Article 269
UNLAWFUL ARREST
ELEMENTS:
1. That the offender arrests or detains
another person
2. That the purpose of the offender is to
deliver him to the proper authorities
3. That the arrest or detention is not
authorized by law or there is no
reasonable ground therefor.
Article 270
KIDNAPPING AND FAILURE TO RETURN A
MINOR
ELEMENTS:
1. That the offender is entrusted with the
custody of a minor person (whether
over or under 7 but less than 18 yrs
old)
2. That he deliberately fails to restore
the said minor to his parents
Article 271
INDUCING A MINOR TO ABANDON HIS
HOME
ELEMENTS:
1. That the minor (whether over or under
7) is living in the home of his parents
or guardians or the person entrusted
with his custody
2. That the offender induces a minor to
abandon such home
Article 272
SLAVERY
ELEMENTS:
1. That the offender purchases. Sells,
kidnaps or detains a human being.
2. That the purpose of the offender is to
enslave such human being.
Article 273
EXPLOITION OF CHILD LABOR
ELEMENTS:
1. That the offender retains a minor in
his service.
2. That it is against the will of the minor.
3. That it is under the pretext of
reimbursing himself of a debt incurred
by an ascendant, guardian or person
entrusted with the custody of such
minor.
Article 274
SERVICES RENDERED UNDER
COMPULSION IN PAYMENT OF DEBT
ELEMENTS:
1. That the offender compels a debtor to
work for him, either as household
servant or farm laborer.
2. That it is against the debtor’s will.
3. That the purpose is to require or
enforce the payment of a debt.
Article 275
ABANDONMENT OF PERSON IN DANGER
AND ABANDONMENT OF ONE’S OWN
VICTIM
Acts punishable:
1. By failing to render assistance to any
person whom the offender finds in an
inhabited place wounded or in danger of
dying, when he can render such assistance
without detriment to himself, unless such
omission shall constitute
a more serious offense
Elements
a. That place is not inhabited.
b. The accused found there a person
wounded or in danger of dying.
 c. The accused can render assistance
without detriment to himself.
d. The accused fails to render assistance.
2. By failing to help or render assistance to
another whom the offender has accidentally
wounded or injured
3. By failing to deliver a child, under 7 whom
the offender has found abandoned, to the
authorities or to his family, or by failing to
take him to a safe place
Article 276
ABANDONING A MINOR
ELEMENTS:
1. That the offender has the custody of a
child.
2. That the child is under seven years of
age.
3. That he abandons such child.
4. That he has no intent to kill the child
when the latter is abandoned.
Article 277
ABANDONMENT OF MINOR BY PERSON
ENTRUSTED WITH HIS CUSTODY;
INDIFFERENCE OF PARENTS
Acts punished:
1. By delivering a minor to a public
institution or other persons w/o
consent of the one who entrusted
such minor to the care of the offender
or, in theabsence of that one, without
the consent of the proper authorities
Elements:
a. That the offender has charged of the
rearing or education of a minor.
b. That he delivers said minor to a public
institution or other persons.
c. That the one who entrusted such child
to the offender has not consented to
such act, or if the one who entrusted
such child to the offender is absent;
the proper authorities have not
consented to it.
2. By neglecting his (offender’s) children by
not giving them education which their
station in life requires and financial condition
permits
Elements:
a. That the offender is a parent.
b. That he neglects his children by not
giving them education.
c. That his station in life requires such
education and his financial condition
permits it.
Article 278
EXPLOITATION OF MINORS
Acts punished:
1. By causing any boy or girl under 16 to
perform any dangerous feat of
balancing, physical strength or
contortion, the offender being any
person
2. By employing children under 16 who
are not the children or descendants of
the offender in Exhibitions of acrobat,
gymnast, rope-walker, diver, or wild-
animal tamer or circus manager or
engaged in a similar calling
3. by employing any descendant under
12 in dangerous exhibitions
enumerated in the next preceding
paragraph, the offender being
engaged in any of said calling
4. By delivering a child under 16
gratuitously to any person following
any of the callings enumerated in par
2 or to any habitual vagrant or
beggar, the offender being an
ascendant, guardian, teacher or
person entrusted in any capacity with
the care of such child
5. By inducing any child under 16 to
abandon the home of its ascendants;
guardians, curators or teachers to
follow any person engaged in any of
the callings mentioned in par 2 or to
accompany any habitual vagrant or
beggar, the offender being any person
Article 280
QUALIFIED TRESPASS TO DWELLING
ELEMENTS:
1. That the offender is a private person.
2. That he enters the dwelling of
another.
3. That such entrance is against the
latter’s will.
Article 281
OTHER FORMS OF TRESPASS
ELEMENTS:
1. That the offender enters the closed
premises or the fenced estate of
another
2. That the entrance is made while either
of them is uninhabited.
3. That the prohibition to enter be
manifest.
4. That the trespasser has not secured
the permission of the owner or the
caretaker thereof.
THREATS and COERCIONS
Article 282
GRAVE THREATS
Acts punishable:
1.By threatening another with the infliction
upon his person, honor or property that of
his family of any wrong amounting to a
crime and demanding money or imposing
any other condition, even though not
unlawful and the offender (Note: threat is
with condition)
Elements
a. That the offender threatens another
person with the infliction upon the
latter’s person, honor or property, or
upon that of the latter’s family, of any
wrong.
b. That such wrong amounts to a crime.
c. That there is a demand for money or
that any other condition is imposed,
even though not unlawful.
