Máscara de rede

Origem: Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre.

Uma máscara de subrede também conhecida como

subnet mask ou netmask é um número de 32 bits usada
para separar em um IP a parte correspondente à rede
pública, à subrede e aos hosts.

Uma subrede é uma divisão de uma rede de computadores

- é a faixa de endereços lógicos reservada para uma
organização. A divisão de uma rede grande em menores Os números de rede e de host para as classes A, B e C a
resulta num tráfego de rede reduzido, administração partir de seu IP.
simplificada e melhor performance de rede. No IPv4 uma
subrede é identificada por seu endereço base e sua máscara
de subrede.

Índice
1 Endereços de Rede e Endereços Lógicos
1.1 Classes IPv4
2 Máscaras de Subrede
3 Ver também
4 Ligações externas

Endereços de Rede e Endereços Lógicos

O termo endereço de rede pode tanto significar o endereço lógico, ou seja o endereço da camada de rede – tal
como o endereço IP, como o primeiro endereço (endereço base) de uma faixa de endereços reservada a uma
organização.

Os computadores e dispositivos que compõem uma rede – tal como a Internet – possuem um endereço lógico. O
endereço de rede é único e pode ser dinâmico ou estático. Este endereço permite ao dispositivo se comunicar com
outros dispositivos conectados à rede. Para facilitar o roteamento os endereços são divididos em duas partes:

O endereço (número) da rede que identifica toda a rede/subrede: o endereço de todos os nós de uma
subrede começam com a mesma sequência.
O endereço (número) do host que identifica uma ligação a uma máquina em particular ou uma interface
desta rede.

Isto funciona de maneira semelhante a um endereço postal onde o endereço de rede representa a cidade e o
endereço do host representa a rua. A máscara de subrede é usada para determinar que parte do IP é o endereço da
rede e qual parte é o endereço do host.

Classes IPv4

O esquema de endereçamento de rede mais comum é chamado IPv4. Os endereços IPv4 consistem de endereços de
32 bits divididos em 4 octetos e uma máscara de subrede do mesmo tamanho. Há três tipos de redes "classful":

Classe Bits iniciais Início Fim Máscara de Subrede padrão Notação CIDR
 A 0 1.0.0.1 127.255.255.253 255.0.0.0 /8
B 10 128.0.0.1 191.255.255.254 255.255.0.0 /16
C 110 192.0.0.1 223.255.255.254 255.255.255.0 /24

Uma rede “classful” é uma rede que possui uma máscara de rede 255.0.0.0, 255.255.0.0 ou 255.255.255.0.

Máscaras de Subrede
A máscara de rede padrão acompanha a classe do
endereço IP: num endereço de classe A, a máscara será
255.0.0.0, indicando que o primeiro octeto se refere à rede
e os três últimos ao host. Num endereço classe B, a
máscara padrão será 255.255.0.0, onde os dois primeiros
octetos referem-se à rede e os dois últimos ao host, e num
endereço classe C, a máscara padrão será 255.255.255.0
onde apenas o último octeto refere-se ao host.

Os 32 bits das Máscaras de Subrede são divididos em duas Máscaras de Rede para as classes A, B e C classfull.
partes: um primeiro bloco de 1s seguido por um bloco de
0s. Os 1s indicam a parte do endereço IP que pertence à
rede e os 0s indicam a parte que pertence ao host.

Normalmente, as máscaras de subrede são representadas com quatro números de 0 a 255 separados por três pontos.
A máscara 255.255.255.0 (ou 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000), por exemplo, em uma rede da classe C,
indica que o terceiro byte do endereço IP é o número de subrede e o quarto é o número do host (veja a seguir).

Embora normalmente as máscaras de subrede sejam representadas em notação decimal, é mais fácil entender seu
funcionamento usando a notação binária. Para determinar qual parte de um endereço é o da rede e qual é o do host,
um dispositivo deve realizar uma operação "AND".

Exemplo

Endereço decimal Binário

Endereço completo 192.168.5.10 11000000.10101000.00000101.00001010
Máscara da subrede 255.255.255.0 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
Porção da rede 192.168.5.0 11000000.10101000.00000101.00000000

A Porção da Rede é o AND entre o Endereço e a Máscara.

