MasteringPhysics: Assignment Print View

Test Your Understanding 12.2: Surface Gravity

The earth has mass and radius . The acceleration due to gravity at the earth's
surface, also called the earth's surface gravity, is .

Part A

Rank the following planets in order of their mass, from largest value to
smallest value.

ANSWER:

View
All attempts used; correct answer
displayed

If a planet has mass and radius , the planet's surface gravity is

We can rewrite this as an expression for the planet's mass:

For the earth, this says

Use this to calculate the mass for each of the five planets:
:

=
:

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MasteringPhysics: Assignment Print View

=
:

=
:

=
:

Problem 12.88: Tidal Forces near a Black Hole

An astronaut inside a spacecraft, which protects her from harmful radiation, is orbiting a
black hole at a distance of 120 from its center. The black hole is 5.00 times the mass of
the sun and has a Schwarzschild radius of 15.0 . The astronaut is positioned inside the
spaceship such that one of her 0.030 ears is 6.0 farther from the black hole than the
center of mass of the spacecraft and the other ear is 6.0 closer.

Part A
What is the tension between her ears?
Express your answer using two significant figures.

ANSWER:
= 2100
Correct

Part B

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Would the astronaut find it difficult to keep from being torn apart by the gravitational
forces? (Since her whole body orbits with the same angular velocity, one ear is moving too
slowly for the radius of its orbit and the other is moving too fast. Hence her head must
exert forces on her ears to keep them in their orbits.)

ANSWER: My Answer:

Part C
Is the center of gravity of her head at the same point as the center of mass?

ANSWER: My Answer:

Exercise 12.20
Neutron stars, such as the one at the center of the Crab Nebula, have about the same mass
as our sun but a much smaller diameter.

Part A
If you weigh 675 on the earth, what would you weigh when at the surface of a neutron
star that has the same mass as our sun and a diameter of 17 ?

Express your answer using two significant figures.

ANSWER:
= 1.3×1014
Correct

Problem 12.75

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Part A
Comets travel around the sun in elliptical orbits with large eccentricities. If a comet has
speed 2.4×104 when at a distance of 2.7×1011 from the center of the sun, what is
its speed when at a distance of 6.0×1010 .
Express your answer using two significant figures.

ANSWER:
= 6.3×104
Correct

Problem 12.79
A 3250-kg spacecraft is in a circular orbit a distance 1620 above the surface of Mars.

Part A
How much work must the spacecraft engines perform to move the spacecraft to a circular
orbit that is 3720 above the surface?

ANSWER:
= 4.09×109
Correct

Exercise 12.2: Cavendish Experiment

In the Cavendish balance apparatus shown in the figure12.4 in the textbook, suppose that
= 1.50 , = 23.0 , and the rod connecting the pairs is 29.0 long. In each
pair, and are 13.0 apart center-to-center.

Part A
Find the net force.

ANSWER:
= 0×100
Correct

Part B

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Find the net the net torque (about the rotation axis) on the rotating part of the apparatus.

ANSWER: 3.08×10−8
= All attempts used; correct answer
displayed

Part C
Suggest some ways to improve the sensitivity of this experiment.

ANSWER: My Answer:

Exercise 13.40
When displaced from equilibrium, the two hydrogen atoms in an molecule are acted on
by a restoring force with .

Part A
Calculate the oscillation frequency of the molecule. (Hint: The mass of a hydrogen
atom is 1.008 atomic mass units, or 1 u; .)

ANSWER:
= 1.33×1014
Correct

Problem 13.93

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Two identical, thin rods, each with mass and length , are joined at right angles to form
an L-shaped object. This object is balanced on top of a sharp edge . If the L-shaped object
is deflected slightly, it oscillates.

Part A
Find the frequency of oscillation.

Express your answer in terms of the variables , and .

ANSWER:
=
Correct

Test Your Understanding 13.6: The Physical Pendulum

A physical pendulum is undergoing angular oscillations around its equilibrium position,
swinging from left to right and from right to left.

