CHU DE 15: GICn HAN CUA HAM s6

~ I? •

II KIEN THLJC CO BAN.

a.Gioi h~n hliu han,

Gia su (a;b)la mQt khoang chua diem Xc va f 1a mQt ham s6 xac dinh

tren khoang (a;b) \Xc. Khi do ~ f(Xc)= L nell \;/ doy se (~) trong t~p hop (a;b) \Xc rna lim ~ = Xc,ta dell co lim f(~)= L.

b.Citri han vf cue.

lim f(x)= +00 (hay lim f(x)= -00) nell \;/ day x E (a;b) \x-ma

X~Xo X~Xo --n.--o

lim ~ = xo, ta dell co lim f(~)= +00 (hay lin f(~)= -00) . 2.GiOi h~n ham sO t~i vo cue,

+1 Gia su ta co ham s6 f xac dinh tren (a;+oo). Ta noi rang ham s6 f

co giOi han 1a s6 thtrc L khi x dan den +00 nell vOi moi day (~) trong khoang (a;+oo) rna lim ~ = +00 ,ta dell co lim f(~)= L.

Ta viet lim f(x)= L.

X~+OO

+/ T- ong tU ta ca lim f(x)= +00, lim f(x)= -00, lim f(x)= L,

X~+OO

X~+OO

x~-oo

lin f (x ) = +00 ,lin f (x ) = -00 0

x~-oo x~-oo

2.MQt s6 dinh 1y ve giOi han.

Djnh 1y 1: Gia su ~ f(x)= L VJl. ~ g(x)= M . Khi do:

al lim [f(x)+ g(x)] = L +M .

X~Xo

bl lim [f(x)- g(x)] = L -M 0

X~Xo

cl lim [ f (x ).g (x)] = L M ®lEt; b.:Dt lin ( cf (x)) = cL .

~Xo ~Xo

dl lim [f(X)] = ~,M :;t O.

X~Xo g(x) M

Djnh 1y 2: Gia su ~ f(Xc)= L, khi do: al lim If(x) = ILl

X~Xo •

bl lim ~f(Xc) = ifL.

X~Xo

cl Nell f(x)~ 0 \;/XE J \{Xc},trong do J 1a mQt khoang nan do chua diem

Xc thi L ~ 0 VJl. lin ~f(Xc ) = .JL .

X~Xo

4. GiOi han mQt ben.

+/ Gia su ham s6 f xac dinh tren khoang (xo;b).Ta noi ham s6 f co giOi han ben phai 1a L khi x dan den Xo (hoac tc;H diem Xo ),neu vOi mOi day (~) trong khoang (Xo ;b)ma lim ~ = Xo,ta deu co lim f(~)= L.

Ta viet x~ f(x)= L.

+/ Dinh nghla tLfOng tLf eho Im f(x)= L .

• • X~Xo

+/ Ham s6 co giOi han tai x_ va lim f(x)= L UJn tai lim+ f(x)

. . --0 X~Xo . X~Xo '

lin_ f(x)va lim f(x)= lim_ = L

X~Xo X~~ X~Xo •

5. MQt val quy tae tim giOi han vo cue.

+/ Neu lim If(x~ = +00 thi lin _1_ = 0

X~Xo X~Xo f (x )

+/ Quy tae 1.

Neu lim f(x)= ±oo VIJ. lim g(x)= L *- 0 thi lim [f(x).g(x)] eho bOi bang

X~Xo X~Xo 'x~Xo

sau:

lim f(x) Dau ella L lim [ f(x ).g(x)]
X~Xo X~Xo
+00 + +00
+00 -00
-00 + -00
-00 +00 Quy tae 2· lim f(x)= L *- 0 va lim g(x)= 0 VIJ. g(x)~ 0 haJEC g(x)~ 0 \j

• X~Xo X~Xo

J \{} d' l' A khos 'd' h' d·~? hi lim f(x)

XE ~ ,trong 0 J amoy oang nao 0 e Lfa iem Xo,t 1 --

x~Xo g(x)

eho bOi bang sau:

Dau ella L Dau ella f(x) lim f(x)
X~Xo g(x)
+ + +00
+ -00
+ -00
+00 6. MOt s6 dang vo dinh

o Dang -:

. 0

Cach khtr :

+/ Phan tich tu va mau thanh tich de giai LfOc nhan tu chung.

