L E V E L

2
3-4 SD GRADE 3-4

human body:

BONES IN YOUR BODY

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 4
HUMAN BODY:

BONES IN
9
BOTANy:
YOUR BODY
14 ROOTS AND
STEMS.
Physics:

SOME MATERIALS
DO RETURN BUT
OTHERS DO NOT 19 28
ASTRONOMy :

32 A STAR IN THE
REVEALING A SECRET:

HEH!
experiment: CENTER OF OUR ROOTSABOVE
dissolving SOLAR SYSTEM GROUND?!
solids - liquids

23 34
SCIENCE STORY: how it works :

GALILEO FROM SAWDUST

GALILEI TO BOARDS

SOURCE & PROFESSIONAL CONSULTANT:
PROF. YOHANES SURYA, PHD
PROF. DR. FAWZIA ASWIN HADIS, PSI
CREATIVE DIRECTOR:
GELAR SOETOPO
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR:
IGN. DJOKO NUGROHO
EDITORIAL TEAM:
FELICIA LUSITA (WRITER)
BAMBANG SUDIANTO
SHINTA LAURENDCIA (CONTRIBUTOR)
FERDINAND DANIEL I W. (CONTRIBUTOR)
BHAKTI K (CONTRIBUTOR)
VISUAL TEAM:
SUPRIYANTO (COORDINATOR)
ANDREE HARYADI (ILLUSTRATOR)
ADAM SUHANDA (ILLUSTRATOR)
AUDELIA AGUSTINE (ILLUSTRATOR)
FIVI FITHRIANTY (ILLUSTRATOR)
M. BONDAN W (CONTRIBUTOR)
DENY HILMOND (CONTRIBUTOR)
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GATUT KOK W. (DESIGNER)
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3
 BONES IN YOUR BODY

IS THIS RIGHT?…. DO THE

BONES IN MY BODY … REALLY
LOOK LIKE THIS,
YA?! IT LOOKS LIKE THE
STEEL FRAME OF THAT
BUILDING, HEH!

WITHOUT REALISING IT ... POPIN,

THE TREE OF KNOWLEDGE SUDDENLY THEN….
APPEARED IN FRONT OF SAKO’S HEEEELP!!!
EYES… HE WAS READY TO TAKE HIM
TO SMARTI-LAND…

WHAT AM I
DREAMING?!

STAY CALM, SAKO...

IT’S ONLY ME!
DOKTRA...

DOKTRA?!! HUH, YOU ALMOST GAVE

ME A HEART ATTACK! HA HA, BUT
THAT’S ALRIGHT, I’M VERY CURIOUS.
YOU WILL HELP ME, WON’T YOU?!

4
 A TALL BUILDING CAN STAND
THEN... UPRIGHT BECAUSE IT IS SUPPORTED
BY A STEEL FRAME… LIKEWISE, A
HUMAN BODY IS SUPPORTED ON THE
INSIDE BY A SKELETON…

THE HUMAN SKELETON IS Head skeleton (Skull)

GROUPED INTO SEVERAL
PARTS, THEY ARE…
Body Skeleton

Upper limb skeleton

Lower limb skeleton

OOH... THE HUMAN

SKELETON HAS MANY
GROUPS OF BONES,
DOESN’T IT? WOW... SO MANY,
KUARK!

YAA,
THE NUMBER OF BONES THAT
MAKE UP AN ADULT HUMAN
SKELETON TOTALS
206 BONES...

BASED ON THEIR SHAPES

THE ASSEMBLED BONES
FORM A SKELETON. THERE
ARE MANY DIFFERENT
TYPES...

Flat shaped bones Irregular shaped bones

Example: Chest Bone Example: Spinal Cord

Short bones Pipe Shaped bones (Long)

Example : Wrist Bones Example: Thigh bone

5
 E-EH, DO WE HAVE
BONES IN OUR EARS AND
NOSE TOO?

HMM.. WE MOST
CERTAINLY DO,
SAKO...

HUMAN SKELETON BONES CONSISTOF...

HARD BONES... THEY ARE VERY HARD BECAUSE THEY ARE FORMED FROM A LOT
OF CALCIUM AND PHOSPHATE AND BOUND TOGETHER WITH A LITTLE COLLAGEN.

HARD BONES

SOFT BONES
JUGA TULANG RAWAN... YANG LENTUR, KARENA TERSUSUN DARI
BANYAK ZAT PEREKAT (KOLAGEN) DAN SEDIKIT ZAT KAPUR (KALSIUM).

WHILE STILL
IN YOUR MOTHER’S WOMB, OR
WHEN YOU WERE STILL A BABY…
YOU HAD MANY SOFT BONES IN AS YOU GROW OLDER... MANY OF THE
YOUR BODY. SOFT BONES BECOME HARDER… AND
OVER TIME THEY TURN INTO
HARD BONES.

Baby in mother’s womb

6
 APART FROM GIVING SHAPE AND
SUPPORT TO THE BODY SO
THAT WE CAN STAND UPRIGHT …
WHAT ELSE DOES THE
SKELETON DO FOR US?

IT PROTECTS Protects
IMPORTANT PARTS INSIDE brain
THE BODY...

Protects:
heart,
lungs, liver, Protects eyes
intestines,
kidney

IT IS ALSO A PLACE FOR THE MUSCLES TO ATTACH THEMSELVES TO.... IF THE MUSCLES ARE NOT
SUPPORTED BY A SKELETON, THEY WILL JUST RESEMBLE A MASS OF FLESH.

YIKES, TERRIBLE!

7
 COORDINATION BETWEEN
THE BODY SKELETON AND THE
MUSCLES, ALLOWS US TO MOVE
IN MANY WAYS .

Hard Bone

Soft bone
THE BONES OF OUR SKELETON
AFFECTS OUR GROWTH.