d. That the offender attains his purpose.
2.By making such threat without the
offender attaining his purpose
3. By threatening another with the infliction
upon his person, honor or property or that of
his family of any wrong amounting to a
crime, the threat not being subject to a
condition (Note: threat is without condition)
Elements
a. That the offender threatens another
person with the infliction upon the
latter’s person, honor or property, or
upon that of the latter’s family, of any
wrong.
b. That such wrong amounts to a crime.
c. That the threat is not subject to a
condition
Article 283
LIGHT THREATS
ELEMENTS:
1. That the offender makes a threat to
commit a wrong.
2. That the wrong does not constitute a
crime.
3. That there is a demand for money or
that other condition is imposed, even
though not unlawful
4. That the offender has attained his
purpose or, that he has not attained
his purpose
Article 284
BOND FOR GOOD BEHAVIOR
The law imposes the penalty of bond for
good behavior only in case of grave and light
threats. If the offender cannot post the bond,
he will be banished by way of destierro to
prevent him from carrying out his threat.
Article 285
OTHER LIGHT THREATS
ELEMENTS:
1. Person shall threaten another with a
weapon, or draw weapon in a quarrel
unless in self defense.
2. in the heat of anger, person orally
threatens another with some harm
constituting a crime, without
persisting in the idea involved in the
threat. Subsequent acts did not
persist.
3. Person orally threatens another with
harm not constituting a felony.
Article 286
GRAVE COERCIONS
ELEMENTS:
1. That a person prevented another from
doing something OR not to do
something against his will, be it right
or wrong;
2. That the prevention or compulsion be
effected by violence, of force as would
produce intimidation and control the
will.
3. That the person that restrained the
will and liberty by another had not the
authority of law or the right to do so,
or, in other words, that the restraint
shall not be made under authority of
law or in the exercise of any lawful
right.
Acts punished
1. Preventing another, by means of violence,
threats or intimidation, from doing
something
not prohibited by law;
2. Compelling another, by means of violence,
threats or intimidation, to do something
against his will, whether it be right or wrong.
Article 287
LIGHT COERCIONS
ELEMENTS:
1. That the offender must be a creditor.
2. That he seizes anything belonging to
his debtor
3. That the seizure of the thing be
accomplished by means of violence or
a display of material force producing
intimidation;
4. That the purpose of the offender is to
apply the same to the payment of the debt.
Article 288
OTHER SIMILAR COERCIONS
ELEMENTS OF NO. 1
Forcing or compelling, directly or indirectly,
or knowingly permitting the forcing or
compelling of the laborer or employee of the
offender to purchase merchandise of
commodities of any kind from him;
1. That the offender is any person, agent
or officer of any association or
corporation.
2. That he or such firm or corporation
has employed laborers or employees.
3. That he forces or compels, directly or
indirectly, or knowingly permits to be
forced or compelled, any of his or its
laborers or employees to purchase
merchandise or commodities of any
kind from his or from said firm or
corporation.
ELEMENTS OF NO. 2
Paying the wages due his laborer or
employee by means of tokens or object
other than
the legal tender currency of the Philippines,
unless expressly requested by such laborer
or employee.
 1. That the offender pays the wages due
a laborer or employee employed by
him by means of tokens or objects.
2. That those tokens or objects are other
than the legal tender currency to the
Philippines.
3. That such employee or laborer does
not expressly request that he be paid
by means of tokens or objects.
Article 289
FORMATION, MAINTENANCE, AND
PROHIBITION OF COMBINATION OF
CAPITAL OR LABOR THROUGH VIOLENCE
OR THREATS
ELEMENTS:
1. That the offender employs violence or
threats, in such a degree as to compel
or force the laborers or employers in
the free and legal exercise of their
industry or work
2. That the purpose is to organize,
maintain or prevent coalitions of
capital or labor, strike of laborers or
lockout of employees.
DISCOVERY AND REVELATION OF
SECRETS
Article 290
DISCOVERING SECRETS THROUGH
SEIZURE OF CORRESPONDENCE
ELEMENTS:
1. That the offender is a private
individual or even a public officer not
in the exercise of his official function,
2. That he seizes the papers or letters of
another.
3. That the purpose is to discover the
secrets of such another person.
4. That offender is informed of the
contents or the papers or letters
seized.
Article 291
REVEALING SECRETS WITH ABUSE OF
OFFICE
ELEMENTS:
1. That the offender is a manager,
employee or servant.
2. That he learns the secrets of his
principal or master in such capacity.
3. That he reveals such secrets.
Article 292
REVELATION OF INDUSTRIAL SECRETS
ELEMENTS:
1. That the offender is a person in
charge, employee or workman of a
manufacturing or industrial
establishment.
2. That the manufacturing or industrial
establishment has a secret of the
industry which the offender has
learned.
3. That the offender reveals such
secrets.
4. That the prejudice is caused to the
owner
TITLE TEN
CRIMES AGAINST PROPERTY
Article 293
ROBBERY IN GENERAL
ELEMENTS:
1. That there is personal property
belonging to another.
2. That there is unlawful taking of that
property.
3. That the taking must be with intent to
gain, and
4. That there is violence against or
intimidation of any person, or force
upon anything.
ANTI – CARNAPPING ACT ( RA # 6539 )
“Carnapping” is the taking, with intent to
gain, of a motor vehicle belonging to another
without the latter’s consent, or by means of
violence against or intimidation of persons,
or by using force upon things.

