYIIlI1TCR rrOHRTl1e «I1HTer-

pnpytoutero

MHOJRI1TeJIR», TaR RaR rrpn

HeROTopOM

dx

JIlO60e

ip(x)dx

TaR-

JRe 6Y)J,eT «rrOJIHbIM )J,l1cpcpepeHlIl1aJIOM». II03TOMY, )J,OJIJRHbI BeCTI1 B paCCMOTpeHl1e npyrne B BBeCTI1 rrOHRTl1e 0 MeXaHI1QeCROH IIOJIOJRI1M, )J,JIR RpaTROCTI1,

QT06bI YCTaHOBI1Tb

T,

MbI

napaxrerpsr I1JII1, QTO TO JRe caxroe, pariore, cosepuraexrott aauren CI1CTeMoH.

e-p,E:[

log
rne

L
I

= F,
ei,

(2.11)
11 nanaurew,

)J,OJIJRHO paCCMaTpl1BaTbCR

RaR CPYHRIII1R Jk 11 acex MaTeMaTI1QeCROe

rrOJIb3YRCb rtpnaonaiuee

(2.6),

6eccrropHo

rrpaBI1JIbHOe

COOTHOIIleHl1e,

B )J,aJIbHeHilleM R cpl1311QeCRI1MrrpI1JIOJReHI1RM:

(2.12)
11, TaRI1M 06pa30M,

d(F+UJk)
IIpl1MeHI1M noztaepraer-r

Jk(dU-

~LaldEl).
I

(2.13)
ROTOPOMY MbI

3TO R CJIe)J,YlOilleMY cpl1311QeCRoMYnpoueccy, CI1CTeM.

aaur aHCaM6JIb 113 N C RaJR)J,OH 113 3TI1X -

Ilycri,
«MeXaHI13M»

CI1CTeM CBR3aH B TOQHOCTI1 O)J,I1HaROBbIH 11 nposme rrpl1crrOC06JIeHI1R, C rrOMO-

III1JII1H)J,PbI, rrOpIIlHI1

uu.io

ROTOPbIX MbI MOJReM ynpaanrrrs

CI1CTeMOH 11 113MeHRTb ee xapaxrep

(T. e. ypOBHI1 IIpl1 acex

Ez).
pa3YMeeTCR, QT06bI MbI 113MeHReM

3TOM,

El

O)J,I1HaROBbIM 06pa30M

BO

CI1CTeMaX TaR,

OCHOBHoe YCJIOBl1e TOJR)J,eCTBeHHOCTI1N CI1C-

TeM (YCJIOBl1e, na ROTOPOM rrORORTCRHaIIlI1 paccyJR)J,eHI1R) 6bIJIO BbIIIOJIHeHO. KpoMe 'roro, MbI

oriecrresmaaexr

TaRJRe nenocpencr'aennoe

«113MeHeHl1e TeM-

neparypsr»,

CBR3bIBaR naur

aHCaM6JIb C 60JIbIIll1M

TerrJIOBbIM peaepayapoxr

16
(I1MeIOIIII1M TY

Cmamucmunecuasi
JKe resrrreparypy),

mep.scoinuuiuuna
'rexrnepa'rypy OqeHb

113MeHRR 06lI1YIO

Me)J,JIeHHO113aTeM CHOBa 1130JII1pYR aHCaM6JIb OT TerrJIOBOrO peaepayapa. IIpl1 rrpl1MeHeHl111

(2.13)

K 3TOMY npoueccy

al

de,
ei

RBJIReTCR

paooron, CI1CTeM,

KOTOpylO MbI )J,OJIJKHbICOBepIIII1Tb Ha)J, rrOpIIIHRMI1 11 T.)J,. 3TI1X al qT06bI nens «nonaart,»

El

JIeMi -

L ai de,

+ dEl. L tu de,
dU dQ,

3TI1 CI1CTeMbI co craporo ecrt, pario ra,

ypOBHR

aa 113MeHeHHblii ypo3TOM Ha)J, aacavri11 ~

cOBepIIIaeMaR

rrpn

pariora,

rrp0113Bo)J,I1MaR aHCaM6JIeM,

L ai de,

cpe)J,HRR panora, HO, rrOCKOJIbKY

rrp0113Bo)J,I1MaRO)J,HI1M113 qJIeHOB aHCaM6JIR. CJIe)J,OBaTeJIbRBJIReTCR cpe)J,HI1M npnpautenaexr B npaaon qaCTI1 aneprnn, BblpaJKeHl1e,

CTORlIIee B cK06Kax lIIeHl1eM 'renna

(2.13),

,[IOJIJKHO 6bITb

Cpe,[lHI1M npnpa3TOM paCCMaTYJKe BrrOJIHe ,[10-

c006lI1aeMOrO

aHCaM6JIIO.

JL ,[IOJIJKHOrrpn

pl1BaTbCR KaK I1HTerpl1PYIOlIII1ii CTaTOQHO, QT06bI 3aKJIIOQI1Tb, npyroa

MHOJKI1TeJIb. O,[lHOrO aror-o QTO

JL F

Hel136eJKHO ,[IOJIJKHOpaBHRTbCR

1160 He CYlIIeCTByeT ,[IJIR acex

cjJYHKlIl111OT 06pa30M,

CI1CTeM. TaKI1M

liT, T, 06JIa)J,alOlIIeii 3TI1M caoncrnoxt U JL )J,OJIJKHO npencraanrrrs corion

3HTpOrrl1lO. llJIR 60JIee npnxroro ,[IOKa3aTeJIbCTBa 0603HaQl1M

F+UJL=G. Torna
COrJIaCHO 06lI1eii MaTeMaTI1QeCKOii 'reopexre PI1PYIOIIII1X MHOJKI1TeJIeii

(2.14)
OTHOIIIeHl1e ,[IBYX I1HTer-

liT

11 JL RBJIReTCR cjJYHKlIl1eii

G: (2.15)

1 TJL Tor-na
113 (2.13)

= cp(G).

cp(G)dG =
rzte

dQ

= dS,

(2.16) G
B Bl1,[1eaeaoropon

S-

3HTpOrrI1R. 3TO nae'r,

rrOCJIe I1HTerpl1pOBaHI1R,

cjJYHKlIl111OT

S: G = X(S). (2.17) (2.11) G=

11 (2.6), log cjJYHKlIl1R -

llaJIee,

113 (2.14),

L
I

e-JL€l

JL: JL

log

L
I

e-JL€l

OKa3bIBaeTCR «a)J,,[II1TI1BHOii»rrpn ane a)J,)J,I1TI1BHOCTI1 10gLe-JL I pea XA B CJIYQae CI1CTeMbI

KOM611HI1pOBaHI111 )J,BYX CI1CTeM (BCJIe)J,cT0603HaQaR cjJYHKlIl110

€[). A,

113

(2.17)

xe-

-repea XB

B CJIYQae CI1CTeMbI

11 xepea

XAB

Euiea 2. Memod nautio.iee

B CJIY'I8e CHCTeMhI

BepOHml1020

pacnpedesenun.
B 3THX 'rpex

17
CJIY'I8HX

+B

H 0603H8'I8H H

:mTpOIIHH

COOTBeTCTBeHHO 'Iepe3

SA, SA

SAB'

rrOJIY'IHM

C )J,pyroH CTOPOHhI, 3HTporrHH BO BCHROM CJIY'I8e,

T8RJRe HBJIHeTCH 8)J,)J,HTHBHOH <pYHRIIHeH HJIH,

SAB = SA
rne

+ SB + C,

He 38BHCHT OT

SA

SB.

CJIe)J,OB8TeJIhHO,

ECJIH rrpO)J,H<p<pepeHIIHpOB8Tb 3TO yp8BHeHHe rro

O)J,HHp83 rro

SA

H BTOPOH p83

SB

H Cp8BHHTb

pe3YJIbT8TbI,

TO rrOJIy'IHM

X~(SA)
T8RHM 06P830M,

= X's(SB)
H3

YHHBepC8JIbH8H

rrOCTOHHH8H

(2.17), (2.16)

(2. 15). (2.18)

€l

1 /1 = kT

S
rzte const H T.

kG

+ const =
ei.

log

L
I

e - kT

+ ~ + const,
H OT «rr8p8MeTpOB»

(2.19)
(06'beM

BO BCHROM CJIy'I8e OT ROTOPbIX 38BHCHT const,

He 38BHCHT OT

)J,.),

MbI oT6p8CbIB8eM T8Roe rrpHp8BHHB8HHe

He B)J,8B8HCbrrOR8 B 8H8JIH3 'roro,

'ITO 03H8'I8eT

HyJIlO rrOCTOHHHOH. Tor)J,8

k
MbI rrOJIY'IHJIH, T8RHM

log

L
I

€l

e - kT

= S - ~ = \)J.

(2.20)

06P830M,

06Il1ee

rrp8BHJIO BhIBO)J,8 TepMO)J,HH8MHRH

CHCTeMbI, HCXO)J,H H3 ee MeX8HHRH. 'I8HM (BRJIlO'I8H T8R H83bIB8eMYlO 06p83yeM

::lTO rrp8BHJIO rrpHMeHHMO RO acexr CJIy«HOBYlO» CT8THCTHRY). (H83bIB8eMYlO T8RJRe «CYMMOH

«<PYHRIIHlO pacnpenenenna»

rro COCTOHHHHM»HJIH «CT8THCTH'IeCROH CYMMOH»)

(2.21 )

18
TOr):lB

CmamUCmU'leC1WH

mephWaU1WMU1W

log

(r-ne

k-

rrOCTOlIHHBlI EOJIbllMBHB) 3HBKOM H ):IeJIeHHBlI HB

ecrt,

CBo6o):lHBlI anep(CJIe):lYlI IIJIBHKY,

nIH,

B31ITBlI

C 06PBTHbIM

T.

\)I). 113 3BMe'lBHHi1, C):IeJIBHHbIX rro noaony (2.13), JIerKO BH):IeTb, 'ITO k log Z lIBJIlIeTClI TepMO):lHHaMH'IeCKoi1 \)I-rpYHKlIHei1 He TOJIbKO rro OTHOIIIeHHlO K H3MeHeHHlO 'rer-meparypi.r, HO TaKlKe H rro OTHOIIIeHHlO K napaxrerpaxr (nanpaxrep, 06'beMY V), OT KOTOpsrx MoryT aaancert, ei. TaKHM 06pa30M, cpennne CHJIbI, C KOTOPbIMH CHC'rexra CTpeMHTClI YBeJIH'IHTb 3TH napaxre'rpsr (nanpaxrep, ):IaBJIeHHep B CJIy'IBe, KOr):lB B Ka'leCTBe napaxrerpa 6epeTClI 06'beM), HaXO):llITClI C rrOMOillblO H3BeCTHbIX H3 TepMO):lHHaMHKH rpopxryn, rrpOTOTHrrOM KOTOPbIX lIBJIlIeTClI
MbI 0603HB'IBeM

sry

rpYHKlIHlO 6YKB0i1

COOTHOIIIeHHe

- T 8\)1 - kT_!j_ I '" P8V 8V og L...J e

I 'ror'na KaK nepaoe ypaenenne

€l

kT

(2.22)

(2.6)
(2.23)

lIBJIlIeTClI CTOJIb lKe XOPOiliO H3BecTHoi1 rpOPMYJIOi1o6Il1ei1 TepMO):lHHBMHKH. (Bo acext asnuecaaaaanoxr 'rnna \)I cnenyer paccraarpnnart, KaK rpYHKlIHlO OT

H OT rrapaxrerpoa rrH'IeCKH 3TH npn

V,

T. e. OT KOTOPbIX MoryT

aaancert,

cI;

MaKpocKo'ITO

rrapar-rerpsr

):IOJIlKHbI y):lOBJIeTBOplITb TOMy Tpe6oBaHHlO,

rrO):l):leplKaHHH HX rrOCTOlIHHbIMH CHCTeMa He conepuraer MeXaHH'IeCKoi1 pa60Tbl1.) TaKHM 06pa30M, CTaTHCTH'IeCKalI TpaKTOBKa, ztaaaa B npnaunrre \)I KBK rpYHKlIHlO

H naparaerpoa,

rrO):106HbIXV, ztaer HC'IeprrbIBalOillYlO [KBK H3BeCTHO,

HHrpOPMBlIHlO 0 TepMO):lHHaMH'IeCKOM rrOBe):leHHH 06'beKTB. TepMO):lHHBMH'IeCKBlI rpYHKlIHlI

):IBeT rrOJIHYlO HHrpOPMallHlO TOJIbKO B TOM HeKOTopbIX

CJIY'lae, eCJIH OHa H3BeCTHa KaK rpYHKlIHlI MeHHbIX. 3THM HJIH

CBOi1CTBOMHe 06JIa):lalOT, nanpmrep, B TO BpeMlI KBK

rpYHKlIHH

onpenenenm.rx rrepe\)I(T, p, ... )

ztaer HC'IeprrbI-

S(T, V, ... ),

S(U, V, ... ),

nanpnraep,

aaroutyro

HHrpOPMallHlO.]

1 IIpOTI1B TaJIbHO

:nOM

TpaKTOBKI1

MOJKeT

6bITb

BbI,!IBI1HYTO rrOCTORHCTBO

TO B03paJKeHl1e, 06'beMa

'-ITO

SKCrrepI1MeH-

V 11 peaJII130BaTb rrOJIHYIO TerrJIOBYIO 1130JIRl1l1lO. CTaTI1CTI1'-1eCKaR TpaKToBKa, npenrtoua'ratomaa BBO,!lI1Tb B xa-rec'rBe napaxre'rpos BMeCTO BeJII1'-1I1H V TaKl1e BeJII1'-1I1HbI, KaK p, BrrOJIHe B03MOJKHa, 6bITb MOJKeT, ,!IaJKe rtpenno-rrn'reaane, O,!lHaKO 3Ha'-lI1TeJIbHO 60JIee CJIOJKHa.
3aTpY,!IHI1TeJIbHO rrO,!l,!lepJKI1BaTb

rJIABA

Oocyzanenne 'reopexrsr HepHcT8

06paTHMCfI mo const B

aonpocy

TOM,

KaKOB CMbICJI rrpHpaBHHBaHHfI

HY-

(2.19). <PopMaJIbHO 3TO oananaer', 'ITO MbI BO acex CJIY'IafiX BbI6HpaeM onpeneaennsrt; HYJIeBOH yponens 3HTporrHH. 3JIeMeHTapHafi 'repMO,[lHHaMHKa onpenenaer 3HTporrHIO (eCJIH OTBJIe'lbCfI na apexsn OT 'reopexn.r
HepHCTa) JIHillb B BH,[Ie

dS = dQ,

T. e. JIHillb C TO'lHOCTbIO ,[10a,[l,[lHTHBHOH rrOCTOflHHOH.BOJIee 'roro, HOBJIeHHbIH HYJIeBOH yponens BHTeJIbHO, eCJIH MbI narnnuexr f1BJIfleTCfI aect.xra 60JIee rrO,[lp06HO:
o[

TaK YCTa-

rrpOCTbIM H 06Il1HM. lleHcT-

= klog

Lo[

e-kT

1I + -T ---Le
I

'" Ele - kT 6
o[

-kT

Ho MbI MOlKeM npocnennrt, HOCTH, 'ITO

noaeztenne

B6JIH3H

nepasre n

ypOBHeH O,[lHHaKOBbI (El

T = O. Ilonaraa = E2 = ... = En)

3Ha'leHHfI

,[IJIfi 06Il1H 'ITO CJIeMbI,

,[IYIOIlIHe m ypOBHeH TaKlKe O,[lHHaKOBbI (En+l KOHe'lHO, MOlKeM ,[IJIfi OTbICKaHHfI npenem.aoro na

= En+2 = ... = En+m),

060pBaTb

(n

+ m)-M

CYMMY

'IJIeHe H rrOJIY'IHTb:

Y'IHTbIBafl,

'ITO BTOPOH 3KCrrOHeHilHaJIbHbIH 'IJIeH CTaHOBHTCfI B6JIH3H rrpeMbI JIerKO rrOJIY'IHM:

,[IeJIa O'leHb MaJIbIM rro cpaBHeHHIO C nepasna,

20

Cmamucmunecuasi

mep.scoinuuiuuna
log

T=O
3TO

lim

S =k

n.
eCJIH TOJIbKO

asrpaateaae

rrpaaruvecaa npur-tep:

paBHO nymo, eCJIH 6bI

He CJIHIIIKOM O,LIHH

BeJIHKO. IIpHBe,LIeM

CHCTeMa rrpe,LICTaBJIRJIa corion HMeJIO 6bI

MOJIb r-aaa (cKaJReM, qTO H

MOJIeKYJI) H

JIHIIIb TOT JRe rrOpR,LIOK, HYJIIO, TaK KaK rrOpR,LIOK

L,

TO

log

paBHRJIOCb 6bI rrpanruvecna

BeJIHqHH,

C KOTOPbIM 3,L1eCbCJIe,LIyeT CqHTaTbCR, rro cpaBHeHHIO C HHM

pasen kL

(= R =

raao-

BOti nocroaaaoa); eCJIH MbI

log

HCqe3aIOIlIe

MaJIO. O,LIHaKO, ,LIBa paaTO

rrOJIOJRHM, qTO KaJR,LIaR MOJIeKYJIa r-aaa MOJReT HMeTb

JIHqHbIX «HaHHH3IIIHX» COCTORHHRC COBepIIIeHHO O,LIHHaKoBoti aaeprnen, rrOJIyqHM

n = 2L

S(O) = kL

log

2=R

log

2,

T. e. rrOJIyqHM YJRe BrrOJIHe CqHTaeT 3TOT cJIyqati

0IllYTHMYIO

BeJIHqHHY.

COBpeMeHHaR

'reopna

ra30B

HeB03MOJRHbIM.

Haaecrno,
3HaMeHHToti HaqaJIOM,

qTO 06Il1errpHHRTYIO

H HaH60JIee y,LI06HYIO cjJ0PMYJIHPOBKY Ha3bIBaeMoti CHCTeM HHOr,LIa TpeTbHM npn

renaoaoa

'reopexisr Hepncra,
nonaraa ,LIJIR acex

rrOJIyqaIOT,

=0

= O.

He

,LIaJIH JIH MbI

B YCTaHOBJIeHHOM HaMH ypaBHeHHH

(2.19)

H rrOCJIe,LIYIOIlIHX

paccyJR,LIeHHRX 3TOti rJIaBbI JIOBOti TeopeMbI? Ha

KBaHTOBO-CTaTHCTHqeCKOrO 060CHOBaHHR 'rerrTaK KaK

nepssnt B3rJIR,LI MOJReT rrOKa3aTbCR, qTO HeT, npnpaannaanae const = 0 6bIJIO BrrOJIHe rrpOH3BOJIbHbIM IIIarOM. TeM He MeHee, 3TO TaK, H60 B ,LIeticTBHTeJIbHOCTH, sonpean
06paTHOMY YTBepJR,LIeHHIO, qHCJIeHHOe ananenne aeaao

Hepe,LIKO 3TOti rroJIHIIIb

BblcKa3bIBaeMoMY

CTORHHOti He cyutecr TO, qTO 3TO -

H ,LIaJReHe HMeeT CMbICJIa. CYIllecTBeHHo CJIOBaMH, qTO 'ra qaCTb

rrOCTORHHaR; ,LIpyrHMH npn

3HTporrHH, 3TO 06CTO-

KOTopaR He ncveaaer

T = 0,

He 3aBHCHT OT

«napauerpoa».

RTeJIbCTBO CBR3bIBaeT TerrJIOBYIO 'reopexry 06'bRCHHM) B KaJR,LIOMqaCTHOM cnyxae,

COcrarncrnaoa

(KaK MbI cetiqac yCJIOB ee

a TeM caMbIM

H Bo06Il1e, npn

BHH, qTO MbI BCer,LIa HCrrOJIb3yeM H,LIeIO«H3MeHRIOIlIHxCR HaH60JIee IIIHPOKOM CMbICJIe. MaTeMaTHqeCKaR xy const

rrapaxrerposr

qaCTb ,LIOKa3aTeJIbCTBa ,LIOCTaTOqHO npoc'ra: O,LIHaH 'ra JRe CHCTeMa npn

rrOCKOJIbOXJIaJR-

He 3aBHCHT OT naparaerpoa,

,LIeHHH ,LIOHyJIR rrpH6JIHJRaeTCR K O,LIHOMYH TOMY JRe 3HaqeHHIO 3HTporrHH, KaKOBbI 6bI HH 6bIJIH 3HaqeHHR pa3HOCTb 3HTporrHH napawerpoa CHCTeMbI. llpyrHMH CJIOBaMH,

,LIByX TepMO,LIHHaMHqeCKHX

COCTORHHti O,LIHOti H TOti CTpeMHTCR K nyCOCTaBJIReT O,LIHaKO BO «TepMO,LIHHa-

JRe CHCTeMbI, OTJIHqaIOIlIHXCR 3HaqeHHRMH JIIO npn

napaxrerpoa,

T ---+ O.

IIcqe3HoBeHHe

JRe 3TOti

pa3HOCTH 3HTporrHH HepHCTa. 06a

e,LIHHCTBeHHoe 3MrrHpHqeCKOe acex rrO,LIJIHHHOCYIlleCTBeHHbIX

CO,LIepJRaHHereopexn.r rrpHMeHeHHRX

'reopexn.r

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I'naea

3. 06cYJIC8ellue meopeuu. Hepncma

qT06bI npencraaa'rs

21

MbICJIeHHOe YCHJIHe ,n:JIR 'roro, MoryT

ce6e, qTO 3TH COCTORHHR

6bITb OXB8qeHbI rrOHRTHeM O,n:HOH TOH JKe CHCTeMbI C P83JIHqHbIMH H rr8p8MeTpOB. THrrHQHOrO npnxrepa MOJKHO6bIJIO 6bI YK838Tb H8 CHCTe-

3H8qeHHRMH

B K8qeCTBe

MY, COCTORIIlYIO H3

8TOMOB JKeJIe381 H

8TOMOB

cepsr.

B O,n:HOM H3 ,n:ByX

TepMO,n:HH8MHQeCKHX COCTORHHH OHH 06p83ylOT rp8MM-MOJIeKYJIY FeS; B npyroxr

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COCTORHHH, KOr,n:8 O,n:HHrp8MM-8TOM T8KHM 06P830M,

H O,n:HHrp8MM-8TOM HH npn

S p83,n:eJIeHbI neperoponaon

QTO OHH

K8KHX 06CTORTeJIbCTB8X He MoryT

06'be,n:HHHTbCR, H8H60JIee HH3KHe CT8HOBRTCR nenocryn-

3HepreTHQeCKHe HbIMH. Bo acex nepexozta npn

ypOBHH XHMHQeCKOrO coenaaeana

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H3 onaoro

COCTORHHR zrpyroe B

M8JIbIMH 06p8THMbIMH

3TOM CHCTeM8 HHKor,n:8 He rrOKH,n:8eT COCTORHHRTepMo,n:HH8MHQeCKOrO

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Me,n:JIeHHble H3MeHeHHR

onpeneneansrx

IIIHe K H3MeHeHHRM 3H8QeHHH BeJIHQHH

E:z.

IIpH

3TOM const

BO acex

rrpOQeCC8X H3MeHRTbCR He 6y,n:eT, H H81I1eYTBepJK,n:eHHe 6y,n:eT rrpHMeHHMO.

Hanpaxrep,
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B P8CCMOTpeHHOM CJIYQ8e CJIe,n:OB8JIO 6bI nocrenenao FeS no ee ncnapeaan,

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C rrOMOlIlblO rrOJIyrrpOHHQ8eMOH neperoponrrOHHJKeHHR 'rexineparypsr H OXJI8-

KH, CKOH,n:eHCHpOB8TbHX rro OT,n:eJIbHOCTH rexr ny (BBe,n:R, p83YMeeTCR,

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C O,lJ,HOrO npocroro,

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(an)

11 JII060ro

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(J3m)

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eTCfI CJIe,lJ,YIOIlIee 38MeQ8Hl1e: TI1BH8f1», cxexta CYMMbI MomHbIX corion

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pe8JIbHOrO

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ee TP8HCJIfllII10HHOti,

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TO ace TepMO,lJ,I1H8MI1QeCKl1e <PYHKlIl1l1 noc'rpoeast POT811110HHbIX 11 BI16p811110HHbIX Q8CTeti:

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MbI MomeM

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L. Bnpo-rexr,

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4.

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23
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a) Ceotioduas: uamepuaasuan

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24
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Cmamucmunecuasi

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00

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... ).

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2 -

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am

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(5.1)
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ai,

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(5.2)
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(5.3)

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5. I/IJtYKmyau,uu

27

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na OCHOBaHHH

(5.3), (5.4)

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(5.4)

BbITeKaeT,

qTO rrpn

nepexone

N ---+

00 HMeeM

28
(rne TOr,LIa

CmamUCmU'leC1WH

mephWaU1WMU1W

BTOpaR BeJIH'H'iHa RBJIReTCR

«HaH60JIee

aeponmon»).

)1,ei1cTBHTeJIbHO,

(5.6) -2 - (-)2 _-am· am am 3TO 3HWIHT, npaaruvecaa ROHeqHOCTH. qTO «,LIHCrrepCHR»HJIH cpJIYRTyallHR ncneaaer', RBJIReTCR ROr,LIa N H TeM CaMbIM ace

(5.7)
«HOpMaJIbHoi1» H

am

CTpeMRTCR R 6ec-

B
TblO,

60JIbIIIHHCTBe

cnyxaea

HHTyHlIHR

rrO,LICRa3bIBaeT HaM C OqeBH,LIHOCTOqHOCTblO nponopuno-

qTO cpennee

qHCJIO 3arrOJIHeHHR C 60JIbIII0i1

HaJIbHO aecy Mep,

ypOBHR ,LIaJRe rrpn 60JIbIIIHX H3MeHeHHRX B aece ypOBHR, nanpa)1,ei1cTBHTeJIbHO, B cnyxae H3MeHeHHe ypOBHR CHCTeMbI B ueO,LIHOrOH 'ror'o

ROr,LIa OH y,LIBaHBaeTCR HJIH YTpaHBaeTCR. CHCTeMbI rrOCJIe,LIHeeoaaavaer 'raxoe

60JIbIII0i1

JIOM, ROTOPbIM MOJRHO npenefipe-n.; JRe cop ra npnxry'r na ceria

,LIBa HJIH TpH

B ,LIBa HJIH TpH paaa 60JIbIIIee

qHCJIO qJIeHOB an-

caM6JIR. HerrOJIHaR CTporOCTb paCCMOTpeHHR nepaoa

HaIIIHX 3aRJIlOqeHHi1 BbIRBJIReTCR, O,LIHaRO,H3

CTPORH

(5.4),

a HMeHHO:

(5.8)
3,L1eCbMbI BH,LIHM qJIeH, ROTOPbIM MbI npeaeoperna. noxaaart.: JIH60 qTO OH OTpHlIaTeJIeH, ()1,ocTaTOqHO 6blJl0 6bI 60JIbIIIee,

JIH60 qTO OH HMeeT, caxroe

rrOpR,LIORBeJIHqHHbI IIpHMepoM

am.)
TpHBHaJIbHbIM) CHCTeMbI, ,LIJIRROTOPOi1

(nnpovexr,

(5.7)

He

HMeeT MeCTa, ROr,LIa ,LIHCrrepCHReme MeHbIIIe, OClIHJIJIRTOP <PepMH (OH oripaayer pa3YlOT aHCaM6JIb fH66ca). MbI cHcTeMY, a

MOJReT CJIYJRHTb OT,LIeJIbHbli1

TaRHX OClIHJIJIRTOPOB06-

HMeeM B 3TOM cnyxae:

(5.9)
npn

ao

+ al

=N

0 . ao

+ E . al

= E,

oTRY,LIa

E ao = N - E.
IIOCROJIbRY qHCJIa RBJIRIOTCR TH panna CPHRcHpoBaHHbIMH, ,LIHCrrepCHRB TOqHOC-

HYJIIO. HCHO, qTO eCJIH CHCTeMa 6Y,LIeT COCTORTb H3 ,LIByX HJIH

I'uiea
'IeTblpex,

5. I/IJtYKmyau,uu

29 (5.7)
ace erne He

lIJIH IIRTH OCIIHJIJIRTOPOB<PepMH, COOTHOIIIeHHe

6Y,LIeT BbIIIOJIHRTbCR B TO'IHOCTH, 6y,LIY'IH Cllp8Be,LIJIHBbIM JIHIIIb 110 1I0pR,LIKy BeJIH'IHHbI. MeTO,LI Cpe,LIHHX 3H8'IeHHti, O,LIHO,LIOK838TeJIbCTBO aroro H3JI8r8eMblti B cnenyrouiea rJI8Be, ,LI8eT etue T. e. 'roro,

«COOTHOIIIeHHR 1I0pR,LIK8 BeJIH'IHH», B IIpe,LIeJIe

'ITO ,LIHCllepCHR HJIH <PJIYKTY8I1HR HC'Ie38lOT CJIe,LIyeT TIlI8TeJIbHO Ty8l1HH P83JIH'I8Tb 3TH

N -+

00.

(HC'Ie38lOIllHe

B IIpe,LIeJIe) <PJIYK-

COCT8B8 rH66coBcKoro

8HC8M6JIR OT <PJIYKTY8I1Hti, IIPOHCXO,LIRIlIHX

Cpe,LIH 'IJIeHOB 8HC8M6JIR. A,LIeKB8THbIM IIpe,LICT8BJIeHHeM 3THX <PJIYKTY8I1Hti CJIYJKHT C8M 8HC8M6JIb, 1I0CKOJIbKY OH CO,LIepJKHT cncrexua, BceB03MOJKHbIX P83JIH'IHbIX IIpocTetiIIIHM 3HeprHH COCTORHHRXCl, C2, ••• B8JKHbIM CJIY'I8eM , H8XO,LIRIllHeCR BO

cI, ...
<PJIYKTY8I1HR CHCTeMbI 06H3 KOTOPbIX

H H8H60JIee roaopa,

RBJIReTCR

HJIH, 1I0llPOCTY

TOT <p8KT, 'ITO P83JIH'IHble Cl, C2, ••• ,

JI8,L18lOT P83JIH'IHbIMH p8BHbI

3HeprHRMH

ei, ... ,

He ace

U.

MbI

HMeJIH1

Ilponarpqiepennapyesr
Heti p860TbD»:

3TO Bblp8JKeHHe 110JL (npn

1I0CTORHHbIX ci «6e3 BHeIII-

3TO ,LI8eT

HJIH

Vcl - (ElF
MbI 0603H8'IHJIH xepea

= VkT· CT,

rne

TellJIOeMKOCTb «npa Yp8BHeHHe 06HJIbHYlO

1 qepTo'-lKa BBeAeHHR

OTCYTCTBHH BHeIIIHeti ,LIJIR cpeznreti

p860TbI». <PJIYKTY8I1HH ,LI8eT CHCTeM IIpH

ero H 6e3

(5.10)
HMeeT

KB8,L1P8TH'IHOti

IIHIllY

HHTYHIIHH.
'reneps

llJIR MHorHX
COBepIIIeHHO

M8KPOCKOIIH'IeCKHX
CMbICJI; '-IHTaTeJlb

(el)

HHOH

nOHMeT

HOB oro

0603Ha'-leHHR.

30
'IHHa, rpyfio BeJIH'IHHbI MbI. MbI nOplI,[IOK THKOi1. CJIOBa «npn 3Ha'IaTb: «npn

CmamUCmU'leC1WH

mephWaU1WMU1W

He CJIHIIlKOM HH3K0i1 'rexmeparype YKa3bIBalOlIIalI

CT
rzte

MomeT paCCMaTpHBaTbClI KaK BeJIHnocnenaee no nopanxy

na «rertnoconepxtatute»;

rrpuxtepuo

paBHO

nkT,

n-

'IHCJIO creneaen

CB060,[lbI CHCTerOBOplI, CTaTHC-

BH,[IHM, 'ITO B 3THX CJIY'IalIX <PJIYKTyaIlHH HMeIOT, rpytio

kT

Vii, 'ITO BnOJIHe nOHlITHO ,[IJIlI BClIKOrO 3aHHMalOlIIerOClI

OTCYTCTBHH BHeIIlHei1 pa60TbI» nOCTOlIHCTBe TaKHX napaxserpoa, ,[IJIlI 'roro, 'IT06bI KaK 06'beM».