THE SOFT BONES BECOME HARD ... THEN
THE BONES GET LONGER... THIS MAKES
YOUR BODY GROW TALLER.

In mother’s womb A child An adult

WAAAAH... GREEEAT!!
HMM, SAKO... I HAVE THANKS A LOT
A GIFT FOR YOU! DOKTRA!

text: SHINTA Illustrator: ADAM Designer: Gatut Editor: GST.

8
 ROOTS AND STEMS
TROY is always busy working on something ... WHAT IS HE UP
TO NOW ?! Oh oh... HE’S DESTROYING the GARDEN ?!

ARGGHHH...!!

OH NO... ! WHATARE
YOU DOING,
TROY ??

HU-UUH...
I THOUGHT I COULD GET SOME
CASSAVA AND POTATOES FROM
THOSE PLANTS! BUT,
TROY, TROY... FIRST OF ALL YOU MUST
WHERE... WHERE?!
KNOW WHAT CASSAVA AND POTATO
THERE’S NOTHING HERE!!
PLANTS LOOK LIKE... NOT ALL ROOTS
ARE LIKE CASSAVA ROOTS... AND NOT
WHAT’S ALL THE NOISE ALL STEMS ARE LIKE POTATO STEMS!
ABOUT?! HMM.. MAYBE
I’M DREAMING, YA... !

9
 THE MAIN FUNCTION OF
THE ROOT IS TO ANCHOR THE PLANT IN THE
GROUND, AND ABSORb NUTRIENTS (WATER
aND mineralS)... APART FROM THAT, IN
SEVERAL PLANTS, THE ROOT FUNCTIONS AS A
STORAGE PLACE FOR NUTRIENTS… OR It can
be USED FOR REPRODUCTION.

THE ROOT IS A PLACE FOR STORING EXCESS NUTRIENTS

AND IT ALSO FUNCTIONS AS A REPRODUCTIVE
PART OF THE SWEET POTATO PLANT

HOWEVER THE PRIME FUNCTION

OF THE PLANT’S STEM IS TO CARRY FOOD
FROM THE ROOTS TO THE LEAVES AND
BACK AGAIN… TO SUPPORT LEAVES, FLOWERS, AND
FRUIT… AND IN SOME PLANTS, THEY ARE USED TO
STORE FOOD RESERVES AND REPRODUCE. FOR
EXAMPLE THE POTATO PLANT.

POTATOES ARE STEMS POTATO STEMS ALSO FUNCTION

THAT GROW UNDER AS REPRODUCTIVE PARTS, NEW
GROUND, TO STORE POTATOES GROW ON OLD
NUTRIENTS... POTATO STEMS.

I SEE THAT THE PLANTS

HAVE DIFFERENT ROOTS
C’MON... NOW HELP ME REPLANT ALL THAT’S RIGHT, MIRANDA...
AND STEMS, FLO?
THE PLANTS YOU DUG UP! IF YOU THERE ARE DIFFERENT KINDS
DON’T THEY WILL DIE... OF PLANT ROOTS AND
STEMS...

10
 XYLEM PHLOEM
THERE ARE TWO MAIN EPIDERMIS
KINDS OF ROOTS; TAP
ROOTS ON DICOT* PLANTS
AND DIFFUSE ROOTS ON
MONOCOT* PLANTS

*) Monocots are plants with a single

cotyledon (seed covering). Dicots
are plants with two cotyledons (seed
coverings).

TAP ROOT cross section of a TAPROOT as seen Capillary network

through the microscope:
One big MAIN
ROOT that grows
downwards
EXAMPLE:

Smaller root branches

grow around

SOY BEAN PLANT MANGO TREE

DIFFUSE ROOT

Epidermis
Cortex

Endodermis

Pericycle
Root Pith
Xylem
Phloem

Root Hairs

cross section of a DIFFUSE ROOT as seen

through the microscope:

EXAMPLES:

Grass Corn Plant

11
 IN GENERAL THERE ARE TWO
KINDS OF STEMS... STEMS THAT
CONTAIN WOOD / CAMBIUM AND
STEMS THAT DO NOT CONTAIN
CAMBIUM.

A STEM WITH CAMBIUM FROM A ’DICOTIL’ PLANT

PITH= place for storing

reserves of food
WOOD

Growth rings

Inner bark

Outer bark

A STEM WITH NO CAMBIUM FROM A ’MONOCOTIL’ PLANT

Air
passages XYLEM
Epiderm

PHLOEM

12
 a-AAh... IT’S EH FLO... IS THIS
almost A ROOT OR A OH… THESE ARE
FINISHED!! STEM, HEH?! CALLED AERIAL ROOTS. APART
FROM ON THIS BANYAN TREE,
YOU CAN ALSO SEE AERIAL
ROOTS ON ORCHID PLANTS.

: ROOTS LIKE THESE ARE CALLED ADVENTITIOUS ROOTS.

OTHER EXAMPLES OF ADVENTITIOUS ROOTS ARE PROP ROOTS
AND AERATING ROOTS

PROP ROOTS AERATING ROOTS

ARE USED TO HELP SUPPORT THE TREE TO PLANTS WITH AERATING ROOTS, HELP TO EXCHANGE
STAND UPRIGHT. THE AIR NEEDED BY THE PLANT.

example : example:

PANDAN TREE RED MANGROVE TREE WHITE MANGROVE TREE ORCHID PLANT

OH HEMMM...
I JUST HAD A STRANGE DREAM, YOU
KNOW... EARLIER, THIS GARDEN WAS A
MESS! ALL THE PLANTS WERE PULLED UP!
FORTUNATELY, EVERYTHING
IS ALRIGHT NOW THOUGH!

AAHH, SLEEPY HEAD!