+/ Neu u(x) hay vex) co chua bien sa dLfOi dau din thi co the nhan ca tu va mau vOi bieu thtrc lien hop.

00

Dang -:

00

+/ Chia ca tu va mau cho Xk .vci k la sa mil cao nhat cua bien sa x. (Hay phan tich tu va mau thanh tich chua nhan tu xn roi gian uoc),

+/ Neu u(x) va vex) co chua bien x trong dau din, thi dLfaxk ra ngoai (k la b~c cao nhat cua x trong din) trutrc khi chia ca tu va mau cho lily thira cua x.

Dc;)ng 00 - 00 va dang 0 po :

+/ Nhfin va chia vOi bieu thirc lien hop.neu co bieu thirc chua bien x dLfOi dau din hoac quy dong mau de dtra ve cung mQt phan thtrc.

II. KI nang co ban.

V~n dung linh hoat cac dinh ly ve giOi han hCru han va cac quy tac tim giOi han vo cue de giai cac bai toan ve giOi han ham sa.

III. MQt sa vi du:

A.Vi du ur lu~n:

Vi du 1: Ap dung dinh nghia tinh

2

lin 3x -x+l

x~2 x-I

Giai:

/ H' ~I 3~ - x+ 1 , d' h - \{ 11

+ am sa f(x)= xac [n tren JJ •

x-I

+/ Gia su (~) la day sa tuy y rna ~ ---7 2.

Khi do

. 3~ 2 - ~ + 1 3.22 - 2 + 1

lim f(~ )= = = 11

~ -1 2-1

+/ V~y lin 3~ - x + 1 = II.

x~2 x-I

Vi du 2: Ap dung dinh nghia tinh

lin ~ + 2x- 3. x-e l, 2~ -x-l

Giai:

1 H' ~I ~ + 2x- 3 , d· h - .

+ am sa f(x) = ~ xac !TI tren I

2 -x-1

+1 Gia su (~) la day s6 tuy y rna ~ ---71.

Khi do

2

f - lin ~ + 2~ - 3

(~)- 2 2 1

~-~-

=lim (~-1)(~+3) 1 2(~ -1)(~ +-) 2

=lim ~+3 =4 1 3 2(~+-)

2

1 V A lin ~ + 2x - 3 4

+ ay =-

. x-oL 2~ - x-I 3

Vi du 3: Tinh

1/ lin Ix- ~

x~s" x2 - 25 Giai:

1/

21 lin 1:- 51 .

x~S- x - 25

Taco:

lin lx-51 = lim x-5 =lin_l_=]_ x~s"~-25 x~s" (x-5)(x+5) x~s"x+5 10

21 Ta co :

lin Ix- 51 = lin 5- x = lin ----=-!_ =_]_ x~S- ~ - 25 x~S- (x- 5)(x+ 5) x~S- x+ 5 10

LLfu ' . D lin Ix- ~ lin Ix- ~ - -i lin Ix- 51

y. 0 _2 *- _2 nen p _2 •

x~s" X - 25 x~S- x - 25 x~5 x - 25

I {7X2 - 4x + 3 khi x ~ 1

Vi du 3: Cho ham s6 f(x)= .

. 4x + 2 khi x < 1

Tinh lim f (x)

x-e-l, •

Giai:

+1 Ta co ham s6 fex) xac dinh tren t~p

+1 lim f(x)= lin (7~ - 4x+ 3)= 6.

x~l x~l

+1 lim f(x)= lim (4x+ 2)= 6

x~r x~r .

