Professional Documents
Culture Documents
The basic rights of notice & hearing are Judgment: Petition dismissed for lack of merit.
applicable in criminal, civil & administrative
proceedings. Non-observance of these rights Kapunan, separate concurring opinion: While
will invalidate the proceedings. Individuals are the evaluation process conducted by the DOJ
entitled to be notified of any pending case is not exactly a preliminary investigation of
affecting their interests, & upon notice, may criminal cases, it is akin to a preliminary
claim the right to appear therein & present investigation because it involves the basic
their side. constitutional rights of the person sought to be
extradited. A person ordered extradited is
Rights to notice and hearing: Dispensable in 3 arrested, forcibly taken from his house,
cases: separated from his family and delivered to a
a. When there is an urgent need for immediate foreign state. His rights of abode, to privacy,
action (preventive suspension in liberty and pursuit of happiness are taken
administrative charges, padlocking filthy away from him—a fate as harsh and cruel as a
restaurants, cancellation of passport). conviction of a criminal offense. For this
b. Where there is tentativeness of reason, he is entitled to have access to the
administrative action, & the respondent isn’t evidence against him and the right to
prevented from enjoying the right to notice & controvert them.
hearing at a later time (summary distraint &
levy of the property of a delinquent taxpayer, Puno, dissenting: Case at bar does not involve
replacement of an appointee) guilt or innocence of an accused but the
c. Twin rights have been offered, but the right interpretation of an extradition treaty where at
to exercise them had not been claimed. stake is our government’s international
obligation to surrender to a foreign state a
2. WON this entitlement constitutes a breach citizen of its own so he can be tried for an
of the legal commitments and obligation of the alleged offense committed within that
Philippine Government under the RP-US jurisdiction.
Treaty?
No. The U.S. and the Philippines share mutual administrative due process:
concern about the suppression and
punishment of crime in their respective cases:
jurisdictions. Both states accord common due
process protection to their respective citizens.
SERRANO VS NLRC / ISETANN
The administrative investigation doesn’t fall
FACTS:
under the three exceptions to the due process
Serrano was a regular employee of Isetann
of notice and hearing in the Sec. 3 Rules 112
Department Store as the head of Security
of the Rules of Court.
Checker. In 1991, as a cost-cutting measure,
Isetann phased out its entire security section
3. WON there’s any conflict between private
and engaged the services of an independent
respondent’s basic due process rights &
security agency. Petitioner filed a complaint
provisions of RP-US Extradition treaty
for illegal dismissal among others. Labor
arbiter ruled in his favor as Isetann failed to
RULING: establish that it had retrenched its security
section to prevent or minimize losses to its Toribio caused the lay off of members of
business; that private respondent failed to National Labor Union Inc. NLU averred that
accord due process to petitioner; that private Toribio’s act is not valid as it is not within the
respondent failed to use reasonable standards CBA. That there are two labor unions in Ang
in selecting employees whose employment Tibay; NLU and National Worker’s
would be terminated. NLRC reversed the Brotherhood. That NWB is dominated by
decision and ordered petitioner to be given Toribio hence he favors it over NLU. That NLU
separation pay. wishes for a new trial as they were able to
come up with new evidence/documents that
ISSUE: they were not able to obtain before as they
Whether or not the hiring of an independent were inaccessible and they were not able to
security agency by the private respondent to present it before in the CIR.
replace its current security section a valid
ground for the dismissal of the employees ISSUE: Whether or not there has been a due
classed under the latter. process of law.