Article 294
ROBBERY WITH VIOLENCE AGAINST OR
INTIMIDATION OF PERSON
Acts punished as robbery with violence
against or intimidation of persons
By reason or on occasion of the robbery, the
following are committed:
1. homicide
2. robbery accompanied with rape or
intentional mutilation, SPI – insane,
imbecile, impotent or blind
3. SPI – lost the use of speech, hear,
smell, eye, hand, foot, arm, leg, use of
any such member, incapacitated for
work habitually engaged in
4. Violence/intimidation shall have been
carried to a degree clearly
unnecessary for the crime or when in
the cause of its execution –
SPI/deformity, or shall have lost any
part of the body or the use thereof or
shall have been ill or incapacitated for
the performance of the work for > 90
days; > 30 days
5. Any kind of robbery with less serious
physical injuries or slight physical
Injuries
Article 295
QUALIFIED ROBBERY WITH VIOLENCE
OR INTIMIDATION
Qualifying circumstances in robbery with
violence or intimidation of persons, if any of
the offenses defined in subdivisions 3, 4 and
5 of Art 294 is committed:
a. in an uninhabited place or
b. by a band or
c. by attacking a moving train, street
car, motor vehicle or airship, or
d. by entering the passenger’s
compartments in a train, or in any
manner taking the passengers thereof
by surprise in the respective
conveyances, or
e. on a street, road, highway or alley and
the intimidation is made with the use
of firearms, the offender shall be
punished by the max period of the
proper penalties prescribed in art 294
Article 296
ROBBERY BY A BAND
1. Liability for the acts of the other
members of the band
a. he was a member of the band
b. he was present at the commission of a
robbery by that band
c. other members of the band committed
an assault
d. he did not attempt to prevent the
assault
2. Conspiracy to commit robbery with
homicide – even if less than 4 armed
men
3. Conspiracy to commit robbery only
but homicide was committed also on
the occasion thereof – all members of
the band are liable for robbery with
homicide
4. Conspiracy is presumed when 4 or
more armed persons committed
robbery
5. Unless the others attempted to
prevent the assault – guilty of robbery
by band only
Article 297
ATTEMPTED OR FRUSTRATED ROBBERY
WITH HOMICIDE
Notes:
1. Whether robbery is attempted or
frustrated, penalty is the same
Article 298
EXECUTION OF DEEDS BY MEANS OF
VIOLENCE OR INTIMIDATION
ELEMENTS:
1. That the offender has intent to
defraud another.
2. That the offender compels him to sign,
execute, or deliver any public
instrument or document
3. That the compulsion is by means of
violence or intimidation.
Article 299
ROBBERY IN AN INHABITED HOUSE OR
PUBLIC BUILDING OR EDIFICE DEVOTED
TO WORSHIP
ELEMENTS:
1. That the offender entered (a) an
inhabited house, or (b) public
buildings, or (c) edifice devoted to
religious worship.
2. That the entrance was effected by any
of the following means:
a. Through an opening not
intended for entrance or egress.
b. By breaking any wall, roof, or
floor or breaking any door or
window.
c. By using false keys, picklocks or
similar tools or.
d. By using any fictitious name or
pretending the exercise of
public authority.
3. That once inside the building, the
offender took personal property
belonging to another With intent to
gain.
ELEMENTS OF ROBBERY WITH FORCE
UPON SUBDIVISION (B) OR ART. 299
1. That the offender is inside a dwelling
house, public building, or edifice
devoted to religious worship,
regardless of the circumstances under
which he entered it
2. That the offender takes personal
property belonging to another with
intent to gain, under any of the
following circumstances.
a. by the breaking of doors,
wardrobes, chests, or any other
kind of locked or sealed
furniture or receptacle, or
b. by taking such furniture or
objects away to be broken or
forced open outside the place of
the robbery.
Article 300
ROBBERY IN AN UNINHABITED PLACE
AND BY A BAND
When the robbery with force upon things is
committed in an uninhabited place and by a
band, the robbery becomes qualified. In the
same manner, where robbery with violence
against or intimidation of persons is
committed by a band or in an uninhabited
place, the crime becomes qualified.
Article 301
WHAT IS AN INHABITED HOUSE, PUBLIC
BUILDING OR BUILDING DEDICATED TO
RELIGIOUS WORSHIP AND THEIR
DEPENDENCIES
Notes:
Inhabited house – Any shelter, ship, or vessel
constituting the dwelling of one or more
persons,
even though the inhabitants thereof shall
temporarily be absent therefrom when the
robbery is
committed.
Public building – Includes every building
owned by the government or belonging to a
private person but used or rented by the
government, although temporarily
unoccupied by the same.
1. dependencies – are all interior courts,
corrals, warehouses, granaries or enclosed
places:
a. contiguous to the building
b. having an interior entrance connected
therewith
c. which form part of the whole
Article 302
ROBBERY IN AN UNINHABITED PLACE OR
IN A PRIVATE BUILDING
ELEMENTS:
1. That the offender entered an
uninhabited place or a building which
was not a dwelling house, not a public
 building, or not an edifice devoted to
religious worship.
2. that any of the following
circumstances was present:
a. That entrance was effected
through an opening not
intended for entrance or egress.
b. A wall, roof, floor, or outside
door or window was broken.
c. The entrance was effected
through the use of false keys,
picklocks or other similar tools.
d. A door, wardrobe, chest, or any
sealed or closed furniture or
receptacle was broken or
e. A closed or sealed receptacle
was removed, even if the same
be broken open elsewhere.
3. That with intent to gain the offender
took therefrom personal property
belonging to another.
Article 303
ROBBERY OF CEREALS, FRUITS OR FIRE
WOOD IN AN UNINHABITED
PLACE OR PRIVATE BUILDING
Article 304
ILLEGAL POSSESSION OF PICKLOCKS OR
SIMILAR TOOLS
ELEMENTS:
1. That the offender has in his
possession picklocks or similar tools.
2. That such picklocks or similar tools are
specially adopted to the commission
of robbery.
3. That the offender does not have lawful
cause for such possession.
Article 305
FALSE KEYS
WHAT CONSTITUTES:
1. Picklocks, etc.
2. Genuine key stolen from owner.
3. Any key other than those intended by
owner for use in the lock forcibly
opened by the offender
Notes:
1. Possession of false keys here not
punishable
2. If key was entrusted and used to steal, not
robbery (not stolen)
BRIGANDAGE
Article 306
WHO ARE BRIGANDS
Brigands – more than three armed persons
forming a band
Elements of brigandage:
1. There are least four armed persons;
2. They formed a band of robbers;
3. The purpose is any of the following:
a. To commit robbery in the
highway;
b. To kidnap persons for the
purpose of extortion or to
obtain ransom; or
c. To attain by means of force and
violence any other purpose.
Presumption of Brigandage:
a. if members of lawless band and
possession of unlicensed firearms (any
of them)
b. possession of any kind of arms (not
just firearm)
Article 307
AIDING AND ABETTING A BAND OF
BRIGANDS
ELEMENTS:
1. That there is a band of brigands.
2. That the offender knows the band to
be of brigands.
3. That the offender does any of the
following acts:
a. he in any manner aids, abets or
protects such band of brigands,
or
b. he gives them information of
the movements of the police or
other peace officers of the
government or
 c. He acquires or receives the b) fail to deliver the same to local
property taken by such authorities or its owner
brigands.
3. Those who
Notes:
PD 532 – brigandage. a) after having maliciously
damaged the property of
1. Seizure of any person for: another
(a) ransom;
(b) extortion or other unlawful purpose; b) remove or make use of the
(c) taking away of property by violence or fruits or object of the damage
intimidation or force upon caused by them
things or other unlawful means
4. Those who
2. Committed by any person
1. 3. On any Phil hi-way a) enter an enclosed estate or a
field where
b) trespass is forbidden or which
belongs to another and, without
THEFT the consent of its owner
Article 308 THEFT c) hunts or fish upon the same or
gather fruits, cereals or other
ELEMENTS:
forest or farm products
1. That there be taking of personal
Article 310
property.
QUALIFIED THEFT
2. That said property belongs to another.
THEFT IS QUALIFIED WHEN:
1. Committed by domestic servant, or
3. That the taking be done with intent to
gain.
2. With grave abuse of confidence, or
4. That the taking be done without the
3. Property stolen is:
consent of the owner.
a. motor vehicle
5. That the taking be accomplished
b. mail matter
without the use of violence against or
c. large cattle
intimidation of persons or force upon
d. coconut from plantation
things.
e. fish from fishpond or fishery, or
PERSONS LIABLE:
4. On occasion of calamities and civil
1. Those who disturbance.
a) with intent to gain
b) But without violence against or
intimidation of persons nor
Article 311
force upon things
THEFT OF PROPERTY OF THE NATIONAL
c) take personal property of
LIBRARY AND NATIONAL
another
MUSEUM
d) without the latter’s consent

