MINOR PROJECT WORK

REPORT
ON
REGULATED POWER SUPPLY

Submitted to State Board of Technical Education

For the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award

Of diploma of Electronics and Communication Engineering for the

SESSION: 2008 TO 2011

Submitted by: - Submitted to:-

Rajat Aggarwal Mr. Chanan Pawar

0809810040 Sr. Lecturer

Electronics &

Comm. Poonam Mehta

Engineering

0809810033

Manisha

0809810023
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are deeply indebted to “ Mr. Chanan Pawar Sr. Lecturer in
Department of Electronics & Communication Engg. at
Ambition Institute Of Polytechnic , Moriwala (Sirsa)”. For his
inspiring and encouraging guidance without which this project
work could not have been completed inspite of his busy
schedule. He always had time to attend the problem faced by
us in our project work. We will always remember his quick
analysis, comprehensive solution and critical reviews, he has
been given through out the project work.
Cordial and earnest thanks to staff of Ambition Institute of
Polytechnic, Moriwala (Sirsa) for his valuable suggestion and
help remembered in conducting the project work.
But at last, but not least we express over indebtedness to our
parents and all other family members for their patience and
help extended in this end over.

Rajat Aggarwal
0809810040

Poonam Mehta
0809810033

Manisha
0809810023

Ambition Institute of Polytechnic

Moriwala (Sirsa)

CONTENTS
 CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION
 o Introduction.
o Theoretical background
o Aim to design this project
o Application
o Advantages
 CHAPTER-2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
o block diagram
o block description
o circuit diagram
o circuit description
o component used
o working principle and operation
 CHAPTER-3 FABRICATION PROCESS
o fabrication techniques
o various tools and equipment
o soldering
o tips and tricks
o precautions
 CHAPTER-4 TESTING
 CHAPTER 5 RESULT AND CONCLUSION
 Reference
 Chapter:-1

INTRODUCTIO
N

INTRODUCTION
Regulated power supply
In general, electronic circuit using transistors require a source
of DC power for example in tube amplifiers, DC voltage is
needed for plate, screen grid and control grid. Similarly the
emitter and collector bias in a transistor must also be direct
current. Batteries are rarely used for this purpose as they are
costly. In practice DC power for electronic circuit is most
conveniently obtained from commercial AC lines by using
rectifier-filter system, called a DC power supply. The rectifier-
filter combination constitutes an ordinary DC power supply.
The DC voltage from an ordinary power supply remains
constant. So long as AC mains voltage or load is unaltered.
However, in many electronic applications, it is desired that DC
voltage should remain constant irrespective of change in AC
mains or load under such situations, voltage regulating devices
are used with ordinary power supply. This constitutes
regulated DC power supply and keeps the DC voltage at fairly
constant value.

CERTIFICATE
Certify that the project entitled “variable regulated power

supply” submitted by Rajat Aggarwal 0809810040, Poonam

Mehta 0809810033 and Manisha 0809810023 in partial

fulfillment of the requirement for the award of “Diploma in

Electronics & Communication Engg. by the state board of

Technical Education Punjab Panchkula” is a record student

own project work carried out under my supervision.

Er. Chanan Singh Pawar

Electronics & Comm. Engg.

 Ambition Institute of Poly.

Moriwala (Sirsa)

Ambition Institute of Polytechnic

Moriwala (Sirsa)

Chapter:-2

PROJECT

DESCRIPTION
 BLOCK DESCRIPTION
Transformer: - The low voltage AC output is suitable for lamps,
heaters and special AC motors. It is not suitable for electronic circuits
unless they include a rectifier and a smoothing capacitor.

Transformer + Rectifier: - The varying DC output is suitable for

lamps, heaters and standard motors. It is not suitable for electronic
circuits unless they include a smoothing capacitor.
Transformer + Rectifier + Smoothing: - The smooth DC output
has a small ripple. It is suitable for most electronic circuits.

Transformer + Rectifier + Smoothing + Regulator: - The

regulated DC output is very smooth with no ripple. It is suitable for all
electronic circuits.
 CIRCUIT DISCRIPTION
Step Down Transformer :- Transformers convert AC electricity
from one voltage to another with little loss of power.
Transformers work only with AC and this is one of the reasons
why mains electricity is AC.
Step-up transformers increase voltage, step-down transformers
reduce voltage. Most power supplies use a step-down
transformer to reduce the dangerously high mains voltage
(230v) to safer low voltage.
 Transformers and their symbol

The input coil is called the primary and the output coil is called
the secondary. There is no electrical connection between the
two coils, instead they are linked by an alternating magnetic
field

created in the soft-iron core of the transformer. The two lines

in the middle of the circuit symbol represent the core.
Transformers waste very little power so the power out is
(almost) equal to the power in. Note that as voltage is stepped
down current is stepped up.