- In another manifestation, the Lims reiterated As held in Soliven v. Makasiar, the Judge does
that the court conduct a hearing to determine not have to personally examine the
if there really exists a prima facie case against complainant and his witnesses. The Prosecutor
them in the light of documents which are can perform the same functions as a
recantations of some witnesses in the commissioner for the taking of the evidence.
preliminary investigation. However, there should be necessary
documents and a report supporting the Fiscal's
bare certification. All of these should be before On 20 January 1987, the National Capital
the Judge. Region District Command (NCRDC) was
activated pursuant to Letter of Instruction
We cannot determine beforehand how cursory 02/87 of the Philippine General Headquarters,
or exhaustive the Judge's examination should AFP, with the mission of conducting security
be. Usually, this depends on the circumstances operations within its area of responsibility and
of each case. The Judge has to exercise sound peripheral areas, for the purpose of
discretion; after all, the personal establishing an effective territorial defense,
determination is vested in the Judge by the maintaining peace and order, and providing an
Constitution. However, to be sure, the Judge atmosphere conducive to the social, economic
must go beyond the Prosecutor's certification and political development of the National
and investigation report whenever necessary. Capital Region. As part of its duty to maintain
peace and order, the NCRDC installed
As mentioned in the facts (stated above), the checkpoints in various parts of Valenzuela,
Lims presented documents of recantations of Metro Manila. Petitioners aver that, because of
the witnesses. Although, the general rule is the installation of said checkpoints, the
that recantations are not given much weight in residents of Valenzuela are worried of being
the determination of a case and in the harassed and of their safety being placed at
granting of a new trial the respondent Judge the arbitrary, capricious and whimsical
before issuing his own warrants of arrest disposition of the military manning the
should, at the very least, have gone over the checkpoints, considering that their cars and
records of the preliminary examination vehicles are being subjected to regular
conducted earlier in the light of the evidence searches and check-ups, especially at night or
now presented by the concerned witnesses in at dawn, without the benefit of a search
view of the "political undertones" prevailing in warrant and/or court order. Their alleged fear
the cases. for their safety increased when, at dawn of 9
July 1988, Benjamin Parpon, a supply officer of
In making the required personal the Municipality of Valenzuela, Bulacan, was
determination, a Judge is not precluded from gunned down allegedly in cold blood by the
relying on the evidence earlier gathered by members of the NCRDC manning the
responsible officers. The extent of the reliance checkpoint along McArthur Highway at
depends on the circumstances of each case Malinta, Valenzuela, for ignoring and/or
and is subject to the Judge's sound discretion. refusing to submit himself to the checkpoint
However, the Judge abuses that discretion and for continuing to speed off inspire of
when having no evidence before him, he warning shots fired in the air.
issues a warrant of arrest.
ISSUE:
Indubitably, the respondent Judge (Felix) WON the installation of checkpoints violates
committed a grave error when he relied solely the right of the people against unreasonable
on the Prosecutor's certification and issued the searches and seizures
questioned Order dated July 5, 1990 without
having before him any other basis for his RULING:
personal determination of the existence of a Petitioner's concern for their safety and
probable cause. apprehension at being harassed by the
CONDUCT OF CHECK POINTS: military manning the checkpoints are not
sufficient grounds to declare the checkpoints
cases: per se, illegal. No proof has been presented
before the Court to show that, in the course of
VALMONTE VS. DE VILLA their routine checks, the military, indeed,
committed specific violations of petitioners''
FACTS: rights against unlawful search and seizure of
other rights. The constitutional right against
unreasonable searches and seizures is a
personal right invocable only by those whose therein. The seizure of the firearms was
rights have been infringed, or threatened to be unconstitutional.
infringed. Not all searches and seizures are
prohibited. Those which are reasonable are not Wherefore the decision is reversed and the
forbidden. The setting up of the questioned accused is acquitted.
checkpoints may be considered as a security
measure to enable the NCRDC to pursue its MANALILI V. COURT OF APPEALS
mission of establishing effective territorial 280 SCRA 400
defense and maintaining peace and order for FACTS:
the benefit of the public. Checkpoints may not Narcotics officers were doing surveillance and
also be regarded as measures to thwart plots chanced upon the accused in a cemetery who
to destabilize the govt, in the interest of public seemed to be high on drugs. He tried to resist
security. Between the inherent right of the the police officers and upon inquiry, found
state to protect its existence and promote that the accused was possessing what
public welfare and an individual’s right against seemed to be crushed marijuana leaves.
