y'kdapmpHvif;?

1919 ckeSpf rtlyifc&dkif anmifwkef;jrdK@e,f iSufaysmuGsef; 'kdife,f tv,fukef;&GmY tz ref;pHGaeSmif;

trdaemfzkd;odwkd@. yOPrajrmufom;axG;tjzpf zGm;jrifcJhonf? 1939 ckeSpf &efukefjrdK@wGif jrefrmbmom (10)
atmifjrifcJhonf? 1300jynfhta&;awmfyHktwGif; usmif;om;vSKyf&Sm;rSKtwGif; &efukefwkdif; ausmif;om;rsm;
or*~ (&uo)tzJG@0iftjzpfvnf;yg0ifcJonf? ausmif;rSxGufjyD;rdbtarGteSpfjzpfaomv,f,mrsm;ukdOD;pD;
vkyfukdifcJhonf?
1948ckeSpfwGif u&iftrsdK;om;umuG,fa&;tzJG@ (KNDO)(Karen National Defense
Organization)wyfzJG@okd@0ifjyD; 1949ckeSpf u&ifhvufeufukdif ckcHawmfvSefppf paomtcg vufeufukdif
wkdufyJGwGif a&S@wef;uyg0ifcJhonf? Pufwifbmv u&ifhvufeufukdifwyfzJG@ (KAF)(Karen Armed
Forces)tjzpfjyefvnfzJG@pnf;aomtcg jrpf0usGef;ay:wkdif;wyfr[m/wyf&if;(1)/ wyfcJG(2)wGi'f kcJGrSL;tjzpf
wm0ef,lcJhonf? 1953ckeSpf pufwifbmv jrpf0usGef;ay:wkdifwGif u&ifjynfol@vGwfajrmufa&;wyfrawmf
(KPLA)(Karen People Liberation Army)pwifzJG@pnf;aomtcg(KPLA)wyf&if;(1)wGif
'k&if;rSL;tjzpfwm0ef,l&jyefonf?
1954 ckeSpfwGif &Sr;fjynfawmifykdif; ytkd0f OD;vSazrS u&iftrsdK;om;tpnf;t&Hk; (KNU)
(Karen National Union)A[kdokd@ ekdifiHa&; ppfa&; tultnDay;&ef awmif;qkdvmrSKt& A[kdrAS kdvf
ausmf[def;eSifhyl;wJGum &Sr;fjynfawmifykdif; ytkd0fa'ookd@wm0efay;cJhonf? =o8kwfv (31)&ufae@wGifA[kd
rSpwifxGufcGmjyD; u&ifeDawmfvSefa&;tzJG@rSq&mr(2)OD;eSifhtwl ekdif0ifbmv wwd,tygwfwGiyf tkd0fa'
o yifavmif;jrdK@e,fokd@a&muf&SdcJhonf? eSpfukefcgeD;wGif OD;vSazEsifhawG@qHkjyD; (KNU) A[kdrS ay;ykd@vkduf
aompm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;tm; ay;tyfcJhonf? ytkd0fA[kdrS AkdvfrSL;=uD; py,f&S,feSifh wJGbufI tif;av; t
aemufbufjcrf; yifavmif;jrdK@e,ftm;ekdifiHa&; ppfa&; pepfwustaumiftxnfaz:awmhonf?OD;pGmwyf
ukdjyefvnfzJG@pnf;jyD; ajymufusm;ppfa&;tjyif tif;av;jynfol@wyfOD;eSifh (Auy)(ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD)
wkd@eSifhygyl;wJGppfa&;rsm;az:xkwfvmekdifonf?
awmfvSefaomvufeufukdiftiftm;pkjcif; ykdrkdem;vnfrSKjzifhpkpnf;vsSuf bHk&efol (zqyv)ukdxd
xda&mufa&mufxkd;eufvmekdifcJhonf? yl;wJGppfa&;vkyfief;rsm;ukdvkyfaqmifjcif;jzifhekdifiHa&;t& em;vnfrSK
ykdrkd&Sdvmonf? Tokd@awmfvSefa&;.tajctaersm;aumif;rGefvmrSKa=umifh 1956 ckeSpfwGif nDvmcHac:jyD;
ytkd0ftrsdK;om; vGwfajrmufa&;tzJG@ (ytvz) ukdzJG@pnf;um trsdK;om; 'Drkdua&pDvrf;pOfukdcsrSwfvsSuf
wyfaygif;pkvkyfief;rsm;ukdyg csrSwfvmekdifonf? vkyfief;rsm;wkd;csJ@vmekdifonf?
