(d)

• The zero error has to be or external factors, defects

Introduction to subtracted from both the in instruments and also
on Physics extemal and internal diameter. errors made by the
with • In determining the thickness of observers.
1Itriv] the glass, the intemal diameter • The uncertainties of
is subtracted from the external measurement caused by
- ? 1- D 2. B 3. C 4. D 5. C diameter, thus the zero error these factors are known as
~1.Se.

1IItri] 6. D 7. A B. C 9. C 10. A will cancel out. errors of measurement. [2]

11- C 12. C 13. C 14. B 15. B • Hence, it is not necessary to (ii) causes of random error:
b)(ii). 16. A 17. D lB. B 19. D 20. B include it in the determination of • Random error refer to
mark] 21. A 22. C the thickness of the glass. the inconsistency of the
Section B readings obtained when a
;ed
measurement is repeated
*"SIIUIHIDiWiliii!t 5. (a) Zero error is a systematic several times. The causes
section A error caused by a defect in the of random errors are as
1IItri] measuring instrument. It results follow:
1. (a) (i) Unit in the reading not being exactly - the experimenter being
Electric charge Coulomb, C zero when the instrument is not
inconsistent while
measuring anything. [1]
Energy Joule, J operating the instrument
(b) Diagram 4.1: (personal errors). E.g.,
Force Newton, N Position of pointer on the scale of
a person's reaction
(ii) They are all derived balance P = -20 g
time while starting or
quantities Diagram 4.1 :
stopping a stopwatch
(b) 108 MHz = 1.08 x 10' Hz Position of pointer on the scale of
during a 100m relay.

balance Q = +20g [1]

- the quantity measured
(c) Area = 12 cm x 15 cm
Diagram 4.2 :
is not uniform. E.g.,
= 12 x 10-' x 15 x 10-2 irregular wire will

Mass of X= 240 g

= 180 X 10-4 m2 result in irregular

Diagram 4.2 :

= 1.80 x 10-' m2 measurement.

Mass of X = 280 g [1]

- disturbances due to
1 2. (a) Vectors: Physical quantities which For balance P, the position of the
inconsistent external
have magnitude and direction. pointer when no load is placed,
factors such as
~ed. Scalars: Physical quantities which that is the zero error, is negative
temperature and
have magnitude only. 20 g (-20 g) and the mass of X

mark] measured is smaller. [1]

pressure. [2]
(iii) Causes of systematic
IftQ1'k] (b)Vec:torSscat1r8 ' For balance Q, the position of the

errors:
Acceleration Speed pointer when no load is placed,

• Systematic error refers to

that is the zero error, is positive

Momentum Temperature the reading obtained in a

20 g (+20 g) and the mass of X

measurement being shifted

measured is bigger. [1]

IlCY 3. (a) Sensitivity of an instrument is its away from the true value.
ability to detect small changes in Hence, when the zero error is
lftQTk] • It can happen if
the value of the quantity being negative, the reading becomes
- there is a defect in the
~Iaced measured. smaller than the true value and
(b) Mass vice versa. m measuring instrument.
E.g., wrong calibration
t m-1, (c) Triple beam balance: 0.1 g ..!. of a voltmeter.
s-2] Compression balance: 100 g (c) The true value of the mass of X = - the procedure used in
(d) (i) Triple beam balance Reading of balance - zero error. the measurement is not
IlUks]
(ii) This is because the smallest Based on Diagram 4.1, true mass appropriate. E.g., length
~OD division in the scale of =
of X 240 - (-20) 260 g = [1] of a pendulum should
"lark] the triple beam balance is Based on Diagram 4.2, true mass be measured when it
smaller than the smallest of X= 280 - (+20) = 260 g [1) is hung on the retort
division in the compression Therefore, the true mass of X is stand as the weight of
the pendulum causes
balance. 260 g .!!l. extension on the string.
(9) (I) Zero error 3
[2]
(ii) It will reduce the accuracy of
:m-3, the reading.
(d) (i) Errors: (iv) Effects of the errors on the
s-2] • Every measurement of measurement:
4. (a) (I) External diameter a physical quantity is an • Random errors:
tarks] (ii) Internal diameter estimate. - The readings are
~0Il (b) Diagram 3.1: 2.03 cm
• It is not possible to obtain not consistent when
1IaTi] Diagram 3.2: 1.70 cm
the exact value of any repeated. The readings
physical quantity through are spread out
DO
(c) Thickness of the glass =
2.03 - 1.70 measurement due to statistically about a
1aTb] 2
= 0.165 cm unavoidable disturbances mean value.