The ratio of the number of turns on each coil, called the turn’s
ratio, determines the ratio of the voltages. A step-down
transformer has a large number of turns on its primary (input)
coil

which is connected to the high voltage mains supply, and a

small number of turns on its secondary (output) coil to give a
low output voltage.

Vp Np power out = power in

turns ratio = = and
Vs Ns Vs × Is = Vp × Ip
Vs = secondary (output)
Vp = primary (input) voltage
voltage
Np = number of turns on
Ns = number of turns on
primary coil
secondary coil
Ip = primary (input) current
Is = secondary (output) current
Rectifier: - There are several ways of connecting diodes to
make a rectifier to convert AC to DC. The bridge rectifier is
the most important and it produces full-wave varying DC. A
full-wave rectifier can also be made from just two diodes if a
centre-tap transformer is used, but this method is rarely used
now that diodes are cheaper. A single diode can be used as a
rectifier but it only uses the positive (+) parts of the AC wave
to produce half-wave varying DC.

Bridge Rectifier: - A bridge rectifier can be made using four

individual diodes, but it is also available in special packages
containing the four diodes required. It is called a full-wave

rectifier because it uses all the AC wave (both positive and

negative sections). 1.4V is used up in the bridge rectifier
because each diode uses 0.7V when conducting and there are
always two diodes conducting, as shown in the diagram below.
When AC supply is switched on. During positive half cycle
terminal A is positive and B is negative. This makes diode D1
& D3 forward biases & diode D2 & D4 reverse biases and we
get positive cycle.
During –ve half wave cycle, the A becomes –ve and B
becomes +ve. Due to this D2 & D4 come under forward bias
and diode D1
& D3 are reverse bias. Therefore, diodes D2 & D4 conduct
while diode D1 & D3 don’t. the shape of wave is shown in
figure.
Bridge Rectifier

Output: full-wave varying DC

Hence, we can say that the bridge wave rectifier give the
pulsating DC voltage which are not suitable for electronics
circuit.
Smoothing (Filter): - Smoothing is performed by a large value
electrolytic capacitor connected across the DC supply to act as
a reservoir, supplying current to the output when the varying
DC voltage from the rectifier is falling. The diagram shows the
unsmoothed varying DC (dotted line) and the smoothed DC
(solid line). The capacitor charges quickly near the peak of the
varying DC, and then discharges as it supplies current to the
output.

Note: - Note that smoothing significantly increases the average

DC voltage to almost the peak value (1.4 × RMS value).
Smoothing is not perfect due to the capacitor voltage falling a
little as it discharges, giving a small ripple voltage. For many
circuits a ripple which is 10% of the supply voltage is
satisfactory and the equation below gives the required value
for the smoothing capacitor. A larger capacitor will give less
ripple. The capacitor value must be doubled when smoothing
half-wave DC.

So, in this we concluded that the pulsating DC voltage is

applied to the smoothing capacitor. This smoothing capacitor
reduces the pulsations in the rectifier DC output voltage.

The smooth DC output has a small ripple. It is suitable for

most electronics circuits.

capacitor
Adjustable regulator: - Voltage regulator ICs are available
with fixed or variable output voltages. The regulated DC
output is very smooth with no ripple. It is suitable for all
electronic circuits.

When voltage regulating device is added to this ordinary

power supply, it turns in to a regulated power supply.

Voltage regulator
In this we used adjustable voltage regulator. The adjustable
voltage regulator can be adjusted to provide any DC output
voltage that is within its two specified limits. The most popular
three terminal IC adjustable voltage regulator is the KA317. It
has an input terminal, output terminal and an adjustment
terminal.
 An external voltage divider is used to change the DC output
voltage of the regulator. By changing external voltage divider
means variable resistance, a wide range of output voltage can
be obtained. Most regulators include some automatic
protection from excessive current (overload protection) and
overheating
(Thermal protection).

HOW TO CONSTRUCT
 First of all read the given manual thoroughly and study the
circuit given in the figure. Also have a look at PCB and
components supplied along with the kit. Each component has
to be soldered in its position on PCB.
 Identification of resistors is done by color-coding. The color
band on each resistor corresponds to its exact value.
 There are different methods in which are defined on
capacitors. But usually values are specified numerically on
them. Refer “Basic Electronics” section of the manual for
details of resistor and capacitor identification methods.
 Can you make out the whole working of circuit and are you
able to identify each component separately as to where each
of them has to be placed?
 If yes, only then proceed further to actually mounting and
soldering the parts refer to “Soldering Instructions” section.
 Not IC’s but their sockets are to be soldered on PCB. This is to
make mounting and dismounting of IC’s easy while
troubleshooting.

 Start from left most corner of PCB and solder the components
one by one on their correct position of PCB.