Tokd@t&Sdeft[kefeSifh csDwufvmaepOf 1958 ckeSpf (zqyv) . vufeufeSifh'Drkdua&pDvJa&;xkd;
ppfa=umifh ekdifiHa&;eke,fjyD; tawG;tac:enf;onfh (ytvz)onf &efol (zqyv).vSnfhpm; acsG;odyfrSK
wGifvJGrm;pGm,Hk=unfvsSuf&efoleSifhyl;aygif;oGm;awmhonf?
y'kdapmpHvif;onf 1959 ckeSpftpykdifY A[kdXmecsKyfokd@jyefa&mufvmcJh&m (u&iftrsdK;om;pnf;
vHk;nDnGwfa&;ygwD)(KNUP)(Karen National United Party)yXrt=udrfuGef*&ufwGif t&HA
[kdaumfrwDtjzpf a&G;aumufwifajrmufjcif;cH&onf? =o*kwfvwGif u&ifeDA[kd.awmfvSefa&;tultnD
awmif;qkdcsuft& A[d.wm0efay;csuftay: u&ifeDA[kdwGifwm0ef,lcJh&jyefonf? xkdeSpfjyDvwGifom;zGm;
eSifholemjyKq&mr aemf&Scl; eSifhvufxyfcJhonf?om;orD(4)a,muf&&SdcJh&mwGifom;orD;tm;vHk;yifawmfvSef
a&;wm0efrsm;ukdusa&mufonfhtykdif;rS xrf;aqmifae=uonf?

(2)
1963 ckeSpf 'kwd,t=udrf (KNUP)uGef*&ufY ygwDA[kdaumrwDtjzpf a&G;cs,fwifajrmufjcif;
ukcd H&onf? ,if; 1963 ckeSpf awmfvSefa&;aumifpDr SjynfwGif;jidrf;csrf;a&;twGufaphpyfa&;ac:onfhtay:
wGif u&ifeD trsdK;om; wkd;wufa&;ygwD (KNPP)(Karenni National Progressive Party)
ukd,fpm;vnftjzpf taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;csKyf apmarm&,feSifhtwlu&iftrsdK;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;
ygwD/ rGefjynfopfygwD(NMSP)(New Mon State Party) eSifh u&ifeDtrsdK;om;wkd;wufa&;ygwD
(KNPP)oHk;ygwDtaejzifh wyl;waygif;wnf; &efukefokd@oGm;a&mufjyD; awmfvSefa&;aumifpDeSifh aqG;aeG;
cJh=uonf? Tokd@aqG;aeG;&mYawmfvSefa&;aumifpDujynfolvlxk. (6)c&kdifqeNjyyJGukdaxmufjyvsSufaqG;
aeG;yJGukdwbufowf&yfpJypfaoma=umifhaqG;aeG;yJGysufcJh&onf?