6Y,[lYT, KaK npaBHJIO, 060-

H C<P0PMYJIH-

pOBaJI 3TO TaKHM 06pa30M pert,

HMeTb B03MomHOCTb paccsror-

O,[lHH HHTepecHbli1 CJIY'Iai1 C «6ecKOHe'IHoi1» TenJIOeMKOCTblO H, cneno-

BaTeJIbHO, C «6ecKOHe'IHbIMH» <PJIYKTyaIlHlIMH. ECJIH MbI 3aKJIIO'IHM mH,[IKOCTb H HaXO,[llIlIIHi1ClI Ha,[l Hei1 aacsnueam.nt nap B IIHJIHH,[IP (pHC.

1),

3aKpbITbli1 ypaanoaecurt.

rropumexi, ,[IaBJIe-

BaKYYM
V/Z/ZZZZZZZ;1

narpyaceam.nr HHe napa,

TaKHM 06pa30M,

'IT06bI

H CKOJIb31IlIIHM6e3 TpeHHlI BHyTpH IIHJIHH,[Ipa, H noC'IHTaTb,

MeCTHM IIHJIHH,[IP B TepMOCTaT, TO MbI 6Y,[leM anpaae 'ITO nopmens H rpya COCTaBJIlIlOT 'IaCTb ,[lame rrpn 'roro,

ITaph!

'ITO MbI nanOpIIlHlI,

3bIBaeM CHcTeMoi1; 'rorna, BHeIIlHlIlI lIX panora

nepenaaatenan

npOH3BO,[lHTbClI He 6Y,[leT. IIpH

3THX YCJIOBHBOCnpHHlITOe a 6y-

C -+

00, TaK KaK JII060e KOJIH'IeCTBO 'renna,

HJIH OT,[IaHHOeCHcTeMoi1, He H3MeHHT ee TeMnepaTypbI,

PI1C.

ner

BbI3bIBaTb,

COOTBeTCTBeHHO,JIHillb 06pa30M, noaa

ncnapenae

HJIH KOH-

,[IeHCaIlHIO. TaKHM

B CHCTeMe CMorYT

npOHCXO,[lHTb

<PJIYKTyaIlHH JI1060i1 BeJIH'IHHbI, HJIH He acnapn rca.

ace BelIleCTBO He CKOH,[IeHcHpyeTClI

rJIABA

MeTO,lJ; Cpe,lJ;HHX 3HaqeHHH

BepHeMCfI

'reneps

R 38,[18'Ie, rrOCT8BJIeHHOH BO BTOPOH rJI8Be, HOBbIM MeTO,[lOM. MbI ,[IeJI8eM 3TO rro pany

H p8C-

CMOTPHM ee, nonsayact,

rrpH'IHH.

Bo-nepasrx,

rrOTOMY, 'ITO p8ccyJR,[IeHHfI B naron

rJI8Be rrOR838JIH, 'ITO «MeTO,[l H8CTOflIllHH

H8H60JIee BepOfiTHbIX

3H8'IeHHH» He f1BJIfleTCfI BrrOJIHe CTporHM;

MeTO,[l, ROTOPbIM MbI 06f138HbI 118pBHHY H <P8YJIepy, MHorHM CfI 60JIee y6e,[lHTeJIbHbIM, PbIX, scer-na pe3YJIbT8T 38M8H'IHBO MOJReT 6bITb,

npenc raannerBO-BTO-

,[I8JReCOBeprneHHO TO'IHbIM.

H rrOY'IHTeJIbHO BH,[IeTb, 'ITO B TO'IHOCTH TOT JRe rrOJIY'IeH ny'rexi COBeprneHHO HHbIX p8ccyJR,[IeHHH, HMelOIlIeH tPYH,[I8-

MOJReT 6bITb

B oc06eHHOCTH, eCJIH pe'Ib MeHT8JIbHOe 3H8'IeHHe.

H,[IeT 0 BeCbM8 06Il1eH 'reopexie, P83BHB8eMbIH

B-TpeTbHX,

3,[1eCb M8TeM8TH'IeCRHH rrpHJIOJReHHflX. al B 8HC8M6-

MeTO,[l OR8JReTCfI O'IeHb rrOJIe3HbIM T8RJRe H B npyrnx

Hamen
JIe fH66c8,

ueasro

f1BJIfleTCfI BbI'IHCJIeHHe Cpe,[lHHX 3H8'IeHHH COOTHorneHHeM

onpenenaexrsrx

ROTOPbIH MbI rrpHMeHHJIH B MbI XOTHM 3H8Tb,

(5.2), (5.3)

(5.1). BOCrrOJIb3yeMcfI npnevox«, (5.4) H B CHJIY ROToporo ace, 'ITO

MOJReT 6bITb

rrOJIY'IeHO H3 BeJIH'IHHbI

(6.1)
at,

rne

CYMMHpOB8HHe

rrpOH3BO,[lHTCfI rro acesr

conoaynnoc'raxr

BeJIH'IHH

y,[lOBJIeTBOpfilOIlIHM CyMMy.

(2.3).

T8RHM 06P830M,

H8M ,[IOCT8TO'IHOBbI'IHCJIHTb 3Ty

BHe

2: al

ECJIH

6bI

e,[lHHCTBeHHbIM

Orp8HH'IeHHeM

,[IJIfi

al

f1BJIflJIOCb yCJIOrpop-

= N,

TO 3T8 38,[18'I8 peuranacs

6bI HeMe,[lJIeHHO C noxromsro Mepe

MyJIbI p8BH8

,[IJIfi rrOJIHHOM8, H CYMM8,

rro Rp8HHeH

tPOPM8JIbHO, 6bIJI8 6bI

(QT06bI

pe3YJIbT8T

6bIJI ROHe'IHbIM,

R8ROM-JIH60 O'IeHb BbICOROM YPoBHe.) M8TH'IeCRH Orp8HH'IHB8eT 'IHCJIO

Bropoe YCJIOBHe 2: aiEl = E 8BTO'IJIeHOB B (6.1), B CHJIY HeB03MOJRHOCTH

cnenyer

06PbIB8Tb

pfl,[lbI

yposnea

H8

32
MR OHOJKe H BbI6oP8

CmamUCmU'leC7WR

mepMOaU71aMU7W

CYIlIeCTBOB8HHR ypOBHR EZ

>

E - (N - l)El;

O):(H8KO B TO JKe C8MOe spe-

onpenenaer
npeononer's

TPY):(HOCTb 38):(8LIH, COCTORIlIYlO B Heo6xo):(HMOCTH

JIHllIb TeX 'IJIeHOB,

xoroptae

Y):(OBJIeTBOpRlOT 3TOMY YCJIOBHlO.

QTo6bI YXHIlIpeHHeM. 'IeHHi1,

3TY

TPY):(HOCTb, MbI BOCrrOJIb3yeMcR CJIe):(YlOIlIHM

He rrpHHHM8R BO BHHM8HHe

a'roporo

H3 YK838HHbIX

orpann-

BbI'IHCJIHM T8KYlO CYMMY:

(6.2)
r):(e

(6.3)
ECJIH 6bI ace EZ H

6bIJIH LleJIbIMH 'IHCJI8MH, TO HCKOM8R CYMM8 zE B CPYHKLlHHOT Z B

L P 6bIJI8
OH8 MOJKeT

6bI, O'IeBH):(HO, K03cpq:mLlHeHTOM npn 6bITb BbI'IHCJIeH8 MeTO):(OM 'reopna QTo6bI eTCR name OCYIlIeCTBHTb YXHIlIpeHHe -

(6.2);

BbI'IeTOB B KOMrrJIeKcHoi1 rrJIOCKOCTH

z.

3TOT rrJI8H, MbI ):(OJIJKHbI06'bRBHTb C cavoro H8'I8JI8

B 3TOM H 38KJIlO'I8BbI6p8HHYlO H8MH

e):(HHHLlY 3HeprHH crenem.io

CTOJIb M8JI0i1, 'ITO MOJKHO C'IHT8Tb EZ,

C JIlO60i1 JKeJI8eMoi1

TO'IHOCTH ace ypOBHH

H 38):(8HHYlO rrOJIHYlO aneprmo ):(8JKe 38MeHHTb

ue-

JIbIMH Kp8THbIMH JIbIMH Kp8THbIMH

3T0i1 e):(HHHLlbI HJIH, eCJIH yrozmo, 3T0i1 e):(HHHLlbI, He MeHRR HMelOTCR,

HX ue-

CKOJIbKO-HH6Y):(b CYIlIeCTBeHHO B KOTOPbIX 3TO EZ CT8-

C8M0i1 cpH3H'IeCKoi1 38):(8'IH.

KOHe'IHO, CJIY'I8H,

OK83bIB8eTCR HeB03MOJKHbIM, B 'I8CTHOCTH, Kor):(8 rYCTOT8 ypoaaea HOBHTCR 6eCKOHe'IHoi1 B6JIH3H neaoropon KOHe'IHoi1 3HeprHH cB060):(Horo

E;

3TO, nanpn-

Mep, HMeeT MeCTO ):(JIR 3JIeKTpOHHbIX ypoaaen

8TOM8 BO):(OpO):(8.

MbI HCKJIlO'I8eM T8KHe CJIY'I8H, KOTopbIe, K8K MOJKHOrrOK838Tb, Bo06Il1e Heztocrynma CT8THCTH'IeCKOMY HCCJIe):(OB8HHlO6e3 CrreLlH8JIbHbIX npeztoc.ro38KJIlO'IeH

POJKHOcTei1 (uartpuxrep, B 60JIbIlI0i1,

8TOM BO):(OpO):(8):(OJIJKeH6bIJI 6bI 6bITb RIlIHK, rrperrRTCTBYlOIlIHi1

HO KOHe'IHbli1

Y):(8JIeHHlO 3JIeKTpOH8

B 6eCKOHe'IHOCTb).

C8lOIlIHeCR EZ.

El i:- 0, TO MbI Hei1 El, E2, ••• , Ez, ••• ypOBHRMH 0, E2 - El, E3 HRR O):(HOBpeMeHHOE H8 E - NEl. Paccxrorpenne Bo-nepasrx,
eCJIH MYJIbI

IIpe):(cT8BJIReTCR Y):(06HbIM BBeCTH ):(B8 ):(8JIbHei1IlIHx Orp8HH'IeHHR, rronsayewca

K8-

BMeCTO ypos-

El, ...

, EZ - El, ... , 38MeH CJIe):(YlOIlIei1 rpop-

(6.3)

(6.4)

y6eJK):(8eT H8C B TOM, 'ITO 3TO He BHOCHT HHK8KHX H3MeHeHHi1, 60JIee Y):(06HbIM M8TeM8TH'IeCKHM crrocofioxt Bblp8JKeHHR.

RBJIRRCb

JIHllIb

Euiea

6. Memod cpednux
'ITO El

3Ha'leHUU

33

IIp e,l:llIOJIOJIUIM, ,l:lJIlI lIPOCTOTbI, eM, 'ITO BeJIH'IHHbI El

He HMelOT

= O. BO-BTOPbIX, MbI npennonaraotimero ,I:IeJIHTeJIlI. (SToro scer-na MOJKHO

,I:IOCTHrHYTb, TaK KaK B lIPOTHBHOM CJIY'Iae

conepxrart.,
BbI6HpaeM

'IT06bI

YCJIOBHe

L aiEl
BT

TaKJKe ,I:IOJIJKHO 6bIJIO 6bI ero BbIIIOJI-

=E

MOrJIO 6bI B TO'IHOCTH 6bITb

HeHO.) TaKHM

06pa30M,

eCJIH 06lI1Hi1 HaH60JIbIIIHi1

,I:IeJIHTeJIb pasen T, TO MbI ,I:IeJIHTeJIb,

e,l:lHHHIIY 3HeprHH

paa

60JIbIIIei1,

'ITO YHH'ITOJKaeT

OCTaBJIlIlI, O,l:lHaKO, ace 3Ha'IeHHlI IIpHHlIB

lIeJIbIMH

'II1CJIaMH. H O'IeBH,I:IHOe peIIIeHHe

3TO YCJIOBHe, lIOJIY'IaeM

L P = 2;i f z-E-l
aezterca (pHC. 2),
KpOMe

npocroe

J(z)N dz.

(6.4)

3,1:1eCb HHTerpHpOBaHHe JII060ro 3aMKHYToro Ha'IaJIO H, KOHTypa

B,I:IOJIb OXBa-

TbIBalOlIIero

KOOp,l:lHHaT B KOMlIJIeKC-

HOi1 lIJIOCKOCTH z BHYTPH Kpyra

'roro, nexcautero
'ITO lI03BOJIlIlIpO,l:lOJIJKeHHlI.

CXO,l:lHMOCTH

J(z),

er

H36eJKaTb

aHaJIHTH'IeCKOrO

oueanaaerca MeTO,l:lOM HaH60JIee cnycxa (MeTO,l:l Ce,l:lJIOBH,I:IHoi1 O'IKH). T Paccxro-rpmr noaenenne nonsnrrerpam.noro
IIHTerpaJI KpYToro BblpaJKeHHlI, ,I:IBHralICb OT HYJIlI ,1:10 6eCKOHe'IHOCTH B,I:IOJIb ,I:Iei1cTBHTeJIbHoi1 lIOJIOJKHTeJIbHoi1 OCH H Y'IHTbIBalI, HO paansr 'ITO ace W B PHc.2 COMHOJKHTeJIbB nonsm-

(6.3)

BHpTyaJIb-

e,l:lHHHlIe H 'ITO BblpaJKeHHH

0=

El ~ E2 ~ E3.

Ilepasni

TerpaJIbHOM

z-E-l
= 0,

yrisrsaer

6bICTPO H MOHOTOHHO, Ha'II1HalI BTOPOi1 MHOJKHTeJIb

C 6eCKOHe'IHOrO lIOJIOJKHTeJIbHOrO 3Ha'IeHHlI. 'IHHalI co 3Ha'IeHHlI

J(z)N, J(z),

na-

rrpn Z

MOHOTOHHOB03paCTaeT,

CTpeMlICb K 6eCKOrne

He'IHOCTH lIO Mepe lIpH6JIHJKeHHlI

K rpannue 'roro,

Kpyra

CXO,l:lHMOCTH

6bI OHa HH 6bIJIa paClIOJIOJKeHa. KpoMe nepsoro COMHOJKHTeJIlI

OTHOCHTeJIbHOe YMeHbIIIeHHe

E+l z
caxro

yrisrsaer

MOHOTOHHOOT +00 nroporo

npn

=0

,1:10 HyJIlI rrpn

00; OTHOCH-

TeJIbHOe B03pacTaHHe

COMHOJKHTeJIlI

34
06HapYJKHBaeT npn

CmamUCmU'leC1WH

mephWaU1WMU1W

rrpOTHBOrrOJIOJKHOerroaeneane.

i'ha

BeJIWIHHa

paaaa

HyJIIO

z=

H MOHOTOHHOB03paCTaeT.

B caMOM nene,

_4_ dz

(N J'(z)) J(z)
BblpaJKeHHR MOJKeT 6bITb nepermcan B BH,[(e

qHCJIHTeJIb aroro

ornyna IIpH

BH,[(HO, qTO OH rrOJIOJKHTeJIeH. 3THX 06CTORTeJIbCTBaX rtonsurrerpansuaa (He rrpHHHMaR <PYHRQHR06HapYJKHBanpyrnx 3RCTpeMaJIbHbIX RaR MOJKHO

e'r O,[(HH H TOJIbRO O,[(HH MHHHMyM 3HaqeHHH) BHyTpH Rpyra

CXO,[(HMOCTH

J(z).

STOT MHHHMyM,

OJKH,[(aTb H RaR 6y,[(eT rrORa3aHO B ,[(aJIbHeHIIIeM, RBJIReTCR 3TO BbITeRaeT 60JIbIIIHe H3 'roro, qTO 06e 3RcrroHeHTbI, T. e.

+ 1H

OqeHb OCTpbIM;

N-

BeCbMa

qHCJIa; ,[(eHCTBHTeJIbHO, He CJIe,[(yeT 3a6bIBaTb, R npeneaaxr

qTO Hac HHTepecyrrOCTORHCTBa ROTO-

e'r nepexort

N -+

00,

E -+

00 npn

coxpanennn

OTHOIIIeHHR ~,

rrOCROJIbRY nocnenaee

BblpaJKaeT

cpe,[(HIOIO 3HeprHIO,

POH 06JIa,[(aeT ozma cncrexia, llpyrHMH

Bxo,[(RILIaR B aHCaM6JIb.

CJIOBaMH, B 3TOH TOqRe na ,[(eHcTBHTeJIbHOH rrOJIOJKHTeJIbHOH ee noxa xepea

OCH (0603HaqHM

zo,

orrYCTHB BrrOCJIe,[(CTBHHHH,[(eRC

0)

rrep-

BaR rrpOH3BO,[(HaR rrO,[(bIHTerpaJIbHOH <PYHRQHH06paILIaeTCR B HyJIb, s'ropaa JKe rrpOH3BO,[(HaR ,[(OJIJKHa 6bITb rrOJIOJKHTeJIbHOH,H MOJKHO,[(YMaTb, qTO OHa OqeHb BeJIHRa. CJIe,[(OBaTeJIbHO, eCJIH MbI 6y,[(eM ,[(BHraTbCR OT 3TOH TOqrreprreH,[(HRYJIRPHOM ,[(eHCTBHTeJIbHOH OCH, ztaaaa rronsnrrerpansnaa <PYHRQHR 6y,[(eT OqeHb B qHC-

RH B HarrpaBJIeHHH, TO MHHMble

rrpHpaILIeHHR,

rrpOXO,[(HTb

(OCTaBaRCb BHaqaJIe B03bMeM

,[(eHCTBHTeJIbHOH) xepea

OCTPbIH MaRCHMYM. ORPYJKHOCTbC QeHT-

B RaqeCTBe ROHTypa HHTerpHpOBaHHR

(6.4)

POM B TOqRe nyio

0, rrpOXO,[(RILIYIO-repea
narerpana qpe3BblqaHHO

TOqRY

z = zo,

paCCqHTbIBaR, qTO OCHOBaenaaa

,[(OJIIO anaxeane B

6y,[(eT BHOCHTb TOJIbRO nenocpencr ocrporo MaRCHMYMa. B caoe

ORpeCTHOCTb aroro 3TO ,[(ORaJKeM.

BpeMR MbI

I'naea 6. Memod cpeduux nuisenuti

Orrpe)J,eJII1M npezane acero 3HaqeHI1e

35
nepayro nponasonnyio

zo,

nonaraa

paanoa

HyJIIO, 11onpenenaxr

3HaqeHI1e BTOPOi1 nponaaonnoa

npn Z = ZOoIIpl1

3TOM 6Y)J,eT y)J,06HO BOCrrOJIb30BaTbCR JIOrapJ1(pMl1qeCKI1MI1 rrp0I13Bo)J,HbIMI1.

Ilycri, na

)J,ei1cTBI1TeJIbHoi1 rrOJIOJRI1TeJIbHoi1 OCI1

(6.5)
[MbI fiepexr, paayxreerca, rJIaBHYIO BeTBb, T. e. Tor-na Zo 6Y)J,eT onpeneaart.ca BblpaJReHl1eM )J,ei1cTBI1TeJIbHYIO qaCTb

g(z)].

"'(
/5

Zo

) = _E

Zo

+ 1 + Nj'(ZO)

j(Zo)

o.

(6.6)

11, nanee,

i'(zo)
::lTO rroxaastaaer',

=E

z5

+ 1 + N(f"(ZO)
qTO npn

j(zo)

_ j'(ZO)2). j(ZO)2
E
11N

(6.7) Zo He 6y-

no-nepasrx,

)J,OCTaTOqHO60JIb III 11 X B03paCTaHI111

)J,eT 113MeHRTbCR npn rrOCKOJIbKY BeJIl1ql1Ha HO

rrporrOPll110HaJIbHOM

11 N; BO-BTOPbIX,

i'(zo)

B 3TOM cnyxae

113MeHReTCR nponopunoaansCKOJIb yrO)J,HO 60JIb-

11

N,

OHa MOJReT 6bITb

C)J,eJIaHa, TaKI1M 06pa30M,

IIIOi1 (TO, qTO OHa rrOJIOJRI1TeJIbHa, He HYJR)J,aeTCRB )J,OKa3aTeJIbCTBe, TaK KaK 3TO BbITeKaeT 113 061l111X C006paJReHI1i1). MaJIOrO, ql1CTO MHI1MOrO npnpautenaa BblpaJReHl1e

CJIe)J,OBaTeJIbHO, )J,JIR OqeHb c0061l1aeMOrO aanncaao

iy,

B6JII1311

zo,

nonsnrrerpam.aoe

MOJReT 6bITb

cJIe)J,YIOIlII1M 06pa30M:

(6.8)
116JII1JRai1IIIaR oxpecruoc'rt, pnponanne, Hl1eM npnaezter OKPYJRHOCTI1, rro KOTOPOi1 rrp0I13Bo)J,I1TCR I1HTer-

[c JI106oi1 JReJIaTeJIbHoi1 TOqHOCTblO, eCJII1 C YBeJII1Qe)J,eJIaeTCR )J,ocTaTOQHO 60JIbIII0i1] K pe3YJIbTaTY:

BeJII1QI1Ha

i'(zo)

[2: p]

+00

2~iZoE-l

j(Zo)N

e-y2g"(zo)/2i

dy = 1

-00

_ Zo - -E-lj()N Zo

y'2ng"(zo)

(6.9)

36
MbI 38KJIlOqHJII1

Cmamucmunecuasi

mep.M08Ulla.MU1W

2: P

B CK06KI1, 1160 H8M rrpe)J,cTOI1T eme )J,OK838Tb, qTO BbIOKOHQeHHbIM, T. e. QTO )J,oJIei1, BHOCI1MOi1 OCT8JIb-

ql1CJIeHl1e M01KHO Cql1T8Tb

HOi1 Q8CTblO OKPY1KHOCTI1, M01KHO

06pa3Ho ,I:Ia 1 rOBopH , 3TO

npenefipe-n,
nOTOMY, aa

rrpn

60JIbIIII1X

N.
QJIeHbI no PHMepe

npOI1CXO,l:ll1T npyra

QTO

OT,I:IeJIbHble

(6.3),

«YCI1JII1BaIOIIIl1e»

npyr

,I:IeifcTBI1TeJIbHOH aonpyr

OCI1, 6Y,l:lYT HaQaJIa lIeJIbIMI1 QeM

nepeMeIIIeHI1H C pa3JII1QHbIMI1 B pe3YJIbTaTe

no

ORPY1KHOCTI1 «nOBOpaQI1BaTbCH»

ROOp,l:ll1HaT QI1CJIaMI1 El;

CROPOCTHMI1, onpe,l:leJIHeMbIMI1 If(z)16Y,l:leT, Bo06IIIe roaopa,

pa3JII1QHbIMI1

3HaQl1TeJIbHO

MeHbIIIe, B6JII1311

He paccxrarpnaa'rt. Y1Ke OrOBOpI1JII1). lIl1l1, B3HTOH

06JIaCTb, OTHOIIIeHl1e

JIe1KaIIIYIO

HenOCpe,l:lCTBeHHO 3HaQeHI1H

f(zo)
zn,

(eCJII1 QTO MbI cjJYHR-

a6COJIIOTHOrO TOqRe

nozu.mrcrpansuoa ee B

B np0l13BOJIbHOH

na

ORPY1KHOCTI1, R 3HaqeHI11O

= Zo

paBHO

{lli:ll}N f(zo)
11 CTaHOBI1TCH ,l:lJIH 60JIbIIII1X (T01Ke MaJIbIM) paaen

,
MaJIbIM C

(6.10)

CROJIb yr oznro B

MH01KI1TeJIeM

(6.9),

T. e.

[27rg" (ZO)t1/2, M

no

cpaBHeHl110

C nOCJIe,l:lHI1M

nOpH,I:IOR MaJIOCTI1 MbI ,I:IOJI1KHbI MeHbIIIe,

ROToporo nonaaart., qeM

N-1/2•

q T06bI

C,I:IeJIaTb 3TO 3aRJIIOqeHI1e

CTpOrI1M,

"ITO MaRCI1MaJIbHOe

3HaqeHI1e

If(z)l,

CRa1KeM,

CYIIIeCTBeHHO

f(zo): M
npn

< f(zo).
OCTaJIbHOH qaCTblO ORPY1K-

,UeHCTBI1TeJIbHO, HOCTI1, naaepnoe,

3TOM ,I:IOJIH,BHOCI1MaH B I1HTerpaJI BeJIl1ql1HbI

He npeasnrraer

1 27r Zo M 2
ROTOPOH npn QT06bI

-E N

tt

= Zo

-Ef()N ( f M )N , Zo (zo)
no cpaBHeHl110 C

(6.12)

N -+

00 M01KHO upeaetipe-n,

(6.9).

,I:IORa3aTb

(6.11),

06paTI1M

BHI1MaHl1e

na TO, "ITO paBeHCTBO

f(zo)

MOrJIO 6bI I1MeTb HOCTI1

MeCTO TOJIbRO B TOM cny=rae, OTJIl1qHOH OT 06pa30M. TO 11 nee

eCJII1 B RaROH-HI16Y,l:lb qJIeHbI

TOqRe ORPY1K-

z,

CYIIIeCTBeHHO

zo,

ace

(6.3)
nepnsm

CHOBa CRJIa,l:lbIBaJII1Cb 6bI qJIeH ,I:IeHCTBI1TeJIeH 6bITb 11

Hal160JIee

6JIarOnpl1HTHbIM (El

IIoCROJIbRY

nOJI01KI1TeJIeH TeJIbHbIMI1

0),
ace

OCTaJIbHbIe

,I:IOJI1KHbI 6bIJII1

11 nOJI01KI1TeJIbHbIMI1 'I'or-na

B 3TOH TOqRe.

Ilycrr,

cP

« 27r) -

6bI

,I:IeHCTBI1yrOJI

cjJa30BbIH

B 3TOH TOqRe.

np0l13Be,l:leHI1H

EICP, E2CP, •••

,I:IOJI1KHbI6bIJII1 6bI 6bITb RpaTHbIMI1 lIeJIbIMI1 RpaTHbIMI1

, ElCP, ••• 27r,

a ace

uensre

ql1CJIa

ei -

lIeJIbIMI1

27r 'P;

T. e.

1 qHT8TeJlb

npn

JKeJl8HHH MOJKeT nOJlHOCTbJO He 3H8KOMHTbCR C STHM P8CTRHYTbIM neTHTOM).

)10K838TeJlbCTBOM (H86p8HHbIM

Tnaea 6. Memod cpeduux snauenuti

O,l:lHaRO 3TO B03MOJRHO TOJIbRO, eCJIH

37
Z=

cP = 271"

(T. e.

npn

zn},
~

H60

eCJIH

271" cP

60JIblIIe 60JIblIIe JIaMH

e,l:lHHHlIbI, e,l:lHHHlIbI, H

TO OHO ,I:IOJIJRHO6bITb ,I:IaJRe eCJIH 3Ta ,I:Ip06b 061l1HM

pauaonansnoa 06pa30BaHa ,I:IeJIHTeJIeM

,I:Ip06blO

C qHCJIHTeJIeM lIeJIbIMH qHC-

HaHMeHblIIHMH BCeX

p
STO

q.

'I'or-na

6bIJIO

6bI

ei,

'ITO

rrpOTHBOpeqHT

namexry

rrpe,l:lrrOJIOJReHHIO 06 OTCYTCTBlUI ,I:IORa3aTeJIbCTBO

'raxonor'o,
H He OqeHb ypoaens HMrroHHpyeT

,I:IOBOJIbHO HCRyccTBeHHo 'ITO OT,I:IeJIbHbIll

qll1RpOMOJReT

3HRY, nee Me

ROTOPOMY TPY,I:IHO noaeprrrt., MbI

ei
'ITO

MOJReT acnoprtrru nee ypOBHH, He

,I:IeJIo. ,UellCTBHTeJIbHO, O,l:lHOrO, HMelOT YCTpaHeH

MOJReM ce6e

npenc'raan'rt., ,I:IeJIHTeJIb

,I:IOBOJIbHO 60JIblIIOll 'ITO

061l1Hll

p,

ROTOPbIll r.

6bITb

BCJIe,l:lCTBHe 'rnrn, TeM, 'ITO

O,l:lHH ypOBeHb

HM He orinanae

IIpHXO,l:lHTMOJReT R

CH Y,I:IOBJIeTBOpHTbCH aocnpenrrrcruoaart. ,UeHCTBHTeJIbHO, oripcra'n, nartpnxrep qJIeHOM

,I:IaJRe O,l:lHH e,l:lHHCTBeHHbIll rrpH6JIHJReHHIO HMelOT

(<HapYlIIHTeJIb»

HeOrpaHHqeHHOMY rrOCROJIbRY He ace

MaRCHMYMa

f (zo).
pH,I:Ia, JIHlIIb npezten

ei

061l1HH ,I:IeJIHTeJIb, OHH ,I:IOJIJRHbInpnROHeqHOll 'ror na TaRJRe TOqRe

3TO CBOHCTBO (He HMeTb Em. pH,I:Ia C

,I:IeJIHTeJIH) B acxo-ropon (<HapYlIIHTeJIb» MOJReT

Ilpezmonar-aexrsm
ei ~
Em, 'ITO,

ORa3aTbCH BepXHHH He

OqeBH,I:IHO, YCTaHaBJIHBaeT orimero ,I:IeJIHTeJIH

BeJIHqHHbI TblO

rrpe,l:lrrOJIaraeMOrO

OCTaJIbHOH

qaCTH.

rrOJIHOCcjJa30BbIM

,I:IellCTBHTeJIbHbIll paBHbIM,

(qaCTHqHO

MHHMbIll)

yrJIOM,

rro RpaHHeH

xrepe,

2;,
q

qJIeH pH,I:Ia 6Y,I:IeT oonazrart,

H 6Y,I:IeT

asrpaasart.ca

B BH,I:Ie

WIZ STO, OqeBH,I:IHO, BbI3bIBaeT 60JIblIIHX ROHeqHble

oe

27ri/p

OTRJIOHeHHH

If(z)1

OT

If(zo)l,

XOTH npn

,1:10-

CTaTOqHO

ei

OTRJIOHeHHe

MOJReT 6bITb R nperreny

,I:IOCTaTOqHO MaJIbIM;

OCTaJIb-

Hoe MOJReT 6bITb

yureno

rty rexr

nepexozta

N -+

CXl B

(6.10)

HJIH

(6.12). (6.9).

Bepnexica 'reneps
IIeperrHIIIeM HHTepeCOBaTb

R HaIIIHM OCHOBHbIMpe3YJIbTaTaM

(6.6), (6.7)

HX, oT6poCHB ,[IJIR RpaTROCTH HH,[IeKC B

zo,

TaK KaK Hac 6Y,[leT

HMeHHO 3TO ,[IefiCTBHTeJIbHOe rrOJIOlKHTeJIbHOe 3HaqeHHe

z.

ypaBHeHHH

(6.3)

MbI TaKlKe 6Y,[leM nonpaayxreaaru a ror HaIIIHM pe3YJIbTaTaM,

non Z 3Ty BeJIHqHHY. nonynaexe

TaKHM

o6pa30M,

nozrsona

(6.13) (6.14) (6.15) (6.16)

38
log
MaJIbIM,

Cmnmucmuuecnan

mep.uoduuascuna

LP

-(E

+ 1) logz + NlogJ(z)
ero

- ~ log(27rg"(z)).