+/ Do lin f(x)= lin_ f(x)= 6 nen lim f(x)= 6.

x~l+ x-e-l, x~l

Vi du 4: Tinh

. 1

1/lin 32

x~-oo 3x - X + 2

3/ lim [(1- 2X)(3-)x' + 7x IJ

x-o+ee ~-1

2/ lim 3~ + X + 1 . x~-oo ~ + 3x-l

Giai:

1

lim 1 lim x3 = 0

1/ Ta co 3 2 = 1 2 .

x~-oo 3x - X + 2 x~-oo 3 __ + _

X ~

VX lim _!_= 0

x~-oo ~

lin(3-~+~J=3 .

x~oo X ~

( 1 1 ]

~ 3+-+-

2/ lim 3x3+x+l= lim ~ ~

x~-oo ~ + 3x - 1 x~oo _2 ( 3 1 J

X 1+---

X ~

1 1 3+-+-

= lin X· ~ ~

x~-oo 1 + 3 _ _!_

X ~

=-00.

3/

[ mJ (J

. X + 7x . 1

lin (1- 2x)(3 - 2 ) = lim X - - 2 3-

x-o+ee x-I x-o+ee X

=-00.

7 1+-

X

1 I--

X

vx lim X= +00

x~oo

. (1 J .

lim --2 =-2,lim 3-

X~+OO x X~+OO

Vi du 5: Tinh

2

1/ lin (x+ 3) - 27

x~o X

21 lin .J 9 - 5x - 2 x-e-l, ~-1

1+2

______x = 2 . 1

I--

x

21 lin ~-1

x~2 x- 2

41 lin ~-~~+7.

x-e-l, ~-1

Giai:

1/ Taca

2 3 2

lin (X + 3) - 27 = lim X + gx + 27x

x~O

X

x~O

X

= lin (x2 + x+ 27x)= 27.

x~O

21 Ta co

lim .J,-----9---5-x - 2 = lim 5 - 5x

x-e-l, ~ - 1 x-e-l, (~ - 1)2 (.J 9 - 5x + 2 )

= lin 5(1-x)

x-e-l, (x-l)(x+ 1)(.J9- 5x + 2)

= lin -5 _

x-oL (x+ 1)(.J9- 5x + 2)

5 9

3/ Taca

lin ~-1= lin (3-x)-1

x~2 X - 2 x~2 (x - 2 )[ ~ (3 - X f + ~ 3 - X + 1 ]

= lim -1

x~2 ~ (3 - X f + ~ 3 - X + 1

1

3

41 Ta co

lin ~-:J~+7 =lin(~-2_ :J~+7-2J.

x-e-l, ~ - 1 x-e-l, ~ -1 ~ - 1

M~t khac

lin ~-2=lim I-x

x-e l, ~ -1 x-e-l, (x-l)(x+ l)(.JS- x + 2)

-1

= lim -------===----

x-e l, (x+ l)(.JS- x + 2)

1

8

~x2+7-2 x2-1

lin = lim ------r=-r====-r=====---____=;_

x~l x2 - 1 x~l (~ _ 1)[ ~ (~ + 7)2 + :J ~ + 7 + 2 ]

-lin 1

- x-oL ~ (~ + 7 f +:J ~ + 7 + 2

1

12

Vay lin ~-:Jx2+7 =_'! _ _!_=_2.

. x~l x2 -1 8 12 24

Vi du 6: Tinh

1/ lin Sx+~

x~-oo 1- x

2 / lim -J ~ + 2x + 3x x-o+ee -J 4~ + 1- x + 2

3 / lin (-J ~ + x - x)

x-o+ee

4/ lim x[-J~+l-xJ.

x~-oo

Giai:

1/ lim 5x+3~

x~-oo 1- x = lim

x~-oo

= lim

5+~

x

1 --1

x

5+3~ ~ _1

x x

x~-oo 1

--1

x

=- 5 .