Part A

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At the instant that the center of gravity of the pendulum is at the equilibrium position and
moving from left to right, the acceleration of the center of gravity is

ANSWER: to the left

downward
downward and to the left
upward
upward and to the left
upward and to the right
zero
to the right
downward and to the right

Correct

At the instant in question, the center of gravity is neither speeding up nor slowing
down. Hence the acceleration has no component along the direction of motion (to the
left or right). The center of gravity is following a circular path centered on the pivot,
which is above the center of gravity. Hence the acceleration of the center of gravity is
upward, toward the pivot.

Exercise 13.20
An object is undergoing SHM with period 0.315 and amplitude 6.10 . At the
object is instantaneously at rest at 6.10 .

Part A
Calculate the time it takes the object to go from 6.10 to -1.60 .

ANSWER:
= 9.21×10−2
Correct

Problem 13.67

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A 1.50 , horizontal, uniform tray is attached to a vertical ideal spring of force constant 200
and a 255 metal ball is in the tray. The spring is below the tray, so it can oscillate
up-and-down. The tray is then pushed down 14.2 below its equilibrium point (call this
point ) and released from rest.

Part A
How high above point will the tray be when the metal ball leaves the tray? (Hint: This
does not occur when the ball and tray reach their maximum speeds.)

ANSWER:
= 22.8
Correct

Part B
How much time elapses between releasing the system at point and the ball leaving the
tray?

ANSWER:
= 0.208
Correct

Part C
How fast is the ball moving just as it leaves the tray?

ANSWER:
= 1.21
Correct

Problem 13.72

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An object with mass 0.210 is acted on by an elastic restoring force with force
constant 10.7 . The object is set into oscillation with an initial potential energy of 0.140
and an initial kinetic energy of 6.40×10−2 .

Part A
What is the amplitude of oscillation?

ANSWER:
= 0.195
Correct

Part B
What is the potential energy when the displacement is one-half the amplitude?

ANSWER:
= 5.10×10−2
Correct

Part C
At what displacement are the kinetic and potential energies equal?

ANSWER:
= 0.138
Correct

Part D
What is the value of the phase angle if the initial velocity is positive and the initial
displacement is negative?

ANSWER: 3.74
= All attempts used; correct answer
displayed

Problem 15.84: Instantaneous Power in a Standing Wave

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The instantaneous rate at which a wave transmits energy along a string (instantaneous
power) is

where is the tension.

Part A
Evaluate for a standing wave of the form given by equation
.

Express your answer in terms of the variables , , , , , and .

ANSWER:
=
Correct

Part B
Show that for all values of , the average power carried by the standing wave is zero.

(Equation does not apply here. Can you see why?)

ANSWER: My Answer:

Part C
For a standing wave given by equation , graph as
functions of for . (Positive means energy is flowing in the -
direction negative means the flow is in the -direction.)

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ANSWER:

View
All attempts used; correct answer
displayed

Part D
For a standing wave given by equation , graph the
displacement as functions of for .

ANSWER:

View
All attempts used; correct answer
displayed

Part E

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For a standing wave given by equation , graph as

functions of for . (Positive means energy is flowing in the -
direction negative means the flow is in the -direction.)

ANSWER:

View
Correct

Part F
For a standing wave given by equation , graph the
displacement as functions of for .

ANSWER:

View
All attempts used; correct answer
displayed

Part G

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For a standing wave given by equation , graph as

functions of for . (Positive means energy is flowing in the -
direction negative means the flow is in the -direction.)

ANSWER:

View
Answer
Requested

Part H
For a standing wave given by equation , graph the
displacement as functions of for .

ANSWER:

View
Answer
Requested

Part I

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The kinetic energy per unit length of string is greatest where the string has the greatest
transverse speed, and the potential energy per unit length of string is greatest where the
string has the steepest slope (because there the string is stretched the most). Using these
ideas, discuss the flow of energy along the string.