a warrantless search w/c is, however, HELD:
reasonably conducted, the former should A stop-and-frisk was defined as the vernacular
prevail. True, the manning of checkpoints by designation of the right of a police officer to
the military is susceptible of abuse by the stop a citizen on the street, interrogate him,
military in the same manner that all and pat him for weapons. It has been held as
governmental power is susceptible of abuse. one of the exceptions to the general rule
But, at the cost of occasional inconvenience, against searches without warrant.
discomfort and even irritation to the citizen,
the checkpoints during these abnormal times, PEOPLE VS. ARUTA
when conducted w/in reasonable limits, are 288 SCRA 626
part of the price we pay for an orderly society
and a peaceful community. G.R. NO. 120515; 13 APR 1998
Issue: Whether or Not the seizure of the Instead of presenting its evidence, the defense
firearms was proper. filed a demurrer to evidence alleging the
illegality of the search and seizure of the
Held: No. Sec 2 art. III of the constitution items. In her testimony, the accused claimed
specifically provides that a search warrant that she had just come from Choice theatre
must particularly describe the things to be where she watched a movie “Balweg”. While
seized. In herein case, the only objects to be about to cross the road an old woman asked
seized that the warrant determined was the her for help in carrying a shoulder bag, when
methamphetamine and the paraphernalia’s
she was later on arrested by the police. She bag, there was no probable cause and the
has no knowledge of the identity of the old accused was not lawfully arrested.
woman and the woman was nowhere to be
found. Also, no search warrant was presented. The police had more than 24 hours to procure
a search warrant and they did not do so. The
The trial court convicted the accused in seized marijuana was illegal and inadmissible
violation of the dangerous drugs of 1972 evidence.
A violation of this section shall constitute In the present case, petitioners had, by their
contempt of court own claim, already received reports in late
1987 of illegal activities and Maniego
SILAHIS INTERNATIONAL HOTEL, INC. vs. conducted surveillance. Yet, in the morning of
SOLUTA January 11, 1988, petitioners and their
companions barged into and searched the
FACTS: union office without a search warrant, despite
Loida Somacera (Loida), a laundrywoman of ample time for them to obtain one.
the hotel, stayed overnight at the female
locker room at the basement of the hotel. At The course taken by petitioners and company
dawn, she heard pounding sounds outside, she stinks in illegality. Petitioners’ violation of
individual respondents’ constitutional right Petitioner Pacis, on July 22, 1964 received
against unreasonable search thus furnishes from the Administrator, General Affairs
the basis for the award of damages under Administration of the Department of National
Article 32 of the Civil Code. For respondents, Defense, a letter to the effect that the Land
being the lawful occupants of the office had Transportation Commission reported that such
the right to raise the question of validity of the automobile was a "hot car." By virtue thereof,
search and seizure. petitioner, through his subordinates, looked
into the records of his office and ascertained
Article 32 speaks of an officer or employee or that the amount collectible on said car should
person "directly or indirectly" responsible for be P2,500.00, more or less. Based on such
the violation of the constitutional rights and discrepancy, petitioner instituted seizure
liberties of another. Hence, it is not the actor proceedings and issued a warrant of seizure
alone who must answer for damages under and detention and thus the subject automobile
Article 32; the person indirectly responsible was taken. Respondent requested for the
has also to answer for the damages or injury withdrawal or dissolution of the warrant of
caused to the aggrieved party. Such being the seizure but petitioner denied it.
case, petitioners, together with Maniego and
Villanueva, the ones who orchestrated the Thereafter, respondent Santos filed a criminal
illegal search, are jointly and severally liable complaint for usurpation of judicial functions
for actual, moral and exemplary damages to with the City Fiscal of Manila. As the
herein individual respondents in accordance respondent Fiscal Pamaran was bent on
with the earlier-quoted pertinent provision of proceeding with the charge against petitioner,
Article 32, in relation to Article 2219(6) and an action for prohibition was filed with the
(10) of the Civil Code which provides: Supreme Court.
