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A Project Report
Submitted by
Arunkumar M.P
Bijesh K.B
Jijo Francis
Lipin A.K
Angamaly-683577, Ernakulam
A Project Report
Submitted by
Arunkumar M.P
Bijesh K.B
Jijo Francis
Lipin A.K
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology
in Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Angamaly-683577, Ernakulam
Affiliated to
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report titled DESIGN OF EHV SUBSTATION AT
FACT UDC submitted by Jijo Francis, towards partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics
and Instrumentation Engineering is a record of bonafide work carried out by them
during the academic year 2007 –2011.
Place: Mookkannoor
Date:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First we would like to express our sincere thanks to God Almighty for giving us
enough strength to complete our project successfully
We have unique pleasure in thanking our teacher Ms. Sreeja for her unflinching
devotion and help, which led us to completion of this project.
We place on record our sincere thanks to our external guide Mr. Gopala Krishnan,
Assistant Engineer, FEDO Department, FACT in providing necessary guidance and
back up throughout the whole course of our project.
The project that we did at FACT (UDL DIVISION) was quiet inspiring and we
gained a lot of knowledge. We do hope that this project would be of help to other
electrical students.
ABSTRACT
This project deals with the design of an 110KV, 20 MVA Industrial type outdoor
substation. The main source of power in this substation is from a 16MW turbo
generator and KSEB supply. The KSEB supply is taken from the nearby parent
station through over head XPLE cables. Since all connections are made using over
head cables, lighting arresters are used.
The existing 110KV substation is installed in 1947. The installed capacity of the
circuit breakers is 250MVA. But, now the fault level of 110KV systems is 5445MVA.
So the circuit breakers used cannot withstand fault level. Two 12.5/20 MVA
transformers are used.
CONTENTS
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION……………………………….……1
Chapter 5 SUBSTATION…………………………………….….13
Chapter 7 CONCLUSION………………………………..………40
Chapter 8 REFERENCES…………………………..……………41
INTRODUCTION
Federal Institute of Science And Technology (FISAT)
1. INTRODUCTION
A substation that has a step-up transformer increases the voltage while decreasing the current,
while a step-down transformer decreases the voltage while increasing the current for domestic and
commercial distribution. The word substation comes from the days before the distribution system
became a grid. The first substations were connected to only one power station where the
generators were housed, and were subsidiaries of that power station.
For economical transmission and distribution, higher voltage should be achieved as follows. But
the consumers do not use very high voltages such as, 220KV, 110 KV etc. So they must be
transformed into low voltages by means of transformers in sub-stations. Thus, a substation may
be called as link between the generating stations and consumers.
Source Impedance =
= 1.8365
%Z= = = 2.72%
P, C, are shorted and is connected to the earth pit. P2 & C2 are connected to the two terminals
which are connected to the 2 electrodes which are at 20m distances.
Main points to be considered while selecting the site for EHV Sub-Station are as follows:
iv) Source of water should be as near to the site as possible. This is because water is
required for various construction activities; (especially civil works, earthing and for
drinking purposes etc.)
v) The sub-station site should be as near to the town/city but should be clear of public
places, aerodromes, and Military/police installations.
vi) The land should be have sufficient ground area to accommodate substation
equipments, buildings, staff quarters, space for storage of material, such as store yards
and store sheds. With roads and space for future expansion.
vii) Set back distances from various roads such as National Highways, State Highways
should be observed as per the regulations in force.
viii) While selecting the land for the substation preference to be given to the Govt. land
over private land.
ix) The land should not have water logging problem.
x) The site should permit easy and safe approach to outlets for EHV lines.
4.1 RESISTIVITY
r = = = 20.93
4.3 DESIGN
A = I√ x √
Max allowable temp for steel in 6200C for welded joint and 3100C for bolted joints.
The formula is simplified as: A = KI √
Assume a preliminary layout of 21m x 18m grid with equally spied conductors and shown in
figure with spacing D = 15 m, grid burial depth h = 0.75m
23
31
n=√ = 16
To establish a value of sustained current within the limit of let go value of body current.