(6.17)

llaJRe rrOCJIe)J,HHH qJIeH B rrOCJIe)J,HeH <p0pMYJIe ORa3bIBaeTCR npeaeripeauoao H MbI MOrJIH 6bI orrYCTHTb aa TOM OCHOBaHHH, qTO OH HMeeT

JIHIIIb rropanox aa neao'ropoe

log N.
BpeMR.

O)J,HaRo )J,JIR OCTOPOJRHOCTH MbI ace JRe y)J,epJRHM ero

Teneps _
al

MbI rrOJIyqHM H3

(5.3) 8z

cpennne

qHCJIa 3arrOJIHeHHR

8logLP
WI

WI

WIg'(Z)~

UWI

+ -(-)- JZ
(6.14).
(HaM

wlNz€l

18 -2 ~ logg'
UWI

(z).

(6.18)

IIepBbIH

qJIeH paaen

HyJIIO B CHJIY

CJIe)J,oBaJIO, ROHeqHO, npn-

HRTb BO BHHMaHHe HeRBHYIO 3aBHCHMOCTb HHH qJIeH, BBe)J,eM cpe)J,HIOIO 3HeprHIO

OT WI.)

Paccvarpaaaa

nocnen-

E N=U,
ROTopaR He MeHReTCR npn )J,a (6.15) rrpHHHMaeT BH)J,: npenensnoxt nepexozte

(6.19) N -+
00,

E -+

00. Tor-

g' (z) = N

(u

Z2

1" J12) + f -P
npn (nonaraa,

.
nepexone

(6.20)
RBJIR-

CJIe)J,oBaTeJIbHO, rrOCJIe)J,HHH qJIeH B

(6.18)

npenem.aoxr

eTCR TaRJRe rrOCTORHHbIM, H MbI nony-raexr My rrJIaHY, ace WI paBHbIMH e)J,HHHlIe):

COrJIaCHOHaMeqeHHO-

_
ECJIH y-recrt, onpenenmomee

a; = N----,----,--:.:--------,---

Z€l

+ Z€2 + ... + Z€l

paBHbIMH

Z€l

(6.21) 1,
TO ypaaaeane

(6.19) H rrOJIOJRHTb ace W z, MOJReT 6bITb nanacano U=

cclZ €1 c€2

(6.14),

CJIe)J,YIOIlIHM 06pa30M:
c-

+ c2Z + . . . + clZ €l + .... Z€l + Z€2 + ... + Z€l + ...

logz =
-jL,

(6.22)

ECJIH MbI rrOJIOJRHM

(6.23)
TepMO)J,Haaa-re-

TO rrOCJIe)J,HHe )J,BaypaBHeHHR COOTHOIIIeHHR (2.6), HaMHqeCROH 'reopna. HHR

6Y)J,YT TOJR)J,eCTBeHHbIMHRorrHRMH OCHOBHoro MbI HaqaJIH nocrpoenne

HCXO)J,R H3 ROToporo OTJIHqHe

COCTOHT JIHIIIb B TOM, qTO cpennne 3HaqeHHRMH.

"iiI

3aMeHeHbI

'reneps

HaH60JIee BepORTHbIMH

Haura

J(z)

nrpaer

pOJIb CTaTHCTHqeCROH CYMMbI, TaRHM 06pa30M,

MbI MOJReM 'reneps

YTBepJR)J,aTb, qTO MbI 060CHOBaJIH TeopHIO HOBbIM, He3aBHCHMbIM cnocotiou.

I'naea 6. Memod cpeduux nuisenuti

IIoCMOTpHM

39
JIcrrOJIb3YR

'reneps ,

'-ITO

naer (5.4)

,n:JIR cj.JJIYlnyallHH.

(6.18),

oripaayext
2"

az -

(-)2_ a { J( )az a; - Wz awz wll5 z awz

naer anecs
HH'-IerO,

WZNZ€' 1a + f(l) - "2 awz

TaK KaK

loz "()} og g z

.
(6.14)

IIepBbIH

'-IJIeH He C'-IHTaTb

g(z)

= O. YpaBHeHHe

cnenyer

BbIIIOJIHRlOllIHMCR

TOJK,n:eCTBeHHO OTHOCHTeJIbHO TaK KaK COrJIaCHO

Wz.

IIo-

onyuten, <<HYJIeBOHnopanos» OTHOCHTeJIbHO N,

CJIe,n:HHH '-IJIeH MOJKeT 6bITb JKYTCR rrpe06JIa,n:alOIlIHMH. HbI rrpHHRTb BO BHHMaHHe, '-ITO z H

(6.20)

OH HMeeT OKa-

H '-IJIeHbI, HMelOlllHe

nopanoa N,
KaK

llmpcjJepeHlIHpYR 3aBHCHT

cpenana
OT

'-IJIeH, MbI CHOBa ,n:OJIJKrrpaBHJIO, He MbI

Wz

(XOTR, OT

O'-leHb CHJIbHO H COrJIaCHO rrOJIY'-IaeM:

(6.14)

(6.19)

He3aBHCRIlIHM

06pa30M).

2"

az - (az)

zEt wzN J(z)

+ Wz N

{az ( Z€l J'(z) awz - J(Z)2

+ f(l)

E:ZZCl-1)

- J(Z)2
H

Z2Et}

.
6e3

IIoJIaraR

ace W paBHbIMH

e,n:HHHlIe H rrOJIb3YRCb

(6.14), (6.19)

(6.21),

'rpyna nonyxaexr:
2"

az

(az)

az 1+ (E:z - U)~
[

a log z

-N

az ] .

(6.24)
rro-

IIOCKOJIbKY PR,n:OK N,

B KBa,n:paTHbIX

cK06Kax

HeCOMHeHHO HeT '-IJIeHOB, HMelOllIHX

cpennee

KBa,n:paTH'-IHOe OTKJIOHeHHe eCJIH H He RBJIReTCR TO BO BCRKOM CJIY'-Iae HMeeT «HOpMaJIbHbIH 06pa30M,

B TO'-l-

HOCTH «HOpMaJIbHbIM», T. e.

rropanox

az.

rropanox»,
CTpeMHTCR

TaKHM

K HYJIlO, Kor,n:a

H ace

az

OTHOCHTeJIbHaR cjJJIYKTyallHR K 6eCKOHe'-lHOCTH. 3Ha'-leHHR,

CTpeMRTCR

CTaHOBHTCR 6eCKOHe'-lHO OCTpbIM. 3Ha'-leHHR H Bo061l1e

Cpezrane
C

HaH60JIee

Pacnpeneneane aepoa'rnsre
-

morisre
,n:aTb

3Ha'-leHHR

aeacveaaromen

BepORTHOCTblO

ace CTaHOBRTCR O,n:HHMH H TeMH JKe. MOJKHO,

anpovev ,

cpenaexry

'-IJIeHY B

(6.24)

TO'-lHYlO 0lleHKY.

STO

,n:OBOJIbHOrrOY'-IHTeJIbHO, STOT '-IJIeH OKa3bIBaeTCR

XOTR

H He HMeeT

oc06eHHO

BaJKHOrO 3Ha'-leHHR.

scerna

OTpHlIaTeJIbHbIM.

llJIR 3TOH lIeJIH

npencras-

JIReTCR HeCKOJIbKO 60JIee y,n:06HbIM HJIH

T,

rrOJIb3YRCb COOTHOIIleHHeM

nepenrn (6.23):

OT BeJIH'-IHH

K BeJIH'-IHHaM

JL

logz = -JL = - k~' Torna alogz _ aJL (_ 1 alogT) - - awz - kT ----aw;-

40
::lTa 3aBHCHMOCTb 6bITb nepenncano

CmamUCmU'leC1WH

mephWaU1WMU1W

JL OT O,LIHOrOH3 WI
B BH,LIe:

BbPIHCJIHeTCH H3

(6.14),

KOTopoe MOJKeT

U=
IIpH 3TOM rrO,LIpa3YMeBaeTCH, qTO

LCIWle-l'E:z LWle-l'E:z
U
=
const. _ CJIe,LIOBaTeJIbHO,

d 10 U = dS1 g S1
rzte MbI nonar-aexr ,LIJIHKpaTKOCTH

dso = 0
So

'

Sk =
llaJIee,

2.: cfwle-I'€l.
WI:

eapsnpya

TOJIbKO

JL H

O,LIHy H3 BeJIHqHH

Torna
cle-I'€l dWI S1 OTClO,LIa MbI JIerKO rrony caexr: S2

dJL

(S2 _ S~) So So
IIpHHHMaH BO BHHMaHHe

So

CMbICJI BXO,LIHIlIHX ClO,LIa BeJIHqHH, Cl-

MOJKHO nann-

cart,": (c~)2
TaKHM o6pa30M H3

a;

N·

(6.24)

nonyxaexe

2" - (al al

)2 _ - al

[1 -

(cl (cl -

U)2 -lil U)2 N

- -al] .

N
HYJIlO.

BY,LIeM Ha3bIBaTb ::lTO HMeeT Bo

,LIHCrrepCHlOHOpMaJIbHOH, eCJIH Cpe,LIHHH qJIeH paaen ,LIOCTHralOIlIHX Cpe,LIHeH 3HeprHH CJIyqaHX ,LIHCrrepCHH HBJIHeTCH, cy6HopMaJIbHoH2•
YKa3bIBaeT npem.mymen OTAeJlbHOrO HYJlJO. aa ycpenaeaue no '-IJleHaM aHCaM6J1R: 06

MeCTO ,LIJIHypoaaen,

(cl -

U).
YJKe

scex

rrpo-mx

1 BOJlHHCTaR rOBOpHJlOCb 2HanoMHHM B TO'-lHOCTH

-rep'ra

3TOM

B KOHl1e

r-nansr.
OCI1HJlJlRTOpa $epMH, rue <PJlYKTyaI1HH

cJlY'-Iafi paBHbIMH

al

OKa3aJlHCb

I'naea 6. Memod cpeduux nuisenuti

O)J,HOH113 rrpI1BJIeR8TeJIbHbIX RBJIReTCR TO, qTO BeJIl1ql1HbI

41

CTOPOH CT8TI1CTI1qeCROH TepMO)J,I1H8MI1RI1

11 <PYHRIII1I1,

asenenasre
aroro

rrepBOH8q8JIbHO

R8R

QI1CTO M8TeM8TI1QeCRI1e MeHT8JIbHbIH JI8rp8HJR8

rrOHRTI1R, rrOQTI1 Hel13MeHHO rrpI106peT8lOT

<PYH)J,8-

<p113I1QeCRI1HCMbICJI. M8RCI1MYM

Ilpnxrepoxr
MbI

RBJIRJII1Cb MHOJRI1TeJIb

JL,

Z,

CT8TI1CTI1QeCR8R CYMM8 (I1JII1 <PYHRIII1R pacnpe-

)J,eJIeHI1R). K8ROB JRe CMbICJI JReHl1e

L P?

YCT8HOBI1M ero,

P8CCMOTpeB BblP8R8R M8JIbIH, nony-

(6.17).

OTRI1HeM

rrOCJIe)J,HI1H QJIeH at-oro

Bblp8JReHI1R

I1CrrOJIb3yeM 0603H8QeHI1R QI1M

(6.19)

11 (6.23)

11, BCrrOMHI1B, QTO

JL = k~'

1L
log

J:r

+ log f (z) =

J:r

t (s - ~) = t s.
(6.25)
YJRe C8M rro ce6e 38CJIYJRI1B8lO11 euie BpeMR 60JIee

Tor)J,8

6Y)J,eT 3HTpOrrl1eH

oT)J,eJIbHOH CI1CTeMbI. STOT

pe3YJIbT8T

)J,OCT8TOQHOI1HTepeceH,

O)J,H8ROOH OR83bIB8eTCR H8 nexoropoe

IlII1M BHI1M8HI1R, eCJII1 BepHYTbcR BbIQI1CJII1Tb JIOr8pl1<pM M8RCI1MYM8

RO BTOPOH rJI8Be

(MbI MOrJII1 C)J,eJI8Tb 3TO T8M JRe, HO He

BOCrrOJIb30B8JII1Cb 3TOH B03MOJRHOCTblO). I1MeeM:

11:3(2.2)

11 <P0PMYJIbI CTI1pJII1Hr8

log

=N

(log

N - 1) ai,

L al

(log

al - 1) = N

log

N-

L al

log

al.

IIOJIb3YRCb

BeJII1Ql1H8MI1

COOTBeTCTBYlOIlII1MI1 «M8RCI1MYMY»,

11 JIOr8pl1<pMI1PYR I1X:

log

ai =

log

N - JLEI -

log

L «r=,
I
e-M€l

rrOJIYQI1M

logPrnax

= =

NlogN

JLE

+N

log

L allogN L eI
M€[

+ JL

L aiEl + L allog L

42
H, ,lJ,8JIee,

Cmnmucmuuecnan

mep.uoduuascuna

log

P max = kT

E+
=

1( Ii s U

U)
T

YMHOJK8R H8 ~

H BCnOMHH8R, 'ITO ~

= U,

nOJIY'IHM:

NlogPmax

T +S-

T =S.
MOJKeT 6bITb

(6.26)
BbI'IHCJIeH8

CP8BHHB8R C p8BHbIM XOTR

ycnexoxr JIH60 K8K log L P, 'IHCJIO TeX P, KOTOpble Cp8BHHMbI

JIOr8plf(pMOB

3TO C

(6.25),

BH,lJ,HM, 'ITO 3HTpOnHR C Pmax,

JIH60 K8K log

Pmax•

,UeJIo B TOM, 'ITO

H O'IeHb BeJIHKO, OHO, TeM He

MeHee, HC'Ie38IOIlIe B8TeJIbHO, p83HHlI8 yK838JI f.

M8JIO no cp8BHeHHIO

C BeJIH'IHHoi1

cavoro Pmax•

CJIe,lJ,O-

HC'Ie38IOIlIe

M8JI8. H8 3TO 06CTORTeJIbCTBO «He'IYBCTBHTeJIbHOCTb

A. JIopeHTII

B CBOeM 3H8MeHHTOM MeMY8pe

TepMO,lJ,HH8MH'IeCKHX <PYHKIIHi1». CYIlIeCTBYIOT H npyrne CT8THCTH'IeCKHe 8H8JIOrHH 3HTponHH, IIoHRTHe 3HTponHH, He HMeBbIBe,lJ,eH-

IOIlIHe, O,lJ,H8KO, TOJIb o6Il1ei1 npHMeHHMocTH. C Hoe H3 CT8THCTH'IeCKoi1 CYMMbI,

npHJIOJKHMO K JI106oi1 CHCTeMe K8K 60JIbTBep,lJ,OMY

IIIOi1, T8K H M8JI0i1, K8K K OT,lJ,eJIbHoMYOCIIHJIJIRTOpy, T8K H K r83Y, TeJIY HJIH

rereporpaaaoa

CHCTeMe.

O,lJ,HH H3 8H8JIOrOB, H8 KOTOPOM CJIe,lJ,yeT OCT8HOBHTbCR (YK838HHbli1

B. fH66cOM),
peaepsyap,

npennonaraer,
06H8pYJKHB8eT

'ITO CHCTeM8, 6y,lJ,Y'IH JIHIIIb M8JIble

nowemena

B TenJIOBoi1 'ITO, K8K

<PJIYKTY8I1HH 3HeprHH, CHCTeMe. 38HRTbI

MbI 3H8eM, CBoi1cTBeHHO JI106oi1 60JIbIIIoi1 BeCbM8 6JIH3KHe K 'IeCK8R CYMM8

JIHIIIb ypOBHH, CT8THCTH-

cpenaea

3HeprHH

U.

Ho 'ITO JKe nOK83bIB8eT

IIOCKOJIbKY E p8CnOJIOJKeHbI B 8pH<pMeTH'IeCKOM

rropaznse,

3KcnOHeHTbI

He-

npepsmno y6bIB8IOT. A Be,lJ,b OHH RBJIRIOTCR Mepoi1 'I8CTOTbI H8 nepasrii B3rJIR,lJ, K8JKeTCR y,lJ,HBHTeJIbHbIM K8K MOJKeT
OCTPbli1 M8KCHMYM, 06'bRCHeHHe 'IeHHH ,lJ,8H nO'IeMY KpoeTCR OH

38nOJIHeHHR! B03HHKHYTb

aoornne
Mepe

B03HHK8eT? YBeJIH'IeHHR EZ npn YBeJIH3TO

aroro

B X8p8KTepe no

I,

8 HMeHHO -

B TOM, 'ITO

nepe,lJ,BHJKeHHR no

pany

YBeJIH'IeHHe

CT8HOBHTCR

ace

60JIee H 60JIee Me,lJ,JIeHHbIM, npHTOM

C 'Iy,lJ,O-

BHIlIHO B03P8CT81OIlIHM

38Me,lJ,JIeHHeM. ,UpyrHMH EZ,

CJIOB8MH, 'IHCJIO YPOBHei1,

npHXO,lJ,RIlIHXCR H8 e,lJ,HHH'IHOe npapautenae JIOCC8JIbHOB03p8CT8eT. MeJK,lJ,y B03P8cT8IOIlIei1 M8KCHMYM

T. e. nJIOTHOCTb B pe3YJIbT8Te H y6bIB8HHeM

ypoanen

KO-

B03HHK8eT

KOMnpOMHCC8 3KcnOHeHT.

nJIOTHOCTblO

ypoanen

I'naea 6. Memod cpeduux nuisenuti

06Cy)J,HM B8Tb H pe3YJIbT8T C ::noi1 TOqRH 3peHHfI. MbI

43
MOJReM P8CCM8TPH-

ei

R8R CPYHRIIHIO HH)J,eRC8 l, T. e. R8R

E(l),

H, CJIe)J,oB8TeJIbHO,T8RJRe )J,OCTHrIIIHX rrpe-

R8R CPYHRIIHIO

E, l (E),

BblP8JR81OIlIYIO qHCJIO ypoaaea,

)J,eJI8E. P8CCMOTPHM 'reneps

l(U),
rne

U-

cpezmaa

aaeprna

(oTRJIOHeHHfI OT ROTOPOi1 OqeHb M8JIbI).

Tor)J,8

k log l(U)
f1BJIfleTCfI aarponnea. HeTPY)J,Ho P8306p8TbCfI q8JI8 euie O)J,HO onpenenenae B TOM, qTO 3TO 3H8qHT; 3HTporrHH. H cofiepexr O)J,H8RO npaaenexr CH8-

Bsrtiepexr

R8Roe-HH6Y)J,b nonxona-

mee M8JIOe npnpautenne pn at-oro npnpamennn,

6.E

BMeCTe ace ypOBHH, JIeJR8Il1He BHYT-

0603H8qHB

HX qHCJIO qepe3

6.l.

Tor)J,8 CT8THCTHQeC-

R8f1 CYMM8 MOJReT 6bITb

H8rrHC8H8 B BH)J,e:

rzte

E-

3H8QeHHe 3HeprHH

BHYTPH HHTepB8JI8

6.l.

MbI

MOJReM T8RJRe H8-

rrHC8Tb

06JI8CTb M8RCHM8JIbHOrO 38rrOJIHeHHfI, T. e. 06JI8CTb, B ROTOPOi1E rv )J,eJIfleTCfI M8RCHMYMOM JIOr8pHcpM8

U,

orrpeee

nonsrarerpam.aoa -EM

CPYHRIIHH HJIH, eCJIH yrozmo,

6.l + log 6.E·

IIT8R,

-M+

( -dd

log~s:

)
€=U

uE

=0,

1 -T= k-

(d d

log~s:

)
c=U

uE

l_ T

(dklOg
de

~)
€=U

OTCIO)J,8, p83YMeeTCfI,

CJIe)J,yeT, QTO

s=
nrpaer pOJIb 3HTporrHH. IIpHQHH8,

(k log ~l)
uE

c=U

rro ROTOPOi1 MbI MOJReM 6p8Tb

C8MY CPYHRIIHIO l(U)

BMeCTO

HJIH

dl(U) dU '

44
3aKJIIO'I8eTCfI BbI'Iai1Ho BbICOKafi

Cmamucmunecuasi
B TOM, 'ITO

mep.M08Ulla.MU1W

l(U)

rrpaKTH'IeCKH

B03paCTaeT

acerna

KaK xpea-

c'renens U:

l(U) = GUn,
log

%b = «otr-:', %b = log(nG) + (n -

log

1=

log

+ n log

U,

1) logU.

KaK

BH,lJ,HO, rrpaKTH'IeCKH

pa3HH'-IbI HeT HHKaKoi1. rrYTb K HHTYHTHBHOMY rrOHHMaHHIO

MHe XOTeJIOCb6bI YKa3aTb

rrpann-

HbI 3KCrrOHeH'-IHaJIbHoi1 3aBHCHMOCTH '1aCTOTbI 3arrOJIHeHHfI OT E B YCJIOBHflX

peaepayapa. Ilycri, El, E2, •.• , El H T.,lJ,. CYTb 3HepreTH'IeCKHe ypOBHH CHCTeMbI, a bl, bz, ... , bk H T.,lJ,. - ypOBHH TerrJIOBOrO peaepayapa. Tor-na rronaaa aaeprna (E) (cYMMa 3HeprHH CHCTeMbI H 3HeprHH peaepsyapa) 6Y,lJ,eT rroCTOflHHOi1, a ypOBHH 06'be,lJ,HHeHHOro uenoro (T. e. CHCTeMbI H peaepsyapa) 6Y,lJ,YT paansr El + bk•
TerrJIOBOrO IIoCKOJIbKY rrOJIHafi 3HeprHfI rrOCTOflHHa, 06MeH T. e. B CJIY'Iae rrpOHCXO,lJ,HTTOJIbKO Me1K,lJ,YBblp01K,lJ,eHHbIMH ypOBHflMH,

El (<<rrO'lTH» acex

+ bk =
HMeIOT,

(nourn)

const

BBH,lJ,YHaJIH'IHfI

3HeprHH

CBfl3H!).

Bce 3TH ypOBHH El

+ bk

,lJ,JIfi

KOM6HHa'-lHi1

(I, k)

KOHe'lHO,

paBHYIO

'1aCTOTY 3arrOJIHeHHfI, OT-

'ITO nonpocry

oaaa-raer

paBHYIO anpnopnyro YMeHbIIleHHfI

BepOfiTHOCTb ,lJ,JIfiJII06oro

,lJ,eJIbHOrOypOBHfI.

IIpH'IHHa

'1aCTOTbI 3arrOJIHeHHfI ,lJ,JIfi60JIee TerrJIOBOrO peaepsyapa,

BbICOKHX El 3aKJIIO'IaeTCfI B TOM, 'ITO '1HCJIOypoaaea 0603Ha'iaeMbIX -repea

3KCrrOHeH'-IHaJIbHO 3HeprHH,

yrisrsaer

C YMeHbIIleHHeM

E-

Ez, T. e. C YMeHbIIleHHeM
STO CTaHOBHTpaBHO,

npnxonmnenca

aa ,lJ,OJIIO TerrJIOBOrO peaepayapa.

CfI COBepIIleHHO f1CHbIM B CJIY'Iae, KOr,lJ,a '1HCJIOypoaaea

peaepsyapa

nanpnxrep,

STOT BbIBO,lJ,He npereanyer paaee), rHH O,lJ,HaKO OH noacaaer xoropaa

na CTporOCTb

(crporna

BbIBO,lJ,6bIJI ,lJ,aH

CYTb nena:

'1eM 60JIbIIle

'1aCTb o61l1ei1 anep-

(E),

rrpHXO,lJ,HTCfI na ,lJ,OJIIO caMoi1

CHCTeMbI

(Ez),

TeM

MeHb-

I'naea 6. Memod cpeduux nuisenuti

we

45 A
aro 3KcrrOHeHTerrJIOBOHJIH, 3KC-

(E -

El)

rrpHXO).J)1TCRaa ,lJ,OJIIO TerrJIOBOrO peaepayapa. o6pa30M yxrem.maer l.JHCJIOncnom.ayexnax

lIHaJIbHbIM ro

ypoaaea

peaepsyapa

(,lJ,a1KeB CJIYl.Jae 6eCKOHel.JHOrO TerrJIOBOrO peaepayapa

aepnee,

HMeHHO B 3TOM

cnyvae).

XapaKTepH3YIOIlIHH

3TO yxrensmenne

rroHeHlIHaJIbHbIH

MH01KHTeJIb RBJIReTCR

He l.JeM HHbIM,

KaK Y1Ke 3HaKOMbIM ,lJ,pyrHMH CJIOBa-

HaM COOTBeTCTBYIOIlIHM l.JJIeHOMCTaTHCTHl.JeCKOH CYMMbI, MH, OTHOCHTeJIbHOH BepORTHOCTbIO HaX01K,lJ,eHHRaauren RHHH El YCJIOBHRX TerrJIOBOrO peaepsyapa.

CHCTeMbI B COCTO-

rJIABA

IIpo6JIeMa

n qaCTHQ

HT8K,

H8qHH8R

C aroro

MOMeHT8, 00)

MbI

MOJKeM (p8CCM8TPHB8R P83JIHqHR

rH66-

COBCKHH 8HC8M6JIb, H8H60JIee

N ---+

He npoaomrrt.

MeJK,n:y MeTo,n:OM H60 OHH

BepORTHbIX

3H8qeHHH

H MeTo,n:OM cpenunx

3H8qeHHH,

rrpHBeJIH K COBepIIIeHHO 0,n:HH8KOBOMY pe3yJIbT8Ty. pe3YJIbT8T, P830M 3THX 6y,n:yqH H8H,n:eHbIM, MOJKeT 6bITb cac rexre, MOJKHO Bo06Il1e

BOJIee 'roro,

rrOCKOJIbKY

npnxrenen

C8MbIM 06Il1HM 06HH K O,n:HOMYH3

K JIl060H

He npaoera'n,

MeTo,n:OB! OrJIR,n:bIB8RCb H838,n:, MbI y6eJK,n:8eMCR B TOM, qTO MOJKHO MeTO,n:, KOTOPbIH, T8K CK838Tb, Y38KOHH-

6bIJIO 6bI BOBce OTKHHYTb nepasnt

B8eTCR JIHIIIb BTOPbIM MeTo,n:OM. E,n:HHCTBeHHOHrrpHqHHOH, rro KOTOPOH R He OT6pOCHJI nepssnt MeTO,n:, RBJIReTCR TO, qTO M8TeM8THqeCK8R ero CTOPOH8, 60JIee

38KJIIOQ8IOIlI8RCR B CYIllHOCTH B ,n:Byx-Tpex nocrynna 0603peHHIO;

CTPOK8X, Hecp8BHeHHo

3TO 06CTORTeJIbCTBO nrpaer

HeM8JIOB8JKHYIO pOJIb

B 06JI8CTH, rrpe,n:cT8BJIRIOIlIeH CTOJIb 60JIbIIIHe O,n:H8KO,aecxror pa H8 TOJIbKO QTO nannoe

Tpy,n:HOCTH ,n:JIRrrOHHM8HHR. He B03BP8Il18TbCR

MHOH 06eIll8HHe

K 3THM ,n:ByM MeTo,n:8M, ace JKe M8TeM8THQeCK8R

H,n:eR,U8PBHH8 -<I>8yJIep8,

Crrp8BJIRIOIlI8RCR C Tpy,n:HOCTbIO, BHOCHMOH ,n:068BOQHbIM YCJIOBHeM, ny rexr 06P830B8HHR BbIQeT8, RBJIReTCR CTOJIb H3YMHTeJIbHOH H8XO,n:KOH, QTO MbI CT8THC-

BOCrrOJIb3yeMcR eIO BHOBb, H8 3TOT p83 ,n:JIR'roro, THQecKYIO CyMMy ononert, B 'rex CJIYQ8RX, Kor,n:8 npyrne Tpy,n:HOCTH. TeM

QT06bI oQeHHTb

MeTo,n:bI He rr03BOJIRIOT rrpeR npoury QHT8TeJIR He

B03HHK8IOIlIHe

He MeHee,

CMeIIIHB8Tb

3TH ,n:Beaeutn;

C 06Il1HM ,n:oK838TeJIbCTBOM MbI YJKe rrOKOHQHJIH. B KOMrrrrpHBeCTH

Korna
npmiep B8TbCR

MbI 6y,n:eM rrOJIb30B8TbCR B ,n:8JIbHeHIIIeM HHTerpHpoB8HHeM QT06bI

JIeKCHOH rrJIOCKOCTH, TO 6y,n:eM ,n:eJI8Tb 3TO He ,n:JIR'roro, rrpHMeHeHHR ornnero MeTo,n:8, 8 JIHIIIb ,n:JIR'roro,

QT06bI BOCrrOJIb30CT8H60

CXO,n:HbIMM8TeM8THQeCKHM

rrpHeMOM ,n:JIROQeHKH HeKOTopbIX

THCTHQeCKHX CYMM. 3TO 06CTORTeJIbCTBO He06xo,n:HMO rro,n:QepKHyTb, xor'na, B8TbCR rrOCJIe H3JIOJKeHHRornnero TeM JKe M8TeM8THQeCKHM MeTo,n:8, H8QHH8IOT MHoroKp8THO rrpHeMoM, P836HP8R Q8CTHble

rrOJIb30-

npnxrepsr,

TO rrOQTH scerna otituero

C03,n:8eTCR BrreQ8TJIeHHe,

QTO ,n:eJIOnner

0 rrpHJIOJKeHHH

MeTo,n:8 K Q8CTHOMY CJIYQ8IO! 'reneps K npofinexte

Ilepennext
8JIbHbIH r83).

Q8CTHQ (rrpoCTeHIIIHH

CJIYQ8H -

H,n:e-

Tnaea 7. IJp06JteMa n nacmuti

COrJIaCHO cOBpeMeHHbIM KaK COCTORIIIHti: H3 B033peHHRM raa

47

He MOJKeT paCCMaTpHBaTbCR

TOJK,LIeCTBeHHbIX, cJIa60 B3aHMO,LIeti:cTBYIOIIIHX CHCTeM, ypOBHH

rrOCKOJIbKY 3HepreTWIeCKHe TWIeCKHX

r-aaa
HMI.

He RBJIRIOTCR BO

CYMMaMH

anepre-

yposaen

nero

COCTaBJIRIOIIIHX, B3RTbIX

acex
H3

KOM6HHaIlHRX.

QHCJIeHHO OHH, pa3YMeeTCR,

paaasr

O,LIHaKO JII06ble

,LIBa ypOBHR B ra-

ae,

OTJIHqalOlIIHeCR

TOJIbKO TeM,

qTO ,LIBa (HJIH 60JIee)

TOJK,LIeCTBeH-

HbIX aTOMOB HJIH MOJIeKYJI rrOMeHRJIHCb MeCTaMH, CR KaK O,LIHHH TOT JKe

,LIOJIJKHbI aCCMaTpHBaTbp pa3MbIIIlJIeHHe rrO,LICKaJKeT, CYMMe r-aaa

yponem,

raaa. Kparttoe

qTO 3TO rrpHBO,LIHT K COBepIIleHHO OTJIHqHOti: CTaTHCTHqeCKoti: KaK

uenoro.
JIeJKalIlaR B OCHOBe aroro cpH3HqeCKaR H,LIeR 3aKJIIOqaeTCR 3HeprHH, JIHIIleHHble B TOM, qTO CYTb KBaHTbI HH,LIHBH,LIyaJIbHOCTH; rrepBbIM a )1,eMoKpHT H3 A6,L1epbI! OT-

qaCTHlIbI

«KBaHTOBbIM

CPH3HKOM»6blJl He

Maxc

IIJIaHK,

JIOJKHM HeCKOJIbKO 06cYJK,LIeHHe cpH3HqeCKOrO CMbICJIa 3TOti: COBepIIleHHO HOBOti: TOqKH 3peHHR H Hac lIIeti:

'rex

3KcrrepHMeHTaJIbHbIX

cpaKToB, KOTopble

BbIHY,LIHJIH

npnnart, 'reopna

ee. 3ati:MeMcR

cnanaaa

HOBOti: TepMO,LIHHaMHKH

nocrpoenaexr C noxrounoo nauren 06CHCTeMbI n qaCTHII. ECJIH 0603HaqHTb

qepe3 ypOBHH O,LIHOti:qaCTHlIbI, TO

onpeneneansm

yponens

(a

He KJIaCC

ypos-

Heti:!) El CHCTeMbI

qaCTHII

(MbI 6Y,LIeM Ha3bIBaTb

ee ,LIJIRKpaTKocTH

ra30M)

3a,LIaeTCR qHCJIaMH qaCTHII, HaXO,LIRIIIHXCR, cooTBeTcTBeHHo, Ha ypOBHRX aI,

a2, •.• , H 3TOT

yponeas ei pasen
El = nlal
(He CJIe,LIyeT

+ n2a2 + ... + nsas + ... = 2.: nsas·

3TY cxexry co cxeMoti:, JIHillb

ny'rart,

qHH al

H El, -

MeJK,LIY HHMH CYlIlecTByeT

npnaenennoa paaee ,LIJIRBeJIHrpopvansnoe CXO,LICTBO.) panna

CJIe,LIOBaTeJIbHO, CTaTHCTHqeCKaR

CYMMa

z
3HaK

2.: «» I:
{ns}

(JL =

k~):

ns<>s.