As máscaras de subrede não precisam preencher um octeto ("byte"). Isto permite que uma rede “classfull” seja
subdividida em subredes. Para criar uma subrede reserva-se alguns bits do host para a rede. O exemplo a seguir
mostra como os bits podem ser "emprestados" para converter uma rede classfull em uma subrede.

Exemplo

Endereço Decimal Binário

Endereço Completo de Rede 192.168.5.130 11000000.10101000.00000101.10000010
Máscara de Subrede 255.255.255.192 11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000
Porção da Subrede 192.168.5.128 11000000.10101000.00000101.10000000
No exemplo dois bits foram emprestados da porção do host e são usados para identificar a subrede.

Número da Número do
IP Prefixo da Rede
Subrede Host
11000000.10101000.00000101.10000010 11000000.10101000.00000101 10 000010

Para determinar o número de hosts/subredes disponíveis a partir de certa máscara de subrede devemos verificar o
número de bits emprestados. No exemplo anterior, por exemplo, há 2 bits emprestados, logo há:

22 = 4 subredes disponíveis RFC 1812 (http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1812.txt) , já pela antiga RFC 950

(http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc950.txt) o número de subredes seria 2. Isto se deve ao fato de que a RFC 950
(seção 2.1, página 5) não permite subredes com todos os bits em 1 ou em 0.

As quatro subredes são:

Ender
RFC 1101 DNS Encodings of Network Names and Other Types

Ver também
Endereço IP
Encaminhamento
Subrede
CIDR
IP
IPv4

Ligações externas
Understanding IP Addressing - Everything You Ever Wanted To Know (http://www.3com.com/other
/pdfs/infra/corpinfo/en_US/501302.pdf) (PDF) pp. 76 pages. 3COM (May 2001). "1.08 MB"
255.255.255.0: A matemática das máscaras de rede (http://www.vivaolinux.com.br/artigos
/verArtigo.php?codigo=7477) (em português)
Online subnet calculators (http://www.subnet-calculator.com/)
Network Calculators (http://www.subnetmask.info/)
IP Address Subnetting Tutorial (http://www.ralphb.net/IPSubnet/)
Cisco-IP Addressing and Subnetting for New Users (http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/701/3.html)
IP subnetting made easy (http://techrepublic.com.com/5100-1035_11-6089187.html?tag=fdpop)

Obtida de "http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1scara_de_rede"
Categoria: Internet

Esta página foi modificada pela última vez às 11h31min de 16 de março de 2011.
Este texto é disponibilizado nos termos da licença Atribuição - Partilha nos Mesmos Termos 3.0 Não
Adaptada (CC BY-SA 3.0); pode estar sujeito a condições adicionais. Consulte as condições de uso para mais
detalhes.
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CIDR Table
Revision: 1.3 - Date: 2000/03/23 15:27:40 GMT Check Them Out!