2. Those who USURPATION

a) having found lost property
Article 312
OCCUPATION OF REAL PROPERTY OR
USURPATION OF REAL RIGHTS IN
PROPERTY
Acts punished:
1. Taking possession of any real property
belonging to another by means of
violence against or intimidation of
persons;
2. Usurping any real rights in property
belonging to another by means of
violence against or intimidation of
persons.
ELEMENTS:
1. That the offender takes possession of
any real property or usurps any real
rights in property.
2. That the real property or real rights
belong to another.
3. That violence against or intimidation
of persons is used by the offender in
occupying real property or usurpation
real rights in property.
4. That there is intent to gain.
Article 313
ALTERING BOUNDARIES OR LANDMARKS
ELEMENTS:
1. That there be boundary marks or
monuments of towns, provinces, or
estates, or any other marks intended
to designate the boundaries of the
same.
2. That the offender alters said boundary
marks.
CULPABLE INSOLVENCY
Article 314
FRAUDULENT INSOLVENCY (culpable
insolvency)
ELEMENTS
1. That the offender is a debtor; that is,
he was obligations due and payable.
2. That he absconds with his property.
3. That there be prejudice to his
creditors.
SWINDLING AND OTHER DECEITS
Article 315
A. ELEMENTS OF ESTAFA IN
GENERAL: (315)
1. That the accused defrauded another
(a.) by abuse of confidence, or
(b.) or means of deceit
And
2. That damage or prejudice capable of
pecuniary estimation is caused to the
offended partyor third person
B. ELEMENTS OF ESTAFA WITH
UNFAITHFULNESS: (315)
1. That the offender has an onerous
obligation to deliver something of
value.
2. That he alters its substance, quantity,
or quality.
3. That damage or prejudice is caused to
another.
C. ELEMENTS OF ESTAFA WITH ABUSE
OF CONFIDENCE UNDER
SUBDIVISION NO.1 PAR. (B), OF ART.315
1. That money, goods, or other personal
property be received by the offender
in trust, or on commission, or for
administration, or under any other
 obligation involving the duty to make
delivery of or to return, the same.
2. That there be misappropriation or
conversion of such money or property
by the offender, or dental on his part
of such receipt.
3. that such misappropriation or
conversion or dental is to the
prejudice of another and
4. That there is a demand made by the
offended party to the offender.
D. 2ND ELEMENT OF ESTAFA WITH
ABUSE OF CONFIDENCE UNDER
PARAGRAPH (B), SUBDIVISION N0.1,
ART. 315
3 WAYS OF COMMITTING:
1. By misappropriating the thing
received.
2. By converting the thing received.
3. By denying that the thing was
received.
E. ELEMENTS OF ESTAFA BY TAKING
UNDUE ADVANTAGE OF THE SIGNATURE
IN BLANK: (315)
1. That the paper with the signature of
the offended party be in blank.
2. That the offended party should have
delivered it to offender.
3. That above the signature of the
offended party a document is written
by the offender without authority to
do so.
4. That the document so written creates
a liability of, or causes damage to, the
offended party or any third person.
F. ELEMENTS OF ESTAFA BY MEANS OF
DECEIT: (315)
1. that there must be a false pretense,
fraudulent means must be made or
executed prior to or
2. That such false pretense, fraudulent
act or fraudulent means must be
made or executed prior to or
simultaneously with the commission of
the fraud.
3. That the offended party must have
relied on the false pretense,
fraudulent act, or fraudulent means,
that is, he was induced to part with his
money or property because of the
false pretense, fraudulent act, or
fraudulent means.
4. That as a result thereof, the offended
party suffered damage
G. ELEMENTS OF ESTAFA BY
POSTDATING A CHECK OR ISSUING
ACHECK IN PAYMENT OF AN
OBLIGATION: (315)
1. That the offender postdated a check,
or issued a check in payment of an
obligation.
2. That such postdating or issuing a
check was done when the offender
had no funds in the bank or his funds
deposited therein were not sufficient
to cover the amount of the check.
BP 22 Anti Bouncing Checks Law
ELEMENTS OF OFFENSE DEFINED IN THE
FIRST PARAGRAPH OF SECTION 1: BP 22
1. That a person makes or draws and
issues any check.
2. That the check is made or drawn and
issued to apply on account or for
value.
3. That the person who makes or draws
and issues the check knows at the
time of issue that he does not have
sufficient funds in or credit with the
drawee bank for the payment of such
check in full upon its presentment
.
4. That the check is subsequently
dishonored by the drawee bank for
insufficiency of funds or credit, or
would have been dishonored for the
same reason had not the drawee,
without any valid reason, ordered the
bank to stop payment.