© PenerlJitan Pelangi Sdn. 8hd.

 Form 4 AnswslB

- This results in an - rectifying the defects, [1 J calipers, 100 sheets of paper

uncertainty in the value - taking into account the zero are stacked together and their
measured and reduces error by SUbtracting the zero total thickness is measured. [1]
the precision of the error from the final reading, • For example. if 100 sheets have
measurement [lJ [1] a total thickness of 1.82 cm
• Systematic errors: - improving the measurement (correct to 0.01 cm), the average
- The values obtained will procedure. [1] thickness of one sheet of paper
be either more or less (Anyone) 1.82 cm
is 1"0() = 0.0182 cm [1 J
than the true value by a Maximum 4
certain amount. This reading is correct to 0.0001
- This will reduce (c) (i) • The features of ammeter cm and is comparable to or
the accuracy of the are: better than what a micrometer
measurement. [1] - zero error. which causes screw gauge can give. l!l
(v) Steps ttIat can be taken
systematic error, [1] 5
to reduce the effect - mirror strip, which helps
to reduce parallax error.
of these errors on the
measurements: [11 ~
- range. which must be Section A
• Random errors:
within the range of 0.3 A
- Measurement is 1. (a) (i) Mass of load, m [lJ
to 0.8 A, [1]
repeated several times (ii) Period, T [1]
- size of the smallest
and an average value is
division. which must be (iii) Force constant of spring [1 J
taken.
as small as possible. [1]
- Statistical methods can ·t/s T/s P/ s'
(b) iI'f ~t
be used to estimate 'f' ~itif~mmetei'
50 4.4 0.44 0.19

::.
the amount of i
AmlIIeter Zero
uncertainty and this MInr!r" ~. e--­
100 6.2 0.62 0.38
can be expressed as a error ~ .....
percentage error. 150 7.6 0.76 0.58
W Yes Yes Oto 5 A 0.1 A
• Systematic error: 200 8.8 0.88 0.77
- Instruments must be X No Yes Oto 1 A 0.01 A
checked carefully -­ 250 9.8 0.98 0.96 I
for defects from
y No No oto 1 A 0.D1 A 300 10.8 1.08 1.17
time to time and are
immediately rectified if it Z No Yes
oto 0.005 A
[7]
0.5 A (c)
exists.
- The procedure used J1l
must also be critically 5
evaluated and improved 1.3
(ii) • W has a zero error and it
if a source of systematic gives readings to only one 1.2
error is suspected. decimal place. [1] 1.1
- In certain cases, • Y has no mirror so it can
such as zero error, 1.0
cause parallax errors. [1]
the amount of the 0.9
• Z can give readings to
systematic error can
0.005 A, that is three 0.8
be estimated and
decimal places. However,
correction can be made 0.7
its range does not cover the
on the reading obtained
required 0.3 A to 0.8 A. [lJ 0.6
by subtracting it from
the reading obtained. [2J • X has no zero error and it 0.5
has a mirror strip to reduce
10 0.4
parallax error. It also has
Section C a range that covers the 0.3
required range of 0.3 A to
6. (a) Random errors I systematic errors 0.2
0.8 A.
[1] 0.1
The smallest division
(b) The effects of random errors is 0.01 A. so it gives o
can be reduced by: readings in ampere with 50 100 150 200 250 300
- repeating the measurement two decimal places. [1] [5J