WHEN SHE’S NOT
DREAMING, SHE SAYS
SHE’S DREAMING!

text: CATHY Illustrator: ANDREE Designer: Gatut Editor: GST.

13
 “SOME MATERIALS RETURN
BUT OTHERS DO NOT”
spending spare time experimenting, is not unUSUAL For FIDEL
aNd hER friends… it seems that they never run out of ideas.
SO WHAT ARE THEY DOING THIS AFTERNOON?… THE BACK YARD OF FIDEL’S HOUSE
IS FILLED WITH LOTS OF EQUIPMENT! THERE ARE DIFFERENT SIZED PAILS, SMALL
BOWLS HOLDING DIFFERENT TYPES OF FLOUR. SEVERAL BOTTLES AND CANS FILLED
WITH LIQUIDs… they are ALL laid out ON THE LONG TABLE...

HMM… WE HAVE PREPARED SEVERAL

MATERIALS THAT WE WILL USE TO
TEST FISIO’S THEORY…! HERE ARE
Some TYPES OF SOLID materials
AND LIQUIDS WE NEED…
ALL THE MATERIALS WE HAVE
PREPARED, ARE SOLID MATERIALS
THAT ACCORDING TO FISIO, WILL
DISSOLVE IF THEY ARE PUT
INTO LIQUID! NAH… LET’S PROVE
WHICH MATERIALS WILL
DISSOLVE IN WATER...

14
 HMM... I WILL START BY DISSOLVING BAKING SODA,
FOOD SEASONING (MSG), SALT AND SUGAR
iNTO A GLASS OF WATER…

Baking Soda Food Seasoning Salt Crystals Sugar Cubes

AND I will mix, tapioca flour, candy, flour, and this

palm sugar, into separate glasses ofwater!

Tapioca Flour Lollipops Flour Palm Sugar

I WILL TRY TO DISSOLVE ORANGE ESSENCE POWDER,

MILK POWDER, AND CHOCOLATE POWDER INTO WATER!

Orange Essence Powder Milk Chocolate Powder

Powder

… AND WHY DO I ALWAYS GET THE STRANGE EXPERIMENTS,

YAA ?! ” HMM… detergent powder,
EFFERVESCENT *TABLETs, and dry ice ?!

Detergent Powder Effervescent Tablet Dry Ice

* Effervescent Tablet (read efar’vesant): a type of tablet

that is put into water, it will become bubbly and dissolve
by itself. 15
 Then...
…AH-AAH-AAAH...
look! all my materials
have disappeared in
the water!
e-eh... my tapioca flour
has also dissolved…
but why hasn’t the
lollipop and palm
sugar dissolved, yaa ?!

ya-yaa ! MY milk powder

and orange essence powder
will combine with the water...
but why does THE chocolate
powder only float on the
top, heh?!

… u-uH... MY Detergent Powder dissolveS in water...

but, the water becomeS frothy!the tablet expelS gas...
and THE dry ice dissapears into vapours!

Detergent dissolved Effervescent Tablet Dry ice in water

in water in water

shortly afterwards...

HMM… that’s good!

now YOU understand better the MEANING
OF THE term ”dissolve”! that is, TO BREAK
DOWN and combine with A liquid so that
it cannot be separated again! and you
can see for yourself WHICH materials
can dissolve in water...

… some dissolve quickly! like baking

soda, food seasoning, salt AND sugar
granules... but, some others need to be
stirred before they TOTALLY dissolve
in the water! for example, tapioca
flour, WHEAT flour, milk powder or
chocolate!

16
 … HMM… several other materials
need a longER time to dissolve in
water! for example, … lollipops…
or palm sugar.

… but, heat can speed up the process!

try to move the bowl of water and palm
sugar or the lollipops into a pan and
heat it over a HOT stove… it will most
certainly dissolve faster !

mmh… apart from speeding up the

dissolving PROCESS, heat can also
make THE CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME OF
THE DISSOLVED materialS change, YOU
KNOW... THEY cannot return to THEIR
original state!

IT CANNOT RETURN TO ITS

ORIGINAL STATE?! Eh,
sorRY… i DON’T UNDERSTAND
WHAT YOU MEAN!

IT’S LIKE THIS...! LET’S

TAKE SALT AND TAPIOCA
FLOUR AS AN EXAMPLE...

… IF THE SALT AND TAPIOCA FLOUR THAT HAS

BEEN DISSOLVED IN WATER IS DRIED UNDER THE
SUN… after the WATER HAS EVAPORATED, THE
SALT AND THE TAPIOCA FLOUR will RETURN TO
its ORIGINAL STATES!

bUT, IF WE HEAT THE DISSOLVED SALT

AND TAPIOCA FLOUR SOLUTION ON A HOT
STOVE… WHEN THE WATER HAS EVAPORATED,
THE SALT WILL RETURN TO ITS ORIGINAL
STATE, AS SALT CRYSTALS! BUT, THE TAPIOCA
FLOUR WILL THICKEN AND BECOME A STICKY
GLUE BEFORE IT GOES ON TO HARDEN AND
RESEMBLE PLASTIC!

17
 … THE SAME HAPPENS WITH SUGAR
SOLUTION, FLOUR SOLUTION,
MILK POWDER SOLUTION, OR
ORANGE ESSENCE POWDER
SOLUTION...

