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1942
801
stefan houkingi
* * *
avtoris Sesaxeb
802
drois mokle istoria
Tavi pirveli
erTxel, erTi cnobili mecnieri (zogierTi ambobs, rom es bertran raseli iyo) ata
rebda leqcias astronomiaSi. igi yveboda, rogor brunavs dedamiwa mzis garSemo da,
Tavis mxriv, mze – Cveni galaqtikis saxeliT cnobil varskvlavTa uzarmazari krebu
lis centris garSemo. leqciis bolos oTaxis bolos mjdari patara moxuci qalbatoni
adga da Tqva:
_ rasac Tqven brZanebT sruli sisulelea. sinamdvileSi, samyaro brtyeli diskia,
romelic giganturi kus zurgze dgas.
mecnierma damcinavad gaiRima da ikiTxa:
_ ku raRaze dgas?
_ Tqven Zalian Wkviani xarT, axalgazrdav, Zalian Wkviani, _ upasuxa moxucma qal
batonma _ mis qveviT bolomde sul kuebia!
adamianTa umravlesoba CaTvlis kuebis usasrulo koSks sasacilod, magram ratom
gvgonia, rom Cven amaze ufro meti viciT? ra viciT samyaros Sesaxeb da rogor viciT
es? saidan movida samyaro da sad midis igi? aqvs samyaros dasawyisi da, Tu asea, ra mox
da iqamde? rogoria drois buneba? dasruldeba igi rodesme? Tanamedrove garRveva
fizikaSi fantastikuri axali teqnologiebis xarjze SesaZlebels xdis movifiqroT
pasuxebi zogierT zemodasmul sakiTxze. drois raRac periodSi es pasuxebi SeiZleba
WeSmaritad mogveCvenos, rogorc dedamiwis brunva mzis garSemo, an sasacilod, ro
gorc kuebis koSki. mxolod dro (rac ar unda iyos igi) gascems pasuxs am sakiTxebs.
jer kidev Zveli welTaRricxviT 340 wels berZenma filosofosma aristotelem
Tavis wignSi `zecaze~, SeZlo wamoeyenebina ori kargi argumenti imis dasamtkiceblad,
rom dedamiwa mrgvali sferoa da ara brtyeli diski. jer erTi, man gaacnobiera, rom
mTvaris dabneleba gamowveulia dedamiwis gavliT mzesa da mTvares Soris. dedami
803
stefan houkingi
nax. 1.1
804
drois mokle istoria
Ti, romelTac gadaaqvT mTvare, mze, varskvlavebi da im dros cnobili xuTi planeta
merkuri, venera, marsi, iupiteri da saturni (nax. 1.1). planetebi, Tavis mxriv, moZrao
ben maT Sesabamis sferoebTan dakavSirebul mcire wreebze, rac saWiro iyo maTi caze
sakmaod daxlarTuli moZraobis aRsawerad. gare sferoze ganlagebulia, e.w. fiqsire
buli varskvlavebi, romlebic yovelTvis erTsa da imave poziciaSi imyofebian erT
maneTis mimarT, magram merve sferosTan erTad brunaven dedamiwis garSemo. aravin
laparakobda imaze, ra imyofeboda am sferos gareT, magram, cxadia, es ar iyo samyaros
is nawili, romelsac adamiani akvirdeboda.
ptolemes modeli warmoadgens ciuri sxeulebis adgilmdebareobis winaswamety
velebisaTvis Seqmnil racionalur, zust sistemas. am mdebareobebis zusti gansazRvr
isaTvis ptolemes mouxda imis daSveba, rom zogjer mTvaris traeqtoriaze moZraobi
sas igi orjer ufro axlo manZilze uaxlovdeba dedamiwas, vidre sxva dros imyofeba.
es ki niSnavs, rom mTvare zogjer ufro didi unda Candes, vidre sxva dros! ptolemem
icoda es nakli, magram, amisda miuxedavad, misi modeli iyo zogadad, magram ara sayo-
velTaod, miRebuli. igi aRiarebuli iyo qristianuli eklesiis mier, rogorc biblia
sTan Sesabamisi samyaros suraTi, radgan masSi sakmao adgili rCeboda bolo sferos
gareT samoTxisa da jojoxeTisaTvis.
ufro martivi modeli 1514 wels SemoiRo polonelma mRvdelma nikolas koper
nikma (dasawyisSi, imis SiSiT, rom mwvaleblad ar gamoecxadaT, kopernikma Tavisi mode
li anonimurad gaavrcela). misi ideiT uZravi mze moTavsebulia centrSi da dedamiwa
da planetebi moZraoben wriul orbitebze mzis garSemo. daaxloebiT erTi saukune
gaxda saWiro, sanam am ideas seriozulad miiRebdnen. es maSin moxda, roca orma as
tronomma: germanelma iohanes keplerma da italielma galileo galileim daiwyes ko
pernikis Teoriis saxalxo mxardaWera, miuxedavad imisa, rom TeoriiT gansazRvruli
orbitebi mainc da mainc ar emTxveodnen dakvirvebul orbitebs. sasikvdilo dartyma
aristotele/ptolemes Teoriaze ganxorcielda 1609 wels. swored am wels galileim
daiwyo Ramis caze dakvirveba teleskopiT, romelic axlad gamogonili iyo. rode
sac teleskopiT planeta iupiters akvirdeboda, galileim aRmoaCina, rom planetis
garSemo brunavs ramdenime patara Tanamgzavri an mTvare. es niSnavda, rom yvelaferi
ar brunavs dedamiwis garSemo, rogorc amas aristotele da ptoleme fiqrobdnen (cxa
dia, axlac SeiZleba gjerodes, rom uZravi dedamiwa moTavsebulia centrSi da iupi
teris mTvareebi moZraoben iseT urTules orbitebze dedamiwis garSemo, rom maTi
iupiteris garSemo moZraobis STabeWdileba iqmneba. ra Tqma unda, kopernikis Teoria
gacilebiT martivia). amave dros iohanes keplerma gaaumjobesa kopernikis Teoria. man
CaTvala, rom planetebi wriul orbitebze ki ar moZraoben, aramed elifsurze (elifsi
wagrZelebuli wrea). am mosazrebam sabolood daakmayofila dakvirvebis Sedegebi.