,:.;;.
several times and taking an • Therefore, X is the most (d) F is directly proportional to the
[1 J ',:,',"'.
l!l
...•

average, suitable ammeter. mass of the load, m. [lJ

~h
,';;,

using statistical methods to 5

determine the amount of
uncertainly in the reading. [1]
The effects of systematic errors
can be reduced by
- checking for defects in
instruments, such as zero
error, possibility of parallax
error and possibility of wrong
calibration, [1]
Section B
(d) • The micrometer screw gauge can
take measurements correct to 2. (a) The lengths of the two trapezes are
.J ::
0.01 mm. Which is 0.001 cm. [1] equal and both the man with the
• However. the vernier calipers bigger mass and the boy with the
can only give readings correct smaller mass complete the swing
to 0.01 cm. [1] in the same time. [1]
• To obtain a reading for the (b) The period of a pendulum is
thickness of the paper correct independent of the mass of the
to 0.001 cm with the vernier bob. [lJ

© Penaroitan Palangi Sdn. Bhd.

s of paper
f~"
(c) (i) Aim: To investigate the the period is independent of
If and tl'leir variation of the period of a the mass of the bob. .1!l
.-.ad. [1] pendulum with the mass of 10 ~ Forces and Motion
l sheets have the bob [1]
1.82 cm
I. the average
(ii) Varlebles:
Manipulated variable:
....iiIIff!t11f• •
- ' of paper Mass of bob Objective Questions 2. C 3. 8 4. C 5. D
1. A
Responding variable: 8. 9.8 10. 8
12 em [1] 1. C 2. A 3. D 4. C 5. D 6. 8 7. C A
Period of bob

6. D 7. 8 8. D 9. 8 11. D 12. D 13. A 14. D 15. A

mel to 0.0001 Constant variable:

. . toar 16. B 17. A 18. D 19. C 20. C

Length of pendulum [1]
Written Practical
miCrometer 21. D 22. A 23. D 24. 8 25. 8
(iii) List of apparstull:
-;we. 1!l 2 pendulum bobs of different
Section A 26. C 27. A 28. C 29. D
~ mass, stopwatch, two small 1. (a) (i) Length of the pendulum [1l
pieces of plywood, retort (ii) Period of oscillation [1 ]
stand and clamp, half metre
Section A
(iii) Mass of the bob [1]
ruler.
1. (a)
(b) (i) Diagram 1.2 45.50
List of material:

Diagram 1.3 52.70

" [1] String [1]

Diagram 1.4 58.90

[1] (iv) Arrangement of apparatus:
Diagram 1.5 64.60 20 +-4 --1---+--+ --t'·_·· .-i- .
of spring [1l
Diagram 1.6 69.80 [1 ] K
18 +---+---''k''''-+-!i-+--+----i----i
ti­ 'PI"
Plywood
(ii) Diagram 1.2 4.55
16 +--+-+--'i<c--+----+---:---~
14+---+-+-+-i"'\~1T-+_-+----i
[).44 0.19 Diagram 1.3 5.27
0.62 0.38 Diagram 1.4 5.89

0.76 0.58
Diagram 1.5 6.46 12 +-+---ji~.+-+,i\l-+l ---\---1
Bob
Diagram 1.6 6.98 [1] ! \
0.77 10+--+-+--+-Hr+-:--~
0.88
0.98 0.96
(iii) Diagram 1.2 20.70 8 I, j \1
~. I~+---t\--\'
Diagram 1.3 27.77
[1 ]
1.08 1.17
[7]
Diagram
Diagram
1.4
1.5
34.69
41.73
6
T' ! 1\
j------1

Diagram 1.6 48.72 [1] Ii --i-~

4 +"--+-r,--+- ! \!
2 +---+----:--+--+---+-1-\~~
(c) +--+--i--+-I-+---1i---l~Time I s
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
30.0 4.55 20.70 (b) Because the driver took 0.5 second
before he stepped on the brakes.
40.0 5.27 27.77
(c) (i) Refer to graph in 1(a).
50.0 5.89 34.69 (ii) At point T, the gradient of the
graph becomes steeper. This
60.0 6.46 41.73 shows that the deceleration
became higher because the
70.0 6.98 48.72 [2] driver stepped on the brakes
harder.
(d) (d) Distance travelled by the car
during the 3.0 seconds shown is
equal to the area under the graph.
Area under the graph
20 + 14
= (20 x 0.5) + [( - 2 - ) x (2.0 ­