Bits Network Broadcast Netmask Hostmask SANSFIRE 2011

==== ======= ========= ======= ========
Security Awareness
/1 0.0.0.0 127.255.255.255 128.0.0.0 127.255.255.255
Training
/1 128.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 128.0.0.0 127.255.255.255
Top Cyber Security
/2 0.0.0.0 63.255.255.255 192.0.0.0 63.255.255.255
Risks
/2 64.0.0.0 127.255.255.255 192.0.0.0 63.255.255.255
/2 128.0.0.0 191.255.255.255 192.0.0.0 63.255.255.255 SANS Reading Room
/2 192.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 192.0.0.0 63.255.255.255 Career Roadmap
/3 0.0.0.0 31.255.255.255 224.0.0.0 31.255.255.255 Storm Center
/3 32.0.0.0 63.255.255.255 224.0.0.0 31.255.255.255
WhatWorks™
/3 64.0.0.0 95.255.255.255 224.0.0.0 31.255.255.255
/3 96.0.0.0 127.255.255.255 224.0.0.0 31.255.255.255 Newsletters
/3 128.0.0.0 159.255.255.255 224.0.0.0 31.255.255.255
/3 160.0.0.0 191.255.255.255 224.0.0.0 31.255.255.255 “Very intense. I have
/3 192.0.0.0 223.255.255.255 224.0.0.0 31.255.255.255 never been to a
/3 224.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 224.0.0.0 31.255.255.255 conference where we
/4 0.0.0.0 15.255.255.255 240.0.0.0 15.255.255.255 received so much
/4 16.0.0.0 31.255.255.255 240.0.0.0 15.255.255.255 information and so
/4 32.0.0.0 47.255.255.255 240.0.0.0 15.255.255.255 much more to learn
/4 48.0.0.0 63.255.255.255 240.0.0.0 15.255.255.255 post-conference.”
/4 64.0.0.0 79.255.255.255 240.0.0.0 15.255.255.255 -Paul Abels, UPS
/4 80.0.0.0 95.255.255.255 240.0.0.0 15.255.255.255
/4 96.0.0.0 111.255.255.255 240.0.0.0 15.255.255.255
/4 112.0.0.0 127.255.255.255 240.0.0.0 15.255.255.255
/4 128.0.0.0 143.255.255.255 240.0.0.0 15.255.255.255
/4 144.0.0.0 159.255.255.255 240.0.0.0 15.255.255.255
/4 160.0.0.0 175.255.255.255 240.0.0.0 15.255.255.255
/4 176.0.0.0 191.255.255.255 240.0.0.0 15.255.255.255
/4 192.0.0.0 207.255.255.255 240.0.0.0 15.255.255.255
/4 208.0.0.0 223.255.255.255 240.0.0.0 15.255.255.255
/4 224.0.0.0 239.255.255.255 240.0.0.0 15.255.255.255
/4 240.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 240.0.0.0 15.255.255.255
/5 0.0.0.0 7.255.255.255 248.0.0.0 7.255.255.255
/5 8.0.0.0 15.255.255.255 248.0.0.0 7.255.255.255
/5 16.0.0.0 23.255.255.255 248.0.0.0 7.255.255.255
/5 24.0.0.0 31.255.255.255 248.0.0.0 7.255.255.255
/5 32.0.0.0 39.255.255.255 248.0.0.0 7.255.255.255
/5 40.0.0.0 47.255.255.255 248.0.0.0 7.255.255.255
/5 48.0.0.0 55.255.255.255 248.0.0.0 7.255.255.255
/5 56.0.0.0 63.255.255.255 248.0.0.0 7.255.255.255
/5 64.0.0.0 71.255.255.255 248.0.0.0 7.255.255.255
/5 72.0.0.0 79.255.255.255 248.0.0.0 7.255.255.255
/5 80.0.0.0 87.255.255.255 248.0.0.0 7.255.255.255
/5 88.0.0.0 95.255.255.255 248.0.0.0 7.255.255.255
/5 96.0.0.0 103.255.255.255 248.0.0.0 7.255.255.255
/5 104.0.0.0 111.255.255.255 248.0.0.0 7.255.255.255
/5 112.0.0.0 119.255.255.255 248.0.0.0 7.255.255.255
/5 120.0.0.0 127.255.255.255 248.0.0.0 7.255.255.255
/5 128.0.0.0 135.255.255.255 248.0.0.0 7.255.255.255
/5 136.0.0.0 143.255.255.255 248.0.0.0 7.255.255.255
/5 144.0.0.0 151.255.255.255 248.0.0.0 7.255.255.255
/5 152.0.0.0 159.255.255.255 248.0.0.0 7.255.255.255
/5 160.0.0.0 167.255.255.255 248.0.0.0 7.255.255.255
/5 168.0.0.0 175.255.255.255 248.0.0.0 7.255.255.255
/5 176.0.0.0 183.255.255.255 248.0.0.0 7.255.255.255
/5 184.0.0.0 191.255.255.255 248.0.0.0 7.255.255.255
/5 192.0.0.0 199.255.255.255 248.0.0.0 7.255.255.255
/5 200.0.0.0 207.255.255.255 248.0.0.0 7.255.255.255
/5 208.0.0.0 215.255.255.255 248.0.0.0 7.255.255.255
/5 216.0.0.0 223.255.255.255 248.0.0.0 7.255.255.255
/5 224.0.0.0 231.255.255.255 248.0.0.0 7.255.255.255
/5 232.0.0.0 239.255.255.255 248.0.0.0 7.255.255.255
/5 240.0.0.0 247.255.255.255 248.0.0.0 7.255.255.255
/5 248.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 248.0.0.0 7.255.255.255
/6 0.0.0.0 3.255.255.255 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255