-- D +3x

. -J ~ + 2x + 3x _ lin ~XV~ .iT====-=, -; __

2 / x1!!'- v' 4x' + 1- x + 2 - x-»- ~ _ x + 2

=r Im X[R+3] -x~+oo (R 2J

x 4+- -1+-

x x

=v Im R+3 -x~+ooR 2 4+- -1+-

x x

= 4 •

3/ x!'- (v'x' + x-x) = x!'-v'x':X + x

= x!'- X( R +lJ

1

x

=x~ooR

1+- +1

x

1

=

2

4 / lin x[ " ,h 1- x] = lin" x

x~-oo X~+OO ~ + 1 + x

1

2

B. Vi du trac nghiern.

Chon phtrong an dung cho mOi vi du sau:

, d . 2x-l b~

VI u 7: lim ang:

x-e-l, x+ 2

A.O

1 B.- 3

C.~ 2

D.2

2

Vi d 8 lin x + 3x-l b~

I u : ang:

x~O x+l

A.1

B.O

lim(l IJ ~

_-_ bang:

x~O x ~

BA

C.-l

D.-3

Vi du 9:

A.2

C.+oo

D.-oo

~x-3 '

Vi du 10: lim bang:

x~2 x-I

A.-l B. -2

Vi du 11:

I {~+ 2x

Cho ham s6 f(x)=

3x

C.1

D.2

khi.x > 1 khix<l

Khi do lim f(x) bang

x~l

A.1 B.2

C.kh6ng tOn tc;H

D.3

. ~-1 ~

Vi du 12: lim bang:

x-e l, x- 2

A.2

B.O

C.1

D.-l

i d 13 lim~+3x-4 b~

VI u : ang:

x~l ~-1

A.1

B.1,5

lin x3-3x+2 b~

2 ang:

x~lX + 2x-3

B.-3

C.3

D.3,5

Vi du 14:

A. +00

C.1

D.O

lin 21xl+3 ,

Vi du 15: I bang:

x~-oo vx2 + x+ 5

A.-oo Dap an:

B.+oo

C.1

D.2

VD7 VD8 VD9 VD10 VD11 VD12 VD13 VD14 VD15
B C D C D A C C D II.Bai t~p

A.Bai t~p ur lu~n

Bai l.Dimg djnh nghia tinh giOi han.

1/ lin x+5

X~3~ - 4

2/ lim ~ - 3x+ 2 .

x~2 x- 2

HD:

+1 Xern lc;H vi du 1.

+1 DIS:

8 1/ -

5

21 1.

Bai 2 : Tinh

1/ lim ~-1 x~l+ I~ - 3x+ 21

2 / lin ~ + 4x - 12 x~2- I~ + x- 61 HD:

1/ De y: I~ - 3x + 21 = ~ - 3x + 2 \j x> 1 .

lim ~ -1 = lin (x-l)(x+V x~l+ I~ - 3x+ 21 x~l+ (x-I) (x- 2)

= lin x+l=_2. x~l+ x- 2

21 Dey-:lx2+x-61=-x2-x+6 \;/XE (-3;2)

. x2 + 4x - 12 . ( x - 2)( x + 6)

N an lin = lin --____,--------,--

x~l+ Ix2 + x- 61 x~l+ -( x+ 3) (x- 2)

=lin x+6 =_~.

x~l+ -( x+ 3) 5

»o ~I {X2 - 7x+ 2a- 4 khix>2

Bai 3: Tim a de ham sa f(x)=

3ax+ 4 khi.x s 2

Co giOi han khi x dan den 2.

HD:

+/Taca lin f(x)= lin (~- 7x+ 2a- 4) = 2a-14

x~2+ x~2+

lin f(x)= lin (3ax+ 4) = 6a+ 4

x~r x~r

+1 Phaico lin f(x)= lin f(x)¢::>2a-14=6a+4¢::>a=-~.