0.5)] + [(i- x 14 x (3.0 - 2.0)]

I 250 300 = 10 + 25.5 + 7
[5] = 42.5 m
rtional to the As he moves a distance of 42.5 m in
,m. [1] 3.0 second, he managed to stop at
a distance of 2.5 m before reaching
the junction.

e two trapezes are 2. (a) (i) Unifonn motion

lie man with the (ii) This is because the hand
I lie boy with the [1 ] straps are hanging vertically.
lft1IIele the swing (vii) Analysis of data: (b) (i) Acceleration in the forward
[1 1 From the data, it is seen that direction
lJlIfIlIuIum is the period for the pendulum [5] (ii) This is because the
tie mass of the is the same for both hand straps are inclined
[1 ] pendulum bobs. Therefore, (e) T' is directly proportional to I. [1] backwards.

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

..E.~r~ --
-:~,
-~
"' ~
..
Ill.
- --
~l '. -

E
HH _
~ Pby8iCII Form 4 Answers
(c) Inertia
(d) Inertial seat belt
3. (a) Momentum of an object is the
• For the same amount
product of its mass aM its
of force, the bigger the
velocity, p ~ mv.
mass, the smaller the
(b) The velocity of the tennis ball is
50 times more than the velocity
of the ship, but the mass of the
tennis ball is many times smaller
than the mass of the ship. Hence,
momentum of the ship is bigger.
(c) Momentum
~ Mass x velocity
~ 50 x 10" kg x 50 m S-1
~ 2.5 kg m So,
(d) (i) Impulse
Change in momentum
~ Final momentum - Initial
momentum
~ 2.5 - 0
~ 2.5 kg m s-'
(ii) Average force
_ Change in momentum
- Time
~ ~ ~ 125 N
0.2 .
(e) Newton's second law of motion
states that the rate of change of
momentum is directly proportional
to the force acting on a body and
takes place in the direction of the
net force.
4. (a) 10cm
(b) Original length of the spring
(c) Hooke's law states that the
extension of spring is directly
proportional to the force applied to
It if the elastic limit is not exceeded.
(d) (i) It obeys Hooke's law.
(ii) Because the graph is
a straight line where
the extension is directly
proportional to the force
(e) (i) When force ~ 20 N, X ~ 20 cm.
Extension, x
~ X - original length
~ 20 - 10
; 10 cm
~ 10 x 10-2 m
(ii) Force constant, k
F the car will not be very high
x 20
= 10 x 10"
~ 200 N m o
'
Section B
5. (a) (i) If the tape chart has a
steeper positive gradient, the
acceleration is higher.
(ii) • The force, that is the
weight of the load of mass
100 g hanging vertically,
is the same for both
diagrams.
• The total mass is bigger
in Diagram 5.2 than in
Diagram 5.1
© Panero/tan Pa/angi Sdn. Bhd.
• However, the acceleration wet road as water can be
is higher in Diagram 5.1 drained away between the
than in Diagram 5.2. [1] tyre and the ground. [1 J
• An anti-locking braking
system is also necessary to
avoid from skidding during
acceleration. [2] braking. This can also help
5 in controlling the car while
(iii) Newton's second law of
taking comers. l!l
10
motion [1]
(b) • The bigger the mass, the larger
Section C
the weight. [1]
• Based on Newton's second law
6. (a) (i) Elasticity is a property of
of motion, F ~ rna, where F is
an object that enables the
the force, m is the mass and a
object to return to its original
is the acceleration, the weight
size and shape after the
of an object is the gravitational
force acting on the object is
force acting on it. Hence,