ANSWER: My Answer:

Exercise 15.44
One string of a certain musical instrument is 72.0 long and has a mass of 8.76 . It is
being played in a room where the speed of sound is 344 .

Part A
To what tension must you adjust the string so that, when vibrating in its second overtone, it
produces sound of wavelength 3.40 ?

ANSWER:
= 2.87×105
Correct

Part B
What frequency sound does this string produce in its fundamental mode of vibration?

ANSWER:
= 3370
Correct

Problem 15.60

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A vertical, 1.26- length of 18-gauge (diameter of 1.024 ) copper wire has a 120.0-
ball hanging from it.

Part A
What is the wavelength of the third harmonic for this wire?

ANSWER:
= 0.840
Correct

Part B
A 600.0- ball now replaces the original ball. What is the change in the wavelength of the
third harmonic caused by replacing the light ball with the heavy one? (Hint: See Table 11.1
in the textbook for Young's modulus.)
Express your answer using two significant figures.

ANSWER:
= 4.4
Correct

Problem 15.70
A guitar string is vibrating in its fundamental mode, with nodes at each end. The length of
the segment of the string that is free to vibrate is 0.389 . The maximum transverse
acceleration of a point at the middle of the segment is 8000 and the maximum
transverse velocity is 3.10 .

Part A
What is the amplitude of this standing wave?

ANSWER:
= 1.20×10−3
Correct

Part B

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What is the wave speed for the transverse traveling waves on this string?

ANSWER:
= 320
Correct

Problem 15.75
A uniform cylindrical steel wire, 54.0 long and 1.12 in diameter, is fixed at both
ends.

Part A
To what tension must it be adjusted so that, when vibrating in its first overtone, it produces
the note of frequency 311 ? Assume that it stretches an insignificant amount. (Hint:

The density of the steel is 7800 .)

Express your answer using two significant figures.

ANSWER:
= 220
Correct

Problem 15.82
A deep-sea diver is suspended beneath the surface of Loch Ness by a cable of length
= 100 that is attached to a boat on the surface . The diver and his suit have a total
mass of = 120 and a volume
of = 7.80×10−2 . The cable
has a diameter of 2.35 and a
linear mass density of = 1.01
. The diver thinks he sees
something moving in the murky
depths and jerks the end of the
cable back and forth to send
transverse waves up the cable as a
signal to his companions in the boat.

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Part A
What is the tension in the cable at its lower end, where it is attached to the diver? Do not
forget to include the buoyant force that the water (density = 1000 ) exerts on
him.

ANSWER:
= 412
Correct

Part B
Calculate the tension in the cable a distance above the diver. The buoyant force on the
cable must be included in your calculation.

Express your answer in terms of the variables , , , , , , and

appropriate constants.

ANSWER:

=
Answer Requested

Part C

The speed of transverse waves on the cable is given by . The speed therefore
varies along the cable, since the tension is not constant. (This expression neglects the
damping force that the water exerts on the moving cable.) Integrate to find the time
required for the first signal to reach the surface.

ANSWER:
= 3.90
Correct

Test Your Understanding 16.4: Standing Sound Waves and

Normal Modes

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The first four normal-mode frequencies of a pipe open at both ends are 100 , 200 ,
300 , and 400 .

Part A
If you now close one end of this pipe, how many of these four frequencies are still normal-
mode frequencies of the pipe?

ANSWER: only one of these is still a normal-mode frequency

none are still normal-mode frequencies
all four are still normal-mode frequencies
just two of these are still normal-mode frequencies
just three of these are still normal-mode frequencies

Correct

When the pipe is open at both ends, its normal-mode frequencies are

so . When one end is closed, the lowest (fundamental) normal-mode

frequency becomes

and the normal-mode frequencies are

Hence after one end of the pipe is closed, none of the frequencies 100 , 200 ,
300 , and 400 are still normal-mode frequencies.