~~ ~r 2

+1 Yay vOi a= -~ thi ham s6 co giOi han khi x dan den 2.

. 2 .

lim f(x)= -23

x~2

Bai 4: Tinh

1/ lin .J2x+ 7 + x- 4 x-e-l, ~-4~ +3

31 ~ + x + 1 - 31 x3 - 1

3/ lin _v v __

x~O x

HD : Xem lc;H each lam a vi du 5. 4

1/--

15

31 L uu y- de cho gc;m ta bien dOi

:J~ + x+ 1+:J~ -1 = :J~ + x+ 1( 1+ ~x-l) Nen giOi han can tinh bang:

2/ lin .J2x+ 7 - 3 x-s l, 2-rx+3

~- '3x-2

4/ lim __ 'V _

x-oL x-I

DIS:

4 2/--

3

lim[:J~+X+l(l+~X-l)J=lim[:J~+X+l' 21 ]

x~o x~o :J(x-l) +~x-l+l

1

3

4/ De rut gon ta bien dOi:

>2-.J3x-2 >2-1 .J3x-2-1 .J3x-l-l

----= - = (~+x+l)-----

x-I x-I x-I x-I

Nhtr v~y giOi han dln tinh bang

. 2 . .J3x-l-l . 3 3

lin (x + x + 1) - lin = 3 - lim ---,===--- -

x-oL x-oL x-I x~1.J3x- 2 + 1 2

Bai 5:Tinh

1/ lin .Jr-1-+-2-x - ~1+ 3x

x~o x

2 / lin rx+7 - rx+3

x~l

3/ lim -rx-l

X~1~x-2+1

HD:

1/ Bien dOi giOi han dln tinh bang

lin (.Jl+ 2x -1 _ ~1+ 3x -lJ= lim .Jl+ 2x -1 -lin ~1+ 3x -1

x~o x x x~o X x~o x

=1-1=0.

4 / lin _Fx_+----;==.J x=-=l_-_l x~l+ .J~-1

2/ +/ TLfOng ur cau Lthem bot 2 a tU. ~I 1

+/ Dap sa -.

6

3/ +/ Nhan lien hop ca tu va mau. +/ Dap s6: 1

K ~, Fx+~-l Fx-l ~

4/ +/ Bien <:': = .J + .J

~-1 ~+1 ~-1

, 1

+/ TLr do tinh dLfQc giOi han da cho bang J2'

Bai 6 :Tinh

HD: Xem lc;H each lam a vi du 6.

DIS: 1/ 5 31 -1

51 -1 71 1

Bai 7: Tinh giOi han sau thea a.

1/ lin (x2 - 3x+ 2 )Ix- al

x~a+ x2 - 5x+ 4

/ . [x2-2(a+l)x+2a+lJlx2-a21

2 lim 3 2

x~at- X - 5x + 4x

HD:

1/ Taco

1= lin (~- 3x+ 2 )Ix- al = lin (x- 2 )(x- a)

x~a+ ~ - 5x+ 4 x~a+ x- 4

+1 TrLfong hop 1: a= 4

=} 1= lim (x - 2 ) = 2 •

x~4+

+1 TrLfong hop 2: a:;t 4. =} 1= O.

1/ lin .J ~ + 2x + 3 + 4x + 1 x-o+ee .J 4~ + 1 + 2 - x

3 / lin .J ~ + 2x + 3

x~-oo :J>2 - x+ 2

5/ lin (_2_ - 4 J

x~l I-x 1->2

7/ lin (x+:J3~ ->2)

x~-oo

+/ V~y I={~

khia=4 khi.a= 4·

2 / lin .J g~ + x + 1- .J 4~ + 2x + 1

x~-oo x+ 1

4 / lin (2x - 1- .J 4~ - 4x - 1)

x-o+ee

x-o+ee

21 -1 41 0

61

1

81

2 2

21 Ta co: a> o.

_ lim [x2 - 2 (a + 1)x + 2a + 1] Ix2 - a21

J- 3 2

x~a+ X - 5x + 4x

= lim (x-l)(x- 2a-l)(x- a)(x+ a)

x~a+ x(x-l)(x- 4)