ELEMENTS OF THE OFFENSE DEFINED IN THE
SECOND PARAGRAPH OF SECTION 1: BP 22
1. That a person has sufficient funds in
or credit with the drawee bank when
he makes or draws and issues a
check.
2. That he fails to keep sufficient funds
or to maintain a credit to cover the full
amount of the check if presented
within a period of 90 days from the
date appearing thereon.
3. That the check is dishonored by the
drawee bank.
J. BY OBTAINING FOOD OR CREDIT AT
HOTELS, INNS, RESTAURANTS ETC.
Acts punished under paragraph (e)
1. a. Obtaining food, refreshment, or
accommodation at a hotel, inn,
restaurant, boarding house, lodging
house, or apartment house;
c. Without paying therefor;
d. With intent to defraud the proprietor
or manager.
2. a. Obtaining credit at any of the
establishments;
` b. Using false pretense;
3. a. Abandoning or surreptitiously
removing any part of his baggage in
the establishment;
b.After obtaining credit, food,
refreshment, accommodation;
c. Without paying.
K. ELEMENTS OF ESTAFA BY INDUCING
ANOTHER TO SIGN ANY DOCUMENTS:
(315)
1. That the offender induced the
offended party to sign a document.
2. That deceit be employed to make him
sign the document.
3. That the offended party personally
signed the document.
L. ELEMENTS OF ESTAFA BY REMOVING,
CONCEALING OR DESTROYING
DOCUMENTS: (315)
1. That there be court records, office
files, documents or any other papers.
2. That the offender removed, concealed
or destroyed any of them.
3. That the offender had intent to
defraud another.
M. DAMAGE OR PREJUDICE CAPABLE OF
PECUNIARY ESTIMATION: (315)
(second element of any form of estafa)
THE ELEMENTS OF DAMAGE OR PREJUDICE
MAY CONSIST OF THE FF.:
1. The offender party being deprived of
his money or property, as a result of
the defraudation.
2. Disturbance in property right or
3. Temporary prejudice.
N. ELEMENTS OF SWINDLING (PAR.1) BY
CONVEYING, SELLING, ENCUMBERING,
OR MORTGAGING ANY REAL PROPERTY,
PRETENDING TO BE THE OWNER OF THE
SAME: (316)
1. That the thing be immovable, such as
a parcel of land or a building.
2. That the offender who is not the
owner of said property represented
that he is the owner thereof.
3. That the offender should have
executed an act of ownership (selling,
leasing, encumbering or mortgaging
the real property).
4. That the act be made to the prejudice
of the owner or a third person.