 Before soldering any component see that you have placed

it at its right position and with correct polarity. Give due
attention to diodes and electrolytic capacitors, as they are
polarity dependent.
 Do the soldering of other components in the same way
while keeping in mind that components with long and
sensitive leads like capacitors and transistors are soldered last.
CHAPTER:-3

FABRICATING

PROCESS
 FABRICATING

TECHNIQUES
The fabricating techniques used in this project can be broadly

classified into:

o Mechanical Fabricating, consisting of mechanical design.

o Electrical Fabricating, consisting of electrical design i.e.

making PCB, soldering, is making connection correctly etc.

 VARIOUS TOOLS & EQUIPMENTS

NEEDED FOR FEBRICATION

Soldering wire De-soldering iron

Flux
 Wire cutter Multimeter

SOLDERING
Soldering is a process in which two or more metal items are joined

together by melting and flowing a filler metal into the joint, the filler

metal into the joint, the filler metal having a relative low melting point.

Soft soldering is characterized by the melting point of the filler metal,

which is below 4000 C (7520F). The filler metal used in the process is

called solder.
Soldering is distinguished brazing by use of a lower melting-temperature

filler metal; it is distinguished from welding by the base metals not being

melted during the joining process. In a soldering process, heat is applied

to the parts to be joint by capillary action and to bond to the materials to

be joined by wetting action. After the metal cools, the resulting joints are

not as strong as the base metal, but have adequate strength , electrical

conductivity and water tightness for many uses . soldiering is an ancient

technique mentioned in Bible and there is evidence that it was employed

upto 5000 years ago in Mesopotamia.

TIPS & TRICKS

Soldiering is something that needs to be practiced. These tips should help

you began successful so you can stop practicing and get down to some

serious building.
1. Use heatsinks. Heatsinks are must for the leads of sensitive

components such as on

2. Keep the iron tip clean. A clean iron tip means better heat conduction

and a better joint. Use a wet sponge to clean the tip between joints.

3. Double check points. It is good idea to check all the soldiers joints

with an Ohm meter after they are cooled. If the joint measures any

more than a few tenths of an ohm, then it may be a good idea to

resolder it.

4. Use the proper iron. Remember that bigger joints will take longer to

heat up with an 30W iron than with a 150w iron. While 30W is good

for printed circuit boards and the like, higher wattages are great when

soldiering to a heavy metal chases.

5. Solder small parts first. Solder resistors , jumper leads, diodes and

any other small parts before you solder larger parts like capacitors

and transistors. This makes assembly much easier.

 PRECAUTIONS

1. Mount the components at the appropriate places before soldering;

Follow the circuit description and components details, leads

 identification etc. Do not start soldering before making it confirm

that all components are mounted at right place.

2. Do not use a spread solder on board, it may cause short circuit.

3. Do not sit under the fan while soldering.

4. Position the board so that gravity tends to keep the solder where

you want it.

5. Do not over heat the components at the board. Excess heat may

damage the component or board.

6. The board should not vibrate while soldering otherwise you have a

dry or cold joint.

7. Do not put the kit under or over voltage source. Be sure about the

voltage either dc or ac while operating the gadget.

CHAPTER:-4

TESTING

BLOCK DIAGRAM
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 Fig: - Regulated Power Supply

TESTING
The testing step comes after the fabrications processes or we can say this

is the final step of our project. In this process we have done testing of our

project by hardware section.

Hardware section
In the hardware section, first of all we have tested the soldiering section of

power supply, after that in this we have checked that we are receiving the

output required or not, i.e. 5V from the power supply section. After

founding that the power supply section is working as per our requirement

we moved to another section for testing. We tested the connection of

capacitors, resistors, transistors. Finally we had gone through the whole

circuit and check if there are no loosened wires, breaking of tracks etc. the

tools required for testing the hardware section was:

Soldering rod, flux and lead

Twisser and stipper

Digital multimeter
Desoldering gun
 COMPONENT USED

 Step down transformer:- The step down transformer can convert

high voltageAC into low voltage AC. By step down transformer

we can take different values of voltage at output. In this project we

can use 12-0-12 step down transformer. In this transformer we

give high AC voltage by two red wires & take low AC voltage

output by eight wires. At eight wires we can obtain various

outputs.
 Bridge wave rectifier: - In the full wave rectifier we can use four

diodes. These rectifiers can convert AC voltage into DC voltage. In

this circuit we use four diodes of value 4007 to make a full wave

rectifier. These four diodes give full wave at output. One diode

takes 0.7v to operate.We can use two diode to take full wave at

output but for this we require a center tap transformer, this is not

generally use because these are chipper. At output we obtain

pulsating DC volt.:-
  Capacitor :- Capacitor are use for either to store the charge or

for smoothing purpose. But in this circuit we use capacitor for

smoothing purpose. It give the DC voltage but this DC voltage

contain some ripple.

 Adjustable regulator: - In this circuit we use adjustable regulator

KA317. This regulator is use to take DC voltage. At this DC

voltage no ripples are present.

The terminal 1st is input terminal through which we take the DC

voltage which is provided by the capacitor. 2nd terminal is earthing

terminal & 3rd terminal is output terminal through which we take

the output.