49.5 V ≥ Km x Ki x Cs x rx Tsust/ L
Isust = 49.5
Hence ground relays clearing ground fault current must be set for a mini pick up value less than
260A.
5. SUBSTATION
The substation may be defined us “on assembly of apparatus which transforms the characteristics
of electrical energy from one form to another, say for example from alternating current to direct
current or from one voltage to another.” For economical transmission, higher and higher voltages
should be achieved. At present normal voltages are 66KV, 110K.V and 220 KV; however 440KV
will be used for the national grid system in future.
The consumers do not use such high voltages and so it must be transformed to low
voltages by means of substation. Transformation may take place in several stages in sequence
starting at the generating plant where the voltage is increased for transmission purposes and is
then progressively reduced to the voltage required for household or industrial use. Thus a
substation may be called as link between the generating stations and the consumer. The
distribution voltages generally used in practice are 6.6 KV, 11KV and 33KV.
Substations or switching stations arc integral part of transmission system, and function as
a connection or switching point for transmission lines, substation feeders, generating circuits and
step up and step down transformers. Substations of voltages 66KV to 400 KV are termed as EHV
substations. Above 500 KV, they come under the terminology of UHV system.
Substations generally contain one or more transformers and have switching, protection
and control equipment. In a large substation, circuit breakers are used to interrupt ay short circuits
or overload currents that may occur on the network.
5.1.1 Planning
Planning includes the determination of the needed capacity, evaluation of alternative methods of
service, selection of the service voltage and required facilities and the related financial
requirements. This stage concludes with a contract between the utility and the plant.
5.1.2 Design
This stage includes the developments of detailed engineering drawings, finalizing of facility
requirements, building documentation and specifications for the facilities and then changes
required. This stage concludes with the lifting of construction contracts. This stage is the detailed
following up to all the works in the planning by using the preliminary single line diagram
developed and agreed upon in the planning stage. From this and other related design parameters
developed in the planning stage, detailed design and engineering drawings and specifications
along with construction cost estimates are developed.
5.1.3 Construction
This includes the construction and energizing the substation facilities.
5.1.4 Operation
This includes the development implementation and the documentation of the procedures for
operating and maintaining the substation. These procedures are typically developed during the
design and construction stages and completed prior to energizing the substation.
Power transformers are available as a single phase or three phase apparatus. The construction of a
transformer depends upon the application, with transformers intended for indoor use primarily
dry-type but also as liquid immersed and for outdoor use usually liquid immersed.
Two number power transformers each of 12.5 /20 MVA ratings at the 110 KV substations shall
be provided. The transformer shall be ONAN / ONAF type. On load tap changer shall be
provided for voltage variation up to -10% to 10%. Necessary primary protection shall be
provided for the protection of the transformer. The transformer shall be provided with the
forced air cooling system with suitable enhanced 'MVA' capacity. Adequate provision shall be
there for connecting 1000A, XLPE cable to secondary terminals.
Power transformers are usually the largest single item in a substation. For economy of service
roads, transformers are located on one side of a substation, and the connection to switchgear is by
bare conductors. Because of the large quantity of oil, it is essential to take precaution against the
spread of fire. Hence, the transformer is usually located around a sump used to collect the excess
oil. Transformer that are located and a cell should be enclosed in a blast room.
Load = 15MW
The design of the high-voltage substation must include consideration for the safe operation and
maintenance of the equipment. Switching equipment is used to provide isolation, no load
switching, load switching, and/or interruption of fault currents. The magnitude and duration of the
load and fault currents will be significant in the selection of the equipment used. System
operations and maintenance must also be considered when equipment is selected. One significant
choice is the decision of single-phase or three-phase operation. High-voltage power systems are
generally operated as a three- phase system, and the imbalance that will occur when operating
equipment in a single- phase mode must be considered.
