DUPLEX STAINLESS STEELS

AND WELDING

Quality Health Safety & Environment by:Ali

Descon Engineering Limited.
WHAT ARE DUPLEX STEELS

• Duplex Steels are also called FERRITIC-

AUSTINITIC steels.
• Duplex Steels have approx. 50% ferritic and 50%
austinitic structure.
• Ferrite provides Strength and Resistance to
localized Corrosion and also refines austinitic
structure.
• Austinite provides Toughness and Weldability
DUPLEX STEELS
UNS Typeb C Mn P S Si Cr Ni Mo N Cu Other
N
u
m
be
r
D
up
le
x
Gr
ad
es

S31200 ... 0.030 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 24.0-26.0 5.5-6.5 1.20-2.00 0.14-0.20 ... ...

S31260 ... 0.03 1.00 0.030 0.030 0.75 24.0-26.0 5.5-7.5 2.5-3.5 0.10-0.20 0.20-0.80 W0.10-0.20

S31803 ... 0.030 2.00 0.030 0.020 1.00 21.0-23.0 4.5-6.5 2.5-3.5 0.08-0.20 ...  

S32001 ... 0.030 4.0-6.0 0.040 0.030 1.00 22.0-23.0 1.00-3.00 0.60 0.05-0.17 1.00  

S32205 2205 0.030 2.00 0.030 0.020 1.00 19.5-21.5 4.5-6.5 3.0-3.5 0.14-0.20 ...  

S32304 2304 0.030 2.50 0.040 0.030 1.00 21.5-24.5 3.0-5.5 0.05-0.60 0.05-0.20 0.05-0.60  

S32520 ... 0.030 1.50 0.035 0.020 0.80 24.0-26.0 5.5-8.0 3.0-4.0 0.20-0.35 0.50-2.00  

S32550 255 0.04 1.50 0.040 0.030 1.00 24.0-27.0 4.5-6.5 2.9-3.9 0.10-0.25 1.5-2.5  

S32750 2507 0.030 1.20 0.035 0.020 0.80 24.0-26.0 6.0-8.0 3.0-5.0 0.24-0.32 0.50  

S32760 ... 0.030 1.00 0.030 0.010 1.00 24.0-26.0 6.0-8.0 3.0-4.0 0.20-0.30 0.50-1.00 c

S32900 329 d 0.06 1.00 0.040 0.030 0.75 23.0-28.0 2.5-5.0 1.0-2.0 ... ...  

S32950 ... 0.03 2.00 0.035                

 HEAT TREATMENT

• Thermo-Mechanical treatment is carried out

by rolling at 900-950C which results in
fine dispersion of ferrite and austinite which
are called Micro-Duplex steels having grain
size upto 3-10 micro metre.These steels
exhibit super plasticity means ductilities of
about 500% at temperatures near 950C.
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

• Density 7.85gm/cm3
• Co-efficient of thermal expansion is far
lower than austinitic stainless steels.
Temp(F) 68-200 68-400 68-600 68-800
SAF 2205 7.0 7.5 7.8 8.0
AISI 316 L 9.0 9.5 9.8 10.0
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

• Thermal conductivity is higher than

austinitic stainless steels.
Temp(F) 68 200 400 600 800
SAF 2205 9.0 9.5 11.0 11.5 12.5
AISI 316 L 8.5 9.0 10.0 11.0 11.5
CORROSION RESISTANCE
 CORROSION RESISTANCE
• Pitting Corrosion
Pitting resistance is determined
by Cr,Mo and N contents.We define Pitting
Resistance Equivalent(PRE).
PRE=%Cr+3.3*%Mo+16*%N
PRE number for some steels
Alloy %Cr %Mo %N PRE
SAF 2205 22.2 3.2 0.18 35.06
AISI 316 L 17 2.1 _ 24
AISI 317 L 18 3.5 _ 30
CORROSION RESISTANCE
CORROSION RESISTANCE

– Resistance to SCC
Austinitic steels are prone to
SCC above 60C but Duplex Steels according
to laboratory tests have good resistance to
SCC.
CORROSION RESISTANCE
 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

Hardness Tensile strength %Elongation

SAF 2304 230 BHN 600-820N/mm 25
SAF 2205 260 BHN 680-900N/mm 25

YIELD STRENGTH
0.2% offset 1.0% offset
SAF 2304 400N/mm 450N/mm
SAF2205 450N/mm 500N/mm
 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