196& ckeSpf &Sdxm;jyD;jzpfaom vlrsdK;pkwyfaygif;pktm;vHk; (KNUP) (KNPP) (NMSP)
(ZNF)(Zomi National Front) eSifh u&iftrsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;wyfOD; (KNLF)(Karen
National Liberation Front)wkd@jzifhvlrsdK;pkrsm;nGnGwfa&;wyfOD; (NUF)(National United
Front) ukdwkd;csJhzJG@pnf;cJhonf? ,if;wyfaygif;pkwGiftwGif;a&;rSL;wm0efukd,lcJh&onf? qufvufjyD; 19&1
ckeSpf (r'nw)(trsdK;om; 'Drkdua&pDnDnGwfa&;wyfaygif;pk)A[kdpnf;&Hk;a&;aumfrwDtjzpfygwDA[drSwm0ef
ay;tyfvmI (Auy)rS AkdvfrsdK;jrifh/ u&ifeD rS apmarm&,f wkd@eSifhtwl u&ifeDjynfeSifh&Srf;jynfe,fwGifwm
0ef,l&onf?awmfvSefaomtiftm;pktcsif;csif; ykdIqufpyfrSK em;vnfrSK&&SdvmjyD;&efoltm;tquftpyf
&SdpGm yl;wJGppf/ qufpyfppfa&;rsm; us,fjyef@pGmwkdufyJGqifvmekdifonf? &efolukd wyfpdwfvkdufrS wyfpkvkduf
txd acsrSKef;ekdifum vufeuf cJ,rf;rD;ausmufrsm;ukdvnf; qufwkdufodrf;ykduf vmekdifjcif;jzifh wyfaygif;pk
tjzpf ykdrkdvSKyf&Sm;vmekdifonf?jynfolvlxk.axmufcHrSK ykdrkd&SdvmcJhonf?
1975 ckeSpf ZGefvwGif (KNUP) eSifh (KNU) wkd@trsdK;om;csif;jyefvnfaygif;pnf;a&;twGuf
aqG;aeG;ekdifcJhjyD; 196& ck eSpfqef;wGif trsdK;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;eSifh &efoltm;wqifhwufxkd;eufekdifa&;
twGuf (KNU).rllay:wGiftajccHvsSuf jyefvnfaygif;pnf;ekdifcJhonf? (KNU) tpnf;t&Hk;taejzifh
trsdK;om; 'Drkdua&pDvrf;pOftay:tckdiftrmtajccH&yfwnfjyD;trsdK;om;awmfvSefa&;ukdqufvufcsdwuf
=uonf? y'kdapmpHvif;onf 1980 ckeSpf (KNU) A[kdtjrJwrf;aumfrwD tpnf;ta0; rSwJGbuftaxG
axGtwGif;a&;rSL;(2)tjzpfa&G;aumufwifajrmufjcif;cH&jyefonf? 1991 ckeSpf (KNU)(10)=udrfajrmuf
uGef*&ufwGif xyfrHIA[kdtjrJwrf;aumfrwDeSifh wJGbuftaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;( 2)tjzpfa&G;aumufwif
ajrmufjcif;cH&jyefonf? wqufwnf;rSmyif aumol;av tpkd;&tzJG@Y 'kwd,0ef=uD;csKyftjzpfygwygwnf;
a&G;aumufwifajrmufjcif;cH&onf?trsdK;om;'Drkdua&pDwyfaygif;pk(NDF)(National Democratic
Front)wGifpnf;&Hk;a&;eSifhb¾ma&;rSL; wm0efrsm;ukd yl;wJGxrf;aqmifcJhonf? trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;
twGuf (KNU) .awmfvSefa&;wm0efeSifhtpkd;wm0efrsm;ukd (KNU)A[kdtvkyftrSKaqmifrsm;eSifhaumf
ol;avtpkd;&tzJG@wGifXmewm0efcH0ef=uD;rsm;eSifhtwlwuf=uGpGmxrf;aqmifcJhayonf?
aemufxyfeSpfrsm;pGm=umawmhrnfr[kwfbJ &nfrSef;csufyef;wkdifokd@a&muf&SdatmifyJGcHekdifrnfhvuf
wurf;rsSomvkdawmhaom 1996 ckeSpf eSpfOD;ykdif;wGifyif y'kdapmpHvif;onf vl=uD;a&m*gjzifh ('l;yvm,m)
aq;&HkwGifuG,fvGwfcJhonf? u&ifhawmfvSefa&; tOD;tpykdif;rSpIyg0ifcJhjyD; awmfvSefa&;wm0efrsm;ukud G,f
vGefonfhtcsdeftxdOD;vnfrokefwuf=uGpGmxrf;aqmifcJhaom y'kdapmpHvif;tm; (ekdifiHopf)pmapmifrS*k%f
jyKrSwfwrf;wiftyfygonf?