It is indubitable that under no circumstances In PCGG v. Judge Peña,[8][17] the Court held
can a sequestration or freeze order be validly that the powers, functions and duties of the
issued by one not a Commissioner of the PCGG amount to the exercise of quasi-judicial
PCGG. functions, and the exercise of such functions
cannot be delegated by the Commission to its
The invalidity of the sequestration order was representatives or subordinates or task forces
made more apparent by the fact that Atty. because of the well established principle that
Ramirez did not even have any specific judicial or quasi-judicial powers may not be
authority to act on behalf of the Commission delegated.
at the time he issued the said sequestration
order. x x x It is the Republic’s theory of course that
Commissioner Daza’s letter, directing Attys.
Even assuming arguendo that Atty. Ramirez Ramirez and Abella to search and sequester all
had been given prior authority by the PCGG to properties, documents, money and other
place Dio Island Resort under sequestration, assets of respondents, should be considered
nevertheless, the sequestration order he as the writ of sequestration while the order
issued is still void since PCGG may not issued by Attys. Ramirez and Abella should be
delegate its authority to sequester to its treated merely as an implementing order.
representatives and subordinates, and any
such delegation is invalid and ineffective. But the letter did not have the tenor of a
sequestration order covering specific
Under Executive Order Nos. 1 and 2, PCGG is properties that the lawyers were ordered to
the sole entity primarily charged with the seize and hold for the PCGG. Actually, that
responsibility of recovering ill-gotten wealth. x letter is of the same kind issued to Attys.
x x The power to sequester, therefore, carries Ramirez and Abella in Dio Island Resort.
with it the corollary duty to make a preliminary Consequently, there is no reason to depart
determination of whether there is a reasonable from the Court’s ruling in the latter case where
basis for sequestering a property alleged to be it said:
ill-gotten. After a careful evaluation of the
evidence adduced, the PCGG clearly has to The invalidity of the sequestration order was
made more apparent by the fact that Atty.
Ramirez did not even have any specific Republic of the Philippines’ claim over the
authority to act on behalf of the Commission same in Civil Case 0002 of the Sandiganbayan.
at the time he issued the said sequestration
order. Thus, the respondent Court noted: No pronouncement as to costs.
SO ORDERED.
Contrary to plaintiff’s representation, nothing
exists to support its contention that the Task PADILLA V. CA
Force had been given prior authority to place 129 S 558 (1990)
DIO under PCGG control. On the contrary, as
the text of the above letters clearly show, Where in the complaint for Grave Coercion
Attys. Jose Tan Ramirez and Ben Abella, had against the mayor and policemen, they were
acted on broad and non-specific powers: ‘By acquitted on the ground that their guilt has not
authority of the commission and the powers been proven beyond reasonable doubt, such
vested in it. x x x.’”[9][18] acquittal will not bar a civil case for damages
arising from the demolition of petition¬er's
Petitioner Republic argues that Mrs. Marcos market stalls. The acquittal on the ground that
should be deemed estopped from questioning their guilt has not been proven beyond
the sequestration of her Olot Resthouse by her reasona¬ble doubt refers to the element of
actions in regard to the same. But a void Grave Coercion and not to the fact of that the
order produces no effect and cannot be stalls were not demolished.