… ALL OF THEM CHANGE FORM,

AND CANNOT RETURN TO THEIR
ORIGINAL STATES, AFTER THE
WATER HAS EVAPORATED…

hmm, APART FROM WATER, IT
SEEMSTHAT YOU HAVE ALSO
PREPARED SEVERAL OTHER
WATER, MIGHT NOT DISSOLVE IN
LIQUIDS, yaa... ?!
GOOD !!
NOW YOU CAN PROVE FOR
YOURSELF… THAT SOME SOLID
MILK POWDER,
MATERIALS THAT DISSOLVE IN
SUGAR, OR FLOUR, mIGHT
DISSOLVE In WATER.. BUT, WOULD
OTHER KINDS OF LIQUIDS…
THEY ALSO DISSOLVE IN PETROL
OR COOKING OIL...?!

nah... TRY IT WITH ALL

THE MATERIALS YOU HAVE “hmm... MO PROBLEM ?!
PREPARED! COME ON FRIENDS,
LET’S SEE!
THEN PROVE...
WHICH MATERIALS DISSOLVE IN
WHICH LIQUIDS?! THEN, WHICH ONES
CAN RETURN TO THEIR ORIGINAL
STATE, AND WHICH ONES CAN’T…

TEXT: BHAK’S Illustrator: ANDREE Designer: Gatut EDITOR: GST.

18
 “THE STAR IN THE CENTRE
OF OUR SOLAR SYSTEM”
ONE BRIGHT TWILIGHT EVENING THE TOPIC OF DISCUSSION TURNED TO
PLANET VENUS… A BEAUTIFUL PLANET THAT IS OFTEN
Venus
WRONGLY IDENTIFIED AS A STAR.
(PEOPLE OFTEN USE THE TERMS ‘’EVENING’’ STAR OR ‘’MORNING’’ STAR!)

Venus shines brightly amongst

the stars in the night sky

PFFH… just because it looks like a star, it does not mean that it is a
star, LHO… just look at its glow! it’s not twinkling, YOU SEE?! NAH, that
shows that ITS light does not come from within itself! like the moon,
venus also reflects light it receives from the sun…

STARS ARE DIFFERENT… A TWINKLING LIGHT INDICATES

THAT THEY ARE CELESTIAL OBJECTS THAT CREATE THEIR OWN LIGHT!
LIKE OUR SUN… YOU SEE!

A picture of the Sun as a Star

Sun

As a twinkling star As seen from Earth Image seen from the edge
of the Solar System

huH… you mean, the

sun is a star?!

oh!… you didn’t

know that, Heh?!
our sun is a star…
ANd it is also
the center of
the solar system !

19
Solar SySTEM…?! HMM… it is called a sysTEM, because
why is it called a the solar system comprises OF layers
SySTEM, huh?! of celestial object groupINGS that
regularly interact with each other…
So that they create a complete
coordinated system!

A STAR IS THE CENTRAL

BODY, AND it FUNCTIONS
AS THE CENTER OF THE
SYSTEM…

Sun as centre

hmm…
IN OUR SOLAR SYSTEM,
THE SUN IS THE CENTER!

anD AS IT IS THE CENTER, all

kinds of CELESTIAL OBJECTS
orbit the SUN. they are
‘members OF’ THE SOLAR SYSTEM!

THERE ARE planetS,

satelLitES, asteroidS anD
meteoroids, THERE ARE also
COMETS aND dwarf planetS…!

Solar System

nah, IN OUR SOLAR sYstem WE HAVE EIGHT planetS,

DIVIDED INTO TWO GROUPS … EACH group COMPRISes FOUR planetS!

THE FIRST GROUP IS NAMED “terrestrial planets”...

because the size and even the composition OF THE PLANETS resemble
planet earth. this group COMPRISES OF:
planet mercury, planet venus, planet earth and planet mars…

Planet Mercury Planet Venus Planet Earth Planet Mars

20
 … meanwhile, the second group is called ” Jovian planetS”,
because in terms of size and composition
THE PLANETS resemble planet jupiter....

THIS SECOND GROUP COMPRISES OF planet Jupiter,

Planet Saturn, planet Uranus, anD planet NeptunE…

Planet Jupiter Planet Saturn Planet Uranus Planet Neptune

hmm, THOSE TWO GROUPings ARE SEPARATED BY A BAND OF asteroidS,

THAT MOVE randomLyberarak-arakan CREATING BORDERS THAT RESEMBLE
A BELT, CALLED : “asteroid BELT”…

… sO THE FIRST GROUP OF PLANETS POSITIONED “iNSIDE THE BELT”

(THAT IS BETWEEN THE aSTEROID BELT AND THE SUN), IS CALLED THE “INNER
planetS”… and tHE SECOND GROUP POSITIONED ‘”OUTSIDE THE BELT”, IS
CALLED THE “OUTER planetS”!

Bu s s

ut us
us
nu riu

n
s
r

rn
Ve rku

te

nu

tu
s

o
M i
Ce s
m

re

tu
pi

ep
ar

is
ra
e

Sa
Ju

Er
Pl
M

N
U
Asteroid
Sabuk
Planet Planet
Kebumian Jovian

A collection of Asteroids randomly racing The groups of inner planets and the outer planets
to form the Asteroid belt.

… apart from planets and asteroids, there are

other COMPONENTS of our solar system… Ceres Saturnus
called “dwarf planets”” Bumi Neptunus
Eris
Merkurius

they are called dwarf planets… because
although in many ways they resemble planets,
they are very small… so they cannot TRULY be Venus
Mars Uranus Pluto
called planets. Jupiter

Planet
… dwarf planets in the solar system include : Planet Kerdil
ceres, pluto, Eris (the new name for xena) or
commonly called 2003 UB313… Image of a group of Planets and Dwarf
Planets in the Solar System

Ceres
(planet kerdil)

Pluto Triton Eris Bulan

(planet kerdil) (satelit Saturnus) (planet kerdil) (satelit Bumi)
Titan Ganymede
(satelit Neptunus) (satelit Jupiter)

Comparing sizes of Dwarf Planets with several Satellites

21
nah, all PARTS ofthe solar system follow their
own PATH OF ORBIT called AN “orbit”! IT IS A Pluto
FACT THAT they all orbit around the central
Neptune
body, WHICH is THE “sun”, the center of our
solar system… Uranus

Saturn

… the orbit around Jupiter

the sun is called a
Mars
“Revolution”!
Earth
Venus

Sun Mercury

hmm… while orbiting the

sun, Each planet also spins
on a tilt, this is called a
”rotation”…

… except FOR mercury and

venus, all the planets
have their own natural Moon, Earth’s Moon orbiting Earth Earth and Moon
satellites! the planet earth satellite orbiting the Sun
that we live on has one
satellite called “moon”.

planet mars has two
satellites, phobos and
Deimos!