Test Your Understanding 16.5: Resonance and Sound

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An open pipe has length 60.0 . You wish to place a second, stopped pipe next to the
open pipe. You want to choose the stopped pipe so that when the air in the stopped pipe
oscillates at its fundamental frequency, it causes the air in the open pipe to vibrate at its
third-harmonic frequency.

Part A
What must be the length of the stopped pipe?

ANSWER: 80.0

360
10.0

30.0

40.0

20.0

120
180
90.0

Correct

Let be the length of the stopped pipe (which is our target variable). The open pipe
has length . The fundamental frequency of the stopped pipe is

and the third-harmonic frequency of the open pipe is

In both of these expressions is the speed of sound in air, which is the same in both
pipes. To achieve a resonance between these two modes of vibration, the
frequencies must be the same:

If we solve this for , we get

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Exercise 16.34
Two loudspeakers, A and B (the figure ), are driven by the same amplifier and emit
sinusoidal waves in phase. Speaker
B is 2.00 to the right of speaker
A. The frequency of the sound
waves produced by the
loudspeakers is 206 . Consider
point P between the speakers and
along the line connecting them, a
distance x to the right of speaker A.
Both speakers emit sound waves
that travel directly from the speaker
to point P.

Part A
For what values of x will destructive interference occur at point P?
Enter your answers numerically separated by a comma. Express your
answers using two significant figures.

ANSWER:
, = 0.58,1.4
Correct

Part B
For what values of x will constructive interference occur at point P?
Enter your answers numerically separated by commas. Express your
answers using two significant figures.

ANSWER:
, , = 1.0,0.17,1.8
Correct

Part C

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Interference effects like those in parts A and B are almost never a factor in listening to
home stereo equipment. Why not?

ANSWER: My Answer:

Problem 16.60: A New Musical Instrument

You have designed a new musical instrument of very simple construction. Your design
consists of a metal tube with length and diameter . You have stretched a string of
mass per unit length across the open end of the tube. The other end of the tube is closed.
To produce the musical effect you're looking for, you want the frequency of the third-
harmonic standing wave on the string to be the same as the fundamental frequency for
sound waves in the air column in the tube. The speed of sound waves in this air column is
.

Part A
What must be the tension of the string to produce the desired effect?
Express your answer in terms of the given quantities.

ANSWER:
=
Correct

Part B
What happens to the sound produced by the instrument if the tension is changed to twice
the value calculated in part (a)?

ANSWER: My Answer:

Part C
For the tension calculated in part (a), what other harmonics of the string, if any, are in
resonance with standing waves in the air column?

ANSWER: My Answer:

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Exercise 16.49: Doppler Radar

A giant thunderstorm is moving toward a weather station at 47.0 .

Part A
If the station sends a radar beam of frequency 215.0 toward the storm, what is the
difference in frequency between the emitted beam and the beam reflected back from the
storm? Be careful to carry plenty of significant figures! (Hint: The storm reflects the same
frequency that it receives.)

ANSWER:
= 30.1
Correct

Exercise 16.51

Part A
How fast (as a percentage of light speed) would a star have to be moving so that the
frequency of the light we receive from it is 15.0 higher than the frequency of the light it
is emitting?

ANSWER: 0.139
= All attempts used; correct answer
displayed

Part B
Would it be moving away from us or toward us? (Assume it is moving either directly away
from us or directly toward us.)

ANSWER: away from us

toward us

Correct

Problem 16.74

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MasteringPhysics: Assignment Print View

A 2.45- sound wave travels through a pregnant woman’s abdomen and is reflected
from the fetal heart wall of her unborn baby. The heart wall is moving toward the sound
receiver as the heart beats. The reflected sound is then mixed with the transmitted sound,
and 85 beats per second are detected. The speed of sound in body tissue is 1490 .

Part A
Calculate the speed of the fetal heart wall at the instant this measurement is made.

ANSWER:
= 2.58×10−2
Correct

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