validated under the doctrine of estoppel. For Under the Rules of Court, the extinction of
the same reason, the Court cannot accept penal action carries with it the extinction of
petitioner’s view that Mrs. Marcos should have civil only if there is a declaration that facts
first sought the lifting of the sequestration from which civil may arise did not exist. Also,
order through a motion to quash filed with the Art. 29 of the Civil Code does not state that
PCGG. Being void, the Sandiganbayan has the civil liability can be recovered only in a
power to strike it down on sight. separate civil action. The civil liability can be
recovered either in the same or a separate
Besides, the lifting of the sequestration order action. The purpose of recovering in the same
will not necessarily be fatal to the main case action is to dispense with the filing of another
since it does not follow from such lifting that civil action where the same evidence is to be
the sequestered properties are not ill-gotten presented, and the unsettling implications of
wealth. Such lifting simply means that the permitting reinsti¬tuttion of a separate civil
government may not act as conservator or action. However, a separate civil action is
may not exercise administrative or warranted when (1) addition¬al facts are to be
housekeeping powers over the property.[10] established; (2) there is more evidence to be
[19] Indeed, the Republic can be protected by adduced; (3) there is full termina¬tion of the
a notice of lis pendens. criminal case and a separate complaint would
be more efficacious than a remand. Hence, CA
WHEREFORE, the Court DISMISSES the petition did not err in awarding damages despite the
for lack of merit and AFFIRMS the challenged acquittal.
resolutions of the Fourth Division of the
Sandiganbayan dated February 28, 2002 and PEOPLE VS. DEL ROSARIO
August 28, 2002 in Civil Case 0002, which 234 SCRA 246; G.R. NO. 109633; 20 JUL 1994
granted respondent Imelda R. Marcos’ Motion
to Quash the March 18, 1986 Sequestration Facts: Accused was charged and convicted by
Order covering the Olot Resthouse. the trial court of illegal possession of firearms
and illegal possession and sale of drugs,
Further, the Court DIRECTS the Register of particularly methamphetamine or shabu. After
Deeds of Leyte to immediately annotate a the issuance of the search warrant, which
notice of lis pendens on the certificate of title authorized the search and seizure of an
of the Olot Resthouse with respect to the undetermined quantity of methamphetamine
and its paraphernalia’s, an entrapment was violated. It held that the Speedy Trial Act of
planned that led to the arrest of del Rosario 1998 provides that the trial period for the
and to the seizure of the shabu, its criminal cases should be in general 180 days.
paraphernalia’s and of a .22 caliber pistol with However, in determining the right of an
3 live ammunition. accused to speedy trial, courts should do more
than a mathematical computation of the
Issue: Whether or Not the seizure of the number of postponements of the scheduled
firearms was proper. hearings of the case.The right to a speedy trial
is deemed violated only when: (1) the
Held: No. Sec 2 art. III of the constitution proceedings are attended by vexatious,
specifically provides that a search warrant capricious, and oppressive delays; or (2) when
must particularly describe the things to be unjustified postponements are asked for and
seized. In herein case, the only objects to be secured; or (3) when without cause or
seized that the warrant determined was the justifiable motive a long period of time is
methamphetamine and the paraphernalia’s allowed to elapse without the party having his
therein. The seizure of the firearms was case tried.
unconstitutional.
It was shown by the records that the
Wherefore the decision is reversed and the prosecution exerted efforts in obtaining a
accused is acquitted. warrant to compel the witness to testify. The
concept of speedy trial is necessarily relative
VALIDITY OF A WARRANT ISSUED BY THE where several factors are weighed such as the
JUDGE length of time of delay, the reason of such
delay, and conduct of prosecution and the
cases: accused and the prejudice and damaged
caused to the accused of such delay. The court
PEOPLE v. TEE did not find the 20 days of delayed hearing
unreasonable length of time as to constitute
"rights of the accused to speedy trial" deprivation of the constitutional rights of the
FACTS: accused for a speedy trial in addition to the
The case involves an automatic review of fact that court trial may be always subjected
judgment made against Tee who was to postponement for reasonable cause of
convicted for illegal possession of marijuana delay. In the absence of showing that the
and sentenced to death. The defense assailed reason for delay was capricious or oppressive,
the decision of the court for taking admissible the State must not be deprived of reasonable
as evidence the marijuana seized from the opportunity in prosecuting the accused.
accused by virtue of allegedly general search
warrant. They further contend that the PANGANDAMAN V. CASAR
accused was deprived of his right to speedy
trial by failure of the prosecution to produce FACTS:
their witness who failed to appear during the The case originated in Lanao. The offended
20 hearing dates thereby slowing down the party was ambushed in Lanao, but he
trial procedure. survived. Based on his description, there were
around 50 persons who staged the ambush
ISSUE: from both sides of the hill. However, he could
Whether or not the substantive right of the not recognize anyone of the 50. But he filed a
accused for a speedy trial prejudiced during case against all 50 ambushers, all “JOHN
the hearing of the case. DOES”. So the court issued a warrant of arrest
against the 50 John Does.