805
stefan houkingi
806
drois mokle istoria
artyia gars. swori miaxloeba mogvianebiT gakeTda da igi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom gan
vixilva daviwyoT sasruli situaciiT, romelSic varskvlavebi erTmaneTs ecemian,
amis Semdeg davsvaT SekiTxva, rogor Seicvleba mdgomareoba, Tu am aris gareT daax
loebiT erTgvarovnad kidev davamatebT varskvlavebs. niutonis kanonis ZaliT, dam
atebiTi varskvlavebi saSualod araviTar gavlenas ar moaxdenen sawyis simravleze,
ase rom, varskvlavebi isev daecemian erTmaneTs. Cven SegviZlia nebismieri raodeno
bis varskvlavebis damateba, magram es arafers Secvlis da isini yovelTvis daecemian
eerTmaneTs, anu moaxdenen kolapss. amgvarad, ukve viciT, rom SeuZlebelia samyaros
usasrulo statikuri modelis arseboba, romelSic gravitacia yovelTvis mizidulo
bis xasiaTisaa.
Cveni azrovnebis saintereso damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa, rom meoce saukunemde ara
vis mosvlia TavSi azri imis Sesaxeb, rom samyaro SeiZleba farTovdebodes an ikumSe
bodes. yovelTvis iTvleboda, rom samyaro mudam arsebobs ucvlel mdebareobaSi an
rom igi Seiqmna sasrulo droSi warsulSi iseTi saxiT, rogorc Cven axla vakvirdebiT
mas. nawilobriv es gamowveulia adamianTa miswrafebiT daijeron RvTaebrivi simar
Tle, iseve rogorc, komfortulia fiqri imaze, rom Cveni daberebisa da sikvdilis
miuxedavad, samyaro iqneba mudmivi da Seucvleli.
imaTac ki, visac sjeroda, rom gamomdinare niutonis gravitaciis Teoriidan sa
myaro ar SeiZleba iyos statikuri, ver warmoedginaT, rom samyaro SeiZleba far
Tovdebodes. amis sanacvlod isini cdilobdnen Teoriis gaumjobesebas gamzidavi
gravitaciuli Zalis SemoyvaniT Zalian did manZilebze. es daSveba did gavlenas ar
axdenda planetebis moZraobaze, samagierod, es iZleoda saSualebas sasruli raode
nobis varskvlavi wonasworobaSi darCeniliyo: axlomdebare varskvlavebis mizidva
wonaswordeboda ganzidvis ZaliT Sors mdebare varskvlavebidan. amis miuxedavad, Cven
gvjera, rom es wonasworoba arastabiluri iqneba. marTlac, Tu varskvlavebi raRac
areSi odnav mainc dauaxlovdebian erTmaneTs, mizidvis Zalebi maT Soris gaZlierdeba
da gadaaWarbebs ganzidvis Zalebs, ase rom, varskvlavebi gaagrZeleben vardnas erT
maneTze. meore mxriv, Tu varskvlavebi odnav mainc daSordebian erTmaneTs, ganzid
vis Zalebi gadaaWarbeben mizidvisas da varskvlavebi sul ufro da ufro daSordebian
erTmaneTs.
meore argumenti usasrulo statikuri samyaros winaaRmdeg saerTod miewere
ba germanel filosofoss hainrix olberss. romelic werda am Teoriis Sesaxeb 1823
wels. faqtobrivad, niutonis bevri Tanamedrove ayenebda am sakiTxs da olbersis naS
romi pirvelic ki ar iyo maT Soris, romelic Seicavda saimedo argumentebs stati
kuri samyaros winaaRmdeg. ubralod is pirveli iyo, romelsac mieqca sayovelTao yu
radReba. siZnele imaSi mdgomareobs, rom usasrulo statikur samyaroSi mxedvelobis
807
stefan houkingi
808
drois mokle istoria
aseTi argumenti mohyavda: Tu samyaros ar hqonda dasawyisi, yoveli movlenis win usas
rulod didi drois monakveTi unda yofiliyo, rac mas uazrobad miaCnda. antiTezi
sis dasamtkiceblad ki mas aseTi argumenti mohyavda: Tu samyaros hqonda dasawyisi,
maSin mis dasawyisamde unda yofiliyo drois usasrulod didi periodi da, amgvarad,
gaugebari iyo, ratom daiwyo samyaro erT garkveul momentSi? faqtobrivad misi argu
mentebi Tezisis da antiTezisis dasamtkiceblad erTi da igive iyo. orive eyrdnoba ga
mouTqmel daSvebas, rom dro usasrulod arsebobda imis miuxedavad, rsebobda Tu ara
samyaro mudam. rogorc vnaxavT qveviT, drois cnebas azri ara aqvs samyaros dasawy
isamde. es pirvelad wminda avgustinem aRniSna. roca ikiTxes: `ras akeTebda RmerTi
samyaros Seqmnamde?~ wminda avgustinem ki ar upasuxa: `igi amzadebda jojoxeTs imaT
Tvis, vinc aseT kiTxvebs svams~, aramed Tqva, rom dro RmerTis mier Seqmnili samyaros
damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa da rom dro ar arsebobda samyaros Seqmnamde.