removed. [1]
weight, W ~ mg. [1]
• Since g is the same for all (ii) • When a force is applied
objects, weight is proportional to to a spring, the spring will
mass. l!l. extend. [1]
• The spring obeys Hooke's
.L Law. [1]
(c) (i) Engine capacity: • According to this law, the
• The engine capacity must extension of the spring is
be large so that a large proportional to the force
force can be produced applied provided the
to result in a large proportional and elastic
acceleration of the car. [1] limits of the spring are not
• A large acceleration is
necessary for the racing
exceeded. m
4
car to overtake other cars
at increasing velocity
(b) Initial length:
during a race. [1]
At full load, the total length of
(ii) Mass of car:
spring must not exceed
• The mass of car must
be small so that a 20.0 cm.
large acceleration can Total length ~ Initial length ­
be obtained based on extension.
Newton's second law, To check for this condition,
F; rna. [1 ] initial length of spring must be
(iii) Shape of car: taken into account. [2]
• The shape of car must be
aerodynamically designed Force constant:
so that air resistance can Force constant is needed
be minimised. [1 ] for calCUlation of extension
· If air resistance is too
large, the net force acting
of spring when the spring is
loaded to 10.0 N, which is the
on the car will become maximum load. It can be used
small and thus it is not to determine whether the total
length of spring has exceeded
possible to obtain high
acceleration. [1] 20 cm when fully loaded. [1J
Force constant is also needed
• The final cruising speed of
to determine the weight that will
if air resistance balances cause the extension to increase
out the force of the engine. by the smallest division of the
[1] rufer, which is 1 mm. Hence,
(c) (iJ
• The car must also be it can be used to determine
designed to have a low whether the spring satisfies the
centre of gravity so that condition where the smallest
the car is stable while division of the weight scale must
travelling at high velocity. be 0.1 N or less. [1]
[1] [1]
Maximum extension before
(iv) Braking system:
elastic limit is exceeded:
·The tyres of the car must
have wide base area so as
• The spring must obey Hooke's
law within the range of weight to
to obtain good grip on the
[1] be measured, that is 0 to 10 N.
ground and to avoid from
[1]
skidding. [1 ]
• The elastic limit must be known
• Tyres must have appropriate
[1] so that this limit will not be
th read if the car is driven on
exceeded. [1]
(b4)
k. :
=;;;:. ­
;":;~" mr ' 0
~
!~:. -­ ­
 PbylIlcs Form 4 ~ II
s water can be
rry between the
Determination of the best
choice:
The intercept of the v1 -axiS..IS 2
m- 1 s.
I ground. [1] • Spring X: Section A
Therefore,
ICking braking - When fUlly loaded (with 10.0
1. (a) (i) Distance, d [1]
Iso n8CElssary to N), the extension,
(ii) Time, t [1]
v = ------'--1--.­
Skilllling during
is can also help =!.-= ~ =20cm (iii) Angle of inclination of the
Intercept on V -axIs
k 0.5
III the car while inclined plane [1] 1
- Hence, the total length of V = '2 =0.5 m s' [2]
M>;. J!l spring when fUlly loaded is 10 (b) clint t" f Sl':
.i tfs
10 + 20 = 30 em, which exceeds
the maximum length allowed. 0.20 lA 2.0
(b) 2.v increases linearly with m [1]