Mars and Phobos Phobos, satellite Deimos, satellite

of Mars of Mars

planet jupiter has 63 satellites…

satellites from each
planet saturn has 59 satellites!
planet also REVOLve
planet uranus 18 satellites, and
around their own
planet neptune 8 satellites…
CENTRAL BODY!

Jupiter
… And of course those
satellites are also parts
Ganymede Callisto of the SOLAR SYSTEM…

Io Europa

Jupiter & several 4 of Jupiter’s largest satellites: Io, Europa,

of its satellites Ganymede, and Callisto

waaH… i only just

Uranus
Titan realised... that a star
Saturn
is at the center of our
solar system!

Neptune

Saturn and some of its Uranus and its Neptune and Titan,
satellites satellites its satellite
TEXT: Bhak’s Illustrator: adam Designer: Gatut Editor: GST.

22
 GALILEO GALILEI
one bright afternoon... Hmm, there ARE PEOPLE in the garden
relaxingand discussing science...

if those two mangoes hU-UUH... even a

fall at the same time, dumb frog knows
i’m sure the big one that!
will hit the ground
first…
because the big
one is heavier…

HMM, but you are

wrong! HMM, you
don’t believe
it ?!
huh, how come?!

c’mon, let’s prove

because in fact, if they fall at it with these two
the same time... the big one and different sized
the little one will reach the balls… see!
ground at the same time....

23
 nAah, now do you
then believe it ?!

THAT’S STRANGE,
ya?!

hmm, i think i’ve

heard of him,
heh…
HMM, you just
witnessed : the ‘law
of falling bodies’
that was first
formulated by an
italian scientist
named galileo
Galilei...

Galileo Galilei

well, that’s not surprising! the name of

GALILEO GALILEI is often mentioned....
because he was a philosopher, an well, stories are
astronomer, and agenius physicist who best told by sahel
invented scores of new inventions in ya, ..
his lifetime…
yes, he
tell us more, is most
please… certainly the
expert…

24
 pisa?!
where there
is the leaning
MMHHH...
tower, yaa?!
GALILEO GALILEI was born t’s right! that
on 15 FEBRUARy 1564, in the tower is also
city of PISA, ITALy... called the tower
of pisa...

Menara
Pisa

then, at that tower, galileo oh yaa...?!

experimented with ‘free-falling ngh, earlier you said
objects’ for the public... and he galileo devised lots of
got the same results! both of the new inventions.
steel balls he dropped, reached what were they?!
earth at the same time...

An experiment
on ‘free falling motion’
at the Tower of Pisa

oh, there
were lots…

hey included
the pendulum
clock, sextant*,
thermometer…

*Sextant: a navigation aid (sets

direction) for sailors before the
invention of the compass. Pendulum clock Sextant Thermometer

and the most famous is the

successful perfection of the
telescope first invented
by hans lippershey**

** Hans Lippershey (1570 – 1619)

was a lens maker from Germany.
Telescope invented by Galileo Hans Lippershey

25
 after the telescope was
perfected by galileo,
the world of astronomy
developed in leaps and
bounds!
developed fast?!
like what?

scientific knowledge in those times

believed that the planet
earth we inhabited was the center of the
universe! furthermore, they believed that the
sun, and planets .... all orbit the earth. this
theory was known as the geocentric theory

nicolaus copernicus, a scientist who livedin

those times put forward the heliocentric
theory (a theory that claims that geocentric theory
the sun is the centre of the galaxy) in
Place of the geocentric theory... based upon
observations that confirmed that the sun is
the centre of the galaxy

but, society in those times could not accept

copernicus’ new theory

however, based upon observations of

sunspots made through a telescope,
galileo successfully proved... that planet
earth and the other planets actually Heliocentric Theory
orbit the sun ...

observations on the sun’s spots were

subsequently recorded in a
book entitled: “letters on sunspot”
(the history and concept of sunspots)…

Nicolaus Sun Spot

Copernicus

heeeh... really?!

he couldn’t
because society did not express his
support galileo’s heliocentic opinion?!
theory, he was isolated
by society... he was even
imprisoned for his work...
in the past,
stating an opinion that opposed
public beliefs could be seen as an act
of heresy! scientists of those times
were often treated unjustly.

26
 in simple terms,
in his old age, the law of motion or the
galileo put forward the basic principle of inertia, can
principle of relativity be described as...
or the law of motion.
law of
motion?!
what’s that?!

when we are in a stationary vehicle …and when a moving

and it suddenly moves forward ...our vehicle brakes suddenly… that is an
bodies are thrown backwards. our bodies are example of the
thrown forwards. Law of motion…

hmm… that was a

tragic end to his
life…
after discovering the law of motion,
galileo became seriously ill and blind behind that tragic story,
in both eyes... despite his condition galileo contributed
his work was still recorded tremendously to
by his students advance the world of
science…
galileo died on 8 january 1642
in the city of florence... till the end of
his life, galileo was still
an imprisoned man.

TEXT: BAM’Z Illustrator: aNDREE Designer: Gatut EDITOR: GST.

27
HEH! ROOTS ABOVE GROUND?!
Aluna and Miranda SPEND THE last day of their holidays at the mangrove
swamp ... because aluna really wants to see mangrove trees!