(7.1)

L
{ns}

oanaxae'r,

qTO CYMMHpoBaHHe ::lTO BblpaJKeHHe 06bIQHbIX

Be,LIeTCRrro BceM ,LIOrrycTHMbIM coOXBaTbIBaeT pR,LI pa3JIHqHbIX ra30B CPH-

BOKyrrHocTRM 3HqeCKHX
1

qHCeJI ns.

cnyxaea:

TeopHIO

603e-3ti:HIIlTeti:HoBcKHX
MeJKI1Y 48CTHI18MH. MbI

H TeM

CJIY48e TOJIbKO

OTCYTCTBHR STOT CJIY48il.

B38HM0l1eilcTBHR

P8CCM8TpHB8eM

311eCb

48
caMbIM

CmamUCmU'leC1WH

mephWaU1WMU1W

TeOpIUO TaK Ha3bIBaeMoti:

XHMwIecKoti:

rrOCTOlIHHoti:, a TaKJKe Teo-

pHIO rpepMH- ,[(HpaKOBCKoro rasa, JIlIeTClI 3JIeKTpOHHalI TeOpHlI 3THX CJIY'IaeB. repecyromen

BaJKHeti:IIIHM rrpHJIOJKeHHeM KOTOPOti: lIBBeJIH'IHHY

MeTaJIJIOB. BbI'IHCJIHM

,[(JIlI scex HH,[(JIlI

Hs

log

rrOJIY'IHM HCKOMYIO TepMO,[(HHaMHKY. ,Upyroti: 3Ha'IeHHe

Hac BeJIH'IHHoti: lIBJIlIeTClI cpennee

ns.

3aMeTHM

,[(aJIbHeti:IIIero, 'ITO OHO acer na paBHO

_ ns =
B 'IeM MOJKHOy6e,[(HTbClI C nepaoro

-Ji~'

1 alogZ

(7.2)

B3rJIlI,[(a. CJIe,[(yeT, O,[(HaKO,HMeTb B BH3THX ti; npeaeoperari,

,[(Y, 'ITO eCJIH CHCTeMa KOHe'IHa, TO rpJIYKTyallHlIMH

rrOJIHOCTblOHeJIb31I. STOT CJIY'Iati: COBepIIIeHHO OTJIH'IeH OT CJIY'IalI rpJIYKTYauna BeJIH'IHH

ai

B BHpTyaJIbHOM aHCaM6JIe.

ITPH BbI'IHCJIeHHH

B03MOJKHbI CJIe,[(YIOIlIHe pa3JIH'IHble CJIe,[(YIOIlIHe 3Ha'IeHHlI: (raa B03e-Sti:HIIITeti:Ha), aanper ITayJIH).

CJIY'IaH:

1) ns
a)

MoryT

rrpHHHMaTb

ns = 0,1,2,3,4, b) ns = 0,1 (raa

...

lPepMH-,UHpaKa,

2)

YCJIOBHe rrOCTOlIHCTBa otiurero

'IHCJIa 'IaCTHII

(7.3)
s MOJKeT BbIIIOJIHlITbClI O,[(HH cJIY'Iati:, 3e-Sti:HIIITeti:Ha, HbI). Pa3YMeeTClI, ITOJIOJKHM xorna HJIH He BbIIIOJIHlITbClI.

Haaecren,
-

anpovexr,

JIHIIIb

3TO YCJIOBHe He BbIIIOJIHlIeTClI, H3JIY'IeHHlI

3TO CJIY'IaH

Bo-

T. e. cJIY'Iati:

a6COJIIOTHO 'IepHOrO TeJIa (rpOTO-

3TOT cJIY'Iati

HaH60JIee npocr.

(7.4)
'ITO cnpanennnso ,[(JIlI BClIKOrO CJIY'IalI. 'I'orna

(7.5)
,[(OJIJKHO CYMMHpOBaTbClI rro acexr ,[(orrYCTHMbIM cOBoKyrrHOCTlIM 'IHCeJI ITpHHHMalI BO BHHMaHHe CHa'IaJIa JIHIIIb OrpaHH'IeHHlI CJIY'IalI

ns.

1, a)

HJIH,

COOTBeTCTBeHHO,CJIY'IalI

1, b),

JIerKO rrOJIY'IHM

1)

a) Z-- II-1- Zs 1s

(B03e - S ti:HIIITeti: H) ,

b)

II (1 zs) +
s

(lPepMH-

,UHpaK).

Tnaea 7. Ilpotineua n nactruui

Y)J,06HO 06'he)J,I1HI1Tb 3TI1 <P0PMYJIbI CJIe)J,YlOIlII1M 06P830M:

49

(7.6)
S

B 3TOti: <p0pMYJIe CJIe)J,yeT6p8Tb

llo

JII160 068 BepXHI1X 3H8K8, JII160 068 HI1JKHI1Xi B03e - ::Iti:HIIITeti:H8.

BepXHI1ti: 3H8K OTHOCI1TCII K CJIy'l8lO

CI1X rrop MbI He 06p8Il18JII1 BHI1M8HI1lI H8

(7.3).

K8K

II YJKe YK83bI-

B8JI, 3TO nonycrnrao nne; BepXHI1ti: 3H8K). CJIY'l8ti:.

TOJIbKO B O)J,HOM'I8CTHOM CJIy'l8e

(TerrJIOBOe 113JIy'leonepern, 3TOT

MOJKHO 6bIJIO 6bI P8CCMOTpeTb B nepsyio ::ITO K8JKeTClI 38M8H'II1BbIM,

npocreinuaa

0)J,H8KO 113JIOJKeHI1e rrpn

3TOM y)J,JII1HI1JIOCb 6bI. ECJII1 H8JIOJKI1Tb YCJIOBl1e He OKOH'I8TeJIbHbIM,

(7.3),

TO pe3YJIbT8T

T8K K8K I1CXO)J,HoeBblp8JKeHI1e 113

(7.6) OK83bIB8eTClI (7.5) rroK83bIB8eT,

euie 'ITO

MbI )J,OJIJKHbIBbI6p8Tb

(7.6)

TOJIbKO O)J,HOpO)J,Hble 'IJIeHbI

C rrOK838TeJIeM MeTo)J,oM

O)J,HOPO)J,HOCTI1 BO acex n TeOp1111BbI'IeTOB.

ZS.

::ITO oCYIlleCTBJIlIeTCII

y)J,06Hee acero

IIoJIOJKI1M

(7.7)
Tor)J,8 TO'lHOe 3H8'1eHI1e

Bblp8JK8eTClI

cOBepIIIeHHo

c rporo

CJIe)J,YlOIlII1M

I1HTerp8JIOM:

(7.8)
rzte KOHTYP I1HTerpl1pOB8HI1lI rrJIOCKOCTI1( p8CrrOJIOJKeH aoapyr 11 npoaenen T8K, H8'18JI8 KOOP)J,I1H8T nonaztaer ( B xoxmnexcaon 'ITO BHYTPb Hero

JII1IIIb 0)J,H8 CI1HrYJIlIpHOCTb He rrpe)J,CT8BJIlIeT

rrO)J,bIHTerp8JIbHOrO Bblp8JKeHI1lI Tpy)J,8 rrOK838Tb, ( 'ITO

B TO'lKe

o.

oc060ro

B 060l1X

CJIY'l8lIX

rrO)J,bIHTerp8JIbHOe Bblp8JKeHI1e I1MeeT npn 3H8'1eHl1e, 8 ero

=0

60JIbiliOe

rrOJIOJKI1TeJIbHOe OTpI1118TeJIb-

JIOr8pl1<pMI1'1eCK81I rrp0I13BO)J,H81I rro Mepe

60JIbiliOe

Hoe 3H8'1eHl1e, KOTopoe

rrpO)J,BI1JKeHI1IIB)J,OJIb)J,eti:cTBI1TeJIbHoti: rroB03p8CT8eT, CT8HOBIICb, B KOHlIe KOHIIOB, H8

JIOJKI1TeJIbHoti: OCI1 nenpepstaao

rrOJIOJKI1TeJIbHbIM. CJIe)J,oB8TeJIbHO, rro)J,bIHTerp8JIbH81I 3TOM ny'rn rrpl1MeHI1Tb IIoJI8r81I O)J,I1H11 TOJIbKO O)J,I1HMI1HI1MyM, MeTO)J,H81160JIee KpYToro crrYCK8. 'ITO

<PYHKIII1II I1MeeT

rr03BOJIlIeT

norn.rra'rt.ca

H8 )J,eti:cTBI1TeJIbHoti: rrOJIOJKI1TeJIbHoti:OCI1

n-1

f(()

= eg(),

(7.9)

50 rrOJIY'I8eM

Cmamucmunecuasi CJIe,n:YIOIlIHe ,n:Ba BblpaJReHHR:

mep.M08Ulla.MU1W

g'(() g"(()
nepsoe
pem, ( TOl.JKe. H3 (MbI KOTOPbIX OrrYCKaeM

= _n

+ 1 + f'(()
( f(()

=0

(7.10)

=n

+ 1 + f"(()
(2

f(()

_ f'(()2 f(()2 '

ztaer BeJIlfl.IHHY

(7.11) KO-

onpenenaer
HH,n:eKC 0),

,n:eHCTBHTeJIbHbIH a s'ropoe

rrOJIOJRHTeJIbHbIH

g"(()

B :nOH

Tor-na

MbI HMeeM

Z=

Cn-1 f(()

J21fg"(()
-

(7.12)

10gZ= OCTaeTCR
XOTR

-(n+1)log(+logf(() 'ITO

~log(21fg"(()).

(7.13)

noxaaart.,

g"(()

BeCbMa

BeJIHKO TaKJRe H B 3TOM CJIYl.Jae.

B HaCTORIlIeM B (7.10)

CJIYl.Jae CTporHH

nepexozr

npeneny
(7.7)

---+

00 OCY-

IlIeCTBHTb ,n:e acero

HeJIb3R, MbI MOJReM COBepIIIHTb

ero BHpTyaJIbHO.

3aMeHHM H (7.9)

npezs-

+ 1 na

H rrOJIYl.JHM C rrOMOIllblO

(7.14)

,n:aJIbHeHIIIeM

MbI 3aMeHHM 06'beMY

3TY CYMMY

HHTerpaJIOM,

KOTOPbIH OKaJReTCR 6JIH3KHMH

nponopunoaam.asnr IIIHX

BCJIe,n:CTBHe 'roro,

'ITO ,n:JIR,n:OCTaTOl.JHO60JIb-

l.JHCJIOypOBHeH 3HeprHH,

as,

pacrrOJIOJReHHbIX

MeJR,n:y KaKHMH-JIH60

3Hal.JeHHRMH

nponopunoaam.ao

V.

CJIe,n:OBaTeJIbHO, xapax'repncrrJIOTHOCTH l.JaCTHlI

THl.JeCKHH KopeHb

( 3aBHCHT

TOJIbKO OT 06'beMHOH

V'
06Be-

::lTO He RBJIReTCR crporo ,n:yeM JIHIIIb pa30M, ,n:OCTaTOl.JHO60JIbIIIHX TO (7.11) JIHKO npn

crrpaBe,n:JIHBbIM

,n:JIRKOHel.JHOrO n, HO MbI nperenxapaxrep noaeneaaa YKa3aHHbIM

na TO, l.JT06bI HCCJIe,n:OBaTb rrpe,n:eJIbHbIH «ra30BbIX

'ren»,
'ITO

ECJIH ( <pHKcHpoBaHo

noxaat.raae'r,
KaKHM

g"(()
n.

,n:eHCTBHTeJIbHO CKOJIb yroznro ::lTO

HeOrpaHHl.JeHHO

60JIbIIIOM

onpaazn.raaer,

CJIe,n:OBaTeJIbHO, (7.12) H (7.13),

He TOJIbKO TOT cnocori, HO TaKJRe H JIHIIIb log

6bIJIH rrOJIYl.JeHbI BblpaJReHHR l.JJIeHa B (7.13),

oropacsrsaaae nocnenaero rropanox log n; TaKHM 06pa30M Z

=

rrOCKOJIbKY OH HMeeT

-n

log ( + log

f(()

-n

log

(T

2)og(1
s

T (e-1Ul<s).

(7.15)

Tnaea 7. IJp06JteMa n nacmuti

(ECJIH 6bI MbI OTKa3aJIHCb OT BHpTyaJIbHOrO 3TO BOBJIeKJIO6bI HaC B MOMeHT ra30BbIX HaMH'IeCKOe rrepexozta K npeneny

51 n ---+
00, TO

paccxrorpenne

He HHTepeCYlOIlIHX

Hac B HacToRIlIHi1 'ITO HX TepMO,[(H-

TeJI, HMelOIlIHX

CTOJIb MaJIYlO BeJIWIHHY,

paaxrepon H QlOPMbI. 3KcrrepHMeHTaTOp Ha3BaJI 6bI Ha6JIlO,[(aeMble rrpn 3TOM csoeoripaaasre RBJIeHHR «noaepxHOCTHbIMH».) Ilapaxrerp ( B (7.15) onpeneaaerca BblpaJKeHHeM (7.10), KOTOpoe ynoriaee HCCJIe,[(OBaTbB QlOpMe (7.14). C npyroii CTOPOHbI, y6eJK,[(aeMCR, 'ITO MbI nocrynnna lIeJIeC006pa3HO C TO'IKH 3peHHR 3KOHOMHH BpeMeHH, He
3aBHCHT OT HX paCCMaTpHBaR OT,[(eJIbHO CJIY'Iai1, Kor,[(a 06Il1ee 'IHCJIO 'IaCTHlI He 3a,[(aeTCR

noaenenne

aapanee, a Kor,[(a eMY rr03BOJIRlOT YCTaHOBHTbCR caMOMY rro ce6e. B 3TOM cnyxae Z rroJIY'IaJIOCb npnrao H3 (7.6) C noxrounoo (7.4). Jler ao BH,[(eTb, 'ITO
3TOT CJIY'Iai1 QlOpMaJIbHO OXBaTbIBaeTCR JIoi1 ,[(JIR log TOJIbKO 'ITO rrOJIY'IeHHoi1 QlOPMY-

Z, a HMeHHO - (7.15), B KOTOPOi1 ,[(OCTaTO'IHO rrOJIOJKHTb ( = 1 [BMeCTo 'roro, 'IT06bI onpenemrrt. ee, KaK npezane, nocpenc'rnoxr (7.14). 3TO He nenae r, O,[(HaKO, rrOJIHOCTblO 6eCrrOJIe3HbIM nocnenaee ypaaaeane; OHO nae'r HaM 'IHCJIO n HaJIH'IHbIX 'IaCTHlI, KOTopoe MOJKeT H3MeHRTbcR.] qacTHaR npoaaaoznraa OT (7.15) rro ( HC'Ie3aeT COrJIaCHO (7.10). CJIe,[(oBaTeJIbHO [XOTR (, KaK noxaasraaer (7.10), 3aBHCHT OT as], H3 (7.2) HMeeM: 1 ologZ n - - - --sJL oas ----=:__-

- leJLas =t= 1
(

(7.16)

3TO BblpaJKeHHe

pacapsraaer

CMbICJI ypaBHeHHR cpennaa

(7.14).
3HeprHR aaurero r-aaoaoro

COrJIaCHO rrOCJIe,[(HeMY ypasnenmo TeJIa, O'IeBH,[(HO, paBHa:

(7.17)

qHTaTeJIb

MOJKeT caM y6e,[(HTbCR B TOM, 'ITO 3TOT pe3YJIbTaT

MOJKeT 6bITb

TaKJKe rrOJIY'IeH H3

(7.15)

C rrOMOillblO ornnero

COOTHOIIIeHHR:

(7.18)
ECJIH He C'IHTaTb IIITei1HoBcKoi1 Hei1IIIeM), onaoro JIlO60rrbITHoro HCKJIlO'IeHHR (CJIY'Iai1 603e-3i1HB ,[(aJIb-

KOH,[(eHcallHH,

KOTOPbli1 MbI nonporino

paCCMOTpHM

CYMMbI

B BblpaJKeHHRX

(7.14), (7.15)

(7.17)

H HM

nonooasre

52
MorYT CII 0 TO'lHbIX

CmamUCmU'leC1WH

mephWaU1WMU1W

6bITb 3aMeHeHbI HHTerpaJIaMH. 3Ha'leHHlIX yposnea 3HeprHH. KOr,l:la

IIpH

3TOM MbI MomeM JIHillb

He 6ecnOKOHTbHX nJIOTHOCTb

as;

Hac mrrepecyer

na

e,l:lHHHLlY

npnpautenna
(IIpH

OrpaHWIHMCII LlHOHHYIO 3HeprHIO.

CJIY'IaeM,

HH3KHX

Ka ,I:IaeT pe3YJIhTaTbI, aTOMHbIMH», «3aMep3aIOT», TaK KaK

OTJIH'IHbIe KOJIe6aHHlI

as npeztc'raanae r co6oti: JIHIIIh TpaHCJIII'rextnepar'ypax, xorzta «HOBalI» CTaTHCTHOT «crapoa», ace raasr CTaHOBIITCII «O,l:lHOH MOJIeKYJIlIpHbIe BpaIlleHHII nOJIHOCThlO

H HX MomHO He Yl.JHTbIBaTh.) «QlH3Hl.JeCKH 6ec-

qHCJIO COCTOIIHHti: (OT,I:IeJIhHoti: l.JaCTHLlbI), npHCYIlIHX KOHe'lHO MaJIOMY» 3JIeMeHTY Qla30BOro npOCTpaHCTBa,

paBHO

dx dy dz dpx dpy dpz h3

HHTerpHPYII PHPYII no

nepasre

TpH

acexr

TeJIeCHbIM

neperaemn.re yr naxr (47r)

no 06'beMY HMnYJIhCa,

H, KpOMe

'roro,

HHTer-

nOJIYl.JHM

(7.19) rne p a6COJIIOTHOe 3Hal.JeHHe HMnYJIhca. KpOMe ECJIH l.JaCTHLlbI 06JIa,l:lalOT nOMHomeHO

cnn-

HOM, 3TO 'IHCJIO ,I:IOJImHO 6bITh, l.JHCJIO,2 HJIH

'roro,

na nerionsmoe

LleJIOe

3,

COOTBeTCTBeHHO pa3JIHl.JHbIM B03MomHbIM

cnnaa

[2 -

,l:lJIII

emma

!,

HanpaBJIeHHIIM H ,l:lJIII

npn

OTCYTCTBHH MaCCbI nOKOII TaKme

cnnaa 1 (QlOTOH); 3 - ,l:lJIII emma 1 npn HaJIHl.JHH MaCCbI nOKOII (Me30H)]. Bsrpaacenae (7.19) IIBJIlIeTCII pacnpenenennexr COCTOIIHHti: OT,I:IeJIhHoti:
l.JaCTHLlbI no OCH HMnYJIhCOB MO 3HaTh H

p.

HaM me ,l:lJIII oLleHKH HaIIIHX CYMM

aeorixonn-

pacnpeneaenne

no OCH 3HeprHti:

a.

06Il1ee

COOTHOIIIeHHe Mem,l:lY

,l:lJIII csorionaon

l.JaCTHLlbI, Ol.JeBH,I:IHO, MeeT BH,I:I: H

(7.20)
3TO

asrpaatenae pacnpocrpanaerca

na ace

CJIYl.JaH. HaJIHl.JHe KBa,l:lpaTHOro

KOpHII ,I:IeJIaeT ero,

O,l:lHaKO, HeY,I:Io6HbIM. 3TO HeY,I:Io6cTBO, nOCKOJIhKY npaKTHl.JeCKH CJIYl.JaIIMH:

anpo-rev ,

He IIB,I:IeJIo

JIlIeTCII cYIlIecTBeHHbIM, JIHillb

npHXO,l:lHTCII HMeTh

C ,I:IBYMII npe,l:leJIhHbIMH

2)
pax.)

1) m = 0 (QlOTOHbI), p « me ,l:lJIII scex

QlOTOHOB,

3aHlITbIX

ypoaaen.

(3TO

HMeeT

MeCTO ,l:lJIII

l.JaCTHLI, KpOMe

rrpn

npaKTH'IeCKH

BCTpe'lalOIlIHXCII

acex 'rexrnepary-

Tnaea 7. IJp06JteMa n nacmuti

B nepaora cJIY'Iae HMeeM 0: Bo BTOPOM cJIY'Iae

53

ep

(QlOTOHbI).

(7.21 )

C rrpeBOCXO).lHbIM rrpH6JIHJReHHeM rrOJIY'IHM: 2

0: 3HeprHlI rrOKOII

= me

+ Zm'

p2

(7.22)
rrOCKOJIbKY OHa rrOCTOIIHHa,

me2

MOJReT 6bITb

onytuena,

a HYJIeBalI aneprna BeJIH'IHHa

Hac He narepecye'r. MOJReT 6bITb rrOJIY'IeHa COBepIIIeHHO CXO).lHbIM o6pa-

(7.19)

30M H3 BOJIHOBOHMexaHHKH.

r. BeHJIeM,

COrJIaCHO aCHMrrTOTH'IeCKOH QlOpMYJIe, ).IaHHOH B 06'beMe

).IJIII mo6oro mo6bIMH

BOJIHOBOrO).IBHJReHHII, rrponcxonautero rpaHH'IHbIMH

V,
KO-

onpeneaaextoxr

JIe6aHHH C ).IJIHHOHBOJIHbI

> ). 6Y).IeT paBHO 3

41f V
).3·

YCJIOBHIIMH, 'IHCJIO BblpaJReHHIO:

coricraenasrx

(7.23)
uenoe 'IHCJIO,

3Ta HJIH

BeJIH'IHHa

).IOJIJRHa6bITb

YMHOJReHa aa He6oJIbIIIOe KaKOBbI

1, 2

3,

B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT 'roro,

'reaaopnsre

CBOHCTBa BOJIH, orrperrJIOCKOH

).IeJIlIeMble pa3JIH'IHbIMH BOJIHbI. TepMHH TO'lHOH B npenene noro

B03MOJRHbIMH COCTOIIHHIIMH rrOJIlIpH3allHH oananae'r,

«aCHMrrTOTH'IeCKalI»

'ITO QlOpMyJIa CTaHOBHTCII

---+

00. C rrOMOIllbIO ).IaHHOrO ).Ie EpOHJIeM YHHBepCaJIb-

COOTHOIIIeHHII MeJR).IY HMrrYJIbCOM H ).IJIHHOHBOJIHbI

p= !!:_

H3

(7.23)

rrOJIY'IaeM

3 h3P,
'ITO naer HTaK, ).IaIOIlIee paasenae, MbI MOJReM paCCMaTpHBaTb

41f V

).IJIII 'IHCJIa COCTOIIHHH MeJR).IY p H

P + dp BblpaJReHHe (7.19). (7.19), ao-nepasrx, KaK asrpaasenae,

H, BO-BTOPbIX, KaK BbIKOJIe6aHHH

'IHCJIO KBaHTOBbIX

COCTOIIHHH 'IaCTHlIbI,

).IaIOIlIee 'IHCJIO BOJIHOBO-MeXaHH'IeCKHX co6CTBeHHbIX 3TH ).IBa 3KBHBaJIeHTHbIX crroco6a

BHYTPH IIIlIHKa.

HHTepeCYIOT Hac 3).1eCbrro rr03BOJIlIeT HaM 'rpaaKaK coricraennoe KO-

CJIe).lYIOIlIeH rrpnnane: TOBaTb <(ns 'IacTHlI,

BTOpalI H3 3THX TO'leK 3peHHlI HaXO).llIIlIHXCII B COCTOIIHHH

c ,»

JIe6aHHe (HJIH OClIHJIJIIITOP rrOJIoro rrpocTpaHcTBa, HIITbIM TepMHHoM) na CBoeM ns-M

eCJIH rrOJIb30BaTbClI rrpH(3Ta TO'lKa 3peHHlI

KBaHTOBOM yposae.

54
COOTBeTcTByeT B8HI11O rrOJIR.)

Cmamucmunecuasi
T8R H83bIB8eMOMY

mep.M08Ulla.MU1W

BTOPl1qHOMY RB8HTOB8HI11O I1JII1 RB8HTOqI1CJIOM, 11 H8IIIe YTBepJR,[IeHl1e

ns

CT8HOBI1TCR RB8HTOBbIM

o TOM, qTO CI1CTeM8 RB8HTOBbIX ql1CeJI

nl, n2, n3, ... ,

onpenenaer

ti; 8 He RJI8CC 113

O,[lHO-e,[lI1HCTBeHHOe COCTORHl1e r838,

n! nl! n2! ... ns!···

COCTORHI1H, nepecraer R838TbCR HOBOBBe,[leHl1eM, YRJI8,[1bIB8RCb B 06blqHble (0,[111rrpe,[lCT8BJIeHI1R 0 RB8HTOBbIX COCTORHI1RX11I1X CT8TI1CTI1qeCROM aece H8ROBOM ,[IJIR JII06bIX ,[IByX COCTORHI1H). TepMI1H «HOB8R CT8TI1CTI1R8» B03HI1R I1MeHHO OCHOB8HHOH H8 rrpe,[lCT8BJIeHI111 0 q8C11 TO 06CTORTeJIbCTBO, qTO l1,[1eR HOBOH

Q8CTO yrroTpe6JIReMbIH B CBR311 C nepson T11118X. 3TOMY

TOqROH 3peHI1R,

JRe COOTBeTcTByeT

CT8TI1CTI1RI1 He B03HI1RJI8 rrepBOH8Q8JIbHO B CBR311 C TerrJIOBbIM 113JIYQeHI1eM, T8R R8R B 3TOM CJIYQ8e BOJIHOB8R TOQR8 3peHI1R 6blJl8 RJI8CCI1QeCROH,R8pTI1H8 I1CTOpI1QeCROH,

HI1RTO 11 He ,[IYM8JI BH8Q8JIe 0 QeM-JII160 I1HOM. BOJIHOB8R RJI8CCI1QeCRI1M B pO-

CQl1T8JI8Cb (11 I1CTOpl1QeCRI1 ,[IeHCTBI1TeJIbHO 6bIJI8) BOJIH BblcTyrrl1JIO,

Orrl1C8HI1eM RBJIeHI1H. KB8HTOB8HI1e

T8RI1M 06P830M,

JII1 «rrepBI1QHOro» RB8HTOB8HI1R, 11HI1RTO 11He rrOMbIIIIJIRJI 0 QeM-JII160 spone «BTOpI1QHOro» RB8HTOB8HI1R. TOJIbRO rrOCJIe 'roro, HOH, B03e (OROJIO 1924 r.) R8R l1,[1eR CPOTOHOB CT8JI8 ,[IOCT8TOQHO 060CHOB8HYR838JI, QTO H8pR,[Iy co CT8TI1CTI1ROH «OCIII1JIJIR-

TOPOB nonoro ,[Ipyr8R IIITeHH

rrpOCTp8HCTB8»

MOJRHOrOBOpl1Tb 0 CT8TI1CTI1Re CPOTOHOB. T8 3 CT8TI1CTI1R8 B03e. BCRope rrOCJIe 3Toro 3HH-

CT8TI1CTI1R8 11 eCTb

C,[IeJI8JI TO JRe ,[IJIR Q8CTI1l1 l1,[1e8JIbHOrO r838. 06

lI03TOMY 06bIQHOH

R 11 YR838JI, CT8TI1CTI1Re,

QTO MOJRHO T8RJRe 11 B 3TOM CJIYQ8e rOBOpl1Tb rrpl1MeHeHHoH BeTcTBYlOllIl1M

R BOJIHOBO-MeX8HI1QeCRI1M c06cTBeHHbIM ,[IBI1JReHl11OQ8CTI1l1 r838.

ROJIe68HI1RM, COOT-

B CBR311C BOJIHOBOHTOQROH 3peHI1R B 060l1x Mepe, BO acex «CJIYQ8RX B03e» B03HI1R8eT eme

CJIYQ8RX I1JII1, rro Rp8HHeH O,[lI1H I1HTepecHbIH aonpoc. OCIII1JIQI1C-

lIoCROJIbRY

B CJIYQ8e B03e

MbI, OQeBI1,[1HO,BCTpeQ8eMCR C rrpocTbIM ,[IJIR ROToporo

JIRTOPOM rrJI8HROBCRoro JIOM, MbI snpaae

'rnna,

ns

CJIYJRI1T RB8HTOBbIM ,[IJIR ti; He

CrrpOCI1Tb, He cnenyer

JII1 H8M BbI6p8Tb

uensre,

8 rrOJIYHeQeTHble 3H8QeHI1R

135 2' 2' 2'

Borrpoc JIorl1l1 3TOT, rro MoeMY C npem.myunoa 6blJl0 6bI

n+ 2'
BeCbM8

1
OTRpbITbIM. lIo 8H8-

MHeHI1IO, cnenyer

npnanarr,

JReJI8TeJIbHO OCT8HOBI1Tb BbI60p

Tnaea 7. IJp06JteMa n nacmuti

55

Ha rronYHeqeTHbIX qHCnaX, TaK KaK HyneBaR 3HeprHR rrnaHKOBCKoro oclIHnnRTOpa ~hll He 'rorrsxo BbITeKaeT H3 nenocpencr aenaoro nccnenoaaaaa KpHCTannHqeCKHX peIIleTOK, HO CBR3aHa HaCTonbKO TeCHO C COOTHOIIleHHeM neonpenenenaocrea reH3eH6epra, qTO 6bWO 6bI npaaae aexsena'rens ao paCCTaTbCR C HeH. C npyroii CTOPOHbI, rrpHHRB ee 6e30rOBOpOqHO, MbI rronanaexr B aarpynmrrem.noe rrOnOJReHHe,B oco6eHHOCTH rrpn paCCMOTpeHHH H3MeHeHHH 06'beMa (nanpaxrep, npn paCCMOTpeHHH a,n:Ha6aTHqeCKOrO CJRaTHRaanaaaoro 06'beMa qepHOrO H3nyqeHHR), TaK KaK B 3TOM npouecce npnpautenaa (6eCKOHeqHOH) ayneaoa 3HeprHH OKa3bIBalOTCR6eCKOHeqHO 60nbIIlHMH! IIo3TOMY MbI He npnnncsmaexr HyneBoH 3HeprHH ana-reane ~hll H npononzaaexr CQHTaTb ti; uem.nrn, HaQHHaR C nyna. Ilocne aroro orcrynnenna BepHeMCR K HaIIleH nporinexre. MbI He 6y,n:eM paCCMaTpHBaTb cnYQaH rpOTOHOB,OH cnHIIlKOM XOPOIIlOH3BeCTeH, H QHTaTenb rrerxo MOJReTrr03HaKOMHTbCRC HHM caxr. IIo3TOMY MbI socrrom.ayewca BblpaJReHHeM (7.22) [convecrno C (7.19)], onycxaa B HeM HeCYllleCTBeHHYlO p2dp COCTORHHH OT,n:enbHOH QaCTHlIbI C HMh 2 nynscora, neJRalllHM MeJR,n:yp H P dp. a = KHHeTHQeCKaR 3HeprHR OT,n:enbHOH QaCTHlIbI. m rrOCTORHHYlO 2• ::lTO naer mc

47r;

!f- -

Hcnom.aya 3TH BblpaJReHHR, npespautaexr CYMMbI (7.14), (7.15) H (7.16) B HHTerpanb1i npn 3TOM cpaay JRe BBO,n:HMnosctony 6e3pa3Mepnyio neperaenayro HHTerpHpOBaHHR

x=
TaK QTO narerpaasr

PV 2m = v2mkT'
napaxre'rpa

CBO,n:RTCR rpYHKlIHH onaoro K

C.