The main classes of equipment are as follows:
Isolators
Switches
Fuse-switch combinations
Circuit breakers
Earthing switches
The circuit breaker can be classified according to the voltage below 100V are called Low voltage
Circuit Breaker, and above 1000V are called High Voltage Circuit Breakers.
Circuit Breaker’s are classified according to the medium of are extinction. It is shown below.
(a) Air break CB
(b) Oil CB
(c) Air blast CB
(d) Sulphur hexa fluoride CB (SF6)
(e) Vacuum CB.
Isc = = 6.365 KA
√
As per table
Mini cable size for secondary side is 70mm2.
Current rating of 11KV XLPE (cable)
As per tables:
For secondary side 3 runs of 3 core – 70mm2 (cable)
6.2.2 ISOLATORS
Isolators are disconnecting switches which operate under no load conditions. It doesn’t have any
specified current breaking capacity making capacity. Isolators are sued in addition to circuit
breakers, while opening a circuit, the circuit breaker is opened first, then Isolator. While closing a
circuit the Isolator is closed first then the circuit breakers. Isolators are necessary on supply side
of circuit breakers in order to ensure isolation of the circuit breaker from live parts for the purpose
of maintenance.
6.2.2.1 Working
Isolators used in power system are generally 3 pole Isolator. The 3 pole Insulators have 3 identical
poles. Each pole consists of two or three Isolator posts mounted on a fabricated support. The
conducting parts are supported on the Insulator posts. The conducting part consists of conducting
Cu or AI rod, fixed and moving contacts. During the opening operation the conducting rod swings
apart and Isolation is obtained. The simultaneous operation of the 3 poles is obtained by
mechanical interlocking of the 3 poles.
2. PANTOGRAPH ISOLATION
These types of Isolators are preferred for rotted voltages 420KV and above. While closing the
linkages of pantograph are brought nearer by rotating the insulator column, in closed position two
arms of the pantograph close on the overhead station bus bar giving a grip. The current carried by
the upper bus bar to the lower bus bar through the conducting arms of the pantograph.
While opening the rotating Insulator column is rotated about its axis. Thereby the pantograph
blades collapse in vertical plane and vertical Isolator is obtained between the line terminal and
pantograph upper terminal. The Insulator covers less floor area. Each pole can be located at a
suitable point in a plane at desired angle with the bus axis.
4. EARTHING SWITCH
Earthing switch is connected between the line conductor and normally it is open when the line is
disconnected, the earthing switch is closed so as to discharge the energy trapped in capacitance or
inductance of the line. Though the line is disconnected, there is some voltage on the line to which
the capacitance between the line and earth is charged. This voltage is significant to high voltage
system. Normally, the earthing switches are mounted on the frame of Isolator.
These are essentially off load devices although they are capable of dealing with small charging
currents of Bus bars and connections. The design of isolators is closely related to the design of
substations.
Current transformer (CT) is used for measurement of electric currents. Current transformers are
also known as instrument transformers. When current in a circuit is too high to directly apply to
measuring instruments, a current transformer produces a reduced current accurately proportional
to the current in the circuit, which can be conveniently connected to measuring and recording
instruments. A current transformer also isolates the measuring instruments from what may be
very high voltage in the primary circuit.
Current transformers are commonly used in metering and protective relays in the electrical power
industry. Like any other transformer, a current transformer has a primary winding, a magnetic
core, and a secondary winding. The alternating current flowing in the primary produces a
magnetic field in the core, which then induces current flow in the secondary winding circuit.
A primary objective of current transformer design is to ensure that the primary and secondary
circuits are efficiently coupled, so that the secondary current bears an accurate relationship to the
primary current. The most common design of CT consists of a length of wire wrapped many times
around a silicon steel ring passed over the circuit being measured.
The CTs primary circuit therefore consists of a single turn of conductor, with a secondary of
many hundreds of turns. The primary winding may be a permanent part of the current
transformer, with a heavy copper bar to carry current through the magnetic core. Window-type
current transformers are also common, which can have circuit cables run through the middle of an
opening in the core to provide a single-turn primary winding. When conductors passing through a
CT are not centered in the circular (or oval) opening, slight inaccuracies may occur.