im dros, roca adamianTa umetesobas sjeroda arsebiTad statikuri da ucvleli
samyarosi, kiTxvas – hqonda Tu ara samyaros dasawyisi – mxolod metafizikuri an
Teologiuri xasiaTi hqonda. SeiZleboda axsna, ra daikvirveboda erTnairad kargad
TeoriaSi, romelSic samyaro mudam arsebobs, anda TeoriaSi, romelSic samyaros da
sabami mieca drois raRac momentSi iseTnairad, rom igi dRes iseTia, rogorsac mas vxe
davT. magram 1929 wels edvin hablma gaakeTa fundamenturi aRmoCena, rom daSorebuli
galaqtikebi didi siCqariT garbian Cvengan. es niSnavs, rom obieqtebi adreul xanaSi
erTmaneTTan axlos iyvnen. faqtobrivad, ise Cans, rom odesRac, aTi an Tormeti aTasi
milioni wlis win, isini yvelani zustad erT adgilas iyvnen Tavmoyrilni da, Sesabam
isad, samyaros simkvrive usasrulod didi iyo. am aRmoCenam samyaros dasawyisis prob
lema sabolood moaqcia mecnierebis sferoSi.
hablis dakvirveba gulisxmobs, rom raRac momentSi, romelsac didi afeTqeba
ewoda, samyaro usasrulod patara iyo da usasrulod didi simkvrive hqonda. am piro
bebSi mecnierebis yvela kanoni da, maTTan erTad, momavlis winaswarmetyvelebis sa
Sualeba, darRveuli iyo. Tuki iyo rame movlena imaze adre, igi ar moqmedebs dRevan
del droze. SegviZlia ugulebelvyoT maTi gavlena, radgan maT ara aqvT dakvirvebadi
Sedegebi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom dro daiwyo did afeTqebasTan erTad im azriT, rom
adrindeli dro ubralod gansazRvruli ar iyo. unda xazi gaesvas, rom drois dawyeba
srulebiT gansxvavdeba imisgan, rac iqamde ganixileboda. ucvlel samyaroSi drois
dasawyisi aris is, rac dadginda raRacis mier samyaros garedan da ar arsebobs drois
dasawyisis fizikuri aucilebloba. meore mxriv, Tu samyaro farTovdeba, unda arse
bobdes fizikuri mizezi, ratom unda yofiliyo dasawyisi. SeiZleba warmovidginoT,
rom RmerTma Seqmna samyaro myisierad didi afeTqebiT, an SemdgomSi da misca aseTi
saxe, rom dRes mogveCvenos, TiTqos didi afeTqeba moxda, magram uazrobaa CavTvaloT,
809
stefan houkingi
810
drois mokle istoria
811
stefan houkingi
turi meqanika, meore mxriv, swavlobs movlenebs Zalian mcire manZilebze, rogoricaa
santimetris memilionedis memilionedi. saubedurod, es ori Teoria ar aris erTma
neTTan Tavsebadi da, amitom, arc erTi ar SeiZleba swori iyos. dRevandeli fizikis
erTerTi mcdeloba da am wignis ZiriTadi Tema aris am ori Teoriis erTian, gravitaci
is qvantur TeoriaSi, gaerTianeba. Cven jer ara gvaqvs aseTi Teoria da, SesaZlebelia
didi gza gvaqvs gasavleli mis Seqmnamde, magram dRes ukve bevri viciT im Tvisebebis
Sesaxeb, romlebic mas unda hqondes. Semdgom TavebSi Cven vnaxavT, rom ukve bevri ram
viciT imis Sesaxeb, ra unda iwinaswarmetyvelos gravitaciis qvanturma Teoriam.
Tu davijerebT, rom samyaro imarTeba gansazRvruli kanonebiT, sabolood unda
movaxdinoT nawilobrivi Teoriebis gaerTianeba erTian TeoriaSi, romelic aRwers
yvelafers samyaroSi. magram arsebobs erTi fundamenturi paradoqsi aseTi erTiani
Teoriis Ziebis gzaze. zemomoyvanili Teoriebis ganxilvisas vgulisxmobdiT, rom Cven
varT racionaluri arsebani, romelTac SeuZliaT Tavisuflad, Tavisi survilisame
br, davukvirdeT samyaros da gamovitanoT logikuri daskvna am dakvirvebidan. samar
Tliania vigulisxmoT, rom SesaZlebelia sul ufro mivuaxlovdeT samyaros mmarTvel
kanonebs. da kidev, Tu arsebobs sruli gaerTianebis Teoria, igi, SesaZlebelia, Tvi
Ton unda gansazRvros Cvens qmedebebi, e.i., Teoriam TviTon unda gansazRvros Cveni
Ziebis Sedegebi! Tu asea, saidan Cans, rom dakvirvebidan swor daskvnas gamovitanT?
aseve mosalodneli ar aris, rom igi migviyvans mcdar daskvnamde? an, saerTod, aravi
Tar daskvnamde?