IIpH 3TOM

noaynaexr (7.24)

\)J =

k log Z = -nk log

CT

4:~k

(2mkT)3/2

!
00

log(l

Ce-

X2

)x2dx,

(7.25)

o (7.26)

56 Cpaay
me

CmamUCmU'leC1WH

mephWaU1WMU1W

cjJYHKlIHlO

rro ( HC'Ie3aeT. 3aMeTHM, nepatatuero HHe: 'ITO C noxrouuoo HHTerpHpOBaHHR 6bITb rro 'IaCTRM narerpaxa, CO-

(*

BH,LIHO, 'ITO

nepaoe

H3 3THX ypaBHeHHH

(onpenenmomee

KaK

)T

3/2)

asrpazaae'r

TOT cjJaKT, 'ITO 'IaCTHaR

rrpOH3BO,LIHaR OT \]I

JIOrapHcjJM, ,LIJIR\]I MomeT

rrOJIY'IeHO CJIe,LIYlOIlIee

asrpazae-

\]I =

k log Z = -nk log (+ 87r~k (2mkT)3/2 3h

J
o

00

!e
(

X4
x2

dx . T1

(7.27)

OTClO,LIa (HcrrOJIb3YR 3aMe'IaHHe CrrpaBe,LIJIHBOCTb

OTHOCHTeJIbHO

a\]l
a(

0)

JIerKO ,LIOKa3aTb

(7.26),

eCJIH ofipaaoaart,

U
CTOJIb me rrpOCTO MomeT 6bITb

= T2

a\]l

aT·

(7.28)

BbI'IHCJIeHO H ,LIaBJIeHHe

(7.29) 113 (7.24)

JIHilib H

(7.25)

cpaay

BH,LIHM, 'ITO (, (npa

a CJIe,LIOBaTeJIbHO,H \]I RBJIRlOTCR

cjJYHKlIHRMH OT

VT3/2

rrOCTORHHOM n). OTClO,LIa H H3 rrpe,LIbI,LIY3aKJIlO'IaeM, 'ITO

IlIHX ,LIBYX ypaBHeHHH

6e3 'rpyna

pV=

'1:u
3
Mem,LIy rrpO'IHM, (,LIJIRTerrJIOBOrO H3JIY'IeHHR

(7.30)
H B KJIaCCH'IeCKOH

HMeeT MeCTO B 060HX CJIY'IaRX, a TaKme, 'reopna

lUi

H,LIeaJIbHOrO O,LIHOaTOMHoro raaa 3TO 03Ha'IaeT, 'ITO

pV =

OTHOCHTeJIbHO O'IeHb BeJIHKO, TaK KaK B CJIy'Iae a B CJIy-

TerrJIOBOrO H3JIY'IeHHR 'Iae r-aaa -

rrpe,LICTaBJIReT C060H rrOJIHYlO aaepr ato,

TOJIbKO KHHeTH'IecKYlO).

113 (7.27)

BbITeKaeT

eme O,LIHO otiutee

COOTHOIIIeHHe:

\]I =
a TaK KaK 3TO 3KBHBaJIeHTHO

-nk log (

+ T'

pV

s--U T'

Tnaea 7. IJp06JteMa n nacmuti

TO

57

nkTlog(
,[IpyrHMH (EII(e CJIOBaMH, nkT O,[lHH npnwep acnovorarem.non

= U - TS

+ pV;
rrOTeHlIHaJIOM. BeJIHQHHbI, npnori-

log ( lIBJIlIeTClI TepMO,[lHHaMHqeCRHM MaTeMaTHQeCRoi1

peraromen

rpH3HQeCRHi1 CMbICJI! B TO me

caxroe spexra

3TO

06CTOlITeJIbCTBO, QTO HaIIlH

paccyacnenaa

He lIBJIlIlOTClI

rrpOCTbIM

HHeM rpH3HQeCROrO MeTO,[la llapBHHa 6blJl pasen

H <PayJIepa, TaR RaR

rron'rnepzanaer TO npnnoaseB rrOCJIe,[lHeM log z

k~.)

rJIABA

8 cJIYQal1

Ouenaa lflOPMYJI. Ilpenem.asre

q T06bI onpenena'rs
pa3JII1QHbIX 3HaQeHI1RX

I1CTI1HHOe 0lleHKY

noaeneane

BblpmK)J,eHHoro

raaa,

He06npn

XO)J,I1MO )J,aTb ql1CJIeHHYlO

)J,ByM onpenenennsnr

I1HTerpaJIaM

C.

YKa1KeM 06Il1I1i1

nnan aron npouenypsr.

IIpe1K)J,e

acero

113

(7.24), V 3/2/00 x2dx n;T 12 ' _eX =t= 1 o,

_ 41f(2mk)3/2 1h3

(8.1)

rrOJIYQaeM <PYHKlII10HaJIbHYlO

3aBI1CI1MOCTb Me1K)J,y

VT3/2 n
,Il,aJIee, 113

11.".

(8.2)

(7.26) 2U 3 nkT

11 (7.30)

rrOJIYQaeM:

pV nkT

(8.3)

Bsrpaaceane
ra30B,

B npaaon

QaCTI1 naer

HaM OTKJIOHeHl1e OT 06bIQHbIX

3aKOHOB

1160 B cJIYQae rrOCJIe)J,HI1XOHO paBHO e)J,I1Hl1l1e. ,Il,ei1cTBI1TeJIbHO, eCJII1

pa3)J,eJII1Tb rrOQJIeHHO

(8.3)

na

(8.1), 00 / o 00 / x dx
x2

2U 3 nkT

pV nkT

2 3

x dx !ex2 =t= 1 ,

(8.4)
2

o !e ,

=1

Tuaea

8. Oueuna

gJ0P.MYJL. Ilpede.u.uue
,n:JIROTHOIIleHI1R zrayx

CJLY'lau
I1HTerpaJIOB:

59

IIpl1

OqeHb MaJIOM ( noayuaexr

2·

(8.5)

IITaK, My

rrpn

OqeHb MaJIOM (

npnxonaxr

(B 060l1x

cnyxanx)

K KJIaCCl1qeCKO-

rrOBe,n:eHI1IO ((

TaKJRe HOCI1T Ha3BaHI1e napaxrerpa

BbIpOJR,n:eHI1R). 06a oanauaer, qTO

I1HTerpaJIa

rrpn 3TOM OqeHb MaJIbI, a 3TO, COrJIaCHO

(8.1),

OqeHb BeJII1KO.

3TO 3Haq11T: BbICOKl1e pe3YJIbTaT cnocotien

'rexmeparypsr,

HI13KI1e rrJIOTHOCTI1. IIoJIyqeHHbIH

B O,n:HO 11TO JRe BpeMR y,n:OBJIeTBOpI1Tb, paaovapoaart,

11y,n:I1BI1Tb. Y,n:OBJIeTBOpReT rrOTOMY, qTO npn BbICOKI1X 'rexrnepa'rypax 11 HI13KI1X

rrJIOTHOCTRX MbI ,n:OJIJRHbI rpl1HTI1 K KJIaCCl1qeCKOMY rrOBe,n:eHI1IO(rro apaar HeH Mepe, B cnyvae npo-nro E03e) ,n:JIR'roro, qT06bI He sc'rynn'rr, B npor-anopeuae rpaKTaMI1.

CO CTapbIMI1,

YCTaHOBJIeHHbIMI1 3KCrrepl1MeHTaJIbHbIMI1 1160 ,n:JIRrrOJIyqeHI1R 3aMeTHbIX

Pa30qapOBbIBaeT,

OTKJIOHeHI1H neorixoqTO BaHBbIPOJR-

,n:I1MbI CTOJIb BbICOKl1e rrJIOTHOCTI1 11 CTOJIb HI13KI1e TeMrrepaTypbI, nep-saanscoast ,n:eHI1R, rrpl1QeM rronpaaan CJII1BalOTCR C B03MOJRHbIMI1 3rprpeKTaMI1 B03MOJRHOCTI1 pa3,n:eJIeHI1R 060l1x

rrepcnerrrnasr

3rprpeKToB

BeCbMa COMHI1TeJIbHbI. Y,n:I1BI1TeJIbHbIM RBJIReTCR e,n:I1Hl1l1eHMHOJRI1TeJIb TO, QTO «HOBaR CTaTI1CTI1Ka», 3aMeHRIOIlIaR

n! n1! n2! ... ns!···

(KOTOpbIH B «CTapOH CTaTI1CTI1Ke» OQeHb BeJII1K, 113TO ee xapaxrepaaa ra), rrpnaozrar K TOMy JRe pe3YJIbTaTY, QTO 11 crapaa (aroro eme -repMOJRHO

6bIJIO, rrOJRaJIYH, OJRI1,n:aTbnpn rrpl16JII1JRaeTCR K enmnme]. Pa3peIIleHI1e aroro

T -+ 0,

xorzta

MHOJRI1TeJIb B CTapOH TeOp1111

napanoxca

3aKJIIOQaeTCR B TOM, QTO 3TOT MHOJRI1KJIaCCI1QeCKYIO CTaTI1CTI1KY K KBaHHe e,n:I1Hl1l1e,a

TeJIb, eCJII1 BbIQI1CJIRTb ero, TOBbIM ypOBHRM

npnraenna

OT,n:eJIbHbIX QaCTI1I1, pasea

n!. B

3TOM eme

60
pe

Cmamucmunecuasi

mep.M08Ulla.MU1W

«HeT 6e,n:bD>, rrOCROJIbRY OH rrOCTOflHeH (B qeM 3aRJIIOqaeTCfI «6e,n:a» MbI BCROYBH,n:HM). llpyrHMH CJIOBaMH,

rrpn

BbICORHX

'rexrnepar'ypax
HJIH

H HH3RHX naqHCH3

rrJIOTHOCTfiX RBaHTOBble f1qeHRH CTOJIb MHOrOqHCJIeHHbI, qTO B me B «HaH60JIee HaCeJIeHHblX» 06JIaCTflX, JIa ORa3bIBaeTCfI HHX), aaanron. qHCJIa ti; JIHIIIb

1 10000

cpezmera, 1 100000 HX

JIH60 ennamte,

JIH60, B OqeHb 'roro, no-rexry,

paaasr peztxnx

JIH60 HyJIIO (60JIbIIIHHCTBO cny-raax,

,n:ByM. B 3TOM H aaHCRJIIOqaeTCfI JIH

RJIIOqaeTCfI nocnennaa

npnnaaa

He3aBHCHMO OT 'roro,

B03MomHOCTb

BOBce (<PepMH -llHpaR), nee

HJIH me eH

npnnacsraaereIO ace paBHO

CfI 3HaqHTeJIbHbIH MomHO

cTaTHCTHqeCRHH

(E03e-SHHIIITeHH),

npeneripe-n.. Bsnuenpnaeneanoe
rrouapennaerca
,n:JIfi cpennero

y rnepautenae

OTHOCHTeJIbHO qHCeJI HarroMHHM BbI-

3arrOJIHeHHfI

CJIe,n:YIOIlIHMH paccym,n:eHHflMH.

pazaenue

qHCJIa 3arrOJIHeHHfI

ns (7.16):

ns =

--=---!eIU>:s

=t=1
orrYCTHTb

(8.6)
=t=1 H
nony-nrrt,

IIOCROJIbRY el"D:s

> 1,

TO ,n:JIfi (

«1

MbI MomeM
:::; (,

ns =
o rayna HaIIIe

(e-MD:s

cpaay

MomHO BH,n:eTb, qTO EOJIee 'roro,

ns

1 npn (

1,

qTO ,n:ORa3bIBaeT

y raepzanenae.

rrOCROJIbRY B «,n:eHcTBHTeJIbHO HaH60JIee YCJIOBHeM tux;

HaCeJIeHHOH» 06JIaCTH, HMeeT ace eme qTO

ortpenenaexroa

= ~; ;:::; 1,

3RcrrOHeHTa

rtopanox

e,n:HHHllbI (HO He MeHbIIIe),

MbI MomeM YTBepm,n:aTb,

(8.7)
naer rrpaBHJIbHbIH 06JIaCTH. IIpoBepHM HOCTH. (BblIIIe OTBeT fI

nopanox BeJIHqHHbI TaRme H BO BceH HHTepecYIOIlIeH Hac 'reneps , HaCROJIbRO3Ta BeJIHqHHa MaJIa B ,n:eHCTBHTeJIb1 yTBepm,n:aJI, qTO OHa COCTaBJIfieT OROJIO10 HJIH 100 000')

too

aa 3TOT

aonpoc

JIerRO nony-nrrt,

H3

(8.1):

a a'r er pana

3HaqeHHe

HJIH

1 (

27rmkT)3/2 h2

V n:

(8.8)

Tiuiea

8. Oueuna

gJ0P.MYJL. Ilpede.u.uue

CJLY'lau
ero rrpn

61 HOPM8JIb113

CJIe).1yeT OJKI1).18Tb, 'ITO 3TO 'II1CJIO BeJII1KO. BbI'Il1CJII1M HbIX YCJIOBI1RX 0).1H08TOMHbIX log 21f 10gmH log mHe mH logk log273,16
(ODe

11 0).1H8
B3RB

arraoctpepa)

).1JIR

reJII1R,

H81160JIee JIerKOrO

r830B,

).1JIR

y).106CTB8 1 MOJIb:

= 0,79818 = 0,22337 = 0,60206 = 0,14003 = 2,43642

0,20006 0,64226 0,55780 0,27890 0,83670

24

logh logh2

0,82113 0,64226 4,35054

27 53

16 36 53

logY logn

= 23,77973
0,570810,83670 5,40751 255570

+ 16 +8 + 24
x 10-24 x 10-16 x 10-27 x 104 X 1023

+ 24

20

IIp11Me'I8Hl1e: mH

= 1,6725 = 3,9716 = 1,3805 = 6,6242

n
CJIe).10B8TeJIbHO,

= 2,2415 = 6,0228

npn

3TI1X yCJIOBI1RX,

"( = 255570.
38rrOJIHeHI1e 6Y).1eT OCT8B8TbCR Kp8HHe 11 3H8'II1TeJIbHO C8Moe 06'beM8 BpeMR, 60JIee

(8.9)

pe).1KI1M ).18JKe rrpn CI1JIbHOM CJK8TI111 [CM. (8.7) 11

HI13KOH 'rexmeparype

(8.8W.

B TO JKe

0).1H8KO, MOJKHO rr0).1C'II1T8Tb,

'ITO eCJII1 6bI CJK8TI1e ).10 1~0

11 OXJI8JK).1eHl1e B 100 p83 (T. e. ).10 2

73 K)
D

MOrJII1 6bITb 1

ocyutec'rn-

JIeHbI 6e3 CJKI1JKeHI1R, TO MHOJKI1TeJIb P8BHRJICR 6bI 100 000' 6bI 06JI8CTI1, B KOTOPOH ( nepec'raer
1CJIel1yeT HeHHR 38MeTHTb,

11 MbI ).10CTl1rJII1 T8KI1M 06P830M,

38nOJI-

6bITb

«O'IeHb M8JIbIM».
3THX

'no

OTHOCHTeJIbH8R BeJIHK8, 8

CPJIyKTy8l1HR HMeHHO -

He60JIbIIIHX

'mceJI

ns '" (

HCKJII04HTeJIbHO

0,

'"

500

HJIH

50000 %.

62
06JIaCTb 3aMeTHOrO

Cmnmucmuuecnan
BblpOJR)J,eHHR raaa

mep.uoduuascuna
6e3YCJIOBHO HaXO)J,HTCRB npezienax

B03MOJRHOCTeH onsrra,

O)J,HaKO 3TH 3<p<peKTbI BblpOJR)J,eHHR (KaK R YJRe CKa-

3aJI) HeOT,LIeJIHMbI OT BaH-,LIep-BaaJIbCOBbIX nonpaaon. IIoCTORHH8R 3HTpOmiR. YpaBHeHHe

(8.8)

HaXO)J,HTce6e TaKJRe npn-

Moe H BaJRHOe npaarnuecxoe

npnxrenenne.

OHO HCrrOJIb3yeTcR )J,JIR BblqHCJIeHJIH XHMHqeCKOH rrOCTORHHOH, pac-

HHR TaK Ha3bIBaeMOH rrOCTORHHOH3HTporrHH HJIH JRe, 60JIee KOHKpeTHO, )J,JIR CMaTpHBaeMoro naer

rrOJIyqeHHR <P0PMYJIbI ,LIaBJIeHHR rrapa, IIpH

KaK H)J,eaJIbHbIH raa. pe3YJIbTaT (rorna

3TOM TOT <paKT, qTO ypaaaenne rrpHBO,LIHT

rrpaBHJIbHbIH

KaK KJIaCCHqeCKaR reopna

K qHCTOH 6eCCMbICJIHlIe), RBJIReTCR 3peHHR. BcrrOMHHM,

rrpRMbIM

rrO)J,TBepJR)J,eHHeM HOBOH TOqKH

qTO MbI rrOJIyqHJIH: TepMo)J,HHaMHqeCKHH rrOTeHIIHaJI

nkT log ( =
orxyna

= U - TS

+ p V,

(8.10)

3HTporrHR

1 U + pV 1 5 S = nk log"( + T = nk log"( + 'ink.

[TaKHM 06pa30M, OKa3bIBaeTCR, qTO B

(8.11)
BblqHCJIHJIH qT06bI 06Il1He

(8.9)

MbI

BHpTyaJIbHO

3HTporrHIO;

HMeHHO rr03TOMY MbI BblqHCJIHJIH ee TOqHO, BMeCTO 'roro, npocron ee oueaaon.]

OrpaHHqHTbCR

Tenept,

JRe Hac HHTepeCYIOT

COOTHOIIIeHHR H, rrOJIb3YRCb

(8.8),

nonynaexr

(8.12)
IIpeJR,LIe acero pa3YMHbIM MHOJRHTeJIb otipauraexr OT BHHMaHHe na TO, qTO 3TO BblpaJReHHe 3aBHCHT

06pa30M

n;

rrpn

rrOMHOJReHHH

na

HeKOTopbIH

B03paCTaeT

BO CTOJIbKO JRe paa, 3TO 3aMeqaHHe

MOJReT noaarJIaBHOe KaK MbI

3aTbCR TpHBHaJIbHbIM, anaaenne)

O)J,HaKO(B 3TOM KaK paa H 3aKJIIOqaeTCR ero KJIaCCHqeCKaR TOqKa 3peHHR,

HMeHHO B 3TOM nynxre <pHaCKO. xaparvrep

yBH,LIHM, 'reprnrr OTMeTHB

pa3YMHbIH

rrOJIyqeHHOH 3aBHCHMOCTH, nepefinexr B 3TOM cnyxae

K paCCMOTpeHHIO O,LIHOHrpaMMOJIeKYJIbI; rrOCTORHHaR). IIOMHOJRHM apr'yxiear BeTCTBYIOIlIYIO nonpanay

nk = R

rrepsoro

JIOrapH<pMa na

(ra30BaR

(BHOCR COOT-

B rrOCTORHHYIO) H BOCrrOJIb3yeMcR COOTHOIIIeHHeM

V nk

V R

P'

Tiuiea

8. Oueuna

gJ0P.MYJL. Ilpede.u.uue

CJLY'lau
napa,

63
R ROTOPOMY a 0 )J,aBJIe-

TaR RaR B ::nOH CBfl311 (a I1MeHHO, B cnyxae MbI CeHqaC nepeanexr) HI1I1. 'I'orna 60JIee

nacsnuenaoro

npnasrsno

rOBOpl1Tb He 06 06'beMe,

S = -RIogp
ECJII1 113MepflTb TenJIY

+ ~RIogT + Rlog

(2Jrm )3/2 k5/2 h3

+ ~R.
BeJIl1ql1HY

B RaJI/rpa)J,

11 npl1paBHflTb

nOJIyqeHHYID

Ap,

He06xo)J,I1MOMY )J,JIfi I1CnapeHI1f1 (sra pa3)J,eJIeHHOMY na

BeJIl1ql1Ha 6epeTCfI

113 3RC-

nepajzeara}",

T: (8.13)

TO noxynaera .rexmeparyp MOJRHO

3HaMeHI1TYID !fJ0PMYJIY CaRRYP - TeTpO)J,e, cnpaBe)J,JII1ByID )J,JIfi CTOJIb HI13RI1X, qTO 3HTpOnl1eH ROH)J,eHCl1pOBaHHoro COCTOflHI1f1 IIepeXO)J,I1M R 06JIaCTI1 60JIee 6bITb BbICORI1X 'rexmeparyp,

npeuefipe-u..

rzte 3Ta !fJ0pMYJIa nepec raer e'r BeCTI1 ceria

cnpaBe)J,JII1BOH, nOCROJIbRY r-aa nepecraB03HI1RaIDIlII1X BpaIlleHI1H XO)J,TenTenJIO-

RaR «o)J,HoaToMHbIH» B pe3YJIbTaTe

11 ROJIe6aHI1H. IIpOCJIe)J,I1M TeOpeTI1QeCRI1 I1JII1 3RCnepl1MeHTaJIbHO JIOeMROCTeH RaR rasa,

TaR 11 ROH)J,eHCl1pOBaHHoro COCTOflHI1f1. 3TI1 ace

eMROCTI1 xapaRTepl13YIDT

)J,aJIbHeHIIIl1e 113MeHeHI1f1 cooTBeTcTBYIDIlII1X

3HTpOnl1H 11TenJIOT I1CnapeHI1f1. Bce 3TO OTHOCI1TCfI R RJIaCCI1QeCROH 'repxro)J,I1HaMI1Re, 113ROTOPOH XOPOllIO 113BeCTHO,RaRI1M 06pa30M aart., I1CXO)J,f1 113 )J,aBJIeHI1H napa, MOJRHOnpencaa-

JIID6bIe XI1MI1QeCRl1e paBHOBeCI1f1, BRJIIDMOMeHTOM f1BI1JIOCbanecs r-asa. 3Ta rrocroaaaaa HaXOJR3aBI1CI1T 3TI1 pas-

QaIDIlIl1e ra30BYID

!fJa3Y. CYIllecTBeHHbIM

)J,eHl1e 3HaQeHI1f1 nocroaanon

)J,JIfi JIID60ro

TOJIbRO OT MaCCbI QaCTl1l1bI, QTO ztaer )J,I1MOCTI1 onsrrnoro TenJIOTa 3YMeeTcfI,

B03MOJRHOCTb npencxaaart, 113MepeHI1H (6e3

HOBeCI1f1113 QI1CTOTenJIOBbIX I1JII13HepreTI1QeCRI1X

aeofixopa-

oCYIlleCTBJIeHI1f1 XOTfi 6bI onaoro 3a)J,aHHoH 'rexmepa'rype CBO)J,f1Il1erOCfI,BnpOQeM, 06f13aTeJIbHOrO

paBHOBeCI1f1). )J,OJIJRHa 6bITb, JIl1llIb

I1CnapeHI1f1 npn

B3f1Ta 113

onsrra,

R 113MepeHI11O

pa3HOCTI1 aaeprna, TI1MOrO rrepexozta. 60H 'rexmepa'rype C nOMOIllbID 6bITb

QTO He .rperiyer 3Ta

OCYIlleCTBJIeHI1f1 oripanOJIYQeHa npn JIID-

pa3HOCTb aaeprna nepecmrrana

MOJReT 6bITb na JIID6YID

11 3aTeM

zrpyryto

TeMnepaTYPY

)J,aHHbIX, nOJIYQaeMbIX

113 TenJIOBbIX

113MepeHI1H; OHa MOJReT B3PbI-

nOJIYQeHa RaRI1M yrO)J,HO crrocotioxr, RaJIOpl1MeTpa;

B TOM QI1CJIe, nanpnraep,

BOM B 60M6e

ee MOJRHOOlleHI1Tb )J,aJReTeOpeTI1QeCRI1 113JIIDncrtapertnn. Coo6I11a-

llIH)1eRC P YRa3bIBaeT, ejvroe TerrJIO BRJII04aeT

'ITO P OCTaeTCH rrOCTOHHHbIM B npouecce ROTopaH H)1eT aa pa60TY

TaRJRe H 'ry 4acTb,

pV( = RT), coaep-

tuaer-ryro npn ncnapeaxa.

64

Cmamucmunecuasi

mep.M08Ulla.MU1W

ObIX I1MelOIlII1XCfI B pacnopazaeaan MbI B KpI1CTaJIJIJ1l-IeCKOH peurerxe TeJIa) • CJIe)J,yeT, O)J,HaKO,npenocrepe-n.

)J,aHHbIX 0 CI1JIaX, Y)J,epJKI1BalOIlII1X aTO(paCCMaTpI1BaeMOrO KOH)J,eHCl1pOBaHHOrO

OT O)J,HOH B03MOJKHOH OWI10KI1. B ca'rex HI13KI1X 'rexrneparypanna

MOM )J,eJIe,Ka3aJIOCb ObI, MOJKHOCKa3aTb TaK: «npn pax, 0 KOTOPbIX MbI rOBOpI1M, aneprna

TBep)J,OH rpa3bI rrpaKTl1'IeCKI1

HyJIlO, 11rrap Be)J,eT ceria KaK l1)J,eaJIbHbIH (HeBbIpOJK)J,eHHbIH) O)J,HoaTOMHbIH raa, TaK 'ITO ero aneprna panna ~ RT 11TerrJIOTa I1CrrapeHI1f1 panna, cnezto-

BaTeJIbHO,

2RT

+ RT

5 = 2RT.
BPfl)J, JII1 rrOpO'Il1T rrOCJIe)J,HlOlO.,UeJIO3aKJIlO'Ia'ITO aneprna rrapa KOH)J,eHCl1pOBaHHOH rpa3bI panna panna ~ RT, MbI nom.ayexrca 'roro, paa-

3TO ObIJIO ObI, O)J,HaKO, OWI10KOH, CBfl3aHHOH C YCTaHOBI1BweHCfI 'repMI1HOJIOrl1eH, 'ITO, anpovexr, eTCfI B CJIe)J,YlOIlIeM. fOBOPfl, HYJIlO\ I1JII1 roaopn,

'ITO aaeprna

JIl1'IHbIMI1 HYJIeBbIMI1 ypOBHflMI1

aneprnn.

MbI He Y'Il1TbIBaeM

'ITO 'Iac-

Tl1l1bI raaa )J,OJIJKHbI ObIJII1 BbICBOOO)J,I1TbCfI 13crpep B3al1MHOrO rrpI1TflJKeHI1f1. 1 3TO 'ra 'IaCTb TerrJIOTbI I1CrrapeHI1f1, KOTopafl, pa3YMeeTCfI, He MOJKeT ObITb

rrOJIY'IeHa 113 KaKOH-JII100 oOIlleH 'reopna.

Kpax
BKpaTlle BepxHocTHOM MbIM

KJIaCCHt.IeCKOH TeopHH.
paccr-ro'rpenaa ,UJIfi aroro npnaona r,

Ilapanoac

rHOoca.

IIpl1Be)J,eM

cooTBeTcTBYlOIlIl1e

KJIaCCl1'IeCKl1e paccyacnenaa,

KOTopbIe rrpn rro-

Ka3aJIOCb ObI, rrO'ITI1 K TeM JKe ca'IeTna-

pe3YJIbTaTaM.

)J,OCTaTO'IHOrrOBTOpl1Tb paccyxuteuaa TaM

BepTOH rJIaBbI, weH uensro

OTHOCflIlIl1eCfI K CBOOO)J,HOH MaTepl1aJIbHOH TO'IKe.

flBJIflJIOCb rrOJIY'IeHl1e 3JIeMeHTapHbIx B Ka'IeCTBe MepbI

KJIaCCl1'IeCKI1X peayns'ra-

TOB )J,JIfi l1)J,eaJIbHOrO raaa;

'Il1CJIa KBaHTOBbIX COCTOflHI1H

MbI opaJII1 caM rpa30BbIH OO'beM 11BOBce He OlleHI1BaJII1 a)J,)J,I1TI1BHylOrrOCTOaanyro B log

Z.

BBO)J,fI 'reneps

MHOJKI1TeJIb, rrOJIY'IaeM )J,JIfiCTaTI1CTl1'IeCKOH

CYMMbI oT)J,eJIbHOH MaTepl1aJIbHOH TO'IKI1:

ZOTI1

= ~ (2mkT)3/2

!!!
+00 -00

e-(e"+ry2+(2)

de dry ac

= ~(27rmkT)3/2,

( V1i')3 \)J OTI1 =

log ZOTI1

=k
YJKe

log

3k + 2 log
no ce6e He

+ k log (27rmk)3/2 ----,;:xTO '-IHO , TaK KaK B

(8.14)
Kpl1CTaJIJIe

laTO, I1MeJOTCR

KCTaTI1

roaopa,

caxro

BnOJIHe

3Ha'-!I1TeJIbHble

KOJIe6aHI1R

B HYJIeBOH

TO'-!Ke.

DWBa 8. Oueuna

ifjop.tnYJt. Ilpedensnue
TO'leK,

c.upuu:
raa,

65
MbI IIOJIY-

CJIe,LIOBaTeJIbHO, ,LIJIRn MaTepHaJIbHbIX 'IHM

o6pa3YIOIIIHx

(B COrJIaCHH C YCTaHOBJIeHHbIMH TaM HeCOMHeHHbIMH IIpHHIIHIIaMH):

\jJ r'aa

= nk

log

3nk + -2- log

+ nk

log

(27rmk)
~

3/2

(8.15)

,UaJIee, COBepIIleHHO 061I1HM o6pa30M, CJIY'Iae

\jJ

-!!_

T'

a TaK

KaK

B HaIIleM

U = ~nkT,
= nk

TO:

s-:
Hoe C TeM,

log

3nk + -2- log

+ nk

log

(27rmk)3/2
~

3 + 'ink.

(8.16)

YKaJKeM cpaay

aa O,LIHO MorYlIlee

B03HHKHYTb

JIOJKHOeB03paJKeHHe, CBR3aHCTpeMHTCR K -00, a He K HY-

'ITO IIpH

T -+ 0

3TO

asrpaateaae na

JIIO. 3TO B03paJKeHHe

CTOJIb JKe MaJIO 060CHOBaHO, KaK H B CJIY'Iae CIIpaBe,LIJIHBOCTb IIpH O'leHb

(8.12).
HH3KHX IIpH

Bsrparaeane
'rexrnepa'rypax,

(8.16)

He IIpeTeH,LIyeT

TaK KaK IIPOCTOiI IIO,LIC'IeT 'IHCJIa KBaHTOBbIX ypoaaea

3TOM YJKe He,LIOCTaTO'leH. HaIIpOTHB, aaexraa

MbI y6e,LIHJIHCb B TOM, 'ITO paCCMaTpH-

«60JIbIlMaHOBCKaR» TO'lKa 3peHHR TO'lHO TaK JKe, KaK H 60JIee HOBbliI

B3rJIR,LI, IIPHBO,LIHT K CBOH HH3IIlHe

S =0

IIpH

T -+ 0,

KOr,LIa ace 'IaCTHlIbI

OIIYCKalOTCR na

COCTORHHR. ,UeiICTBHTeJIbHO,

n!
oripauiaerca B HYJIb. IIO,LIJIHHHbIM He,LIOCTaTKOM BblpaJKeHHR IIleHHO HeIIpHrO,LIHbIM, HeCMOTpR B 3TOM CJIY'Iae B e,LIHHHIIY, a JIOrapHlpM 3TOiI

(8.17)
BeJIH'IHHbI -

(8.16),

,LIeJIalOlIIHM ero

COBep-

na

60JIbIIlOe

CXO,LICTBO C

(8.12),

RBJIReTCR He OHa

TO, 'ITO OHO ,LIaeT HeIIpaBHJIbHYIO Y,LIBaHBaeTCR, KOr,LIa

3aBHCHMOCTb OT

V.