SEE, aluna!
there they are, those
are called
mangrove trees!
THAT’S STRANGE! kok,
the trunk spreads
out at the bottom,
mir ?!

hi-hi-hi! THAT IS
NOT THE TRUNK, florie said THAT roots
THOSE ARE ROOTS! WHICH grow at the base above
the ground and then spread
out in every direction are
called prop roots *

hmmm...
THOSE KIND OF ROOTS MAKE
THE PLANTS STRONGER, ya!
THAT WAY THEY CANNOT BE SO
EASILY SWEPT AWAY
BY THE WATER ...

* Prop roots are often found in plants that grow

in muddy swamps.

28
 DO YOU KNOW WHY THE ROOTS
SPREAD OVER THE SURFACE LIKE
nah, WHATABOUT THIS one?! THAT ?!
the stems spread all over the
surface like that?!

DO YOU KNOW WHY THE IT’S BECAUSE THE SUPPLY OF OXYGEN IN THE SWAMP
ROOTS SPREAD OVER THE LAND IS SO lITTLE ... SO THE ROOT OF THE MANGROVE
SURFACE LIKE THAT ?! TREE GROWS NEW ROOTS THAT SPREAD UP AND OVER THE
SURFACE TO ABSORB OXYGEN.

Aerating roots

Main Roots

nah, SOME PLANTS have

ROOTS THAT ADHERE TO THE
branches OF OTHER PLANTS !

THAT I ALREADY KNEW!!! YOU

MEAN THE PLANT ROOTS THAT
live off other plants, yes?!
like betel (Indonesian name,
sirih) and parasitic weeds
(Indonesian name,
TALI PUTRI)

29
 BETEL anD WEEDS HAVE
DIFFERENT KINDS OF
ROOT, YOU KNOW, lho! Stalk of betel
leaf stem
HE BETEL ROOT grows
OUT OF THE STEM
NODES AND sticks
TO the STEM of A
host pLANT ... ROOTS
LIKE THIS ARE CALLED Parasitic
aerial roots root

Tali putri is a parasite plant! the root does not only stick
to the host plant but it also siphons nutrients from the
stem of the plant that it is living off.
roots like these are called parasitic roots

Parasitic
weed
(Cuscuta)

Host plant
(main plant)
Parasitic root intrudes
Parastic root on the into the stem of the
weed’s stem principal plant

iih...! the root

of the parasitic
weed is scary!

Nah, the beringin tree and its group also

has its own kind of root, al!
WE OFTEN SEE SOMETHING LOOKING LIKE
FINE VINE TENDRILS DANGLING from the
branches of the beringin tree... IN FACT,
THey are ROOTs CALLED aerial ROOTS...
aerial ROOTS TAKe IN WATER VAPOR AND
OXYGEN FROM THE surrounding aiR ...
NAH, WHEN THE AERIAL ROOTS GET LONGER
AND REACH THE GROUND... THE ROOTS THEN
PENETRATE THE GROUND TO ABSORB WATER
AND ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS FROM THE EARTH...
ROOTS CONTINUE TO GROW INTO AUXILIARY
STEMS, THAT WILL STRENGTHEN
THE MAIN TRUNK.

Aerial roots of the Banyan tree

30
 e-eh, mir! wHATABOUT TREE HH, YOU MEAN THE ROOTS ABOVE SURFACE THAT CAN BE
ROOTS THAT LOOK LIKE BOARDS SEEN ON LARGE TREES, YA?! ROOTS LIKE THESE ARE CALLED
ON THE SURFACE OF EARTH WHAT butTress ROOTS. buTtress ROOTS ARE USED TO support
ARE THEY CALLED? the tree’S growth, SO THAT THE TREE CAN GROW UPRIGHT

Buttress root on the Kapuk tree (Randu)

SO THERE ARE MANY TYPES

OF ROOT, YAA...
EACH ONE HAS ITS OWN
FUNCTION!

rigggght!

BY THE WAY, YOU KNOW SO

MUCH ABOUT DIFFERENT KINDS
OF ROOT, HEh?!
OF COURSE, YOU FRIENDS,
TOO CAN LEARN WELCOME TO THE NEW ACADEMIC
WITH florie, YOU YEAR, ya! IT’S TIME TO STUDY
KNOW! HE-HE-HEE.. SCIENCE TOGETHER WITH Kuark
anD FRIENDS
AT smarti-land!!

text: FELIZ Illustrator: ANDREE Designer: GatuT EDITOR: GST.

31
 DISSOLVING SOLIDS - LIQUID
Yang kalian butuhkan:

SALT SUGAR sand

Can also use: WHEAT FLOUR, RICE container

FLOUR, CORN FLOUR (MAIZENA) etc (use tin can)

stirrer

enought
water
stove

What to do

1. Put salt and a little water into a

used tin can... Stir until the salt
totally dissolves in the water. (until
the salt vanishes into the water!).
Heat the can on top of the stove
until the water evaporates. 1
(picture 1)

2. In another used tin can (container),

put a few spoonfuls of sugar and a little
water. Stir in the same way as you
stirred the salt. Then heat it on the
stove, until the water evaporates!
(picture 2) 2

30
32
3. Put a few spoonfuls of sand into
another container (used tin can).
Mix with a little water, and stir.
Then, heat the container of sand
and water on top of the stove
until the water evaporates. 3
(picture 3)

4. Carefully observe what happens

to each of the three objects after 4
they have been heated. Which of the
objects can return to its original state? SAND
Returns to its
(picture 4 ) original state.