erTaderTi pasuxi, romelic SemiZlia gavce am kiTxvaze aris bunebrivi seleqciis
darviniseuli principi. misi idea imaSi mdgomareobs, rom nebismier TviTganaxlebad
organizmTa populaciaSi arsebobs variaciebi genetikur masalasa da aRzrdaSi, ro
melic aqvT calkeul individebs. es gansxvavebebi niSnavs, rom zogierT individs sxve
bze ukeTesad SeuZliaT gamoitanos daskvna mis garemomcvel samyaroze da imoqmedos
Sesabamisad. ufro albaTiania, rom es individebi gadarCebian da gamravldebian da
maTi qcevisa da fiqris normebi gaxdeba ganmsazRvreli. albaT, marTali iyo warsulSi
gamoTqmuli azri, rom is, rasac Cven inteleqtsa da mecnierul aRmoCenebs veZaxiT,
miRebuli gvaqvs imis Sedegad, rom kacobrioba upiratesobas aZlevs im gzebs, romle
bic ukeT aris morgebuli adamianTa modgmis gadarCenisaTvis. Tumca naTeli ar aris,
rom es namdvilad iZleva modgmis gadarCenis upiratesobas, radgan Cvenma mecnierul
ma aRmoCenebma SeiZleba gagvanadguron, da es asec rom ar iyos, sruli gaerTianebis
Teoriam SeiZleba ver gamoarCios Cveni gadarCenis Sansi. miuxedavad amisa, Tu samyaro
viTardeba regularuli gziT, SeiZleba velodoT, rom msjelobis unari, romelic mi
viReT seleqciis Sedegad, gamogvadgeba sruli gaerTianebuli Teoriis ZiebaSi da ar
migviyvans mcdar daskvnamde.
812
drois mokle istoria
radgan nawilobrivi Teoriebi, romlebic Cven ukve gvaqvs, sakmarisia yvela gansa
kuTrebiT eqstremaluri situaciis zusti winaswarmetyvelebisaTvis, samyaros agebu
lebis saboloo Teoriis Zieba rTuli unda iyos praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT (SeiZleba
es ar iyos dasabuTeba, magram analogiur argumentebs ayenebdnen relativisturi da
qvanturi Teoriis winaaRmdeg, magram, sabolood, am Teoriebma mogvces birTvuli
energia da mikroeleqtronuli revolucia!). SesaZlebelia, rom sruli gaerTianebis
Teoriis aRmoCena ar iyos mimarTuli Cveni modgmis gadasarCenad. man, SesaZlebelia,
arc Cveni cxovrebis wesi Secvalos. magram civilizaciis dasawyisidan adamianebi ar
kmayofildebodnen auxsneli da gaugebari movlenebis dakvirvebiT. maT yovelTvis
izidavda samyaros ganviTarebis wesrigis garkveva. dRes Cven miviswrafviT gavigoT
ratom varT aq da saidan movdivarT. kacobriobis uRrmesi miswrafeba codnisken Cveni
dausrulebeli kiTxvebis sakmarisi gamarTlebaa. da Cveni mizani sxva araferia, Tu ara
im samyaros sruli aRwera, romelSic vcxovrobT.
Tavi meore
dro da sivrce
813
stefan houkingi
dis Tavis siCqares. magaliTad, Tu burTs ise daagorebT, rom igi vertikalurad erTi
metriT vardeba damrec zedapirze yoveli aTi metris gavlisas, maSin burTis siCqare
moZraobis pirvel wamis bolos iqneba daaxloebiT erTi metri wamSi, meore wamis bo
los igi gaxdeba ori metri wamSi da a.S. b urTis wonis miuxedavad. ra Tqma unda, fola
dis sxeuli ufro Cqara Camovardeba miwaze, vidre bumbuli, magram amis mizezi is aris,
rom haeri bumbuls met winaaRmdegobas uwevs. Tu or sxeuls CamovagdebT, romelsac
haeri erTnair winaaRmdegobas uwevs, magaliTad, sxvadaxva wonis foladis burTebs,
isini erTnairi siswrafiT Camovardebian.
galileos gazomvebi daudo niutonma safuZvlad Tavisi moZraobis kanonebis. gali
leos eqsperimentebSi damrec zedapirze dagorebul sxeulze yovelTvis moqmedebs
mudmivi Zala (misi wona), ris Sedegad burTi mudmivad Cqardeba. es aCvenebs, rom Zalis
moqmedebis Sedegi aris sxeulis siCqaris Secvla da ara misi moZraobaSi moyvana,
rogorc amas fiqrobdnen winaT. es, agreTve, niSnavs, rom, Tu sxeulze ar moqmedebs rame
Zala, igi swori xazis gaswvriv imoZravebs erTnairi siCqariT. pirvelad es idea zustad
iyo Camoyalibebuli 1687 wels gamoqveynebul niutonis Principia Mathematica-Si da igi
cnobilia niutonis pirveli kanonis saxiT. is rac mouva sxeuls masze Zalis moqmedebis
Sedegad mocemulia niutonis meore kanonSi. igi amtkicebs, rom sxeuli aCqardeba, anu
Seicvlis Tavis siCqares, iseTi siswrafiT, romelic Zalis proporciulia (magaliTad,
aCqareba orjer gaizrdeba, Tu Zala gaormagda). amasTan, aCqareba miT naklebia, rac
didia sxeulis masa (anu nivTierebis raodenoba sxeulSi. Zala, moqmedi ormagi masis
sxeulze, aniWebs mas im aCqarebis naxevars, rasac miiRebs am ZaliT erTmagi masis
sxeuli). cnobili magaliTia avtomanqanis SemTxveva: rac ufro Zlieria Zrava miT meti
aCqareba eniWeba mas, magram ufro mZime manqanas igive Zrava nakleb aCqarebas aniWebs.
