Engineering Fluid Mechanics

Hydrodynamics
LO3: Analyze the fluid motion in pipes through
continuity, energy and momentum equations

Dr. Amirhossein Malakahmad

Civil Engineering Department
Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS
 Unit objectives

At the end of this session you will be able to:

 Evaluate the use and limitations of the

Bernoulli equation.

 Apply Bernoulli equation to solve a

variety of fluid flow problems.
 Conservation of momentum
 The product of the mass and the velocity of a body
is called the momentum of the body, and the
momentum of a rigid body of mass m moving with a
velocity V is mV.

 Based on Newton’s second law the acceleration of a

body is proportional to the net force acting on it and
is inversely proportional to its mass, and that the
rate of change of the momentum of a body is equal
to the net force acting on the body.

 Therefore, the momentum of a system remains

constant when the net force acting on it is zero, and
thus the momentum of such systems is conserved.
 Bernoulli Equation

 The Bernoulli equation is an approximate

relation between pressure, velocity, and
elevation, and is valid in regions of steady,
incompressible flow where net frictional
forces are negligible.

 Despiteits simplicity, it has proven to be a

very powerful tool in fluid mechanics.
Derivation of the Bernoulli Equation
 The Bernoulli equation
states that the sum of the
kinetic, potential, and flow
energies of a fluid particle
is constant along a
streamline during steady
flow.

The Bernoulli equation can also be written between any two points
on the same streamline:
Example 1: The water level in a tank is
20 m above the ground. A hose is
connected to the bottom of the tank,
and the nozzle at the end of the hose is
pointed straight up. The tank cover is
airtight, and the air pressure above the
water surface is 2 atm gage. The
system is at sea level. Determine the
maximum height to which the water
stream could rise.
 Static, Dynamic, and Stagnation Pressures

Static hydrostatic
pressure pressure

Dynamic
pressure

 Total pressure: the sum of the static, dynamic,

and hydrostatic pressures.

 Stagnation pressure: The sum of the static and

dynamic pressures.
Static, Dynamic, and Stagnation Pressures

Piezometer and Pitot tube

Example 2: A Pitot-static probe is
used to measure the velocity of an
aircraft flying at 3000 m. If the
differential pressure reading is 3 kPa,
determine the velocity of the aircraft
in km/h.
 Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL)
and Energy Grade Line (EGL)
Pressure Elevation
head head The line that represents
the sum of the static
pressure and the elevation
heads, P/ρg + z, is called
Total the hydraulic grade line.
Velocity
head
head
The line that represents
the total head of the fluid,
P/ρg + V2/2g + z, is called
the energy grade line.

The difference between

the heights of EGL and
HGL is equal to the
dynamic head, V2/2g.
 Bernoulli equation limitations
 The Bernoulli equation is an approximate relation
between pressure, velocity, and elevation and is valid
in regions of steady, incompressible flow where net
frictional forces are negligible.

 Equation is useful in flow regions outside of boundary

layers and wakes.
 Bernoulli equation limitations

 Bernoulli equation is one of the most

frequently used and misused equations in
fluid mechanics.

 Its
flexibility, simplicity, and ease of use
make it a very valuable tool for use in
analysis, but the same attributes also
make it very tempting to misuse.
 Bernoulli equation limitations

Bernoulli equation is applicable for:

1. Steady flow, d/dt = 0

2. Frictionless flow
3. No shaft work, wpump= wturbine= 0
4. Incompressible flow, r = constant
5. No heat transfer, qnet,in= 0
6. Flow along a streamline
 Friction and Bernoulli equation
Bernoulli equation can apply in:

 Short flow sections with large cross sections at

low flow velocities.
 Along a streamline in the core region of the flow.