SUGAR
Returns to its original solid
state but it changes into caramel
5. Apart from salt, sugar and sand,
you can also try other solid materials.
For instance, use wheat flour, rice flour,
corn flour (maizena), tapioca, etc.
Observe how each of the materials
reacts in a different way.
SALT
Returns to its
original state

ATTENTION!!!
Because these experiments use heat, ask help from adults for supervision or
assistance. If possible, it is better to do the experiment outside!t

Explanation:
Some solid objects can dissolve in water, but others cannot dissolve! Salt and sugar
do dissolve in water, however sand does not dissolve in water… to dissolve in water
means, to melt/disintegrate luluh/ lebur and become one with the water,
so that it disappears from view.

Even still, we can restore salt or sugar that has been dissolved in water (even though
it may not resemble its original state) by heating it on a stove until all the water
completely evaporates!

PARENTAL
31
33 ADVISORY
 From sawdust
to boards
one morning by the edge of the forest... our friends are enjoying the fresh air
of the tropical forest… amongst the foliage and the twittering birds... HMM, it’s
hard to find an atmosphere that can match that...

ooh… listen to the

magnificent sounds of
nature... is there anything
more beautiful than this?!

wUAAH, i just
realised... FIDEL is a HMM, we can enjoy these
clever poet too… conditions anytime, if we
yaA... who would are clever about preserving
have believed that our forest environment
the tomboy could from acts of irresponsible
be like that… destruction...

34
 destroying the
forest?! do you mean actually, it’s alright to cut
by cutting down down trees… as long as it is
the trees?! done correctly and responsibly!
because, we can use the processed
iya, i also hate to see wood for many of our needs.
the forest trees being
cut down.

hmm, give an example… of

A good way to process
wood ....
that’s right!!, from
wood we can make paper,
furniture, even houses
okay... i will try to
and boats...
describe the process
of making boards
from compressed
wood!

because in this way

the wood can be used
optimally… meaning that
very little of the wood
is wasted.
NAH, now let’s
look at the wood
production
process for
polyplex…
there are several types of compressed wood
products available in the market… but, the
first of all,
most commonly used types are MULTiPLEX ANd
take a look at
POLYPLEX boards.
the following
diagram...
MULTIPLEx boards consist of thin layers of
wood compressed together in layers, the Wood logs
thin board that is made up of only three
layers is commonly called triplex…. while
the thick board made up of many layers is 1 2
called multiplex. Peeled
POLyPLEx board is made up of
Sawdust/
compressed wood shavings. 3 shavings

Cut flow FOR

PROCESSING
8 LAYERED WOOD
BOARDS 4 Dried

7 6 5
Pressed Molded Mixed with
Multiplex wood board Polyplex wood board resin

35
 hmm...
so they have a
the recently cut tree trunks are sent to
machine to peel the
the wood processing factory in the form of logs...
bark, yaa...?!
at the factory, the first step is to separate
the tree bark from the trunks with a peeling machine.

wood logs bark is peeled

the wood flakes are

after that, the wood then collected in a huge
logs move to the shaving container…
machine, to shave it into
small wood flakes and
sawdust...

The process of shaving the Small shaved wood flakes

wood logs in the shaving Wood flakes
machine

then, in the big container the flakes are dried with the help
of a drying machine.

the wood flakes must be dried to ensure the final quality of the board…
because wet and damp wood will cause the board to disintegrate easily
and become a nest for wood lice…

Sawdust dried in the dryer Process of drying in the dryer

36
 the next step is to mix the sawdust with a resin in a mixer machine…
this process takes quite a long time because the materials
must mix together evenly.

Mixing machine Process of mixing

after mixing?
and then?!

after that, is the molding stage!

the sawdust that is ready for after that the molds are
processing is poured into pressed with the help of a
molds… pressing machine.

Molds pressed with a The result is sheets of

pressing machine wood boards
Molding machine Process of molding

then the poliplex boards are packed and

… and from the
prepared for sale...
press, the sheets
of wood are then
transported by
conveyor belt
through the
cutting machine,
which cuts
the wood into
pre- determined
sizes…

Cut polyplex sheets Polyplex boards packed, ready for

marketing

37
 where are
they sold?
Well,
OBVIOUSLY
THEY ARE sold
to wood
furniture-
making
businesses..
or to building
construction
material
stores!
Processing polyplex wood boards at
the furniture-making factory

hmm, so wood takes a

after that, the wood furniture is ready to long journey until it
be sold in many forms, for instance as ends in the furniture we
tables, cupboards, chairs, and so on… have in our homes...

that’s right! because

of that, take care of
and protect the wooden
furniture in your homes.
keep it in good condition,
and..
... don’t keep changing
it with new pieces of
furniture...! in this way
the trees in the forest
need not be cut down for
wood!

yes,
to preserve our forests, it …like this
would be good if we replant forest…!!!
the forest land with new
trees...

text: BAM’Z Illustrator: ANDREE Designer: Gatut EDITOR: GST.

38
 EVALUATION
L E V E L
2 GRADE 3-4

1. Which group does this picture belong to?

a. upper limbs
b. upper arm
c. upper arm bones
d. upper limb bones

2. The number of bones in a human hand is not the same as the number of bones
in the chest. In the human body a total of 206 bones can be found in ...
a.The chest bone
b.The limb bones
c.A baby’s skeleton
d.An adult’s skeleton

3. The purpose of the chest bone is to protect internal body organs.

The shape of the chest bone is..
a.long
b.flat
c.short
d.flat oval

1
4. The human bone in the picture below is...

a. shin bone c. thigh bone
b.calf bone d. upper arm bone

5. The picture below shows the shape of the spinal cord bone!

The shape of this bone is …

a.crown-shaped c. irregular shaped
b.star-shaped d. thorn-shaped

6. Most soft bones in humans are present at age …

a.baby b. teenager c. adult d. elderly

7. Which of the following statements is true?

a.soft bones can change into hard bones
b.hard bones can become soft bones
c.soft bones are brittle hard bones
d.soft bones are inside hard bones