am kanonebis garda, niutonma aRmoaCina gravitaciuli Zalis kanoni, romelic am
tkicebs, rom yoveli sxeuli miizidavs sxva sxeuls ZaliT, romelic proporciulia
TiToeuli sxeulis masisa. ase, Zala or sxeuls Soris ormagdeba, Tu erT-erTi sxeulis
masa (vTqvaT, A sxeulis) gaormagdeba. es bunebrivia, radgan axali A sxeuli SegviZlia
warmovidginoT ori pirveladi masis mqone sxeulisgan Sedgenil sxeulad. yoveli
Semadgeneli miizidavs B sxeuls sawyisi ZaliT. amgvarad, sruli Zala A-sa da B-s Soris
orjer meti iqneba sawyis Zalaze. da Tu, vTqvaT, erT sxeuls gavuormagebT masas, xolo
meores _ gavusammagebT, maSin Zala gaxdeba eqvsjer didi. axla SesaZlebelia axsna ra
tom vardeba yvela sxeuli erTnairi siswrafiT: orjer didi wonis sxeuls dedamiwa
orjer didi ZaliT miizidavs, magram mas masac orjer meti aqvs. niutonis meore kan
onis ZaliT es ori efeqti erTmaneTs abaTilebs da, amgvarad, aCqareba erTnairi iqneba
yvela SemTxvevaSi.
niutonis gravitaciis kanoni, agreTve, gveubneba, rom rac ufro Sors arian sxeule
bi, miT naklebia Zala. niutonis gravitaciis kanoni ambobs, rom varskvlavis mizidvis
814
drois mokle istoria
815
stefan houkingi
iyo filosofosi, romelsac sjeroda, rom yvela materialuri obieqti, aseve sivrcec
da droc, aris iluzia. rodesac cnobil dr. jonsons azris hkiTxes berklis Teoriis
Sesaxeb, man Sehyvira: `me amas uarvyof ai ase!~ da fexsacmlis wveri miartya did qvas.
magram aristotelesac da niutonsac sjerodaT absoluturi drois. ese igi, maT
sjerodaT, rom SesaZlebelia calsaxad ganisazRvros drois intervali or movlenas
Soris da rom es dro erTnairi iqneba, vinc ar unda gazomos igi, Tu, cxadia, maT kargi
saaTebi eqnebaT. dro iyo srulad gamoyofili sivrcisagan da ar iyo masze damokide
buli. es aris is, rasac xalxis umravlesoba saR azrad Tvlis. amis miuxedavad, Cven unda
SevicvaloT azri sivrcesa da droze. Tumca Cveni saRi azri kargad muSaobs, rodesac
saqme gvaqvs vaSlebis msgavs sagnebTan an varskvlavebTan, romlebic SedarebiT nela
moZraoben, igi aRar muSaobs, Tu saqme gvaqvs sagnebTan, romlebic moZraoben sinaTlis
an masTan miaxloebuli siCqareebiT.
faqti, rom sinaTle moZraobs sasrulo, magram Zalian didi, siCqariT, pirvelad aR
moaCina 1676 wels danielma astronomma ole qristiansen riomerma. man aRmoaCina, rom
dro romelSic iupiteris mTvare gaivlis iupiteris ukan yovelTvis ar aris erTnairi,
rogorc es unda iyos, Tu mTvare erTnairi siswrafiT uvlis gars planetas. radgan
dedamiwac da iupiteric brunaven mzis garSemo, manZili maT Soris icvleba. riomerma
SeniSna, rom rac ufro Sors varT iupiterisgan, iupiteris mTvareTa dabneleba miT
ufro gvian xdeba. misi azriT es gamowveulia imiT, rom sinaTles mTvareebidan miT meti
dro sWirdeba Cvenamde mosaRwevad, rac ufro Sors arian isini Cvengan. iupitersa da
dedamiwis manZilebs Soris gansxvavebis misi gazomvebi, ra Tqma unda, ar gamoirCeoda
didi sizustiT da, amitom, mis mier gazomili sinaTlis siCqare iyo 140 000 mili wamSi
maSin, rodesac Tanamedrove monacemebiT igi tolia 186 000 mili wamSi. amis miuxedavad,
riomeris miRweva marto imaSi ki ar mdgomareobs, rom man daamtkica, rom sinaTlis siC
qare sasrulia, aramed gazoma kidevac es siCqare da, rac gansakuTrebiT xazgasasmeli,
man es gaakeTa TerTmeti wliT adre niutonis Principia Mathematica-s gamoqveynebamde.
sinaTlis gavrcelebis swori Teoria ar arsebobda 1865 wlamde, sanam britanelma
fizikosma jeims klark maqsvelma ar gaaerTiana nawilobrivi Teoriebi, romlebic aR
werdnen eleqtrul da magnitur Zalebs. maqsvelis gantolebebi winaswarmetyveleben,
rom SesaZlebelia arsebobdes talRebis msgavsi SeSfoTebebi kombinirebul eleqtro
magnitur velSi da rom isini unda moZraobdnen fiqsirebuli siCqareebiT, gubeSi zeda
piruli talRebis msgavsad. Tu maTi talRis sigrZe (manZili or mezobel burcobs So
ris) udris erT metrs an mets, maT uwodeben radiotalRebs. naklebi sigrZis talRebs
(ramdenime santimetris sigrZis) uwodeben mikrotalRebs an infrawiTels (santimetris
meaTiaTasedze meti). xiluli sinaTlis talRis sigrZe moTavsebulia santimetris or
moc memilionedsa da oTxmoc memilioneds Soris. ufro mokle talRis sigrZeebi cno
bilia ultraiisferi talRebis, X-sxivebisa da γ-sxivebis saxelwodebiT.