IIocToRHHaR

YBeJIH'IHBaIOTCR

B,LIBoe. IIbITaRcb

TO JKe BpeMR

Y,LIBaHBaeTCR IIpH Y,LIBOeHHH O,LIHOrOJIHIIlb pazaenne, napa, KaK panee,

n,

IIpHMeHHTb

3TO BbI,LIaBJIeHHe

,LIJIRIIOJIY'IeHHR QlOPMYJIbI, OIIpe,LIeJIRlOlIleiI pe3YJIbTaTY:

MbI IIPHIIlJIH 6bI

6bI K OIIleJIOMJIRlOlIleMY 3Ha'leHHR

MbI He TOJIbKO He MbI ero He

IIOJIY'IHJIH

IIpaBHJIbHOrO

,LIJIR,LIaBJIeHHR napa

IIOJIY'IHJIH 6bI BOBce! ,UeiICTBHTeJIbHO, IIYCTb TeIIJIOTa HCIIapeHHR, lIIaRCR

IIPHXO,LIR-

aa

O,LIHY'IaCTHIIY,

panna A

H IIYCTb

(8.16)

paBHO

nA. T'

66

CmamUCmU'leC7WR

mepMOaU71aMU7W

TOr,LIa MbI MOJKeM nOBClO,LIY COKpaTHTb (npn 3a,LIaHHOHTeMnepaType)

n,

B pe3YJIbTaTe aero

'Iero

nOJIY'IHTClI

He ,LIaBJIeHHenapa,

061,eM, a6COJIlOTHbIH 'IacTHII, 06pa3YlOIlIHx

061,eM napa, nap.

He 3aBHClIIlIHH OT 'roro,

KaKOBO 'IHCJIO

3a,LIaHHbIH TaKHM 06pa30M

«npaBHJIbHbIH» 061,eM MOJKeT ncnapurt.ca CKOH,LIeHCHpOBaTbClIH3 061,paBHOBeCHe He 6Y,LIeT

JIlO60e KOJIH'IeCTBO JKH,LIKOCTH HJIH, Ha060poT, er-ra B JKH,LIKOCTbJIlO60e KOJIH'IeCTBO napa,

npH'IeM

aapyurarr.ca!
IIpoH3BO,LI1I cpannenne BblpaJKeHHH

(8.12)

(8.16),

YCTaHaBJIHBaeM,

'ITO JIHWHHH a,LI,LIHTHBHbIH'IJIeH B nOCJIe,LIHeMH3 HHX HMeeT BH,LI:

nk

log

n - nk = kn(logn

-1)

=k

log

n!.
norapndn«

(8.18)
'IHCJIa neJIH60

HCHO, 'ITO 3TO He 'ITO nnoe, peCTaHOBOK JIH60

KaK YMHOJKeHHbIH aa rrpn

(8.17),

nOJIY'IaeMOrO

YCJIOBHH, 'ITO ace

ns paaasr

0,

1.

3TO nOKa3bIBaeT,

'ITO «HOBalI CTaTHCTHKa» He nOBTOplIeT 3Ty

OWH6KH

CTapOH HJIH, eCJIH yrO,LIHO, HCnpaBJIlIeT HMeHHO -

OWH6KY, ,LIeJIalI BaJKHbIH war, 3TOT MHO'ITO

OTKa3bIBalICb nO,LIC'IHTbIBaTb nepeCTaHOBKH H nonaraa e,LIHHHlIe. (Ha CTp.

JKHTeJIb BCer,LIa paBHbIM nop'rtrr ypaaaenaa

56

MbI ynOMlIHYJIH, YKa3aTb,

n!

He

COCTOlIHHlI H T. ,LI., H 06eIllaJIH

B 'IeM

HMeHHO

3aKJIlO'IalOTClI

BHOCHMble HM HeY,LI06cTBa.) TaKJKe H aa

CJIe,LIyeT YKa3aTb paccxrarpnaaeraoro

neao'ropsre

npyrne

sonpoca,

HaJIH'IHe

H3JIHWHerO 'IJIeHa

narepecasre (8.18)

CTOPOHbI npHBO,LIHT He npoHe

K TOMY, 'ITO eCJIH, CKaJKeM, COe,LIHHHTb ,LIBe rpaMMOJIeKYJIbI H3BO,LI1IC HHMH HHKaKHX B ,LIBa paaa, npyr nx onepauna, TO 3HTpOnHlI

raaa,

B03paCTaeT

a HeCKOJIbKO 60JIee.

3TO ,LI06aBO'lHOe YBeJIH'IeHHe,

KaK JIerKO

y6e,LIHTbClI, paaao

2R log 2.

3TO 06CTOlITeJIbCTBO O'leHb HHTepeCHO, H60 ,LIOpaBHO B TO'lHOCTH YBeJIH'IeHHlO 3HTponHH XHMH'IeCKH He pea-

6aBO'lHOe YBeJIH'IeHHe 3HTponHH

rrpn COe,LIHHeHHH,LIByX rpaMMOJIeKYJI ,LIByX pa3JIH'IHbIX, rHpYlOIlIHX ra30B, oCYIlleCTBJIlIeMOM

nYTeM y,LIaJIeHHlI pa3,L1eJIlIlOIlIeH HX ne-

perOpO,LIKH. IIpH

3TOM C Te'leHHeM

BpeMeHH npOHCXO,LIHT,LIHQ:JQ:JY3HlI, KaK H, KaJK,LIOrO H3 ra30B 6Y,LIeT 'raaono, KaK eCJIH

H3BecTHo, YBeJIH'IeHHe 3HTponHH 6bI KaJK,LIbIH H3 ra30B

y,LIBaHBaJI 061,eM. nOKa3aJI, 'ITO 3TO npHBO,LIHT K napa,LIOKCY, COCTOlIIlIeB03paCTaHHe 3HTponHH He ,LIOJIJKHO npHHHMaTbClI BO

B. fH66c

snepaste

My B TOM, 'ITO 'raxoe

BHHMaHHe B TOM CJIY'lae, KOr,LIa 06e rpaMM-MOJIeKYJIbI

lIBJIlIlOTClI rpaMM-Mo-

JIeKYJIaMH O,LIHOrO 'ror'o JKe raaa, XOTII (cOrJIaCHO HaHBHbIM ra30KHHeTH'IeCH KHM B3rJIlI,LIaM) ,LIHQ:JQ:JY3HlI npOHCXO,LIHTTaKJKe H B 3TOM cay sae, He3aMeTHbIM COBpeMeHHalI ,LIJIlI Hac 06pa30M, TO'lKa 3peHHlI TaK KaK ace 'IaCTHlIbI aroro ra30B snponexr,

paaaoueama. B TOM,

HaXO,LIHTpaapeurenne

rrapanoxca

I'uiea

8. Oueuna POPMY.lt. Ilpede.u.nue

c.upcau

67

'ITO BO BTOPOM CJIY'Iae peani.aaa B3aHM03aMeHa eM KH.

):llfQlQlY3HlI He HMeeT MeCTa, rrOCKOJIbKY peaJIbHblM C06bITH-

TOJK,[(eCTBeHHbIX 'IaCTHLI He lIBJIlIeTClI

B rrpOTHBHOM CJIY'Iae Mbl ,[(OJIJKHbl blJIH 6bl Y'IeCTb ero CTaTHCTH'IeC6

Bcerna

C'IHTaJIOCb, 'ITO napanoxc

rH66ca

TaHT B ce6e rJIy60KHti

CMbICJI,

O,[(HaKOTO, 'ITO OH OKa3bIBaeTClI TeCHO CB1I3aHHblM C 'IeM-TO 'Ipe3Bbl'IatiHo BaJKHblM H COBepIIleHHO HOBbIM, ezraa JIH MOJKHO6blJIO npenannert.. IIocJIe JKeJIe3Ho,[(opOJKHotiKaTaCTpOQlbl, noznapa HJIH npyroro ro 6e,[lCTBHlI acerzta rrpHHlITO aanaaarr. aonpoc: rrO,[l06HO-

KaK 3TO MOrJIO CJIY'IHTbClI? MO,[leJIblO rasa,

KaK MOrJIO CJIY'IHTbClI, 'ITO, ,[IaJKe rrOJIb3YlICb neaepnon Mbl rrpHIIlJIH K Hea,[(,[(HTHBHOMYpe3YJIbTaTY HHM, 'ITO, pa3BHBalI HaIIlY 'reopmo

(8.16)

,[(JIlI 3HTporrHH?

BcnoxrMbl npn-

COBepIIleHHO 061J:1HM 06pa30M, 'IT06bl

HlIJIH ace Mepbl rrpe,[(OCTOpOJKHOCTH ,[IJIlI 'roro, 'IeCKoti crporo

JIOrapHQlM CTaTHCTH-

CYMMbl H, CJIe,[(OBaTeJIbHO, ace TepMO,[(HHaMH'IeCKHe QlYHKLlHH 6blJIH a,[(,[(HTHBHbIMH. )laJKe caxra QlOpMYJIa, npnaenuraa Hac K KaTaCTpona

rpe, 6blJIa BblBe,[leHa H3 log ZOTI1 rrpOCTblM YMHOJKeHHeM ero OHa MOJKeT He 6blTb B3rJIlIHYB nponopuaoaam.aoa

n.

KaK JKe

n? n,
0,[1eCJIH Mbl Y,[IBOHM 'reneps ,[I03BOJIeHHble KBaHTOBble

na nee, BH,[(HM, 'ITO OHa, KOHe'IHO, nponopuaonam.aa qTO nponaoaner,

HaKO rrpn rrOCTOlIHHOM06'beMe! TaKJKe H 06'beM?

Msr

HerrpOH3BOJIbHO H3MeHlIeM

COCTOlIHHlI OT,[(eJIbHoti 'IaCTHLlbl, Bceti IIlKaJIbl aaeprnn.

H60 Mbl Y,[IBaHBaeM HX rrJIOTHOCTb B,[IOJIb

Ho B HaIIlHX 061J:1HX paCCYJK,[(eHHlIX, C rrOMOlJ:lblOKO-

TOPblX Mbl ,[(OKa3aJIH, 'ITO rrpn coe,[(HHeHHH ,[IBYX CHCTeM BblMH ypOBHlIMH am H

13k)

B
H

(c KBaHTO-

HX TepMO,[lHHaMH'IeCKHe QlYHKLlHH OKa3blBalOTClI 'ITO CaMH am

a,[(,[(HTHBHbIMH, Mbl MOJI'IaJIHBO npennonaraan, HlIlOTClI npn

13k

He H3Me-

3TOM coe,[(HHeHHH H 'ITO rr03TOMY coaoayrmaa

CHCTeMa HMeeT

KBaHTOBble ypOBHH Cl 3TO 06'blICHlIeT

am

+ 13k.
B HOBOti 'reopna 3TO csoeoripaacoenn-

rrpH'IHHY HeY,[Ia'IH. IIpaB,[Ia,

Hoe H3MeHeHHe ypoaaea,

OTHOClIlJ:IHXClIK OT,[(eJIbHoti 'IaCTHLle (npa H 'ror'o JKe

HeHHH ,[(BYX 06'beMOB onnoro anecs

raaa)

TaKJKe HMeeT MeCTO. O,[lHaKO npenc raa-

OT,[(eJIbHble ypOBHH lIBJIlIlOTClI JIHIIlb BcrrOMOraTeJIbHblMH 0603Ha'IeHHlI 'roro, 'IT06bl ypoaaea raaa.

JIeHHlIMH, Y,[I06HbIM cnocorioxr rrOCJIe,[lHHX,TO XOTII Tpe60BaHHe

qTO KaCaeTClI CHCTeMbl

ypOBHH cosoaynaoa

rrOJIY'IaJIHCb a,[(,[(HTHBHOH3 ypoaaea

COCTaBHblX 'IaCTeti 06pa30Ml, ...

BO BceB03MOJKHblX HO ace JKe, O'IeBH,[I-

KOM6HHaLlHlIX, BbIIIOJIHlIeTClI H He CTporHM

IBce KOMOHHal1HH RBJIRIOTCR, coaoxynnoc'rn nI, ypOBHRMH TaK KaK

n2, ... , ns,

coaoaynaojt

C coaoxynnoc'rt.ro CHCTeMbI. KpOMe

n~, n~, ... ,

STI1X, O,[lH8KO, nOCTORHCTB8 I1X CYMM.

n~, ...
npezrs

p83YMeeTCR, ypOBHI1,

CY1l1eCTBYlOT aanae'rca

11 npyr'ne He

K OT,[IeJlbHbIM

CYMM8M

L ns

rrocne

COe,[lI1HeHHR 11

L n~,

TpeOOB8HHe K cyMMe

8 JII1IIIb

68

Cmamucmunecuasi

mep.M08Ulla.MU1W

HO, C )J,OCTaTWIHbIM rrpI16JII1JReHI1eM, '1T06bI 06'bRCHI1Tb a)J,)J,I1TI1BHOCTb CeX B TepMO)J,I1HaMI1'1eCKI1X cjJYHKlII1i1. OTcTynJIeHHe. JIyi1, 6Y)J,eT HaI160JIee AHHHrHJIRQHR BeIQeCTBa?

B
06

3TOM MeCTe,

noata-

CBOeBpeMeHHO rrOrOBOpI1Tb

O)J,HOM I1HTepeCHoM onycaaexr yCJIO-

acnerrre BI1e

2: ti;

COOTHOIIIeHI1R

(8.1),

B03HI1KalOIlIeM,

Kor)J,a MbI

canst

B cnyvae

'1aCTI1l1 C HeI1C'Ie3alOIlIei1 Maccoi1 rrOKOR, 'ITO noaB03HI1KaTb I1JII1 aHHI1rI1JII1pOBaTbCR B pe-

s BOJIReT '1aCTI1l1aM, TaK CKa3aTb, 3YJIbTaTe

CTOJIKHOBeHI1i1, rrpI1'1eM 3HeprI1R

±me2

JII160 3aI1MCTByeTcR

113 pa-

KI1HeTI1'1eCKoi1 3HeprI1I1, 3YMeeTcR,

JII160 I1)J,eTna ee rrOrrOJIHeHI1e. B 3TOM cnyxae,

CJIe)J,yeT rrOJIb30BaTbCR BblpaJReHI1eM

(7.22)

B ero

rrOJIHOM BI1)J,e:

a = me
Jlerno BI1)J,eTb, 'ITO 3TO naer

+ Zm'
me2
MHOJRI1TeJIb e kT nepen BeJII1ECJII1 6bI MbI He OT6pOCI1JII1 YCJIOBI1e aennoe I13MeHeHI1e B onpeneB rrpe)J,bI)J,YIlII1X rpop(

p2

)J,06aBo'lHbli1

'1I1HOi1 ~ KaK B )J,JIR

(8.1),

TaK 11 B

(8.2).

2: ns,
s
Ho

TO rrOJIY'lI1JII1 6bI JII1IIIb aecyutecr

JIeHI1I1 ( MYJIax). HI1e 'roro,

(rr03ToMY-TO

MbI 11 CMOrJII1 OT6poCI1Tb

me2

'reneps

MbI

(8.1)

onpenenaer

orfipacsrsaesr 3TO YJRe He (, a n I1JII1

-V'

YCJIOBI1e. 'I'or-aa

= 1. Ypaane-

T. e. rrJIOTHOCTb '1aCTI1l1.

Kpoxte

cjJopMaJIbHO

(8.1)

OCTaeTCR TeM JRe, 'ITO 11 npexute,

TOJIbKO BMeCTO (

mc2
CTOI1T e

kT.

llJIR

BCeX I1HTepecYlOIlII1X

Hac .rexmeparyp

3Ta

BeJII1'1I1Ha

'1pe3BbI'Iai1Ho

MaJIa; OHa 3Ha'lI1TeJIbHO a I1MeHHO (

MeHbIIIe,

'1eM '1I1CJIO, yxaasraaexroe MbI )J,OJIJRHbI bITb 6 ro-

cjJOPMYJIOi1(8.9),

2551570.

II03ToMY

TOBbI K TOMY, 'ITO oT6paCbIBaHI1e npn 06bI'IH0i1 'rexmeparype

ynoxranyroro crenens

YCJIOBI1R 6Y)J,eT oaaanart, pa3peJReHI1R. MbI nonyxa-

apanmoro

eM, BrrOJIHe aHaJIOrI1'1HO

(8.8), (8.19)

[JIorapI1cjJMI1pYR C

11 YMHOJRaR na

nk,

rrOJIY'IaeM

cjJopMaJIbHO, rro aHaJIOrI1I1 aemecrna C orpoxmort 're-

(8.12)

11 (8.13),

rpopvyny B

)J,JIR )J,aBJIeHI1Rrrapa BeJII1'1I1He

rrJIOToi1 I1CrrapeHI1R, pasnoa 3KBI1BaJIeHT TerrJIOTbI.] JII1R npn

nmc",

)J,eJIeHHoi1 na MeXaHI1'1eCKI1i1 BOCrrOJIb3yeMcR CJIY'laeM re-

Ka'leCTBe

npnxrepa

HOpMaJIbHbIX YCJIOBI1RX,TO'lHbIMI1 )J,aHHbIMI1 )J,JIR KOToporo

MbI YJRe

Tiuiea
rrOJIb30B8JII1Cb panee. 'reneps

8. Oueuna

gJ0P.MYJL. Ilpede.u.uue

CJLY'lau
C8HTI1MeTpe ;

69 6Y)J,eT

QI1CJIO q8CTI1l1 B Ky6wlecKoM 38 ever MH01KI1TeJIR1:

, WleBI1)J,Ho, MeHbille

mc2

255570 e Bsmacneane
3KcrrOHeHTbI )J,8eT:

273k

(8.20)

10-6,9343
,Upyrl1M MH01KI1TeJIeM, B

... XI09•

(8.21 )
T8K K8K Bblql1CJIeHl1e )J,eCRTl1qHOrO

255570,

CJIe)J,yeT npeneripe-n.,

3KcrrOHeHTbI 3H8K8.

(8.21)

He rrp0I13BO)J,I1TCR C TOqHOCTblO )J,O9-ro rrOJIyqeHHOH TOQHOCTI1 OK83bIB8eTCR

npenenax

)J,81Ke necyutecrH8 JII1TP» I1JII1

BeHHbIM,

rOBOpl1M JII1 MbI 0 rrJIOTHOCTI1 B «rp8MM-MOJIeKYJI8X

B «OT)J,eJIbHbIX 8TOM8X

H8 BCeJIeHHYIO», T8K K8K rrOJIYQ8101lII1eCR 3H8QeHI1R

rv

6Y)J,YT OTJII1Q8TbCR JII1IIlb B IIo)J,06HbIH JII06bIX Mep npn npyrux

1O1lO p83. pe3YJIbT8T rrOJIYQ8eM 11 npn P8CCMOTpeHI111 aanpn-

1Ke Tl1rrl1QHbIH

B03M01KHOCTeH

8HHI1rl1JIRlII111 BeCOMOH M8Tepl1l1,

P8CCMOTpeHI111 nepexozta T8KI1e nepexonst

M8Tepl111 B TerrJIOBOe 113JIYQeHl1e. ECJII1 TO OCT8eTCR TOJIbKO y)J,I1BMHoro BeCOMOH M8Tepl1l1.

He CQl1T8Tb JIRTbCR,

HeB03M01KHbIMI1, BO BCeJIeHHOH T8K

K8K MOrJIO OCT8TbCR

E)J,I1HCTBeHHbIH BbIXO)J,113aroro B rrpe)J,rrOJI01KeHI1I1, QTO nepexon

38TpY)J,HeHI1R 38KJIIOQ8eTCR, rrO-BI1)J,I1MOMY, RBJIReTCR OQeHb Me)J,JIeHHbIM npoueccoxr 11

QTO Cp8BHI1TeJIbHO He)J,8BHO pe1KI1M BCeJIeHHOH CI1JIbHO OTJII1Q8JICROT Terre-

peumero. O'rc-rynnenne,

KacalOIlIeeCR

COOTHOIIIeHlfR

neorrpenenemroc-

Ten. IIpe1K)J,e QeM nepenrn HeJIb3R CQI1T8Tb, QTO ( HY, CTORllIYIO B npaaon

K CJIYQ810 c06CTBeHHO Bblp01K)J,eHI1R (T. e. Kor)J,8

1), P8CCMOTPl1M

C HOBOH TOQKI1 3peHI1R BeJII1QI1-

Q8CTI1 Bblp81KeHI1R

(8.8):
3/2

1= (27rmkT)
( h2
rrOCJIe)J,Hee,K8K MbI rrOMHI1M, RBJIReTCR npn (

V.

n' (8.1)
Q8CTI1

CPOPMOH,KOTOPYIO rrpl1HI1M8eT

1. 38MeTHoe

OTKJIOHeHl1e OT KJI8CCI1QeCKOrO rrOBe)J,eHI1RH8QI1H8eT11 06'beM8X, npn KOTOPbIX QJIeH B npaaon

CR rrpn

'rex

'rexmeparypax

Y1Ke He RBJIReTCR OQeHb 60JIbIIll1M Hl1l1eH. Ellie

1MeHbIIIe,

QI1CJIOM,8 CT8HOBI1TCR Cp8BHI1MbIM C enn-

60JIee 6JII13KI1M K e)J,I1Hl1l1e6Y)J,eT rrpn 3TOM Ky611QeCKI1H KopeHb

'-IeM

1023

22

JIHTpax.

70
H3 aron BeJIWIHHbI,

CmamUCmU'leC1WH

mephWaU1WMU1W

(8.22)
::lTO BblpameHHe !::(OrrYCKaeTO'leHb rrpOCTYIO narepnperauaro, cpennee aaaneane aneprnn HMeeT nopanoa BeJIH'IHHbI rrOCKOJIbKY

p2 2m
a cpe,[(HHti: KBa'[(paT HMrrYJIbCa -

rv

"2kT,

rropanox BeJIH'IHHbI
rv

p2

3mkT.

KBa'[(paTHblti: KopeHb nocaenaen BeJIH'IHHbI RBJIReTCR, HeCOMHeHHO,aepxHHM npenenoxt Heorrpe,[(eJIeHHOCTHHMrrYJIbCa HJIH, cxopee, B H3BeCTHOM CMbICJIecaMoti: aeonpeneneaaocrt.io HMrrYJIbCa 'IaCTHlIbI, BbIXBa'leHHoti: nayranl. CJIe,[(oBaTeJIbHO,H3 COOTHOIlIeHHRaeonpeneaennocrea Teiiaeufiepra HHmHHti: npenen Heorrpe,[(eJIeHHOCTH~x B Koop,[(HHaTe 'IaCTHlIbI 6y,[(eT

~x
TaKHM 06pa30M, (8.22)
RBJIReTCR

>

h 27rV3mkT
BeJIH'IHHbI OTHOIlIeHHeM cpezt-

rro nopanxy

Hero paCCTORHHRMem,[(y 'IaCTHlIaMH ~ K BeJIH'IHHe MaKCHMaJIbHoti: TO'lHOCTH, C KOTOPOti:'IacTHlIa MomeT 6bITb JIOKaJIH30BaHa,

_l_ Korna 3Ta BeJIH'IHHa nepecraer

~xVn·

sill

(8.23)

6bITb 60JIbIlIOti:, T. e. Kor,[(a OHa rro nopanxy BeJIH'IHHbI CTaHOBHTCRpaaaon e,[(HHHlIe, MbI MomeM, KaK MHe KameTCR, CKa3aTb, 'ITO 'IaCTHlIbI rrOJIHOCTblOpaCrrJIbIBalOTCRH 'ITO KoprrYCKYJIRPHblti: acneirr 'repaer CHJIYi MbI He MomeM 60JIee roaopurt, 0 rpaHYJIHpOBaHHoti: CTpYKType MaTepHH. ::lTO 3aMe'laHHe MomeT 6bITb OTHeceHO K 06JIaCTH ropaano 60JIee IlIHPOKOti:,'IeM 'ra, 0 KOTOPOti:MbI anecs rOBOpHJIH. H 6epycb YTBepm,[(aTb, 'ITO OHO nenocpencrueaao non'raepzanaerca 3KcrrepHMeHTOM. Beane, rzte rrpn HHTeprrpeTallHH onsrra KoprrYCKYJIRPHblti: acnear BbIRBJIReTCR6eccrropHbIM 06pa30M (aanpmrep, B onsrrax C KaMepoti: BHJIbCOHa HJIH npn C'IeTe KOCMH'IeCKHX 'IaCTHII), MbI HMeeM ,[(eJIOC Kpati:He paapeatenasnrn 'IaCTHlIaMH,
1 He3aBHCHMO Hero TaK1Ke npenena 6bIJIO OT 'roro, BepHO TaK a 3TO rrOCJIe)1Hee KaK eCJIH HJIH 6bI 6bI, HeT, yTBep1K)1eHHe OTHOCHTeJIbHO 6bIJIa BblIIIe, 60JIbIIIefi, 4eM aepxTO

aeocnopnxro, 6bI 60JIbIIIe,

HeOrrpe)1eJIeHHOCTb 'ITO 'rexmepa'rypa

p2

03Ha4aJIO

B )1efiCTBH-

TeJIbHOCTH.

Tiuiea

8. Oueuna

gJ0P.MYJL. Ilpede.u.uue

CJLY'lau

71

06JI81J,8lOIlIHMH 60JIbIIIOH CKOpOCTblO. )leJIo B TOM, 'ITO rrpHCYIlIHH 'I8CTHlIe HMrrYJIbC BCerlJ,8 YCT8H8BJIHB8eT BepXHHH npenen BeJIH'IHHbI neonpenenenTO'IHOCTH JIOK8JIHeCJIH 3T8

HOCTH HMrrYJIbC8 H TeM C8MbIM YCT8H8BJIHB8eT npenen 3811HH, 8 T8KJKe npenen crYIlIeHHOCTb

CrYIlIeHHOCTH TOJKlJ,eCTBeHHbIX 'I8CTHII, 'ITo6bI 'I8CTHII. soorime eocrrpenrrrcrnoaart,

He T8KOB8,

HHIJ,HBHIJ,Y-

8JIbHOMY p8crr03H8B8HHlO

qTO JKe MOJKHOCK838Tb 0 crYIlIeHHOCTH IJ,bIX TeJI8X? 06'beM, roaopa, B

'I8CTHII B JKHIJ,KOCTflXH 'raep-

rrpHXOlJ,flIlIHHCfI H8 OIJ,HY'I8CTHlIY 'IeM B r-aae npn

(t-),

anecs , rpyfio

1000

p83 MeHbIIIe,

HOPM8JIbHbIX YCJIOBHflX. CJIe'rexmeparype npnxrepno

IJ,OB8TeJIbHO,eCJIH p8CCM8TpHB8Tb B

KPHCT8JIJI npn

100

p83 MeHbIIIeH 3H8'IeHHe

(T. e. MeJKIJ,Y 2 H

3° K), (8.9).

TO 3TH IJ,B8 06CTOflTeJIbCTB8

YMeHbIII8T 'IeHHbIM

(8.8)

npnsrepno

B MHJIJIHOHp83 rro cp8BHeHHlO C rrOJIYSTO YMeHbIIIeHHe 'I8CTH'IHO

paaee

'IHCJIeHHbIM 3H8'IeHHeM 38 C'IeT M8CCbI

KOMrreHcHpyeTcfI BbIIII8eT

4mH

[BcrrOMHHM, 'ITO

m (8.9)

B TOM CJIY'I8e, eCJIH rrOCJIelJ,HfIfI rrpe6bIJIO BbI'IHCJIeHO IJ,JIfI reJIHfI]. Bce JKe acneara.

CHTY8l1HfI B lIeJIOM CKJI81J,bIB8eTCfI He B rrOJIb3Y KoprrycKyJIflpHOrO He onpoaepraerca JIH B T8KOM CJIy'I8e TO'IK8 3peHHfI,

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IJ,bIIJ,YIllHX8638118X, TeM, 'ITO KoprrycKyJIflpHbIe JIH'IeCKHX peIIIeTOK OTHlOlJ,b He nepecraror HH3KHX TeMrrep8TYP8X? -

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6bITb

Cxopee

K8K p83 H806opOT. H8 IJ,BerrpH'IHHbI, rro KOTOPbIM 3TO

MHe K8JKeTCfI, 'ITO MOJKHOYK838Tb

rrpOTHBOpe'IHe He HMeeT MeCT8. Bo-nepasrx, K8K H3 'reopna, T8K H H3 axcnepHMeHT81 CJIelJ,yeT, 'ITO KOJIe68TeJIbH8f1 aneprua 'I8CTHII KPHCT8JIJI8, CT8HOBflCb ace MeHee H MeHee 38BHCflIlIeH OT TeMrrep8TypbI, K HyJIlO rrpn ace JKe He CTpeMHTCfI BeJIH'IHHbI K

T ---+ O.

SHeprHfI rne

(H8 OIJ,Hy 'I8CTHIIY), napaxrerp,

3T8 rrpH6JIHJK8eTCfI rro nopanny

ke
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(T8K H83bIB8eM8f1 IJ,e68eBCK8f1 TeMrrep8TYP8)

KOTOPbIM rrOJIb3YlOTCfI IJ,JIfITeOpeTH'IeCKOrO orrHC8HHfI 6bIcTporo

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'IeM

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72
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(8.8),

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MOJRHbIMH H '-IeJIHROM onpeneaatorca 3TH noa'ropmorca nonoriao

B RPHCT8JIJIe MHJIJIHOHbI H MHJIJIHOHbI P83, COBepIIIeHHO BOJIH CHOB8 BOJIHbI.

TOMY, R8R P8CCTOfIHHfI MeJR)J,y coce)J,HHMH rpe6HfIMH B)J,OJIbH8rrp8BJIeHHfI

H CHOB8 BocrrpOH3BO)J,fITCfI

p8crrpOCTp8HeHHfI

H CRJIOHeH, B
peIIIeTRH

C8MOM )J,eJIe, p8CCM8TpHB8Tb

see c'rpoenne

RPHCT8JIJIHqeCROH

R8R HeQTO BeCbM8 pO)J,CTBeHHoe CTOfIQeH )J,e-6pOHJIeBCROH BOJIHe. peIIIeTR8 H MOJReT TP8RTOB8TbCfI rrO)J,06HbIM 06p830M; 0)J,H8-

IIo-BH)J,HMOMY,

RO T8R8fI 38)J,8Q8 He06bIRHOBeHHO CJIOJRH8BCJIe)J,CTBHe OQeHb CHJIbHOrO B38HMO)J,eHCTBHfI MeJR)J,y 3THMH BOJIH8MH. (IIpH 06bIQHOM rronxozte YQHTbIB8eTCfI CTPOHT-

B38HMO)J,eHCTBHe B BH)J,e CHJI, )J,eHCTBYlOIlIHX MeJR)J,y Q8CTH'-I8MH, CfI RPHCT8JIJIHQeCR8fI peIIIeTR8, 8 38TeM P8CCM8TPHB8lOTCfI eca B 3TOH peIIIeTRe HCXO)J,fIH3 RoprrYCRyJIfIPHOH

TOQRH 3peHHfI,

H RB8HTYlOTCfI

3BYROBble BOJIHbI, YCT8HOBHBIIIHC npyroxr.)