/6 4.0.0.0 7.255.255.255 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255
/6 8.0.0.0 11.255.255.255 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255
/6 12.0.0.0 15.255.255.255 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255
/6 16.0.0.0 19.255.255.255 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255
/6 20.0.0.0 23.255.255.255 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255
/6 24.0.0.0 27.255.255.255 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255
/6 28.0.0.0 31.255.255.255 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255
/6 32.0.0.0 35.255.255.255 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255
/6 36.0.0.0 39.255.255.255 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255
/6 40.0.0.0 43.255.255.255 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255
/6 44.0.0.0 47.255.255.255 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255
/6 48.0.0.0 51.255.255.255 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255
/6 52.0.0.0 55.255.255.255 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255
/6 56.0.0.0 59.255.255.255 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255
/6 60.0.0.0 63.255.255.255 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255
/6 64.0.0.0 67.255.255.255 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255
/6 68.0.0.0 71.255.255.255 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255
/6 72.0.0.0 75.255.255.255 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255
/6 76.0.0.0 79.255.255.255 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255
/6 80.0.0.0 83.255.255.255 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255
/6 84.0.0.0 87.255.255.255 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255
/6 88.0.0.0 91.255.255.255 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255
/6 92.0.0.0 95.255.255.255 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255
/6 96.0.0.0 99.255.255.255 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255
/6 100.0.0.0 103.255.255.255 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255
/6 104.0.0.0 107.255.255.255 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255
/6 108.0.0.0 111.255.255.255 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255
/6 112.0.0.0 115.255.255.255 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255
/6 116.0.0.0 119.255.255.255 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255
/6 120.0.0.0 123.255.255.255 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255
/6 124.0.0.0 127.255.255.255 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255
/6 128.0.0.0 131.255.255.255 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255
/6 132.0.0.0 135.255.255.255 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255
/6 136.0.0.0 139.255.255.255 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255
/6 140.0.0.0 143.255.255.255 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255
/6 144.0.0.0 147.255.255.255 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255
/6 148.0.0.0 151.255.255.255 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255
/6 152.0.0.0 155.255.255.255 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255
/6 156.0.0.0 159.255.255.255 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255
/6 160.0.0.0 163.255.255.255 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255
/6 164.0.0.0 167.255.255.255 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255
/6 168.0.0.0 171.255.255.255 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255
/6 172.0.0.0 175.255.255.255 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255
/6 176.0.0.0 179.255.255.255 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255
/6 180.0.0.0 183.255.255.255 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255
/6 184.0.0.0 187.255.255.255 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255