816
drois mokle istoria
817
stefan houkingi
818
drois mokle istoria
819
stefan houkingi
820
drois mokle istoria
821
stefan houkingi
822
drois mokle istoria
nax. 2.6
ZloT gavlena moexdinaT P-ze. Tu cnobilia ra moxda raRac garkveul dros sadme sivr
cis areSi P-s warsulis sinaTlis konusis SigniT, SesaZlebelia viwinaswarmetyveloT,
ra moxdeba P-Si. amaT garda aris sivrce-drois are, romelic ar mdebareobs momavlisa
da warsulis konusis SigniT. movlenebi am areSi ar ganicdian da arc axdenen gavlenas
imaze, rac moxda P-Si. magaliTad, Tu mze raRac momentSi `gaiTiSa~, es ar moaxdens gav
lenas dedamiwaze, radgan dedamiwa im momentSi iqneba swored aseT areSi (nax. 2.6). amis
Sesaxeb Cven gavigebT mxolod rva wuTis Semdeg, anu im droSi, romelSic sinaTle mzi
dan aRwevs dedamiwas. mxolod amis Semdeg movlenebi dedamiwaze moxvdeba mzis Caqro
bis momavlis sinaTlis konusSi. analogiurad, Cven ar viciT ra xdeba amJamad samyaros
daSorebul wertilebSi: sinaTle, romelsac Cven vxedavT Soreuli galaqtikebidan,
gamosxivebulia iqidan milioni wlebis win, xolo sinaTle, miRebuli yvelaze Soreuli
obieqtidan, romelsac Cven vxedavT, aris gamosxivebuli rva aTasi milioni wlis winaT.
amgvarad, rodesac vuyurebT samyaros, Cven vxedavT imas, rogori iyo igi warsulSi.
Tu ugulebelvyoT gravitaciul movlenebs, rogorc es gaakeTes ainStainma da
puankarem 1905 wels, miviRebT, e.w. fardobiTobis specialur Teorias. yoveli mov
lenisaTvis SegviZlia avagoT sinaTlis konusi (sinaTlis yvela SesaZlo sxivi sivrce-
823
stefan houkingi
824
drois mokle istoria
(nax. 2.8). radganac geodeziuri wiri umoklesi gzaa or aeroports Soris, igi, naviga
torebis rCeviT, gamoiyeneba mfrinavebis mier safrenad. zogad relativizmSi sxeulebi
yovelTvis swori xazis gaswvriv moZraoben oTxganzomilebian sivrce-droSi, magram,
amis miuxedavad, Cveni TvalsazrisiT, isini moZraoben mrud wirebze samganzomilebian
sivrceSi (es hgavs TviTmfrinavis moZraobas mTagoriani zedapiris Tavze: Tumca igi
mihyveba swor xazs samganzomilebian sivrceSi, misi Crdili mihyveba daklaknil xazs
dedamiwis organzomilebian zedapirze).
mzis masa ise amrudebs sivrce-dros, rom Tumca dedamiwa mihyveba swor xazs oTx
ganzomilebian sivrce-droSi, Cven vxedavT, rom igi moZraobs wriul orbitaze samgan
zomilebian sivrceSi. sinamd
vileSi, orbitebi gamoTvlili
nax. 2.8
zogad relativizmSi TiTq
mis igivea, rac gamoTvlili
niutonis gravitaciis Teori
aSi. Tumca mzesTan uaxloesi
planetis – merkuris – SemTx
vevaSi, romelic udides gra
vitaciul efeqts ganicdis
da aqvs Zlier wagrZelebuli
orbita, zogadi relativiz
mi winaswarmetyvelebs, rom
elifsis didma RerZma unda
itrialos mzis garSemo daax
loebiT erTi gradusiT aTi
aTas weliwadSi. Tumca efeqti
Zalian mcirea, igi SemCneul
iqna 1915 wels da gaxda ainStainis Teoriis pirvel dasabuTebad. bolo wlebSi iyo gazo
mili sxva planetebis orbitebis ufro mcire gadaxrebi niutonis winaswarmetyvele
bidan da aRmoCnda, rom isini eTanxmebian zogadi relativizmis gaTvlebs. sinaTlis
sxivebic unda moZraobdnen geodeziuri wirebis gaswvriv sivrce-droSi. sivrcis sim
rudis gamo, aRmoCndeba, rom sinaTlec ar moZraobs sivrceSi swori xazis gaswvriv.
amgvarad, zogadi relativizmi amtkicebs, rom gravitaciuli veli amrudebs sinaTlis
moZraobas. magaliTad, Teoriis Sesabamisad wertilebis sinaTlis konusebi mzis max
loblad iqneba odnav Seweuli SigniTken. mzis masis gamo. es niSnavs, rom sinaTle daSo
rebuli varskvlavidan gadaixreba swori xazidan mcire kuTxiT, ris gamoc varskvlavi
gamoCndeba gasxvavebul poziciaSi dedamiwaze myofi damkvirveblisaTvis (nax. 2.9). cxa
825
stefan houkingi
826
drois mokle istoria
zedapiridan zeviT myofi damkvirveblisTvis yvelaferi mis qvemoT ufro nela xdeba.
es winaswarmetyveleba Semowmebuli iyo 1962 wels ori uzustesi saaTis saSualebiT,
romlebic moTavsebuli iyo wylis koSkis ZirSi da saxuravze. rogorc aRmoCnda, saaTi
qveviT, romelic miwasTan axlos iyo, ufro nela midioda zogadi relativizmis Teo
riasTan srul TanxmobaSi. gansxvaveba saaTebis siCqareebSi dedamiwis zedapiridan
sxvadasxva simaRleebze dRes didi praqtikuli mniSvneloba aqvs, Tanamgzavrebidan
miRebul signalebze dafuZnebuli Zalian zusti sanavigacio sistemebis SeqmnisaTvis.