Impact Strength:
Good impact
strength both at higher
and lower temperatures.
 APPLICATIONS
• Heat exchangers where chloride bearing water or
brackish water is used as cooling medium
• For use in dilute sulphuric acid solutions.
• For handling of organic acids e.g acetic acids.
• In refineries and as flow lines for extraction of oil
and gas from sour wells.
•
 CERTIFICATION

• Approved by the American Society of

Mechanical Engineers (ASME) for use in
boilers and presssure vessels.
• NACE MR 01759 (sulphide stress
cracking resistent material for oil field
equipment)
• ASME B31.3 Chemical plant and
petroleum refinery piping.
WELDING OF DUPLEX STEELS
• The procedure that is carried out in welding of
Duplex steels is as followed

1-Cleaning Before Welding :-

Duplex stainless steels are
more sensitive to contamination and moisture than
other steels. As impurities effect corrosion resistance
and mechanical properties of weldment.
2-Joint Preparation:-
For duplex steels,a weld joint must
facilitate full penetration.the root gap must be wider
than that of austinitic steels.
WELDING OF DUPLEX STEELS
Filler Metals:-
Filler metals must always be used in welding
of duplex steels because PWHT is not made so
ductility and corrosion resistance can decrease due
to loss of austinite content in weld metal.Welding
Welding without filler metal must be avoided for
all duplex steels in high quality demanding
applications where quench annealing cannot be
performed after welding.
WELDING OF DUPLEX STEELS
Sandvik C Si Mn P S Cr Ni Mo N
max max max

22.9.3 0.03 1.0 0.8 0.025 0.020 22.5 9.5 3 0.14

Covered
22.8.3 0.020 0.5 1.6 0.020 0.020 22.5 8 3 0.14
Wire
23.12.2 0.04 0.8 1.0 0.03 0.03 23 13 2.7 _
Covered
22.15.3 0.025 0.4 1.5 21.5 15 2.7 _
Wire 0.025 0.020
WELDING OF DUPLEX STEELS
• GMAW Welding
1-Wire Electrode:-
Sandvik 22.8.3.L should be chosen as filler metal for
SAF 2205 and SAF 2304.
2-Shielding Gases:-
Spray arc: Argon,oxygen(1-3%)
Short arc: Argon,Carbon dioxide(1-3%)
3-Backing Gases:-
Backing gases are required regardless of joint
design.Argon,argon-nitrogen mixtures,nitrogen or Formler gas
are used.
WELDING OF DUPLEX STEELS

• Typical Parameter Settings

Wire dia Current Voltage
Spray arc transfer
0.8 170-200 26
1.2 180-260 29
1.6 230-350 30
Short arc transfer
0.8 90-120 19-21
1.2 110-140 20-22
WELDING OF DUPLEX STEELS
• TIG Welding
1-TIG Rods:-
Sandvik 22.8.3L is used for SAF 2205 SAF 2304 and
Sandvik 25.10.4.L is used for SAF 2205 and SAF 2507.
2-Shielding Gases:-
Argon,argon+2%nitrogen or argon helium mixtures.
3-Baking Gases:-
Backing gases are required regardless of joint
design.Argon,argon-nitrogen mixtures,nitrogen or Formler gas are used.
WELDING OF DUPLEX STEELS

4-Typical Parameter Settings:-

Parameter settings in TIG welding are largely
dependent upon the material thickness,type of joint etc.For
example a typical root pass may use 100amps/11 volts at a
travel speed of 60mm/min giving a heat input of 1.1kj/mm .
SAW WELDING
1- Wire electrodes and flux:-
Sandvik 22.8.3L is used for SAF 2205 SAF 2304
and Sandvik 25.10.4.L is used for SAF 2205 and SAF
2507.The flux sandvik 15W is recommendedfor all three
grades.
WELDING OF DUPLEX STEELS

2-Typical Parameter Settings:-

Wire dia Current Voltage

2.4 250-450 28-32
3.2 300-500 29-34
4.0 400-600 30-35
5.0 500-700 30-35
WELDING OF DUPLEX STEELS
• SMAW WELDING
1- Covered electrodes:-
Sandvik 22.9.3L is used for SAF 2205 SAF 2304
and Sandvik 25.10.4.LR is used for SAF 2205 and SAF 2507.
2-Typical Parameter Settings:-
Wire dia Current Voltage
2.0 35-55 22-28
2.5 50-75 22-28
3.25 70-120 22-28
4.0 90-160 22-28