O. ELEMENTS OF SWINDLING (PAR. 2)
BY DISPOSING OF REAL PROPERTY AS
FREE FROM ENCUMBRANCE, ALTHOUGH
SUCH ENCUMBRANCE BE NOT
RECORDED: (316)
1. that the thing disposed of be real
property.
2. That the offender knew that the real
property was encumbered, whether
the encumbrance is recorded or not.
3. That there must be express
representation by the offender that
the real property is free from
encumbrance.
4. That the act of disposing of the real
property be made to the damage of
another
P. ELEMENTS OF SWINDLING (PAR.3) BY
WRONGFULLY TAKING BY THE OWNER
HIS PERSONAL FROM ITS LAWFUL
POSSESSOR: (316)
1. That the offender is the owner of
personal property.
2. That said personal property is in the
lawful possession of another.
3. That the offender wrongfully takes it
from its lawful possessor.
4. That prejudice is thereby caused to
the possessor or third person.
Q. ELEMENTS OF SWINDLING (PAR. 6)
BY SELLING, MORTGAGING OR
ENCUMBERING REAL PROPERTY OR
PROPERTIES WITH WHICH THE
OFFENDER GUARANTEED THE
FULFILLMENT OF HIS OBLIGATION AS
SURETY: (316)
1. That the offender is a surety in a bond
given in a criminal or civil action.
2. That he guaranteed the fulfillment of
such obligation with his real property
or properties.
3. That he sells, mortgages, or, in any
other manner encumbers said real
property.
4. That such sale, mortage or
encumbrance is
(a) without express authority from the court,
or
(b) made before the cancellation of his bond,
or
(c) before being relieved from the obligation
contracted by him.
R. ELEMENTS OF SWINDLING A MINOR:
(317)
1. That the offender takes advantage of
the inexperience or emotions or
feelings of a minor.
2. That he induces such minor (a) to
assume an obligation, or (b) to give
release, or (c) to execute a transfer of
any property right.
3. That the consideration is (a) some
loan of money (b) credit or (c) other
personal property.
4. That the transaction is to the
detriment of such minor.
S. ELEMENTS OF OTHER DECEITS: (318)
1. not mentioned above;
2. interpretation of dreams, forecast,
future-telling for profit or gain.
CHATTEL MORTGAGE
Article 319
A. SELLING OR PLEDGING PERSONAL
PROPERTY ALREADY PLEDGED
B. KNOWINGLY REMOVING
MORTGAGED PERSONAL
PROPERTY
ELEMENTS:
1. That personal property is already
pledged under the terms of the chattel
mortgage law.
2. That the offender, who is the
mortgagee of such property, sells or
pledges the same or any part thereof.
3. That there is no consent of the
mortgagee written on the back of the
mortgage and noted on the record
thereof in the office of the register of
deeds.
KNOWINGLY REMOVING MORTGAGED
PERSONAL PROPERTY
ELEMENTS:
1. that personal property is mortgaged
under the chattel mortage law.
2. That the offender knows that such
property is so mortaged.
3. That he removes such mortgaged
personal to any province or city other
than the one in which it was located at
the time of the execution of the
mortgage.
4. that the removal is permanent.
5. That there is no written consent of the
mortgagee or his executors,
administration or assigns to such
removal.
ARSON AND OTHER CRIMES INVOLVING
DESTRUCTIONS
(Note: PD 1613 expressly repealed or
amended Arts 320-326, but PD 1744
revived Art 320)
A. ELEMENTS OF ARSONS OF PROPERTY OF
SMALL VALUES
1. That an uninhabited hut, storehouse,
barn, shed or any other property is burned
2. That the value of the property burned
does not exceed 25 pesos
3. That the burning was done at a time or
under circumstances which clearly exclude
all
danger of the fire spreading
B. ELEMENTS OF CRIME INVOLVING
DESTRUCTION
1. That the offender causes destruction of
the property
2. That the destruction was done by means
of:
a. explosion
b. discharge of electric current
c. inundation
d. sinking or stranding of a vessel
e. damaging the engine of the vessel
f. taking up rails from the railway track
g. destroying telegraph wires and posts or
those of any other system
h. other similar effective means of
destruction
C.ELEMENTS OF BURNING ONE’S PROPERTY
AS A MEANS TO COMMIT ARSON
1. That the offender set fire to or destroyed
his own property
2. That the purpose of the offender in doing
so was to commit arson or to cause a great
destruction
3.That the property belonging to another
was burned or destroyed
D. ELEMENTS OF ARSON
1. That the property burned is the exclusive
property of the offender
2. That (a) the purpose of the offender is
burning it is to defraud or cause damage to
another or (b) prejudice is actually caused,
or (c) the thing burned is a building in an
inhabited place
MALICIOUS MISCHIEF
Article 326
MALICIOUS MISCHIEF
ELEMENTS:
1. That the offender deliberately caused
damage to the property of another.
2. That such act does not constitute arson or
other crimes involving destruction.
3. That the act damaging another’s property
be committed merely for the sake of
damaging it.
deceased spouse before the same
passed into the possession of another
3. Brothers and sisters and brothers-in-
law and sisters-in-law, if living
together

Article 328
SPECIAL CASES OF MALICIOUS MISCHIEF Offenses involved in the exemption
1. Obstruct performance of public functions. 1. Theft ( not robbery )
2. Using poisonous or corrosive substances. 2. Swindling
3. Spreading infection or contagious among 3. Malicious mischief
cattle. 232
4. Damage to property of national museum
or library, archive, registry, waterworks,
road, TITLE ELEVEN
promenade, or any other thing used in CRIMES AGAINST CHASTITY
common by the public.
Article 333
ADULTERY
ELEMENTS:

1. That the woman is married (even if

Article 329 marriage subsequently declared void)
OTHER MISCHIEF
ELEMENTS: 2. That she has sexual intercourse with a
1. Not included in 328 man not her husband.
a. scattering human excrement
b. killing of cow as an act of revenge 3. That as regards the man with whom
she has sexual intercourses, he must
Article 330 know her to be married.
DAMAGE AND OBSTRUCTION TO MEANS
OF COMMUNICATION
done by damaging railways, telegraph,
telephone lines, electric wires, traction
cables, signal Article 334
system of railways CONCUBINAGE

Article 331 ELEMENTS:

DESTROYING OR DAMAGING STATUES, 1. That the man must be married.
PUBLIC MONUMENTS OR
PAINTINGS 2. That he committed any of the
following acts:
Article 332
EXEMPTION FROM CRIMINAL LIABILITY a. Keeping a mistress in the
IN CRIMES AGAINST PROPERTY conjugal dwelling.

Persons exempt from criminal liability b. Having sexual intercourse

under scandalous
1. Spouse, ascendants and descendants circumstances with a woman
or relatives by affinity in the same line who is not his wife.

2. The widowed spouse with respect to c. Cohabiting with her in any other
the property w/c belonged to the place.
 3. That as regards the woman she must
know him to be married. 3. That the offender has sexual
intercourse with her.

Article 335. Rape 4. That there is abuse of authority,

This has been repealed by Republic Act No.
8353 or the Anti-Rape Law of 1997. See
Article 266-A.
Article 336
ACTS OF LASCIVIOUSNESS
ELEMENTS:
1. That the offender commits any act of
lasciviousness or lewdness.
2. That it is done under any of the
following circumstances:
a. by using force or intimidation,
or
b. when the offended party is
deprived of reason or otherwise
unconscious, or
c. when the offended party is
under 12 years of age.
confidence or relationship on the part
of the offender ( person entrusted with
education or custody of victim; person
in public authority, priest; servant)
Persons liable:
1. Those who abuse their authority:
a. persons in public authority
b. guardian
c. teacher
d. person who, in any capacity, is
entrusted with the education or
custody of the woman seduced
2. Those who abused the confidence
reposed in them:
a. priest
b. house servan
c. domestic
3. Those who abused their relationship:

3. That the offended party is another person a. brother who seduced his sister
of either sex. b. ascendant who seduced his
descendant
SEDUCTION

Article 337 Article 338

QUALIFIED SEDUCTION OF A VIRGIN
Two classes of qualified seduction:
1. Seduction of a virgin over 12 and
under 18 years of age by certain
persons, such as a person in authority,
priest, teachers etc and
2. Seduction of a sister by her brother or
descendant by her ascendant,
regardless of her age or reputation
(incestuous seduction)
Elements:
SIMPLE SEDUCTION
ELEMENTS:
1. That the offended party is over 12 and
under 18 years of age.
2. That she must be of good reputation,
single or widow.
3. That the offender has sexual
intercourse with her.
4. That it is committed by means of
deceit.