- Spring X is not suitable. [1] 6-2

OAO 2.0 4.0 (c) (i) Gradient, k = 1.0 _ 0 = 4 [3]
property of • Spring Y:
. enables the - The smallest division of the 0.60 2A 5.8 1 1
~ to its original
(ii) M = kV = 4 x 0.5 = 0.5 kg
ruler is 1 mm or 0.1 em. The
Ie after the 0.80 2.8 7.8 [2]
weight that can cause this
n the object is extension is 1.00 3.2 10.2 (d) If the final common velocity, v is
[1] 0.2 m s·"
F = lex
a! is applied = 4 xO.l 1.20 3.5 12.3
, the spring will
=OAN [7] ..2.. = 5 m-'s.
2.v = 0.2
[11 - Hence, the smallest division (c)
Obeys Hooke's
[1]
on the weight scale is 0.4 N, From the graph, when v1 = 5,
which exceeds 0.1 N. m = 0.75 kg [3]
10 this law, the - Spring Y is also not suitable.
of the spring is (e) Ensure that there is very little
[1] friction on the wheels of the
:II to the force
Spring Z: trolleys. Use smooth bearings on
provided the
BI and elastic - The maximum extension the wheels of the trolleys. [1]
e spring are not before elastic limit is
. F Section B
.0 exceeded IS k = 10 em
4 3. (a) When the slope is steeper, is
Therefore, the maximum
needed to inclined the plane. [1]
length of spring is 10 + 10
= 20 em, which fulfils the (b) When an object is placed on an
lDIal length of condition that the balance inclined plane, the component of
exceed must not be longer than its weight along the slope is bigger
20.0 em. when the angle of inclination is
itiaI length ­ The force that can cause an bigger. [1]
extension of 1 mm is
s rondition, 0.2 0.4 0.6 (c) (i) Aim: To investigate the
F = lex
spring must be relationship between the
= 1 x 0.1 [5]
no [2] componenlof the weight of an
= 0.1 N object along an inclined plane
(d) t' is directly proportional to the
which also fulfils the and the angle of inclination of
distance, d, travelled by the
is needed condition that the smallest the plane when the object is
trolley. [1]
• extension division on the weight scale placed on the inclined plane.
Ihe spring is required is 0.1 N. [1]
2. (a)
". which is the At full load, the extension (ii) Variables:
" can be used is 10 em, which is less than l.'m-1 s Manipulated variable: Angle
IIllher the total the elastic limit of 12 em.
V
of inclination of the plane
has exceeded Therefore, the elastic limit is
IJ Io8.ded. [1] Responding variable:
not exceeded. Component of the weight
is also needed Spring Z is the most down the plane
II weight that will suitable. .0 Constant variable: Mass of
1!iion to increase 10
I division of the the trolley [1]
1 mm. Hence, (iii) List of apparatus: Inclined
(c) (i) F= lex
d to determine plane, blocks of wood, trolley,
0.5 = k x (10.0 - 8.0) x 10"
mg satisfies the smooth pulley with clamp,
Ie the smallest k= 0.5 slotted weights, protractor.
IUight scale musl (10.0 - RO) x 10" List of materials:

s. [1] k = 25 Nm- 1 [2] String [1]

ion before (ii) Elastic potential energy, (iv) Arrangement of apparatus:

1Ceeded: [1]
1
It Obey Hooke's P.E. = 72FX Trolley
Mlge of weight to
~t isO to 10 N.
= 721 x 0.5 x (2.0 x 10-') m'~g

[1 J = 5 x 10-3 J [3) Hook

I must be known Slotted weights

I will not be ileJ:r:=-

.Ii
Jl:i:I:::::::= bfocks
Supporting
01 wood
[1)