H BeCbM8 CJI860 B38HMO)J,eHCTBYlOIlIHe npyr

Tuaea

8. Oueuna

gJ0P.MYJL. Ilpede.u.uue

CJLY'lau

73

Heao ropsre CooTHoIIIeHHR, O)J,H8RO,MoryT 6bITb npnxrep, a'ropasnn.re ny-nsn, BbIRBJIReMble H8

JIRlOTCR RB8HT8MH HMrrYJIbC8, ROTopble MoryT BOJIHe RPHCT8JIJIHqeCROH peIIIeTRoH rrOCJIe)J,HeH,eCJIH p8CCM8TpHB8Tb TeM8THQeCR8R HHTeprrpeT8I1HR, 'reopna

H8MeqeHbI

YJRe CeHq8c. H8onpenecserosoa

perrrrenorpawwax, 6bITb C006Il1eHbI

6JI8ro)J,8pR nepnonavecaoa

c'rpyrrrype

ee R8R CTORqylO BOJIHy. (3TO He HOB8R M8JIYQei1, 8 rrpOCTO HH8R

)J,HQlP8RIIHH peHTreHOBCRHX

)J,orrYCR8eM8R CYIlleCTBYlOilleH r-aaa

TeopHeH.) H3YQeHHe OTMeCTO npn HHTepeC8, He ec-

Burpoasnenne
OQeHb M8JIbIX (, JIH He CQHT8Tb O)J,H8RO,YR838Tb

KaK TaKoBoe.

KOJIHQeCTBeHHoe

RJIOHeHHH OT RJI8CCHQeCRHX r830BbIX

38ROHOB, HMelOIlIHX rrp8RTHQeCROrO

He rrpe)J,CT8BJIReT 60JIbIIIOrO ozmoro

CJIYQ8R 3JIeRTpOHHOH 'reopnn H8 M8TeM8THQeCRHe H JIerRO rrpHMeHHMbI

MeT8JIJIOB. CJIe)J,yeT, 3TOH 38-

BRp8TlIe

MeTO)J,bI peIIIeHHR RO BceM

)J,8QH; OHH OQeHb npoc HHTepeCHbIM CJIYQ8RM.

rsr

CROJIbRO-HH6Y)J,b

IIpeJR)J,e acero

HMeeTCR CJIYQ8H cnatioro

BbIpOJR)J,eHHR-

( M8JIO, HO He

OQeHb M8JIO; rrepBbIX )J,8Tb npn

OTRJIOHeHHH OT RJI8CCHQeCRHX 38ROHOB CJIe)J,yeT OJRHHeCMOTpR

YBeJIHQeHHH rrJIOTHOCTH H rrOHHJReHHH 'rexmeparypia.

H8 TO, QTO 3TH OTRJIOHeHHR COrrpOBOJR)J,8lOTCR, 8R R YJRe OTMeQ8JI, 3QlQleRR T8MH T8RJRe H naoro X8p8RTep8, rrpe)J,CT8BJIReTCR HHTepeCHbIM BbIRCHHTb, HOBbIMH

R8R8R Q8CTb H86JIlO)J,8eMbIX OTRJIOHeHHH MOJReT 6bITb 38ROH8MH H)J,e8JIbHOrO r838.

06'bRCHeH8

118JIee HMeeTCR CJIYQ8H CHJIbHOrO BblpOJR)J,eHHR,

ROTOPbIH )J,JIR CJIYQ8R <PepMH rrOJIHOCTblO rrORpbIB8eT CO)J,epJR8HHe 3JIeRTpOHHOH reopna MeT8JIJIOB (30MMepQleJIb)J"

Zs. Phys., 47, 1928). B

60JIbIIIOH nurepec,

CJIYQ8e B03e

OH CBR38H C RBJIeHHeM «603e-3HHIIITeHHOBCROH lOIlIHM, rro Rp8HHeH Mepe )J,JIR 'reopnn,

ROH)J,eHC8I1HH»,rrpe)J,CT8BJIRH60 MbI CT8JIRHH3MeHeHHeM CT8-

B8eMCR C COBepIIIeHHO HeOJRH)J,8HHbIM CR8QROo6p83HbIM THCTHQeCROH CYMMbI,

8 CJIe)J,OB8TeJIbHO,H C8MOH M8TepH8JIbHOH HHJRe. yp8BHeHHR

CHCTeMbI;

3TO 6Y)J,eT rrO)J,po6HO paccxro'rpeno

Cnanoe

asrpoacnenne.

P8CCM8TPHB8R

(8.1)

(8.4),

co-

)J,epJR8Il1He 38ROHbI B H8H6oJIee CJR8TOH QlOpMe,

2U 3 nkT

pV nkT

J
o

00

74
CJII1I11KOM 60JIbllll1X p83JIOJReHI1eM (,

Cmamucmunecuasi

mep.M08Ulla.MU1W

BI1).1,I1M,qTO H8M HYJRHO 3H8Tb

068 I1HTerp8JI8 ).1,JIR (

(<p8KTl1qeCKI1

« 1)
X 2

B BI1).1,e <PYHKlII1H OT (.

llml

He

MOJRHO BOCrrOJIb30B8TbCR

= (e-X

(1 ± (e-

+ ( 2 «: 2 x ± ... )
2

(8.24)

11 38TeM

npomrrerpapoaart.

ero

rrOqJIeHHO. ECJII1 0603H8Ql1Tb

ero

I1HTerp8-

JIbl COOTBeTCTBeHHO -repea

11 I4, TO

(8.25)

QT06bl CT8BI1Tb

I1MeTb

B03MOJRHOCTb CY).1,I1Tb0 H8Q8JIe BblpOJR).1,eHI1R, CJIe).1,yeT nonpR).1, B

nepasrii

(8.1),

rrpe06p830B8Tb

ero,

1118r 38 1118rOM, 113BeCTHbiM M8JIOrO Ql1CJI8

crrocofioxr

11 rrOJIYQI1Tb p83JIOJReHI1e (

rro CTerreHRM

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(8.4),

38MeHI1B

BTOPOH QJIeH B rro-

2 I4 1 -3-I =1=r=-/ (+ ... , 2 25 2

rrOJIYQeHHbIM T8JII1 aroro 113

(8.26)
pR).1,8 H8 nepasm. ( lle-

(8.25)

).1,eJIeHl1eMa'roporo

creneanoro

BbIBO).1,8 H8C 3).1,eCb He I1HTepeCYIOT.

YBeJII1QeHl1eM

CXO).1,I1-

MOCTb YXY).1,1II8eTCR, 0).1,H8KO rrpO).1,OJIJR8eTI1MeTb (KCT8TI1, ).1,JIR (

MeCTO BrrJIOTb ).1,0(

= 1.

= 1 pR).1,bl BblP8JR81OT
C 8prYMeHT8MI1 06CT0l1T

C TOQHOCTblO ).1,0MHOJRI1TeJIeH PI1M86bITb B3RTbi

HOBbl (-<pYHKlIl1l1 113 T86JII1111.) T8K

~ 11 ~. 3TI1 <PYHKlIl1l1 MoryT BblpOJR).1,eHl1eM.

).1,eJIO CO CJI86blM

Cpeznree Bblpom.,n:eHHe.
TI1QeCKOrO I1HTepec8. 1 Cxr., rtanpaxrep,

3TOT CJIYQ8H ).1,0 CI1X rrop He npnoripen OH xaparrrepaayerca,

rPYIlfClI,UU.

npax-

M8TeM8TI1QeCKI1

eCTecTBeHHo,

HHlI:e - i'lM)1e. Tatinuuut

Xapt.aoa - KHeB. 1934.

Tuaea

8. Oueuna

gJ0P.MYJL. Ilpede.u.uue

CJLY'lau

75
BbI-

rrJIOXOH CXO)J,HMOCTblO060HX pmK)J,eHHR, H Toro pmK)J,eHHR. 'roro, pana,

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KOTOPbIH MbI rrOJIYl.JHM )J,JIR CJIYl.JaR CHJIbHOrO BbICJIYl.JaH cpennero ynpoutenne, Bblp01K)J,eHHR TOJIbKO )J,JIR KOTOPbIM M01KHO rrOJIb30-

paccxra'rpnaaro

l.JT06bI YKa3aTb JII06bIX

na neriom.uroe

BaThCR npn

( :::;

1.

M01KHO rrO)J,YMaTb, 'ITO HaM CJIe)J,yeT rrpOH3BeCTH KaK B CJIYl.Jae B03e, TaK H B CJIYl.Jae<PepMH l.JHCJIeHHYIOOI:jeHKY l.JeTblpex HHTerpaJIOB, a HMeHHO, HHTerpaJIOB C x2 H X4 B BH)J,e<PYHKQHH OT (. B )J,eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH, O)J,HaKO, l.JHCJIO 3THX HHTerpaJIOB HHTerpaJI C x4 M01KeT 6bITb CBe)J,eHOK )J,BYM. lleJIo He B TOM, 'ITO C x2, a B TOM, 'ITO <PYHKQHH B03e H

CBO)J,HTCR HHTerpaJIY K 6bITb CBe)J,eHbI npyr K

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(

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creneas

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-+

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76

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(8.24')

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!,

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x=
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y'1og(
,[IBa narerpana

(8.27)
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Hanm

t;
a

= ~(log ()3/2,

I4

= ~(log ()5/2,

(8.28)

(8.1)

(8.4)

,[IaIOT:

1 = 47r(2~k )3/2 ~ T3/2 ~ {2 113 U pV 2 3" nkT = nkT = Slog(.

(log

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= ( 47r

3 ) 2/3

h2 2mkT

n ) 2/3 V .

(8.30)

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BblpaJKeHHlI

(8.29): h (!.!:_)5/3 mV .
2

P
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=~

U 3V

= 1(~)2/3
5 47r

(8.31)

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r-asa <PepMH B COCTOlIHHHapaanero

Me'IaTeJIbHbIM 'rypa. 3TO -

IIpH 3TOM lIBJIlIeTClI TO, 'ITO H3 <P0PMYJIHC'Ie3aeT 'rexmepaHeH36eJKHOe CJIe,[lCTBHe 'reopexn.r

Hepncra. Taa

aener

ce61I

I'uiea

8. Oueuna POPMY.lt. Ilpede.u.nue

c.upcau

77

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,[IJIR mo6oti:

T ---+ O.

38MeTHM,

KCT8TH, 'ITO yp8BHeHHe

COCTORHHR,8 HMeHHO

V)5/3 P ( 11
B TO'IHOCTH COBII8,[18eTC IIOJIY'I8eMbIM

const, yp8BHeHHeM

B KJI8CCH'IeCKoti: 'reopna r838

8,[1H868TbI ,[IJIR H,[Ie8JIbHOrO O,[lH08TOMHoro To, 'ITO IIJIOTHOCTb aneprnn

IIpH JIIo6oti: TeMIIep8Type1.

OK83bIB8eTCR He38BHcRIlIeti: OT TeMIIep8TYOCHOB-

pt.t H, CJIe,[lOB8TeJIbHO, TeIIJIOeMKOCTb 06p8Il18eTCR B HYJIb, RBJIReTCR

HbIM ,[IOCTOHHCTBOMaron B MeT8JIJIe. B Te'IeHHe CBR38HH8R 'reopna MHorHX JIeT OCT8B8JI8Cb nepaapeiuennon

IIpH 06'bRCHeHHH IIOBe,[leHHR 3JIeKTpOHOB IIpo6JIeM8,

CO CJIe,[lYIOIlIHMH 06CTORTeJIbCTB8MH: 3JIeKTpO- H TeIIJIOIIpOBO,[lHOCTb YK83bIB8eT H8 TO, 'ITO IIJIOT-

1) BbICOK8R
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2)

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He MeHee, TeIIJIOeMKOCTb MeT8JIJIOB IIO,[l'IHHReTCR IIpH KOMH8T38KOHY llIOJIoHr8 H IITH 6e3 K8KHX-JIH60 IIPH3H8KOB

HbIX TeMIIep8Typ8X

Y'I8CTHR 3JIeKTpOHOB ('ITO ,[IOJIJKHO 6bIJIO 6bI YBeJIH'IHTb

ee 3H8'IeHHe H8

50%,

eCJIH 6bI 3JIeKTpOHbI BeJIH ceria IIo,[lo6HO KJI8CCH'IeCKOMY H,[Ie8JIbHOMY r83Y).

3)
TRM,

SJIeKTpOHbI, HMeIOT

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p8CK8JIeHHbIMH

MeT8JIJI8MH B 3<p<peKTe IIO CKOPOC-

PH'I8P,[lCOH8,

M8KCBeJIJIOBCKOe p8CIIpe,[leJIeHHe

COOTBeTCTBYIOIlIee ,[I8HHOti: 'rexmepar'ype. 'ITO OHH 06p83YIOT

STO, K838JIOCb 6bI, rOBopHT

B IIOJIb3Y 'roro, HbIti: r83; aroro

BHYTPH MeT8JIJI8 KJI8CCH'IeCKH H,[Ie8JIb6bIJIO H36eJK8Tb

JKe IIpe,[lIIOJIOJKeHHR, K8K K838JIOCb, HeJIb3R

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06'bRCHeHHR 3JIeKTpO- H TeIIJIOIIpOBO,[lHOCTH MeT8JI'rexmepar'ypaoro K03<p-

OTHOIIIeHHR MeJK,[IY HHMH Hero

(=

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BHOCHM8R Y'I8CTHeM 'ITO

K HYJIIO BCJIe,[lCTBHe'roro,

T.

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BbIHYJK,[I8eT HX 38HHM8Tb

H8HHH3IIIHX 60JIee (a TaK-

H3 KOTOPbIX HMeeT 3HeprHIO,

3H8'IHTeJIbHO

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::lTO AeHCTBHTeJIbHO BbITeKaeT rspannero BblpOJKAeHHR ra-

= dU

+ pdV

= 0 npn pV
3TO ypaanenne

= ~U.

JIHIIIb

B cny=rae

aa iPepMH - ,llHpaKa

coartanae'r

C ypaanertnext

COCTORHHR.

78
BbICOKYlO, LJeM

Cmamucmunecuasi

mep.M08Ulla.MU1W

~kT.

06'bRCHeHHe

3JIeKTpO- H TerrJIOrrpOBO,[(HOCTH H HX OT-

HOIIIeHHR rrOJIYLJ8eTCRBrrOJIHe Y,[(OBJIeTBOpHTeJIbHbIM (T8K me, K8K H 06'bRCHeHHe uenoro pR,[(8 3<p<peKTOB, K8K, nanpuxrep II8p8,[(oKc, , 3<p<peKT8 XOJIJI8, TepM03JIeK-

TpHLJeCTB8 H T. n.).

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3bIB8eTCR HeH36emHbIM HcrrYCK8eMbIH

CJIe,[(CTBHeM TepMO,[(HH8MHKH:

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HOCTH, ,[(OJImeH 06JI8,[(8Tb CBOHCTB8MH C8MOH 'rexmepar'ype, nonoriao

aeasrpoasztennoro

r838

npn

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H8CbIIlIeHHbIH

XOJIO,[(HbIM KPHCT8JIJIOM RBJIReTCR 8TOMbI BHYTPH KPHCT8JIJI8 MorYT HHH C HYJIeBOH aaeprnea. TPOHbI, BbIJIeT8lOillHe

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B COCTOR-

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rrOLJeMY 3JIeK-

H3 MeT8JIJI8 B 3<p<peKTe PHLJ8P,[(COH8,06JI8,[(8lOT COBeprro CKOPOCTRM (OHH HMelOT CKOPOCTH MHoro

IIIeHHO HHbIM pacnpeneaeuuera MeHbIIIHe,

LJeM BHYTPH MeT8JIJI8), 38KJIlOLJ8eTCR B TOM, 'ITO npn 68Pbep

asrxozte

OHH

,[(OJImHbI rrpeO,[(OJIeB8Tb rrOTeHlIH8JIbHbIH IIIeHHO T8K me, K8K 8TOMbI, ncnapmoumeca TH. STOT rrOTeHlIH8JIbHbIH 68Pbep nrpaer

B HeCKOJIbKO BOJIbT, COBepTeJI8 HJIH mH,[(KOC-

H3 'rnepnoro

rro OTHOIIIeHHlO K 3JIeKTpOH8M TY

me C8MYlO POJIb, 'ITO H CTeHKH COCY,[(8 rro OTHOIIIeHHlO K 06bILJHOMY r83Y; OH cnepxniaaer LJ8CTHllbI B 38MKHYTOM rrpOCTp8HCTBe. r838 npn KOMH8THOH 'rexrnepa,[(JIR 3<p<peKT8

CHJIbHOe Bblpom,[(eHHe Type H ,[(8me rrpn

3JIeKTpOHHoro

BbICOKHX 'rextnepar'ypax,

Heo6xo,[(HMbIX

PHLJ8P,[(COH8, RBJIReTCR

CJIe,[(CTBHeM COBMeCTHoro

,[(eHCTBHR ,[(BYX rrpHLJHH:

1)
me,

Cp8BHHTeJIbHO

BbICOKOH rrJIOTHOCTH 3JIeKTpOHOB

V'

rrpuxteptro

T8KOH M8C-

K8K H rrJIOTHOCTb 8TOMOB B TBep,[(OM TeJIe, H

2)

HX He6oJIbiliOH

CbI, COCT8BJIRlOilleH npnxrepno

2 ~oo

M8CCbI R,[(p8

BO,[(OPO,[(8. OrJI8CHO C

(8.30)

3TO rrpHBO,[(HT K BbICOKHM 3H8LJeHHRM B CJIYLJ8e<PepMH.

log (,

Tpe6yeMbIM

,[(JIR Bblpom,[(eHHR

M8KpOCKOrrHLJeCKHe CBOHCTB8 MeT8JIJIOB, 06YCJIOBJIeHHbIe CBOHCTB8MH 3JIeKTpOHOB HeTH3M8 H, 38 HCKJIlOLJeHHeM, K8K R rrOJI8r8lO, 6bITb, CBepxrrpOBO,[(HMOCTH, JIHilib CJIYLJ8R ,[(H8M8rrrOK8 etue H8XO,[(RTCR IIe-

MomeT -

KOTOPYlO MbI KOTopbIe

He rrOHHM8eM,

He CBR38HbI C TeMH rne

3JIeKTpOH8MH,

B 06JI8CTH rrJIOTHOH yrr8KoBKH, pexon H8 cocenana yponens

OHH 38HHM8lOT

nonpan

ace ypOBHH.

npenonpeztenaerca

anecs

npnnuanoxr

II8YJIH;

nanpnxrep,

3JIeKTpHLJeCKOe none,

rrpHJIOmeHHOe K MeT8JIJIY «CJIeB8 nanpa3JIeKTpOHbI npennovecrt, «cnpasa 're ypOBHH, KOTOHeT,

BO», 38CT8BHT (OTpH1I8TeJIbHbIe)

psre

06JI8,[(8lOT HMrrYJIbCOM, H8rrp8BJIeHHbIM rrOJIOH» ace MeCT8 38HRTbI.

H8JIeBO». BbI6oP8

«8BT06yc

T8KHM

06P830M,

MbI y6em,[(8eM-

Tuaea
CfI B rpoM8)J,Hoi1 38nOJIHeHHfI 'fis

8. Oueuna

gJ0P.MYJL. Ilpede.u.uue

CJLY'lau

79

B8JKHOCTH ::n0i1

-mepexozmon
npn

06JI8CTH», B KOTOPOi1 l.JHCJI8

(8.24')

H3MeHflIOTCfI

B03P8CT8HHH

K8K fI YK83bIB8JI, HYJIfi. 3T8

Ol.JeHb pe3KO, TeM He MeHee, nenpepstano

OT e)J,HHHlIbI )J,O

06JI8CTb p8CnOJIOJKeH8 no 06e CTOPOHbI OT 3H8l.JeHHfI

x,

YK838H-

noro

(8.27).
B P8CCM8TpHB8eMOM CJIYl.J8e rperiyerca JIYl.JIIIee npH6JIHJKeXOTfi fI He C06HP81OCb MHe XOTeJIOCb B K8l.JeCTBe

II03ToMY

HHe, l.JeM TO, KOTOPbIM MbI nOJIb30B8JIHCb )J,O CHX nop. B)J,8B8TbCfI B )J,8JIbHei1IIIHe )J,eT8JIH 'reopnn 6bI P83'bflCHHTb npnxrepa M8TeM8THl.JeCKYIO

30MMep<peJIb)J,8,

CTOPOHY BonpOC8.

B03bMeM

HHTerp8JI

h.

HHTerp8JI

I4

H zrpyrne

MorYIllHe

H8M BCTpeTHTbCfI OCHOBH8f1 H)J,efl

nO)J,06Hble HHTerp8JIbI

P8CCM8TPHB81OTCfI TeM JKe cnocorion.

COCTOHT B CJIe)J,YIOIlIeM. B nO)J,bIHTerp8JIbHOM Bblp8JKeHHH HHTerp8JI8

MHOJKHTeJIb

Be)J,eT ceria CHX nop MbI

T8K,

K8K

nOK838HO H8 pHC. 3TO

8nnpOKCHMHPOB8JIH

3. Do asrpaate-

0 '------/--7--,._~-x x=,!log c:;

Pnc. 3

HHe JIOM8H0i1 JIHHHei1, OP)J,HH8TbI KOTOPOi1 P8BHflJIHCb JIH60 CM8TpHB8Tb

1,

JIH60

O.

MbI

npO)J,OJIJK8eM p8CnpH6JIH-

3TO B K8l.JeCTBe nepBoro

JKeHHfI, 0)J,H8KO BBO)J,HMrronpasxy 86clIHCCbI ~.

B OKpeCTHOCTH KpHTHl.JeCKOrO 3H8l.JeHHfI nepexrennoa

HeCKOJIbKO 60JIee y)J,06HO nOJIb30B8TbCfI U

X2, 86clIliCC0i1

(8.32)

rzte

Uo

log ( Tor)J,8

f1BJIfleTCfI KpliTlIl.JeCKoi1

(u

ecrt.,

p83YMeeTcfI,

aaepr-aa).

80

CmamUCmU'leC1WH

mephWaU1WMU1W

IIocJIe,[(HHH 'IJIeH HBJIHeTCH rrepBbIM

rrpH6JIHmeHHeM

HHTerpaJIOM

JIOMaHOH

JIHHHH; OCTaJIbHble ,[(Ba 'IJIeHa BblpamalOT

,[(Be <<TpeyrOJIbHble» rrJIOIlla,[(KH, KOH BbI'IeCTb, 'IT06bI rrOJIy'lHTb

'ropsre
HylO

CJIe,[(yeT, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, rrpH6aBHTb BBe,[(eM B 06a ntrrerpaaa

HCTHHHOe aaaneane.

rrOJIOmHTeJIbHYlO nepexien-

t;

B nepssnt

HHTerpaJI

rrOCpe,[(CTBOMrrO,[(CTaHOBKHU

- Uo = uot,

BO

BTOPOH -

rrOCpe,[(CTBOMrrO,[(CTaHOBKHUo

- U = uot. Torna,

MeHHH rrOpH,[(OK

HarrHCaHHH 'IJIeHOB, rrOJIy'lHM:

00

212 =

'dU
3

3/2 0

U3/2

(/

dt

euot

vT+t - /
+1
0

dt

euot

y'I"--=t) . +1
narerpane TaKme OTHO-

BbI6HpaH paBHbIM

BepxHHH

npenen

HHTerpHpoBaHHH JIHIIIb O'leHb

B nepaora

t = 1,

nonycaaera

MaJIYlO OIIIH6KY (HMelOIlIYlO

CHTeJIbHbIH nopanoa 06a mrrerpaaa.

BeJIH'IHHbI e-uo

= ~). Teneps

MbI MomeM 06'be,[(HHHTb

IIoJIb3YHcb

pa3JIOmeHHeM

noay-raexr
1

2J. =
2

'du3/2 + U30/2 3

(/

o +

euot

t dt

+1+
1

1/ 2
o

euot

t dt

+ _1_ / +1 128
0

euot

t dt

+1

. ...

(8 33) .

Pacnpocrpanaa

BepXHHe

npenensr
seane

HHTerpHpOBaHHH

acex

3THX HHTerpaJIOB

,[(0 6eCKOHe'lHOCTH, COBepIIIaeM CTOJIb me MaJIble OIIIH6KH, KaK H TOJIbKO 'ITO c,[(eJIaHHaH. IIocJIe HO 0603Ha'laeM aroro BBO,[(HM nepexreanyio 'Iepe3 HHTerpHpOBaHHH

uot,

ee rto-rtpezsuexty

t.

'I'orna
00

2J.2 - 'd 3/2 3Uo

+ Uo -1/2

+ 1o 8U

-5/2/

___l_!jJ_ + t e +1
00

t dt

e +1

+ .L.U 128

-9/2/
o

00

t dt

e +1

+ ...

(8.33a)

Tsaea 8. Oueuna gJ0P.MYA. Ilpedesuaiue

IIOCKOJIbKY KOTOPbIH HHTerpaJIbI f1BJIflIOTCfI 'reneps no y6bIBalOIlIHM

CAY'WU

81

OTBJIel.JeHHbIMH l.JHCJIaMH, MbI nonapaxrerpa (3TH asnue

JIYl.JHJIH pa3JI01KeHHe cnenyer aa o,n:HOBpeMeHHO l.JHHOH ~). HaIIIH

c'renenaxr

u6

= (log ()2,
BeJIH-

Cl.JHTaTb ,n:OCTaTOl.JHO 60JIbIIIHM

1Ke 06CTOflTeJIbCT-

onpaansraaro'r
HHTerpaJIbI

nonyntennoe

npenefipeasenne

CYTb rrpocrste

l.JHCJIeHHble xpa'rtu.te

pHMaHO-

BOH (-QlYHKlIHH.

Hartpnxrep,

! !+ !+
et

00

t dt

+1
1

= "2((2)

= 12'

7r2

00

et

t3dt

= 7,3\(4)

= 77r

120'
6

(8.34)

00

et

t5dt

= 315!

32

((6)

= 3l7r

252

H, B 06Il1eM

CJIYl.Jae,

!e~P:\
00

= (1 _ 2Ip)p!

((p

+ 1),
npocroe. llJIfi nOJIYl.JeHHfI

p-

JII060e

narypam.aoe conepzaautux

l.JHCJIO, He 06f13aTeJIbHO tt , nom.ayeraca

Bblpa1KeHHH,

QlOPMYJIOH
2p P'

((2p)
rne

= 22p-1_.!!__B

(2p!)

(8.35)

Bp -

l.JHCJIa BepHYJIJIH.

I4
6) BepxHHH

H npyrne

nonoriasre HHTerpaJIbI
MbI
6

nOJIYl.JalOTCfI COBepIIIeHHO aHaJIOrHl.J-

HbIM 06pa30M.

He 6y,n:eM na 3TOM OCTaHaBJIHBaTbCfI.

CUJlbHOe 6btpOJICJeHue
3HaK, aaarionsuree

3aJIH, 'ITO B TOM CJIYl.Jae, xor-na nOCKOJIbKY rronsnrrerpansuoe M01KeT 6bITb nOJIYl.JaeM: OTpHlIaTeJIbHbIM.

CJly'tae B03e - 3UHutmeUHa. MbI Y1Ke ynaB asrpazaeaaax (8.1) H (8.4) BbI6HpaeTcfI nonycr'nwoe 3Hal.JeHHe ( COCTaBJIfieT ( = 1,

asrpaarenne, no Tor-na B 3TOM

caMOMY

CBoeMY

CMbICJIY, He

rrpenem.noxr

CJIYl.Jae H3

(8.1)

00

1 = _47r_(_2_m-::-k_)_3/_2 V T3/2! h3 n

x2 dx . ex2 _ 1

(8.Ia)

82 HHTerpaJI

Cmamucmunecuasi
RBJIReTCR

mep.M08Ulla.MU1W

OTBJIeqeHHbIM

qHCJIOM H, RpOMe TOrO [CM. (8.25)],

J
o

00

ex2 _

x2dx

1-

VIr (1
4

+ 23/2 + 33/2 + 43/2 + ... (27rmkT)3/2 h3 V n2,612.

_1

_1

_1

VIr (~)
4 ( 2

1=

(8.16)

Y,lJ;HBHTeJIbHO aztecs TO, qTO 3TO -

aaarionsuree

aaaxeane,

ROTopoe

HHTer-

pan
,lJ;JIR

npn ( :::; 1. BcrrOMHHM, O,lJ;HaRO,ypasnenne, BbIBe,lJ;eHHOe onpenenenna ( H3 n H npyrnx ,lJ;aHHbIX. OHO RBJIRJIOCbypaanenaexr ,lJ;JIR
rrpHHHMaeT B MeTO,lJ;eHaH60JIee RpYToro CJIyqaRX. cnycxa. STOT MHHHMyM, HeCOMHeHO,lJ;HaRO MbI CTaJIRHBaeMCR C TeM <paRTOM, qTO

MHHHMyMa

HO, HMeJICR BO acex eCJIH

qHCJIO

npn ,lJ;aHHOHrexmeparype B ,lJ;aHHOM06beMe qHCJIO qaCTHII npeasnnaer n, onpenenaexroe H3 (8.16), TO ( onpeneneno 6bITb He MOJReT. He OCTaeTCR HHqerO npyroro, RaR BepHYTbCR R HCXO,lJ;HOH <popMe ypas-

HeHHR [CM. (7.14)]:

n=

2:--=-1!elLas
(
-

1
CYMMbI OTCYTCTByeT. He3aBH-

OTClO,lJ;a cpaay CHMO OT 'roro, HyJIlO

BH,lJ;HO,qTO BepxHHH 6Y,lJ;eTJIH

npenen

nepssm,

HaHHH3IIIHH

(RaR MbI rrpHHHMaeM)

HJIH HeT,

yponens as B TOqHOCTH pasen nepssnt qJIeH CYMMbI MOJReT 6bITb

qT06bI RaROH-JIH60 qJIeH CTaHO-

C,lJ;eJIaHCROJIb yrO,lJ;HO 60JIbIIIHM BHJICR OTpHlIaTeJIbHbIM 3TOM 6e3pa3JIHqHO, IIIe e,lJ;HHHlIbI). QT06bI He aanyrt.tsart,

6e3 'roro,

npn

rrpH6JIHJReHHH ( CHH3Y R 3HaqeHHlO

elLas (npn
60JIb-

6Y,lJ;eT nocnenaee

B TOqHOCTH paBHO HJIH nextnor'o rrOJIOJRHM ao

sonpoc,
(

0H

elLao =

1, XOTR

3TO He HMeeT ocotiennoro RBaHTOBOH MexaHHRH. qTO

CMbICJIa H He COBceM rrpaBHJIbHO C TOqRH 3peHHR IIoJIaraR OqeHb 6JIH3RHM R 1, a HMeHHO, CqHTaR,

( = 1 - _l_
MbI MOJReM paCrrOJIOJRHTb na

(3n

npn n-1/3

< (3 < 1,
JI106ylO (B cay sae, eCJIH

(8.36)
3HaqHTeJIbHYlO

HaHHH3IIIeM

ypoaae

,lJ;OJIlO,aanpnraep HJIH 20

(3n

otimero

qHCJIa qaCTHII.

nepnsre

2, 5

ypoanen

B TOqHOCTH O,lJ;HHaROBbI-

BbIpOJR,lJ;eHbI, CJIe,lJ;yeT BBeCTH

I'uiea
neriom.uroe nponaaecrn

8. Oueuna POPMY.lt. Ilpede.u.nue

c.upcau

83

BH,LIOH3MeHeHl'ie; OHO,LIOCT8TO'IHOnpocro, ero C8MOMY 'IHT8Temo.)

H MbI rrpe,LIOCT8BJIlIeM

ypoaaea

qTO me MomHO CK838Tb 0 CJIe,LIYIOII(eM'IJIeHe CYMMbI? )1,JIlI H8HHH3IIlHX rrpOH3Be,LIeHHe HMrrYJIbC81 p H paaxrepos COCY,LI8V1/3 P8BHO, rro

rrOplI,LIKY BeJIH'IHHbI,

2::

OTKY,LI8 aneprna

a = .!!__ 2m
T8KOB me rrOplI,LIOK BeJIH'IHHbI aocren

rv

__

87r2m

h2 V-2/3•

'
aneprnn,

(8.37) T. e. P83,LIJIlI

H H8HHH3IIlHX

crynenen

Mem,LIY COCe,LIHHMH B H8HHH3IIleti a

06JI8CTH. T8KHM

06P830M,

'IJIeH8, CJIe,LIYIOII(ero 38

ao,

rrOJIY'I8eM:

3T8

8 JIHillb

BeJIH'IHH8 ace euie O'IeHb M8JI8, 0,LIH8KO HMeeT rrOplI,LIOK He n -1, n-2/3, K8K MomHO BH,LIeTb H3 Bblp8meHHlI (8.1), OCT81OII(erOClI cnpaH (8.36) MbI MomeM yme

Be,LIJIHBbIMrro rrOplI,LIKY BeJIH'IHHbI. TOr,LI8 H3 (7.14) YBepeHHO rrOJIOmHTb B 3TOM 'IJIeHe ( HHlI, HMelOII(eMY rrOplI,LIOK n2/3• EY,LIY'IH M8JIYIO 'I8CTb 60JIbIIlHM,

1, 'ITO npuaener

K 'IHCJIY 38rrOJIHe-

3TO 'IHCJIO COCT8BJIlIeT ace

me JIHillb

6eCKOHe'IHO MomeT

(cp.