+/ TrLfong hop 1: a= 1

=} 1= lim (x-1)(x- 3)(x+ 4) = 0

x~l+ x(x- 4)

+/ TrLfong hop 2: a= 4

=} 1= lin (x-1)(x- 9 )(x+ 4) = _ 10

x~4 x(x-1) 3

{a:;t 1

+/ TrLfong hop 3: a:;t 4 =} 1= O.

{_10 khia= 4

V~y 1= 3

o khia:;t4.

B.Bai t~p trac nghi~m.

Bai l.) G'O"h . Jt-lb~

ai . 1 1 an lim -- ang :

x-41 x-I

A). 3.

B). 2.

C). 1.

1

D). -.

2

B" 2) G'" h ,x + 3x- 4 b~

ai . 101 an lin Jt ang :

x-41 -1

A). 3. B). 1. C). 6.

Bai 3). GiOihc;:In lin 2-~l/5x+3 bang:

X-41 x-I

A). 19 B). 29

12 12

B" 4) G'" h ,x -3x+2 b~

ai . 101 an lin _.2 ang :

• x-41 X + 2x- 3

3

A).-. B).l

4

B" 5) G'" h Jt - 4 b~

ai . 101 an lin Jt ang :

• x-42 2 - 5x+ 2

8

A). -. B). 2.

3

B" 6) G'" h lin ~ - 1 b ~

ai . 101 an rr=r: ang :

• x-41 -v 3x+ 1- 2

A). ~ B). ~

4 9

D). 2,5.

C). _ 19 12

29

D).--

12

C). o.

1

D). -.

2

4

C). -.

3

D). 4.

C). ~

3

D).~

3

,. ) Gioi h linrx+i-2 b~

Ba1 7. 101 an r=r: ang :

• x-43 V x+ 6 - 3

A).2.

2

C). -.

3

B). 3.

Bai 8). Gioi han lin ~ - 2 bang:

x-41 + x- 2

111

A). --. B). -. C). -.

4 3 16

Bai 9). Gioi han lim ~2x+ 2 - ~ bang:

x-41 x-l

13 1 1

A).-. B).--. C).-.

12 12 3

Bai 10). Gioi han lim JC - 4 Fx+2 bang:

x-42 x- 2

A). 3. B). 11. C). 14.

Bai 11). Gioi han lin2 ~2 bang:

. x-» x+ 2 - 2

A). 8. B). 4. C). O.

B" 12) G'O" h . JC + 8 b~

ai . 1 1 an lin -- ang :

X-4-2 x+ 2

A). 12. B). 6. C). 4.

Bai 13). Gioi han lin ~ 4x+ 5 + J3;+i - 5 bang:

x-41 x-l

A). 13 B). 17 C) . .!_

6 U U

B" 14) G'" h . Jt +2x-8 b~

ai . 101 an lin Jt ang :

x-42 - x- 2

4

A). - 2. B). 2. C). -.

3

Bai 15). GiOi han lin ~~~ bang:

X-40

1 3

A). +00. B). -. C). -.

12 2

Bai 16). Gioi han lim ~3X; 2 - rx+2 bang:

X-42 - x- 2

A). ~

12

7

B).-

12

C).O.

1

D). -

6

3

D). -.

2

1

D). -.

12

1

D). -.

6

D). 13.

D). 2.

D). 8.

1

D).--

12

D). 4.

1

D). -.

2

fl' ,

ap an:
Bai 1 Bai 2 Bai 3 Bai 4 Bai 5 Bai 6 Bai 7 Bai 8
B B D C C B D D Bai 9 Bai 10 Bai 11 Bai 12 Bai 13 Bai 14 Bai 15 Bai 16
B B B A B B D C