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

-:l,g,
:

~~~ -
:i! ::

-~ ~ -
~, '
1m""'"
~ Form 4 AnSWElIS
(v) Procedure:
1. The apparatus is set-up
as shown in above
diagram.
2. The angle of inclination, 8,
is adjusted to 1(y> by shifting
the supporting blocks
of wood. The angle, 8 is
measured with a protractor
and is recorded.
3. Slotted weights are added
to the hoOk until the trolley
remains stationary when
the weights are released.
4. The total weight of the
slotted weights, W" is
recorded.
5. Step 3 is repeated and the
total weight is recorded
as W,. The average of W
and W, is taken. ' ",540x3
6. Steps 2 to 5 are repeated
for 8", 2(Y>, 30", 40", 5(y>
and 60°.
(vi) Tabulation of data:
10
20
30
the momentum
40
50
60
(vii) Analysl8 of data:
The component of the weight
of the trolley along the slope
is equal to the total weight
oIlhe slotted weights when
equilibrium is reached. A graph
01 Wagainst 8 is plotted.
WIN
o 10 20 30 40 50 60 IJ
It can be seen that as the
angle, 8 increases, the
component of the weight of
the trolley along the plane
increases. 1!l
C PenerbitBn Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.
are acting on it are removed.
[1]
(ii) Diameter of coils of the
Objective Que8110n8
spring X < Diameter of coils
1. A 2. C 3. B 4. B 5. D of spring Y [1]
6. A 7. B 8. A 9. D 10. D Maximum height in Diagram
5.1 (a) > Maximum height in
11. D 12. C 13. C 14. A 15. A
Diagram 5.2 (b) [1]
16. C 17. B 18. D 19. C 20. C
The maximum height of
21. B the ball decreases as the
diameter of coils of the
Subjective Queslion~
springs increases. [1]
Section A Diameter of coils of
the springs is inversely
1. (a) Work done by anOllject is the proportional to the spring
product of the applied force, F on constant, k. [1]
the object and its displacement, S The elastic potential energy
(c) •
in the directon of the net force. of the spring increases as
(b) (i) Work clone the diameter of coils of the
'" Force x displacement springs decreases. ill
5
'" 1620 J (b) (i) Fx is bigger than F y • [1]
(ii) Work done Spring X has a smaller
[4] ------"'Weight x height diameter of coils of the
",mgh spring than spring Y. 1!l
2
",50x10x3",15OOJ
(c) (i) More work is clone by the (ii) Elastic potential energy
man compared to the work ~ Kinetic energy ~
clone to lift the load of bricks Gravitational potential energy
by (1620 - 1500 "') 120 J [2]
(ii) The man has to overcome (c) (i) Tight and light attire - Less
air friction to enable him to
friction in the pulley. Therefore,
jump further [2]
he has. to do more work
compared to the work done to (ii) Run up and take off. Run as
fast as possible and jump
lift up the load.
high in the air. - To increase N
2. (a) (i) Magnitude: F, '" F, and
[3]
F, '" F.
(iii) Rough surface - To allow the
Direction: F, is opposite to F, long jumper to have a good
and F, is opposite to F. grip for taking off [2]
(ii) Zero (iv) Use sandy landing pit
- increase the time of
[1] (iii) Forces in equilibrium
stopping and to decrease the
(b) (i) The car will experience an impulsive force during landing
acceleration.
[3]
(ii) A situation of unbalanced
forces which will produce a !!
net force, f=; ma
Section C
3. (a) Impulsive force
(b) The glass is not strong enough 5. (a) Speed is the rate at which an
to withstand the impulsive force. object is travelling. It is measured
A short impact time acts on the by distance travelled per unit time.
[1]
glass and hence, a high impulsive
force cracks the glass. (b) • A body with mass has inertia.
Hence, a force is required to
(c) F", m(v- u) change the velocity of a body
t which has inertia. If the mass
_ 0.15(0-10) is bigger, a bigger force will
- 0.02 be required to cause certain
'" 75 N acceleration. [1]
(d) Place a thick sponge on the
• The engine of a lorry has a
certain maximum capacity to
concrete floor.
produce force. If the mass is
too big, the engine may not be
secllon B
able to move the lorry efficiently.
4. (a) (i) Elasticity is a property of Therefore, for each lorry, based
matter that enables an object
on its engine capacity, the mass
to retum to its original shape
must be limited to a certain
and size when the forces that
1!!. value. [1]
:::1" .,. --~-~-- --
=1=-
== ~
-
-
-=
__ H
- -
l:H ~
 . . . , . . . Form 4 ~ III
Ie removed. • Momentum = Mass x velocity. air will flow into the brake tubes 2. (a) (i) When n increases, x