1. That the offended party is a virgin,

(presumed if she unmarried and of Article 339
good reputation.) ACTS OF LASCIVIOUSNESS WITH THE
CONSENT OF THE OFFENDED PARTY
2. That she must be over 12 and under ELEMENTS:
18 years of age.
1. that the offender commits acts of
lasciviousness or lewdness.
2. That the acts are committed upon a
woman who is virgin or single or widow of
good
reputation, under 18 years of age but over
12 years, or a sister or descendant
regardless of
her reputation or age.
4. that the offender accomplishes the
acts by abuse of authority,
confidence, relationship, or deceit.
Article 340
CORRUPTION OF MINORS
Act punishable:
By promoting or facilitating the prostitution
or corruption of persons underage to
satisfy the lust of another
Article 341
WHITE SLAVE TRADE
Acts penalized:
1. Engaging in the business of prostitution
2. Profiting by prostitution
3. Enlisting the service of women for the
purpose of prostitution
ABDUCTION
Article 342
FORCIBLE ABDUCTION
ELEMENTS:
1. That the person abducted is any woman,
regardless of her age, civil status, or
reputation.
2. That the abduction is against her will.
3. That the abduction is with lewd designs.
Article 343
CONSENTED ABDUCTION
ELEMENTS:
1. That the offended party must be a virgin.
2. That she must be over 12 and under 18
years of age.
3. That the taking away of the offended
party must be with her consent, after
solicitation or cajolery from the offender.
4. That the taking away of the offended
party must be with lewd designs.
Article 344
PROSECUTION OF ADULTERY,
CONCUBINAGE, SEDUCTION, ABDUCTION
RAPE AND ACTS OF LASCIVIOUSNESS
1. Adultery and concubinage must be
prosecuted upon complaint signed by the
offended
spouse
2. Seduction, abduction, rape or acts of
lasciviousness must be prosecuted upon
complaint signed by:
a. offended party
b. by her parents
c. grandparents
d. guardians in the order in which they are
named above
Article 345
CIVIL LIABILITY OF PERSONS GUILTY OF
RAPE, SEDUCTION OR ABDUCTION
1. To idemnify the offended women
2. To acknowledge the offspring, unless the
law should prevent him from doing so
3. In every case to support the offspring
Article 346
LIABILITY OF ASCENDANTS, OTHER
PERSONS ENTRUSTED WITH CUSTODY
OF OFFENDED PARTY WHO BY ABUSE
OF AUTHORITY OR
CONFIDENCE SHALL COOPERATE AS
ACCOMPLIES
TITLE TWELVE
CRIMES AGAINST THE CIVIL STATUS OF
PERSONS
Article 347
SIMULATION OF BIRTHS, SUBSTITUTION
OF ONE CHILD FOR ANOTHER, AND
CONCEALMENT OR ABANDONMENT OF A
LEGITIMATE CHILD
Acts Punished:
1. Simulation of births
2. Substitution of one child for another
3. Concealing or abandoning any legitimate
child with the intent to cause such
child to lose its civil status
Requisites:
1. The child must be legitimate
2. The offender conceals or abandons such
child
3. The offender has the intent to cause the
child to lose its civil status
Elements of Simulation of Birth
1. Child is baptized or registered in the
Registry of birth as hers
2. Child loses its real status and
acquiires a new one
3. Actor’s purpose was to cause the loss
of any trace as to the child’s true
filiation
Article 348
USURPATION OF CIVIL STATUS
Committed by a person who represents
himself as another and assumes the filiation
or rights
pertaining to such person
Article 349
BIGAMY
ELEMENTS:
1. That the offender has been legally
married.
2. That the marriage has not been
legally dissolved or, in case his or her
spouse is absent, the absent spouse
could not yet be presumed dead
according to the civil code.
3. That he contracts a second or
subsequent marriage.
4. That the second or subsequent
marriage has all the essential
requisites for validity.
Article 350
MARRIAGE CONTRACTED AGAINST
PROVISIONS OF LAWS
ELEMENTS:
1. That the offender contracted
marriage.
2. That he knew at the time that
a. the requirement of the law were
not complied with, or
b. The marriage was in disregard
of a legal impediment.
Article 351
PREMATURE MARRIAGE
Acts punished:
1. A widow who within 301 days from
death of husband, got married or
before her delivery, if she was
pregnant at the time of his death
2. A woman whose marriage having
been dissolved or annulled, married
before her delivery or within 301 days
after the legal separation
Article 352
PERFORMANCE OF ILLEGAL MARRIAGE
CEREMONY
Act punished:
performance of any illegal marriage
ceremony by a priest or minister of any
religious denomination or sect or by civil
authorities
TITLE THIRTEEN
CRIMES AGAINST HONOR
Article 353
LIBEL
ELEMENTS:
1. That there must be an imputation of a
crime, or of a vice or defect, real or
imaginary, or any act, omission,
condition, status, or circumstances.
2. That the imputation must be made
publicly.
3. That it must be malicious.
4. That the imputation must be directed
at a natural or juridical person, or one
who is dead.
5. That the imputation must tend to
cause the dishonor, discredit or
contempt of the person defamed.
Article354
REQUIREMENT OF PUBLICITY
Kinds of privileged communication
a. Absolutely privileged – not actionable even
if the actor has acted in bad
faith
b. Qualifiedly privileged – those which
although containing defamatory
imputations could not be actionable unless
made with malice or bad faith
General Rule: Every defamatory imputation
is presumed malicious even if it be true, if
no good intention and justifiable motive for
making it is shown
Exception:
a. private communication in
performance of legal, moral or social
duty
Requisites
1. that the person who made the
communication had a legal, moral or social
duty to make the communication or at least
he had an interest to be upheld
2. that the communication is addressed to an
officer or a board, or superior, having some
interest or duty on the matter
3. that the statements in the communication
are made in good faith without malice in fact
b. fair and true report, made in good faith,
without any comments and remarks
Requisites
1. that the publication of a report of an
official proceeding is a fair and
true report of a judicial, legislative, or other
official proceedings which are not
of confidential nature, or of a statement,
report, or speech delivered in said
proceedings, or of any other act performed
by a public officer
2. that it is made in good faith
3. that it is made without any comments or
remarks
Article 355
LIBEL BY MEANS OF WRITING OR
SIMILAR MEANS
A libel may be committed by means of –
1. Writing;
2. Printing;
3. Lithography;
4. Engraving;
5. Radio;
6. Photograph;
7. Painting;
8. Theatrical exhibition;
9. Cinematographic exhibition; or
10. Any similar means.
Article 356
THREATENING TO PUBLISH LIBEL AND
OFFER TO PREVENT SUCH PUBLICATION
FOR A COMPENSATION
Acts punished
1. Threatening another to publish a libel
concerning him, or his parents, spouse, child,
or
other members of his family;
2. Offering to prevent the publication of
such libel for compensation or money
consideration.
Article 357
PROHIBITED PUBLICATION OF ACTS
REFERRED TO IN THE COURSE OF
OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS
ELEMENTS:
1. That the offender is a reporter, editor or
manager of a newspaper, daily or magazine.
2. That he publishes facts connected with
the private life of another.
3. That such facts are offensive to the honor,
virtue and reputation of said person.
Article 358
ORAL DEFAMATION / SLANDER
Two Kinds of Oral Defamation:
1. action of a serious and insulting nature
(Grave slander)
2. light insult or defamation – not serious in
nature (simple slander)
Factors that determine gravity of the
offense:
a) expressions used
b) personal relations of the accused and the
offended party
c) circumstances surrounding the case
Article 359
SLANDER BY DEED
ELEMENTS:
1. That the offender performs any act
not included in any other crime
against honor.
2. That such act is performed in the
presence of other person or persons.