/6 188.0.0.0 191.255.255.255 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255
/6 192.0.0.0 195.255.255.255 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255
/6 196.0.0.0 199.255.255.255 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255
/6 200.0.0.0 203.255.255.255 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255
/6 204.0.0.0 207.255.255.255 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255
/6 208.0.0.0 211.255.255.255 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255
/6 212.0.0.0 215.255.255.255 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255
/6 216.0.0.0 219.255.255.255 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255
/6 220.0.0.0 223.255.255.255 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255
/6 224.0.0.0 227.255.255.255 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255
/6 228.0.0.0 231.255.255.255 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255
/6 232.0.0.0 235.255.255.255 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255
/6 236.0.0.0 239.255.255.255 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255
/6 240.0.0.0 243.255.255.255 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255
/6 244.0.0.0 247.255.255.255 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255
/6 248.0.0.0 251.255.255.255 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255
/6 252.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255
/7 0.0.0.0 1.255.255.255 254.0.0.0 1.255.255.255
/7 2.0.0.0 3.255.255.255 254.0.0.0 1.255.255.255
/7 4.0.0.0 5.255.255.255 254.0.0.0 1.255.255.255
/7 6.0.0.0 7.255.255.255 254.0.0.0 1.255.255.255
/7 8.0.0.0 9.255.255.255 254.0.0.0 1.255.255.255
/7 10.0.0.0 11.255.255.255 254.0.0.0 1.255.255.255
/7 12.0.0.0 13.255.255.255 254.0.0.0 1.255.255.255
/7 14.0.0.0 15.255.255.255 254.0.0.0 1.255.255.255
/7 16.0.0.0 17.255.255.255 254.0.0.0 1.255.255.255
/7 18.0.0.0 19.255.255.255 254.0.0.0 1.255.255.255
/7 20.0.0.0 21.255.255.255 254.0.0.0 1.255.255.255
/7 22.0.0.0 23.255.255.255 254.0.0.0 1.255.255.255
/7 24.0.0.0 25.255.255.255 254.0.0.0 1.255.255.255
/7 26.0.0.0 27.255.255.255 254.0.0.0 1.255.255.255
/7 28.0.0.0 29.255.255.255 254.0.0.0 1.255.255.255
/7 30.0.0.0 31.255.255.255 254.0.0.0 1.255.255.255
/7 32.0.0.0 33.255.255.255 254.0.0.0 1.255.255.255
/7 34.0.0.0 35.255.255.255 254.0.0.0 1.255.255.255
/7 36.0.0.0 37.255.255.255 254.0.0.0 1.255.255.255
/7 38.0.0.0 39.255.255.255 254.0.0.0 1.255.255.255
/7 40.0.0.0 41.255.255.255 254.0.0.0 1.255.255.255
/7 42.0.0.0 43.255.255.255 254.0.0.0 1.255.255.255
/7 44.0.0.0 45.255.255.255 254.0.0.0 1.255.255.255
/7 46.0.0.0 47.255.255.255 254.0.0.0 1.255.255.255
/7 48.0.0.0 49.255.255.255 254.0.0.0 1.255.255.255
/7 50.0.0.0 51.255.255.255 254.0.0.0 1.255.255.255
/7 52.0.0.0 53.255.255.255 254.0.0.0 1.255.255.255
/7 54.0.0.0 55.255.255.255 254.0.0.0 1.255.255.255
/7 56.0.0.0 57.255.255.255 254.0.0.0 1.255.255.255
/7 58.0.0.0 59.255.255.255 254.0.0.0 1.255.255.255
/7 60.0.0.0 61.255.255.255 254.0.0.0 1.255.255.255
/7 62.0.0.0 63.255.255.255 254.0.0.0 1.255.255.255
/7 64.0.0.0 65.255.255.255 254.0.0.0 1.255.255.255
/7 66.0.0.0 67.255.255.255 254.0.0.0 1.255.255.255
/7 68.0.0.0 69.255.255.255 254.0.0.0 1.255.255.255
/7 70.0.0.0 71.255.255.255 254.0.0.0 1.255.255.255
/7 72.0.0.0 73.255.255.255 254.0.0.0 1.255.255.255
/7 74.0.0.0 75.255.255.255 254.0.0.0 1.255.255.255
/7 76.0.0.0 77.255.255.255 254.0.0.0 1.255.255.255
/7 78.0.0.0 79.255.255.255 254.0.0.0 1.255.255.255
/7 80.0.0.0 81.255.255.255 254.0.0.0 1.255.255.255
/7 82.0.0.0 83.255.255.255 254.0.0.0 1.255.255.255
/7 84.0.0.0 85.255.255.255 254.0.0.0 1.255.255.255
/7 86.0.0.0 87.255.255.255 254.0.0.0 1.255.255.255
/7 88.0.0.0 89.255.255.255 254.0.0.0 1.255.255.255
/7 90.0.0.0 91.255.255.255 254.0.0.0 1.255.255.255
/7 92.0.0.0 93.255.255.255 254.0.0.0 1.255.255.255
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