Tu ugulebelvyofT zogadi relativizmis winaswarmetyvelebebs, adgilmdebareobis
gaTvlebSi moxdeba Secdoma ramdenime miliT!
niutonis kanonebma bolo mouRo sivrceSi absoluturi mdebareobis ideas. fardo
biTobis Teoriam gadaagdo absoluturi dro. ganvixiloT tyupebis cnobili magali
Ti. vTqvaT, tyupebidan erTerTi avida sacxovreblad mTis wverze maSin rodesac meore
darCa zRvis zedapiris doneze. pirveli maTgani ufro male Seva asakSi, vidre meore.
ase rom, Tu isini Sexvdebian isev, pirveli ufro xnieri iqneba meoreze. am SemTxvevaSi
gansxvaveba asakSi Zalian patara iqneba, magram es gansxvaveba SesamCnevad gaizrdeba,
Tu erTerTi tyupiscali sinaTlis siCqaresTan daaxloebuli siCqariT moZravi kosmi
uri xomaldiT xangrZliv mogzaurobaSi gaemgzavreba. roca igi dedamiwaze dabrunde
ba, igi gacilebiT axalgazrda iqneba dedamiwaze darCenil tyupiscalze. es SemTxveva
cnobilia tyupebis paradoqsis saxelwodebiT, magram es SemTxveva paradoqsia mxolod
maSin, Tu viazrovneT absoluturi drois kategoriebiT. relativizmis TeoriaSi ar
arsebobs absoluturi dro, samagierod TiToeul pirovnebas aqvs drois sakuTari
sazomi, romelic damokidebulia misi moZraobis xasiaTze.
1915 wlamde sivrce da dro iTvleboda fiqsirebul asparezad, romelSic viTarde
ba movlenebi da es movlenebi ar axdenen gavlenas sivrce-droze. es marTalia fardo
biTobis specialur TeoriaSic. sxeulebi moZraoben, Zalebi miizidaven da ganizidav
en, magram dro da sivrce amisgan damoukideblad arseboben. bunebrivia vifiqroT, rom
sivrce da dro arsebobdnen mudam.
fardobiTobis zogad TeoriaSi mdgomareoba savsebiT gansxvavebulia. sivrce da
dro axla dinamikuri sidideebia: roca sxeuli moZraobs, an Zala moqmedebs, es gavlenas
axdens sivrcisa da drois simrudeze da, piriqiT, sivrce-dro axdens gavlenas sxeulis
moZraobis an Zalis moqmedebis xarisxze. sivrce da dro ara marto moqmedeben, aramed
TviTon ganicdian moqmedebas yvelafrisgan, rac xdeba samyaroSi. iseve, rogorc Seu
Zlebelia laparaki movlenebze samyaroSi adgilisa da drois miTiTebis gareSe, aseve
ar SeiZleba laparaki sivrcesa da droze samyaros sazRvrebs gareT.
Semdgom aTwleulebSi sivrcisa da drois axali gageba safuZvlianad cvlida Cvens
warmodgenebs samyaroze. Zveli idea arsebiTad ucvleli samyaros Sesaxeb, romelic ar
827
stefan houkingi
Tavi mesame
samyaros gafarToeba
wminda umTvaro RamiT Tu cas SevxedavT, yvelaze naTeli obieqtebi iqneba plane
tebi venera, marsi, iupiteri da saturni. iq kidev didi raodenobiT sxva varskvlavebic
iqneba, romelic Cven mzes hgavs, magram masze gacilebiT Sors arian Cvengan. fiqsire
buli varskvlavebidan zogierTi, sinamdvileSi, Zalian nela icvlis Tavis mdebareo
bas erTmaneTis mimarT, roca dedamiwa brunavs mzis garSemo: isini realurad sulac
ar arian fiqsirebulni! es imitom xdeba, rom am tipis varskvlavebi SedarebiT axlos
arian CvenTan. mzis garSemo dedamiwis moZraobisas Cven maT sxvadasxva poziciidan
vuyurebT ufro Sori varskvlavebis fonze. Cvenda sabednierod, es iZleva saSualebas
gavzomoT manZili am varskvlavebamde: rac ufro axlos arian CvenTan, miT ufro moZ
ravi Canan isini. centavris proqsimad wodebuli, CvenTan uaxloesi varskvlavi, daax
loebiT, oTxi sinaTlis wliT (sinaTles sWirdeba, daaxloebiT, oTxi weliwadi iqidan
dedamiwamde mosaRwevad), an, daaxloebiT, ocdasami milioni milioni miliT aris daSo
rebuli Cvengan. SeuiaraRebeli TvaliT xiluli varskvlavebi mdebareobs ramdenime
aTasi sinaTlis weliwadis manZilze Cvengan. SedarebisaTvis, Cveni mze sul ramdenime
sinaTlis wuTis manZilzea Cvengan! xiluli varskvlavebi mofenilia mTel Ramis caze,
magram, sinamdvileSi, isini erT jgufSi arian gaerTianebuli, romelsac irmis naxtomi
hqvia. dawyebuli 1750 wlidan zogierT astronoms miaCnda, rom irmis naxtomis arse
boba SeiZleba aixsnas, Tu xiluli varskvlavebi moTavsebuli iqneba diskis magvar kon
figuraciaSi, erTerT aseT magaliTs Cven dRes spiralur galaqtikas veZaxiT. mxolod
ramdenime aTwleulis Semdeg astronomma ser viliam herSelma daamtkica Tavisi idea
imiT, rom skrupulozurad Seadgina uamravi varskvlavis mdebareobisa da manZilebis
katalogi. amis miuxedavad, am ideis sruli aRiareba moxda mxolod meoce saukunis da
sawyisSi.