Current transformers are basically used to take the readings of the currents entering the
substation. This transformer steps down the current from 800 amps to 1 amp. This is done
because we have no instrument for measuring of such a large current. The main use of this
transformer is (a) distance protection; (b) backup protection; (c) measurement.
Current transformer LV side
Type 132 kV CT
Core 1 core 2 core 3
Ratio (A/A) 800/1 400/1 800/1 400/1 800/1 400/1
Sec. Conn: 1S1-1S2 2S1-2S3 3S1-3S3
Accuracy class: 0.2 5P 10 PS
Burden (VA): 30 15 NA
Highest system
Voltage: 145 kV insulation burn 275 kV/ 65014 Vp
There is a step down transformer, which step down the high voltage to a value that can be
measured using the measuring instruments in the control room.
The CVT are connected between phase and ground in parallel to the circuit
I=A√
x
ln [ ]
Where,
I = RMS Current in KA = 25.98 KA
(ACSR Zebra conductor)
r20 = R20 a/1
R20 = 0.06079Ω/ Km
a = 4.275 cm2
l = 1Km
r20 = 2.598 micro Ω cm
Ko = 230
I = 37.38 KA, which is greater than 25.98 KA specified.
A lightning arrester is a device used on electrical power systems to protect the insulation on the
system from the damaging effect of lightning. Metal oxide varistors (MOVs) have been used for
power system protection since the mid 1970s. The typical lightning arrester also known as surge
arrester has a high voltage terminal and a ground terminal. When a lightning surge or switching
surge travels down the power system to the arrester, the current from the surge is diverted around
the protected insulation in most cases to earth.
These lightening arrestors are used to prevent the lightening from damaging the instruments in
the substation. Lightening arrestors are the instrument that are used in the incoming feeders so
that to prevent the high voltage entering the main station. This high voltage is very dangerous to
the instruments used in the substation. Even the instruments are very costly, so to prevent any
damage lightening arrestors are used.
When an arrestor connected between phase and earth it is a 3 system, the rated voltage must be
equal to or greater than the highest RMS value of power frequency voltage which can be applied
to it under normal and abnormal condition of operation including fault. Conduction of risk of
damage is to be avoided.
= 96.8 KV
= 1.5 x 96 KV = 144 KV
The 66kV substation that is designed in this project is strictly based on the design procedures
accepted by the authorities. The intense care was taken through the whole procedure to ensure
protection for the equipment as well as the personnel in case of any failure or over current which
are possible to appear in the power system. The circuit breakers and the protective relays are
assigned for these purposes with proper design. The protective signs and symbols are also
employed for the workers to take precaution against failures. First of all a proper site to the
substation has to be identified such that some basic requirements have to be satisfied. From the
purely economic point of view, a major EHV substation would necessarily be of the outdoor type.
There should be enough space for the further developments of the plant because in future even
higher capacity may be needed to fulfill the power requirements. In order to protect the whole
plant from lightning, the lightning arresters and the earthing screens are provided above the
substation with suitable design criteria. These devices are capable to withstand the high current
due to lightning and also to pass this current safely to the earth without altering the present active
supply system. The other important equipments in the substation such as transformers, bus bars,
switch gear, potential transformers and current transformers, fuses, cables earth wires, batteries
etc are designed as per the requirements of the power system. The main objective of earthing is
protection from short circuits and over voltages that may occur in the power system due to many
reasons. A properly designed earthing system can protect the entire equipments and person that
comes under that specific power network. For proper designing of a power system, a deep
knowledge about the various faults that occur in the power system is necessary. Earthing is
considered as the one of the most important step in the design of a typical substation because the
proper earthing ensures the reliability of power supply- without many faults also ensures the
safety of the equipments as well as the personnel, So intense care has to be taken while designing
an earthing system for an extra high voltage substation.
8 REFERENCES