RULING:
The court ruled that the substantive right of ISSUE:
the accused for a fair and speedy trial was not
W/N the warrant of arrest is valid? Can a court is that section 8 of the Anti-Graft Law is
issue a warrant of arrest against an unknown intended to amend section 2 of Republic Act
accused? No. 1405 by providing additional exception to
the rule against the disclosure of bank
HELD: deposits.
NO it is not valid. It is of the nature of a
general warrant, one of a call of writs long W]hile section 2 of Republic Act 1405 declares
prescribed as unconstitutional and once bank deposits to be "absolutely confidential,"
anathematized as totally subversive of the it nevertheless allows such disclosure in the
liberty of the subject. Clearly violative of the following instances:
constitutional injunction that warrants of arrest (1) Upon written permission of the depositor;
should particularly describe the person or (2) In cases of impeachment;
persons to be seized. The warrant as against (3) Upon order of a competent court in cases
unidentified subjects will be considered as null of bribery or dereliction of duty of public
and void. officials;
(4) In cases where the money deposited is the
EXAMINATION OF BANK ACCOUNTS/ subject matter of the litigation. Cases of
DEPOSITS unexplained wealth are similar to cases of
bribery or dereliction of duty.
cases:
PNB VS. GANCAYCO MARQUEZ VS. DISIERTO
G.R. No. L-18343 September 30, 1965 G.R. No. 135882 June 27, 2001
FACTS:
FACTS: Respondent Ombudsman Desierto ordered
Defendants Emilio Gancayco and Florentino petitioner Marquez to produce several bank
Flor, as special prosecutors of the Department documents for purposes of inspection in
of Justice, required the plaintiff Philippine camera relative to various accounts
National Bank to produce at a hearing the maintained at Union Bank of the Philippines,
records of the bank deposits of Ernesto Julia Vargas Branch, where petitioner is the
Jimenez, former administrator of the branch manager.
Agricultural Credit and Cooperative
Administration, who was then under The order is based on a pending investigation
investigation for unexplained wealth. In at the Office of the Ombudsman against
declining to reveal its records, the plaintiff Amado Lagdameo, et. al. for violation of R.A.
bank invoked Section 2 of Republic Act No. No. 3019, Sec. 3 (e) and (g) relative to the
1405. Joint Venture Agreement between the Public
Estates Authority and AMARI.
On the other hand, the defendants cited
Section 8 of the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Petitioner wanted to be clarified first as to how
Practices Act (Republic Act No. 3019) in she would comply with the orders without her
support of their claim of authority,which breaking any law, particularly RA. No. 1405.
allegedly provides an additional ground for the
examination of bank deposits. ISSUE:
Whether the order of the Ombudsman to have
ISSUE: an in camera inspection of the questioned
Whether Section 8 of Republic Act No. 3019 account is allowed as an exception to the law
provides an additional ground for the on secrecy of bank deposits (R.A. No.1405).
examination of bank deposits.
HELD: No.
HELD: We rule that before an in camera inspection
Yes. The truth is that these laws are so may be allowed, there must be a pending case
repugnant to each other than no reconciliation before a court of competent jurisdiction.
is possible. x x x. The only conclusion possible Further, the account must be clearly identified,
the inspection limited to the subject matter of
the pending case before the court of
competent jurisdiction. The bank personnel
and the account holder must be notified to be
present during the inspection, and such
inspection may cover only the account
identified in the pending case