C rrepBbIM

'IHCJIOM 38rrOJIHeHHlI

(3n,

xoropoe

COCT8BJIlITb 3H8'IHTeJIbHYIO euie II(He MeHbIIlHMH,

,LIOJIIO n). CJIe,LIYIOII(He 'IHCJI8 38rrOJIHeHHlI 6Y,LIYT MOHOTOHHO. Ilponycaaa CJIe,LIYIO-

T8K K8K OHH y6bIB81OT

50

HJIH

1000

'IHCeJI 38rrOJIHeHHlI, MbI acxope nepexone

,LIOCTHr8eM 06JI8CTH, rne K ypOBHIO CTOJIb M8-

OTHOCHTeJIbHOe H3MeHeHHe rrpn JIO, 'ITO 8rrrrpOKCHM8l1HlI

OT ypOBHlI

HHTerp8JIOM

,LIeJI8eTClI BrrOJIHe Orrp8B,LI8HHoti (,LIeti-

CTBHTeJIbHO, H8IIle «rrO,LIC'IHTbIB81OII(ee» Bblp8meHHe Crrp8Be,LIJIHBbIM B H8HHH3IIleti eyer JIHillb

47rr p2 dp R
B

He lIBJIlIeTClI

06JI8CTH, B KOTOPOti, anpovev HJIH YPOBHH). (

, H8C narepeme MbI,

C8MbIH HH3KHH ypoaeas crrOKOHHO C'IHT8Tb

HHTerp8JIe

KOHe'IHO, MomeM

= 1.
OCT8eTClI Crrp8Be,LIJIHBbIM, He38BH'I8CTHII 3H8'Ie-

O,LIHHM CJIOBOM, Bblp8meHHe CHMO OT 'roro, HHIO

1 He JleHl1eM.

(8.16)

P8BHO JIH 'IHCJIO ,LIeHCTBHTeJIbHOHMelOII(HXClI H3 (8.16), HJIH me OHO npeasnuaer

B CJleAYJOIIII1X CTPOK8X

n,

rrOJIY'I8eMOMY
r CMeIIII1B8Tb

3TY BeJIH'IHHY.
BeJlI1'-1I1HY

cnenye

BCTpe'-l8JOIIIYJOCR

C A8B-

84
B
ny OHI1 6y,n:YT

Cmamucmunecuasi

mep.M08Ulla.MU1W

«1KI1BbIX», eCJII1 M01KHO TaR BbIpa3l1TbCfI,

OCTaHYTCfI TOJIbRO

'IaCTl1l1,

pacnpeneneasr

B,n:OJIb OCI1aneprna

no 3aROHY, 6JII13ROMY R 3aRORaR OCTaJIbHafi 'IaCTb,

113JIY'IeHI1f1a6COJIlOTHO 'IepHOrO TeJIa, B TO apexra

TaR CRa3aTb, «CROH,n:eHcl1pyeTCfI» aa Hal1HI13IIIeM COCTOflHl111 (pnc, ECJII1 'rexmeparypa

4).

nonnepauraaerca C1KaTI1I1 I1JII1 paCIIII1no,n:06HO naCO

Ii x ¢YHKlJ,UIO pacnpeiies

nocroannon,

TO rrpn

J!eHU51 n.iomnocmu

peHl111 TeJIO 6y,n:eT BeCTI1 ceria CbIIlIeHHOMY csoen napy,

conpaaacatouteeryca

ROH,n:eHCl1pOBaHHoi1 <pa30i1. TepMOnas-

,n:I1HaMI1'IeCROeCOCTOflHl1e (nanpaxrep, JIeHl1e, nJIOTHOCTb aaeprua) HflTbCfI

PI1C.

He 6y,n:eT MeHe (3TO

no 'rex

nop,

noxa

ace aeutecrno

4
6bITb 3aHflTbIM,

CROH,n:eHcl1pyeTcfI I1JII1 He I1Cnapl1TCfI 03Ha'IaeT

He TO, 'ITO Hal1HI13IIIee COCTOflHl1e I1C'Ie3aeT). C aaeprnea (

BOBce nepec raer

a TO, 'ITO «ropo»

«TenJIOTa I1CnapeHI1f1», paayxree'rcn,

B TO'IHOCTI1 coananaer

'IaCTl1l1 B «1KI1BOM»COCTOflHI1I1;MbI nOJIY'IaeM ee 113 (8.4),

rronaraa

= 1:

3 nkT

2U

2 3

-00----

J J
0

00

eX

x:dx -1

eX

x:dx -1
CTOflIllI1i1 B 'II1C-

HHTerpaJI

B 3HaMeHaTeJIe 6bIJI Y1Ke paCCMOTpeH. HHTerpaJI,

JII1TeJIe, pasen

J
o

00

x4dx 3 Vir ( 1 1 1 ex2_1=24 1+25/2+35/2+45/2+'"

=24(

Vir

(5)

2 =241,341.

Vir

CJIe,n:oBaTeJIbHO,

"3 nkT
MbI BI1,n:I1M,'ITO aneprna JII1IIIb HeMHOrl1M npenocxoznrr

2U

= 2,612 = 0,5134.
603e-3i1HIIITei1HoBcRoM COCTOflHl111

1,341

B HacbIIlIeHHoM

nOJIOBI1HYRJIaCCl1'IeCROrO 3Ha'IeHI1f1 3Heprl111 1130TepMI1'IeCROM C1KaTI1I1 nanee Hero ('ITO, RO-

(TO 1Ke OTHOCI1TCfI 11 R ,n:aBJIeHl1lO). ECJII1 6bI npn MbI MOrJII1 ,n:OCTl1rHYTb aroro He'IHO, neocytuecrnmro

COCTOflHI1f1 11 npotrrn 'ITO

BCJIe,n:cTBl1e'roro,

nneam.asre

3aROHbI CI1JIbHO

I'uiea

8. Oueuna POPMY.lt. Ilpede.u.nue

'I8CTHII

c.upcau

85
TO 'I8C-

H8PYIII81OTCII BJIHlIHHeM 06'beM8 THlIbI TeplIJIH

H CHJI B38HMo,[(eHCTBHlI),

6bI rrpH6JIH3HTeJIbHO rrOJIOBHHY CBOeH aneprun CPYHKIIHH pacnpeneneaan,

nocreneano,

BCJIe,[(CTBHeH3MeHeHHlI

8 BTOpylO rrOJIOBHHY -

CK8'1KOM, BCJIe,[(CTBHe603e-3HHIIITeHHOBCKOH KOH,[(eHC8I1HH. 06JI8CTb 3TOrO CHJIbHOrO BblpmK,[(eHHlI OTHIO,[(bHe JIeJKHT 38 rp8HHlI8MH B03MOJKHOCTeH3KcrrepHMeHT8. MeHbIII81I,

Hanpaxrep,

,[(JIlI reJIHlI rperiyerca

rrJIOTHOCTb

'IeM T8, KOTOpylO HMeeT JKH,[(KHH reJIHH npn

'rexmeparype

T=

=1K
0

[p8C'IeT rrpOH3BeCTH HeTpY,[(HO, eCJIH BOCrrOJIb30B8TbClI pe3YJIbT8TOM,

,[(8B8eMbIM

(8.9),

H Cp8BHHTb 'ITO

(8.8)
3TH

C H8IIIHM TerrepeIIIHHM JII060rrbITHble B TOM CTP8HJKH,[(-

(8.1)].

<P. JIOH,[(OH YK838JI,

oco6eHHOCTH MoryT HOM rrepexozte,

rrpOlIBJIlITbClI

KOTOPbIH

rrpOHCXO,[(HT B

KOM reJIHH pe,

rrpH HeKOTopOH HH3KOH TeMrrep8TYKeJIbKpl1B81I

COCT8BJIlIIOIlIeH HeCKOJIbKO rpaztycos H83bIB8eMOH A-TO'lKe, npn rne

BHH8, B T8K

.l..
I

TerrJIOeMKOCTH 06H8pYJKHB8eT BHe38rrHbIH rrO,[('beM H nanenne (pHC.

OXJI8JK,[(eHHH

B BH,[(e 6YKBbI A

5).

3TO K8K p83 TO, 'ITO MbI MOrJIH 6bI OJKHHeKoero 38BY8JIHPOB8HHoro

Pnc. 5
co

,[(8Tb B CJIy'l8e

8JIJIeJIOMopcpHoro rrepexo,[(8

CKPbITOH TerrJIOTOH nepexona, HOH 'rer-meparype, npn

rrpOlIBJIlIlOIlIeHClI

He rrpn K8KOH-TO onpeneneu'ITO reJIHH rrOK83bI-

8 P83M838HHOH B He6oJIbIIIOM HHTepB8JIe. To,

8TMoccpepHOM ,[(8BJIeHHH OCT8eTClI JKH,[(KHM ,[(8JKe npu

= 0,

B8eT, 'ITO 3TO COCTOlIHHe, 6Y,[(Y'lH JKH,[(KHM, ,[(OJIJKHO TeM He MeHee 06JI8,[(8Tb ocofienno HYJIIO. BbICOKOH c'renem.io ynopanocennocrn, p83 ero 3HTpOrrHlI p8BH8

rJIABA

1I3JIYQeHHe

K8K

R yK838JI

panee

(B H8'I8JIe Ce,[lbMoti: rJI8BbI),

H8IIIH P8CCYJK,[IeHHR H3JIY'IeHHR, xo'ropoe

OXB8TbIB8lOT

'I8CTHblti:

CJIY'I8ti: 3JIeKTpOM8rHHTHoro

X8p8KTepH3yeTcR

CJIe,[lYlOlIIHMH 'IepT8MH:

HMrrYJIbCa

as JIHHeti:Hoti: <PYHKlIHeti: Psi ,[10CHX rrop MbI C'IHTaJIH 3TY <PYHKlIHlO KB8,[1paTH'IHoti:; 2) ( = 1 HJIH, ,[IpyrHMH CJIOB8MH, 'IHCJIO 'IaCTHll HJIH KBaHTOB RBJIReTCR neonpezteaeaasna.
M8CC8 rrOKORHC'Ie3aeT, 'ITO ,[IeJIaeT aneprmo 3TH ,[IBa caoacrea He B3aHMOHe3aBHCHMbI. lleti:cTBHTeJIbHO, MaTepHH, B paanene, HMelOrrOCBRlIIeHHOM 8HHHrHJIRlIHH lIIHe MbI rrOK838JIH, 'ITO KBaHTbI,

1)

M8CCY rrOKOR, rrpaKTH'IeCKH

HC'Ie38lOT,

eCJIH 'IHCJIO HX OCT8eTCR He-

onpeneneaaanr.
MeJK,[IY H3JIY'IeHHeM CYlIIecTByeT, p83YMeeTCR, H CJIY'IaeM 603e-3ti:HIIITeti:HoBcKoti: KOH,[IeHCallHH <pOPM8JIbH8R 8HaJIOrHR, T8K K8K 068 CJIY'I8R X8-

paKTepH3YlOTCR

YCJIOBHeM (

= 1.
'reopna ,[IOCTaTO'IHO paccxro'rpert, nanty 06-

llJIR rrOJIY'IeHHR 06bI'IHOti:

lIIYlO <P0PMYJIY ,[IJIR Cpe,[lHHX 'IHCeJI 3arrOJIHeHHR B cJIY'Iae B03e, a HMeHHO:

ns =

1 !e/Wis
(
-

rrOJIOJKHBB Heti: ( 06P830M,

hu;

(H,

p83YMeeTcR,

JL

k~)'

TaKHM

1 ns = _ ___:::__lu/,

(9.1)

e
,[I8eT cpeznree 'IHCJIO KB8HTOB

kT

-1
ocBO BHHMaHHe, 'ITO HMeeTCR

hvs,

B S-M COCTORHHH (HJIH 'IHCJIO s-x IIpHHHMaR

lIHJIJIRTOPOB nonoro (CM. rJI.

npocrpaacraa).

7) (9.2)

87
ypoanen (I1JII1 OClII1JIJIfiTOpOB) C

vs v

JIeJK8Il111MMeJK,n:y

11V

,n:JIfirrJIOTHOCTI13Heprl111 (T. e. ,n:JIfi B I1HTepB8JIe MeJK,n:y

11 V

+ dv

1)
3

+ du,

rrOJIY'I8eM

MOHOXPOM8TJ1l.IeClWrO 113JIyqeHI1f1

Bblp8JKeHI1e

87rh _--"v_ __ du, c3 hv ekT -1

T. e. 3H8MeHI1TYlO rpopvyny IIJI8HR8. ECTb, O,n:H8RO,O,n:H8CTOPOH8 ,n:eJI8,ROTOPYIO cnenyer

(9.3)

06Cy,n:I1Tb nonpori-

nee, H

YMbIIIlJIeHHO

yR838JI

B rrpensutyutnx

cjJP838X H8 TeCHYIO 8H8JIOrl11O «BMeCTI1Tb» OClII1JIJIflTO-

MeJK,n:y COCTOflHl1eM, OTMeq8eMbIM O,n:I1H, ,n:B8, 'rpn, ..• RB8HTOB

I1H,n:eRCOMS 11 crroco6HbIM 11 RB8HTOBOMeX8HI1qeCRI1M

hv s»

pOM. ECJII1 rrpl1HflTb

3Ty TOqRY 3peHI1f1 (ROTOP8f1, RCT8TI1 CR838Tb, f1BJIfleTCfI TO ROJII1QeCTB8 3Heprl111 ti;

I1CTOpl1QeCRI1 H81160JIee p8HHei1),

lu/ s,

I1JII1

(9.4)
rrpl106peT81OT CMbICJI 3HepreTI1QeCRI1X ypoanen aruro OClII1JIJIflTOp8. Ho ypOBHI1 OClII1JIJIflTOP8 f1BJIflIOTCfI B RB8HTOB0i1 MeX8HI1Re He lIeJIbIMI1, 8 «noJIYHeQeTHbIMI1» YMHOJKeHHoi1 H8 acex Rp8THbIMI1 neaoropon e,n:I1Hl1l1bI RJI8CCI1QeCRoi1 Q8CTOTbI, TeOp11116bIJI non'raepautea 'rpyznro

h.

STOT pe3YJIbT8T npoaepxe

onsrroxr

BO

rro,n:Bepr8BIIlI1XCfI

CJIYQ8f1X. TeopeTI1RY

yztepzsa'rscxexty

CfI OT aonpoca:

6y,n:eT JII1 R8R8f1-HI16y,n:b P83H11118, eCJII1 38MeHI1Tb

ypoanen

(9.4) cxexron ~hvs, ~hvs, ~hvs, ... ?

H8IIlei1 cjJOpMyJIOi1

(9.5)

STO HOBoe npeztnonoateane

He rrORpbIB8eTCfI

(7.1):

z=
(B ROTOPOi1 CYMMI1pOB8HI1e H81111f1MnI,

~e
(ns)

-p,I;
s

n,as

rrp0113Bo,n:I1TCfI rro acext T8R R8R BO scex

,n:orrYCTI1MbIM ROM611-

n2, ... , ns, •.• ),

P8CCYJK,n:eHI1f1X,OCHOB8H-

HbIX H8 3T0i1 cjJopMYJIe, MbI scer-na JI8MI1. O,n:H8RO nerpyzmo rrOJIOJKeHl1eM. DeJIo OlleHI1Tb

,n:OJIJKHbI bIJII1 CQl1T8Tb ti; lIeJIbIMI1 QI1C6 113MeHeHI1f1, BbI3bIB8eMble HOBbIM npen-

B TOM,

QTO B 06Il1eM

MeTo,n:e «CT8TI1CTI1QeCRoi1 CYM-

MbI» (T. e. CYMMI1poB8HI1e ypOBHfI TeMbI

rro COCTOflHI1f1M) 86coJIIOTHOe 3H8QeHI1e HYJIeBOrO POJII1. ECJII1 rrpl168BI1Tb RO acext ypOBHflM CI1C-

3Heprl111 He I1rp8eT

rrOCTOflHHYIO

C,

TO 3T8 rrOCTOflHH8f1 BbIII8,n:eT 113 acex QTO cpennaa aneprna

pe3YJIbT8TOB, 6y,n:eT 60JIbIIle

eCJII1, ROHeQHO, He CQl1T8Tb 'roro,

88
H8 BeJII1qllHY JII1IIIb TeM, ::nofi

Cmnmucmuuecnan
rrOCTOflHHOfi. Ho

mep.uoduuascuna
BbIp8JReHI1e

(9.5)

OTJII1q8eTCfI OT

(9.4) (9.6)

qTO ace ypOBHI1 CI1CTeMbI YBeJIl1qeHbI

H8 rrOCTOflHHYIO

2: h~s = ~ 2:vs.
s
IIp8B,[I8, IOIlIee: 3T8 rrOCTOflHH8f1 6eCKOHeqH8. eCJII1 113MeHI1Tb cxexiy ypoaaen MbI MOJReM CK838Tb COrJI8CHO

TOJIbKO CJIe,[lY-

(9.5)

BrrJIOTb ,[10 ypOBHfI

C I1H,[IeKCOM S MeeTCfI, npn

(r-ne

r-

K8KOe-HI16Y,[Ib 60JIbIIIOe P8BHYIO

qI1CJIo), CqI1T8f1, P83Y-

3TOM HYJIeBYIO 3Heprl1IO,

r

~ 2:vs,
s=l
qeM-TO Hel13MeHHO rrpl1CYTCTBYIOIlII1M 11He MorYIlII1M rrpOflBI1TbCfI HI1 B K8KOM orr srre rro I1crrYCK8HI1IO 11 rrOrJIOIlleHI1IO, TO HI1QerO He 113MeHI1TCfI, K8KI1M 6bI 60JIbIIII1M TI1 H8 TO, QT06bI ce6e HI1 6bIJIO BbI6p8HO QI1CJIO

r,

11, 6bITb

MOJReT, MOJRHOnonJIOM8Tb

r -+

00.

O,[lH8KO HeT HI1K8Kofi

He06xo,[ll1MOCTI1

rOJIOBY H8,[1 TeM,

,[IOrrYCTI1MO JII1 BBO,[ll1Tb 3TY

«6eCKOHeQHYIO HYJIeHe MOJReT Y,[IOBJIeTBO-

BYIO 3HeprI1IO».

COBepIIIeHHO OQeBI1,[1HO,QTO BCfI 3T8 npouenypa cepseano 11 BBe,[leH8 JII1IIIb ,[IJIfi 'roro, KOToporo QT06bI

BOCrrpl1HI1M8TbCfI pa rs «KB8HTOBoro

TeOpeTI1K8», QeM

rrOJIYHeQeTHbIe KB8HTOBbIe Ql1CJI8

YCTP811B8IOT 60JIbIIIe,

uensre.
TOQKOfi 3peHI1f1 MbI BCTpeQ8eMCfI ce6e lIeJIbIO rrpeononeane B He,[l8BHefi P83H8Ql1TeJIbHO 60-

C COBepIIIeHHO aoson 60Te IIeHr8 nee ute 11BopH8,

craaamen

cepueansrx

TPY,LIHOCTefi, B03HI1K8IOIlII1X TeOp1111 rrOJIfI) , KOr,[l8 MbI

B TeOp1111113JIYQeHI1f1(11 Bo06rrepeXO,LII1M OT P8ccMOTpeHI1f1

B KB8HTOBOfi

COCTOflHI1f1TepMO,LII1H8MI1QeCKOrO p8BHOBeCI1f1 K KB8HToBo-MeX8HI1QeCKoMY I1CCJIe,LIOB8HI1IO I1H,LII1BI1,L1Y8JIbHbIX nponeccoa 'reopna cromnaa 38Tb, BopH8 11IIeHr8 B38I1MO,LIeficTBl1f1. CMOJReT JII1 B H8rrOK8-

,LIefiCTBI1TeJIbHO rrpeO,LIOJIeTb 3TI1 TPY,LIHOCTI13,L1eCb a XOQY JII1IIIb Kp8TKO p8BHOBeCI1f1.

MOMeHT eme HeJIb3f1 CK838Tb.

K8K 3TI1 8BTOPbI rrO,[lXO,LIfiTK nporineve

Bopn
rrOJIoro

11IIeHr

rrpl1rrl1CbIB8IOT B csoen

TeOp1111 JII060MY I1H,LIeKCOM

113OClIl1JIJIfiTOPOB ,[IBe ~YH,LI8MeH-

rrpOCTp8HCTB8

(X8p8KTepI13yeMOMY

s)

T8JIbHO P83JII1QHbIe «CI1TY8111111» rOBOpIO «CI1TY8111111» (a rrOTOMY, QTO TepMI1H «COCTOflHl1e» YJRe I1CrrOJIb30B8H). BOBce KOr,LI8 ero aaeprna aaeprna OClIl1JIJIfiTOP MOJReT 6bITb He B036YJR,LIeH B036YJR,LIeH,

p8BH8 HYJIIO, JII160 OH MOJReT 6bITb

11TOr,LI8 ero

p8BH8 O,LIHofi 1133Heprl1fi

MOJReM CK838Tb, 113JIYQeHI1f1»(MbI

QTO OH «BMeIll8eT»

(9.5). 0, 1, 2, 3, . ..

Bo BTOPOM CJIYQ8e MbI KB8HTOB I1JII1 «8TOMOB

6Y,LIeM ,LIJIfi rrpOCTOTbI CQl1T8Tb Ql1CJI8MI1 38rrOJIHeHI1f1 oc-

II11JIJIflTOP8 Ql1CJI8

135)T 2' 2' 2' ....

8K JRe, K8K 11 B 0 bIQHOI1 'reopan,

u

QI1CJIO

Tnaea 9. Hs.uneuue
KBaHTOB OCTaeTCR aeonpezteaeausnr.

89
3a,[(aHHoMY LJHCJIY,xo'ropoe

O,[(HaKo LJHCJIOOCIIHJIJIRTOPOB, KOTOpasno

psre

aoornne

B036YJK,[(eHbI, ,[(OJIJKHO 6bITb

MbI 0603HaLJHM LJepe3

N.
noc rpoena aanono; BrrpOLJeM, OHa OLJeHb npoc'ra.

Teopua
HaLJHeM C

,[(OJIJKHa6bITb rue,

(7.1),

KaK H B

(7.4),

CHOBa rrOJIOJKHM

1 JL = kTi
Tor,[(a

(7.4) (9.7)

n2 ns = ""' Zlnl Z2 ... Zs ... ~

(ns)
HOBbIe rrpe,[(rrOJIOJKeHHR CBO,[(RTCRK TOMY, 'ITO KaJK,[(OMY ti; npnnacstaatorCR 3HaLJeHHR ti;

= 0,

2' 2' 2' ... ,

N,
H TOJIbKO

135

(9.8)
N,
H3 acex ti;

BrrpOLJeM, C TeM ,[(o6aBOLJHbIM YCJIOBHeM, 'ITO OTJIHLJHbI OT HYJIR. QTo6bI BBeCTH aro

YCJIOBHe, rrOJIb3YRCb, KaK npezane

H B npensutyumx

CJIY-

LJaRX, KOMrrJIeKCHbIM HHTerpHpOBaHHeM, c'renern,

z~r

(c

nr

i:- 0)

acero

YMHOJKHM KaJK,[(YIO CYMMY, He o6pa-

na BeJIHLJHHY ( H 3aTeM ofipaayext

uraa BHHMaHHR na ,[(o6aBOLJHOeYCJIOBHe.

pe3YJIbTaTe

rrOJIYLJHM:

f(() =

II(1 + (Z;/2
s

+ (Z;/2 + ... ) = II(1 + (Z;/2 1

s

zJ

II (1 + Zs-1/2 ~ s

1/2) = Zs s

II (1 + 2 sh (~as))· -2

(9.9)

Harne

RBJIReTCR, OLJeBH,[(HO,K03<P<PHIIHeHToM npn npouecca,

(N

f(().

CJIe,[(oBa-

TeJIbHO, B pe3YJIbTaTe JIaraJIH, rrOJIYLJHM:

KOTOPbIH MbI YJKe ,[(BaJK,[(bI ,[(eTaJIbHO H3-

logZ = -(N
rne ( RBJIReTCR ,[(eHcTBHTeJIbHbIM

+ 1) log ( + logf((),
rrOJIOJKHTeJIbHbIM KopHeM

(9.10)
ypaBHeHHR

o = _ N + 1 + f' (()
( f(()
(B BbIpaJKeHHH

(9.11)

(9.10)

onyuien

aeaoropsm

rrOrrpaBOLJHbIH LJJIeH, LJHTaTeJIb, B ,[(orrYCTHMOCTH aroro).

eCJIH 3aXOLJeT, MOJKeT caM

JIerKO y6e,[(HTbCR

113

90
nocnenaero

CmamUCmU'leC1WH

mephWaU1WMU1W

BblpaJKeHHR B

HYIO e,[lHHHlIY

+ 1, 6e3

(9.9)

H H3

(9.11),

r,[le MbI onycaaexr

HeCYIlIeCTBeH-

TpY,[Ia

rrOJIYLJaeM

(9.12)

Jlerno noranart.cn, 'ITO 03HaLJaeT KY N ecrt, LJHCJIOB036YJK,[IeHHbIX

3arrOJIHeHHR

BblpaJKeHHe

non

3HaKOM CYMMbI:

rrOCKOJIbRBJIReTCR LJHCJIY

OClIHJIJIRTOPOB, 3TO BblpaJKeHHe

Cpe,[lHHM «LJHCJIOMB036YJK,[IeHHR)} (rrpOTHBOrrOCTaBJIReMbIM

cpenaexty

ns). nocxennero,
rrOCKOJIbKY OHO HaM CTaTHCTHLJeCKYIO CYMMY 3HaeM, OTHOCHTeJIbHbIMH (KaJK,[IOe

BbILJHCJIHM 06a 3TH LJHCJIa, HaLJHHaR C 60JIee 3HaKOMO. PaCCMOTpHM LJJIeHbI RBJIRIOTCR, KaK MbI

(9.7).

OT,[IeJIbHble

ee

JIHLJHbIX B03MOJKHbIX eTCR

COCTORHHH LJHCeJI ns).

uenoro na

paaCOCTORHHe xapaarepnayBepORTHOCTRMH LJHCJIO ti; CYM-

conoxynnocrt.io ny'rexr YMHOJKeHHR

BeJIHLJHHa

ns

,[IJIR ,[IaHHOrO S HaXO,[lHTCR

KaJK,[IOrO LJJIeHa

COOTBeTCTBYlOillee MOJKeT 6bITb

MHpOBaHHR 06pa30Ml:

H ,[IeJIeHHR

aa cajao Z.

i:ho

C,[IeJIaHO CJIe,[lYIOIlIHM

_
'reneps

ns = zs~

a
()

log

-Ji~.

1 alog Z
,[IJIR log

(9.13) Z.
COrJIaCHO He

BOCrrOJIb3yeMcR HeRBHoe H H3

BblpaJKeHHeM

(9.10)

(9.11)

(nepea
HMeeM:

rrOCpe,[lCTBO

,[IHcjJcjJepeHlIHpoBaHHe

naer

HHLJerO,

(9.9)

logf(()

2)og

(1 + 2sh(JL~s) ). (
(1. ---=------=- 2 ch /las __ 2
2 [sh

(9.14)

CJIe,[lOBaTeJIbHO,

1 log Z 1 n - - - --- -----=--s/l Bo; - 1 + (

2

sh( JL~s)

(JL~s )]
1

~ sh

(JL~s ) + 1 2
H3BeCTHO

1. cth

/las = 2 ~ sh

(JL~s + 1)

(1. +
2

eW<s ero

). 1 (9.15)

laTO

nsrpaacenae

H3

(7.2),

H MhI

MOJKeM

II03aHMCTBOBaTh

OTTYl1a.

Tnaea 9. Hs.uneuue
IIoJIY'IeHHoe OTJIOJKHMero BblpaJKeHHe HMeeT BrrOJIHe npoapa-nn.m

91
CMbICJI, O,[(HaKO MbI

06cYJK,[(eHHe. 'IHCJIO B036YJK,[(eHHlI s-ro OCQHJIJIlITOpa (0603Ha'lHM 3TO 'IHCJIO Y KOTO-

Cpeznree
'Iepe3

es)

rrOJIY'IaeTClI H3

(9.7)

CYMMHpOBaHHeM rro acexr

'IJIeHaM,

psrx

ti; OTJIH'IHO OT HYJIlI, H ,[(eJIeHHeM na caxro

Z.

TaK

KaK paccraa'rpnaae-

Mble 'IJIeHbI HC'Ie3aIOT B CJIY'Iae TO MbI rrOJIY'IaeM:

z;

= 0,

a npyrne

OCTalOTClI HeH3MeHHbIMH,

Z - Z(zs = 0)

=1-

Z(zs = 0)

OTCIO,[(a

10g(1TaK KaK

es)
'ITO

= 10gZ(zs

0) -logZ.
(9.10)
H

z;

=0

oana-tae'r,

as = -log

00, TO H3

(9.9)

rrOJIY'IaeM

10g(1-

es) =

(1

2sh(JL~s)
1

(9.16)

HJIH

e=1
1+
2

---=-1

sh( JL~s)
H ecrt,

(9.17)

lleti:cTBHTeJIbHO, CYMMbI B

3TO

asrpaateaae

asrpaatenae,

CTOlIILIee non

3HaKOM

(9.12);

OHO JKe lIBJIlIeTClI

rrepBbIM

MHOJKHTeJIeM B

(9.15).
<PepMH,

06cYJK,[(eHHe

3THX pe3YJIbTaTOB

He npencrasaaer

TPY,[(HOCTH. qHCJIa

B036YJK,[(eHHlI 06pa3YIOT

He'lTO, aecsxra

rrOXOJKeena pacnpenenenne 'ITO BMeCTO el"""s CTOHT 2

C TOti: JIHillb MaJIOCYILIeCTBeHHoti: paannuen, ECJIH MbI XOTHM, 'IT06bI Ka, TO

sh JL~s .
O'leHb

es

(9.15)

rrpe,[(CTaBJIlIJIO BHpTyaJIbHO <P0PMYJIY IIJIaH-

,[(OJIJKHO 6bITb COrJIaCHO

CHJIbHO BblpOJK,[(eHHbIM, T. e. ( ,[(OJIJKHO 6bITb 3TO HMeeT MeCTO rrpn O'leHb 60JIbIIIHX

60JIbIIIHM. na

es

(9.12)

6y,[(eT O'leHb 6JIH3KO K e,[(HHHQe, BrrJIOTb ,[(0 neaoroporo ,[(0 HYJIlI.

N. Tors (~ N), rzte

B BH,[(e

OHO nanaer

Bsrpaarenae

(9.15),

KOTopoe MbI MOJKeM nncart,

He 6y,[(eT npn npn YCJIOBHH, 'ITO

ti;

= eS"2

- (1 + el"""s1- 1) '
OT pacnpenenenna BHpTyaJIbHO

(9.18)
IIJIaHKa OXBaTHTb

3TOM CYILIeCTBeHHO OTJIH'IaTbClI

,[(OCTaTO'lHO BeJIHKO, 'IT06bI

92
ace pacnpeneneane npexpamaera

Cmnmucmuuecnan
IIJIaHKa.

mep.uoduuascuna
npouecc OKOJIOS ~

(Ilpeapamaa

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