3. That such act casts dishonor, discredit
or contempt upon the offended party.
Article 360
PERSONS RESPONSIBLE FOR LIBEL
Who are liable:
a. person who publishes, exhibits or
causes the publication or exhibition of
any defamation in writing or similar
means(par.1)
b. author or editor of a book or pamphlet
c. editor or business manager of a daily
newspaper magazine or serial
publication(par.2)
d. owner of the printing plant which
publishes a libelous article with his
consent and all other persons who in
any way participate in or have
connection with its publication (US v
Ortiz)
Article 361
PROOF OF THE TRUTH
Admissible when:
a. the act or omission imputed
constitutes a crime regardless of
whether the offended party is a
private individual or a public officer
b. the offended party is a government
employee, even if the act or omission
imputed does not constitute a crime
provided it is related to the discharge
of his official duties
Requisites for Acquittal:
a. it appears that the matter charged as
libelous is TRUE (for situations 1 and 2
above)
b. it was published with good motives
and for a justifiable end (for situation 1
only)
Article 362
LIBELOUS REMARKS
Libelous remarks or comments on privileged
matters (under Art. 354) if made with malice
in
fact will not exempt the author and editor.
INCRIMINATORY MACHINATIONS
Article363
INCRIMINATING INNOCENT PERSON
ELEMENTS:
1.That the offender performs an act.
2.That by such act he directly incriminates or
imputes to an innocent person the
commission of a crime.
3.That such act does not constitute perjury.
Two Kinds:
a. making a statement which is
b i. defamatory or
ii. perjurious (if made under oath and is
false)
c. planting evidence
Article 364
INTRIGUING AGAINST HONOR
How committed:
-by any person who shall make any intrigue
which has for its principal purpose to blemish
the honor or reputation of another person
RA4200 The Anti - Wire Tapping Act
Acts punished:
1) any person, not authorized by all the
parties to any private communication
or spoken word
a) taps any wire of cable OR
b) uses any other device or
arrangement, to secretly
overhear, intercept, or record
such communication or spoken
word by using a device
commonly known as a
dictaphone or dictagraph or
walkie talkie or tape recorder
2) any person, whether or not a
participant in the above-mentioned
acts:
 a) knowingly possesses any tape
record, wire record, disc record,
or any other such record or
copies thereof of any
communication or spoken word
b) replays the same for any other
person
c) communicates the contents
thereof, whether complete or
partial, to any other person
Quasi-offenses punished
1. Committing through reckless
imprudence any act which, had it been
intentional, would constitute a grave
or less grave felony or light felony;
2. Committing through simple
imprudence or negligence an act
which would otherwise constitute a
grave or a less serious felony;

3. Causing damage to the property of

another through reckless imprudence
CRIMINAL NEGLIGENCE or simple imprudence or negligence;

Article 365 4. Causing through simple imprudence or

ELEMENTS OF RECKLESS IMPRUDENCE: negligence some wrong which, if done
maliciously, would have constituted a
1. That the offender does or fails to do light felony.
an act.

2. That the doing of or the failure to do

that act is voluntary.

3. That it be without malice.

4. That material damage results.

5. That there is inexcusable lack of

precaution on the part of the offender,
taking into consideration

a. his employment or occupation

b. degree of intelligence, physical

condition, and

c. other circumstances regarding

persons, time and place.

ELEMENTS OF SIMPLE IMPRUDENCE:

1. That there is lack of precaution on the

part of the offender.

2. That the damage impending to be

caused in not immediate or the
danger is not clearly manifest.