8. Soft bone in the human body is found in the…

a.nose and ears c. ear and forehead
b.nose and forehead d. nose, ear and forehead

9. Hard bones comprise of several minerals, amongst them are…

a.calcium b. collagen
b.phosphor d. answers a, b, and c are correct

10. One function of human bones is to be a…

a.place to form calcium c. place for nerves to adhere to
b.place for muscles to adhere to d. place for fat to adhere to

2
11. The human body’s growth is affected by …

a.the growth of bones
b.the growth of flesh
c.the growth of muscles
d.the growth of nerves

12. Cassava is a part of the cassava plant, which part is it ...?

a.stem b. fruit c. root d. seed

13. Potato is a part of the potato plant, it is the ...

a.stem b. fruit c. root d. seed

14. The plants that store food reserves in their roots are…

a.peanuts
b.green beans
c.cucumbers
d.carrots

15. The jambu fruit contains a lot of water.

Which of the following statements about
the jambu tree is true…

a.it has a taproot
b.it stores its food in the root
c.the shape of the root resembles the corn plant
d.answers a, b, and c are correct

16. One of the plant roots is pictured below:

Which of the following plant has roots like this ….

a.sugar cane
b.grass
c.paddy rice
d.answers a, b, and c are correct

3
 17. Which of the following groups is from the dicotyl seed group…

a.corn, orange seeds, peanuts
b.corn, peanuts, green beans
c.peanuts, jambu seeds, durian seeds
d.green beans, jambu seeds, areca nut
18. Amongst these plants, the one which has aerating roots is …
a.beringin tree
b.coconut tree
c.banana tree
d.durian tree
19. Aerating roots are found on several types of plants.
An example of a plant that has aerating roots is …
a.orchid
b.cassava
c.fir tree
d.answers a, b, and c are correct
20. Which plant has aerating roots that grow up from under the ground….

a.Green coconut tree
b.Kopyor coconut tree
c.Mangrove tree
d.Pandan plant
21. Look at the picture below:

What is the name of the part the arrow is pointing to?

a.tuber
b.branch
c.prop root
d.diffuse root

4

22. vBelow is a picture of the mangrove tree called api-api.

What is the name of the part pointed to?
a.bud
b.prop root
c.taproot
d.aerating root
23. One type of root is called a parasitic root.
The plant that has parasitic roots is….
a.Beringin c. tali putri weed
b.betel nut plant d. mangrove
24. Look at the picture below.

Picture 1 Picture 2 Picture 3 Picture 4

Which picture shows the root called the board root?
a.picture 1
b.picture 2
c.picture 3
d.picture 4
25. Palm sugar, caster sugar, and elastic bands...
If all three are put in water, which one will not dissolve in water?
a.palm sugar and caster sugar
b.palm sugar and elastic bands
c.caster sugar, and elastic bands
d.palm sugar, caster sugar, and elastic bands

5
26. One spoonful of salt is dissolved in half a glass of water.
After that the salt water is heated in a pan on the stove.
What happens to the salt solution?
a.salt will be on the surface of the hot water
b.salt will be in the middle of the hot water
c.salt will evaporate with the water
d.salt will remain in the pan after the water has evaporated.
27. A block of salt is put into water.
What can we do to the water to make the salt dissolve faster?
a.heat it
b.blow on it
c.cool it
d.answers a , b, and c are correct
28. An important part of a bicycle is the brake.
What happens when we brake is...

a.The brake lever presses on the brake

b.The brake level presses down on the wheel rim
c.The brake head presses down on the wheel rim
d.The brake head presses down on the bicycle wheel.
29. In the sky, Planet Venus looks like a star.
Compared to a star Venus looks :
a.brighter c. blue colour
b.dimmer d. bright red colour
30. Planet Venus looks bright at night.
Where does the light of Planet Venus come from?
a.from the sunlight
b.from the distant star light
c. from the friction between the clouds of Venus
d. from the heat generated from clouds of Venus

6

31. In the sky is a star whose energy gives life to earth.
What is the name of that star?
a.Alfa century c. sun
b.morning star d. eastern star
32. Below is diagram of the planets in the Solar system.

Which numbers are called terrestrial planets?

a.1 and 2 c. 3 and 4
b.2 and 3 d. 1, 2, 3, and 4

33. 31.Look at the pictures of the following celestial objects:

Picture 1 Picture 2 Picture 3 Picture 4

Which of these celestial objects is positioned closest to the sun?

a. picture 1 b. picture 2 c. picture 3 d. picture 4
34. There are many astronomy posters of celestial objects on the wall
of Kris’s room. mongst them are pictures of Planet Jupiter,
comets, and the moon.
Which of those celestial objects are parts of the solar system?
a.only planet Jupiter and comets c. only comets and the moon
b.only planet Jupiter and the moon d. Planet Jupiter, comet, and the moon
35. What is the name of the planet that lies between planet
Earth and planet Jupiter?
a.Venus c. Mars
b.Mercury d. Saturn

7
36. Look at the picture !

What is the name of the celestial object the finger is pointing at in the picture?
a.Comet c. Mars
b.Venus d. Jupiter
37. Which of the celestial objects below is a dwarf planet?
a. Mercury c. Asteroid
b. Moon d. Pluto
38. The moon can be seen
in the sky at night and
in the day. Another name
for the moon is…
a. asteroid
b. meteorid
c. meteoroid
d. satellite
39. The orbit of Planet Venus is less than the orbit of Planet Mars.
The meaning of the planet’s orbit is ….
a. The weight of the planet c. The path of the planet’s orbit
b.The size of the planet d. The light that is reflected by the planet

40. Galileo Galilei conducted an experiment on ‘free falling objects’
from a high place. The name of the place is….
a.Leaning Tower of Pisa c. Eiffel Tower
b.Peak of Mount Everest d. Statue of Liberty