[1] If the velocity is high, it means and press the brake pads with decreases. m
;of the that the momentum will also be great force. Braking will be (ii)
IIIIIr of coils large. [1] more effective. [1) x/em
[1] • To bring a lorry with large • Based on the above 4.0
in Diagram momentum to a stop within considerations, lorry C is the
3.5
m height in a certain distance, a very most suitable because it has 5
[1] tanks, 8 tyres and an air brake 3.0
large force will be needed.
_of However, the braking force has system. m 2.5
as the
IS a maximum limit which might
not be able to stop the lorry in
..!!!. 2.0
of the (d) (il Acceleration, a
[1) a reasonable time. Therefore, 1.5
l. v- u
.01 to avoid such situation, a lorry =-/­ 1.0
MI8Iy must have a limit on its speed. 0-36 0.5
.. spring l!l =~
[1] 4 o {
=-3ms-2 (0.0) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.0 1.0
IIiII energy (e) Number of tanks:
_ses as
oils Qf the
• It is safer to have a full tank
The deceleration is 3 m S-2.
[3)
When n = 4, n1 = '41 = 0.25
than a half filled tank. From the graph, when
IS. l!l (ii) Force, F
5
• This is because in a full tank,
there is less space for the liquid
=ma .!-n = 0.25, x = 1.0 em [3]

to move about. [1) '. = 20 000 x (-3) . 4.0-0

I Fy • [1)
= -60 oooN (bl (i) Gradient = 1.0 _ 0

mailer If a large tank is half filled when

J of the the lorry start to move or comes The braking force is = 4.0 em [4]
II Y. l!l to a stop, the liquid will move 60 000 N. [2]
(ii) k= 200 = 200 = 50 N nr'
2 about violenUy inside the tank
h .4 [1)
due to its inertia. This will make Written Practical
,.....
iIrlergy

Inlial energy
the lorry unstable and unsafe.[1)
If many tanks are used and the section A (c)
1
k' = k
1
+
1
k

volume of liquid is transported 1. (a) (i) a is direcUy proportional to h. 1 1 1 2

[2] is small, a few tanks can be -=-+-=­

[1] k' 50 50 50
lire - Less filled until full so that the inertia (ii) When h = 0.5 m,
bIe him to of the liquid within the tanks will k' = 502 =25 N nr' [3)
a=1.5ms.... [3]
[2) be smaller in separate tanks.
off. Run as This will lead to a safer way of (iii) Gradient = 1.5 - 0
IJId jump transporting the cargo. [1] 0.5-0
$13 4
To increase Number of ty,...: = 3 s'" L.:::.J1 Forces and Pressure
[3) • If fewer tyres are used, the
To allow the al m s-2
tyres will have to be pumped
1l!ve a good to a higher pressure in order to
[2] support the weight of the lorry 2.0
1. C 2. A 3. B 4. A 5. C
9 pit and cargo.
6. D 7. C 8. B 9. A 10. C
of
IIll • The probability of tyres
Iacrease the
11. C 12. D 13. A 14. B 15. C
exploding is higher if the air 1.5
uring landing pressure of tyre is higher. 16. A 17. A 18. D 19. C 20. D
21. D 22. C 23. B 24. C 25. A
.0 • However, if more tyres are
26. C Xl. B
10 used, the tyres do not have 1.0
to be pumped to very high
pressure. [1)
• Furthermore, having more tyres SectIon A
~an 0.5
means that there will be a larger
• measured
area of contact with the ground. 1. (a) (i) 1 x 10S Pa
.. unit time.
This will enable betler grip on the (ii) 1 x 10S Pa
[1]
road. [1) (b) (i) Atmospheric pressure
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
has inertia. Type of brake.: (ii) Density of water and density
required to • Since the lorry will be heavy, [3) of liquid X
, 01 a body it will have a large momentum
(b) m = {, g = m x s (c) Pressure at point U
If the mass while moving. A large force will
= Atmospheric pressure - hpg
II' force will be needed to bring it to a stop. g = 3 x 3.3 = 9.9 m s'" [2)
IUS9 certain = (1 x 1OS) - (12 x 10"")(1000)(10)
[1) (c) a = {x h
[1]
• If manually operated hydraulic
= 98 800 Pa
yhas a brakes are used, the driver will = 9.9 x 0.15
(d) Let density of liquid X be p.
capacity to have to apply a very large force 5

Atmospheric pressure - ~p
he mass is on the brake pedals to bring the = 0.30 m s'" [2)
= 98 800 Pa
may not be lorry to a stop. [1) (d) Make sure that the tape runs
ry efficienUy. (1 x 1OS) - (15 X 10-2) p. (10)
lorry, based
• However, if air brakes are used, freely through the ticker timer. l!l = 98 899
the driver just needs to trigger
11, the mass the air compressor with the .!! 1200
D a certain
brake pedals. The pressurised p. = '1.5 = 800 kg m-3
[1)

C Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

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