828
drois mokle istoria
nax. 3.1
829
stefan houkingi
ramdenime aseul aTas milion galaqtikas Soris, romelTa danaxva SesaZlebelia Ta
namedrove teleskopebiT, xolo yoveli galaqtika TviTon Seicavs ramdenime aseul
aTas milion varskvlavs. nax. 3.1 gviCvenebs erTerTi spiraluri galaqtikis suraTs,
romelic, Cveni azriT, unda hgavdes imas, rogorsac xedaven sxva galaqtikis mcxovreb
ni Cvens galaqtikas. Cven vcxovrobT galaqtikaSi, romlis sigane daaxloebiT asi aTasi
sinaTlis weliwadia da igi nela brunavs. varskvlavebi mis spiralur mklavebSi galaq
tikis centris garSemo Semoweren erT wres ramdenime aseul milion weliwadSi. Cveni
mze Cveulebrivi, saSualo zomis, yviTeli varskvlavia, moTavsebuli erTerTi spiral
uri mklavis Sida kideze. marTlac, didi manZili gagvivlia aristotelesa da ptole
medan, rodesac vfiqrobdiT, rom dedamiwa samyaros centria!
varskvlavebi ise Sors arian Cvengan, rom wertilovan sinaTlis wyaroebad gve
Cvenebian. Cven ver vxedavT maT zomebsa da formebs. maS, rogor vlaparakobT sxvada
sxva tipis varskvlavebze? varskvlavTa udidesi umravlesobisaTvis arsebobs erTad
erTi maxasiaTebeli, romlis dakvirvebac SegviZlia – maTi sinaTlis feri. niutonma
aRmoaCina, rom Tu sinaTle mzidan gaivlis minis samkuTxa naWers, romelsac prizma
ewodeba, is daiSleba cisartyelas msgavs sxvadasxva ferebad (speqtrad). Tu mivmar
TavT teleskops calkeuli varskvlavisa an galaqtikisaken, SesaZlebelia am varskv
lavisa an galaqtikis speqtris dakvirveba. sxvadasxva varskvlavs sxvadasxva speqtri
aqvs, magram sxvadasxva feris fardobiTi sikaSkaSe yovelTvis zustad iseTia, ro
gorc mosalodnelia siwiTlemde gaxurebuli sxeulis mier gamosxivebuli sinaTlis
speqtrSi (faqtobrivad, sinaTles, gamosxivebuls siwiTlemde gaxurebuli gaumWvir
vale sxeulidan, aqvs damaxasiaTebeli speqtri, romelic mxolod mis temperaturaze
aris damokidebuli _ Termuli speqtri. es niSnavs, rom SegviZlia varskvlavis tempe
raturaze vimsjeloT misi sinaTlis speqtris mixedviT). metic, aRmoCnda, rom zogier
Ti specifikuri ferebi aris amovardnili varskvlavTa speqtridan da es amovardnili
ferebi icvleba varskvlavidan varskvlavamde. radgan viciT, rom yoveli qimiuri ele
menti STanTqavs misTvis damaxasiaTebel specifikur ferTa krebuls, varskvlavidan
miRebuli sinaTlis speqtris SeswavliT SesaZlebelia zustad ganvsazRvroT, ra ele
mentebia warmodgenili varskvlavis atmosferoSi.
20-ian wlebSi, rodesac astronomebma daiwyes sxva galaqtikebis varskvlavTa speqt
rebis Seswavla, maT aRmoaCines erTi saintereso ram: maT speqtrSi amovardnili iyo
ferebis iseTive damaxasiaTebeli erToblovobebi, rogorc Cveni galaqtikis varskv
lavebis speqtrSi, magram isini yvela wanacvlebuli iyvnen speqtris wiTeli bolo
saken. amis winadadebis azris gasagebad jer unda ganvixiloT dopleris efeqti. ro
gorc vnaxeT, xiluli speqtri Sedgeba eleqtromagnituri velis fluqtuaciebisgan,
anu talRebisagan. sinaTlis sixSire (anu talRebis ricxvi wamSi) araCveulebrivad
830
drois mokle istoria
didia da udris oTxidan Svid aseul milion milion talRas wamSi. sxvadasxva sixSiree
bi es aris is, rasac adamianis Tvali xedavs ferebis saxiT: speqtris umcires sixSires
aRiqvams wiTlad, xolo yvelaze did sixSires – iisfrad. axla warmovidginoT Cvengan
mudmiv manZilze daSorebuli sinaTlis wyaro, magaliTad, varskvlavi, romelic ga
moasxivebs sinaTlis talRebs mudmiv sixSireze. cxadia, Cven mier miRebuli talRis
sixSire iseTivea, rogorsac gamoasxivebs varskvlavi (samyaros gravitaciuli veli ar
aris sakmaod Zlieri mniSvnelovani efeqtis mosaxdenad). axla warmovidginoT, rom es
varskvlavi Cvenken moZraobs. rodesac wyaro gamoasxivebs talRis Semdgom burcobs,
varskvlavi ufro axlos iqneba CvenTan, amgvarad, dro, romelSic es burcobi Cvenamde
moaRwevs, naklebi iqneba imasTan SedarebiT, rodesac varskvlavi uZravi iyo. es niS
navs, rom dro, romelSic ori mezobeli burcobi Cvenamde aRwevs naklebi iqneba da, Se
sabamisad, yovel wuTSi miRebuli talRebis ricxvi (e.i. sixSire) ufro maRali iqneba,
vidre uZravi varskvlavis SemTxvevaSi. aseve, Tu wyaro gvSordeba, miRebuli tal
Rebis sixSire ufro dabali iqneba. sinaTlis SemTxvevaSi es niSnavs, rom speqtri var
skvlavebisa, romlebic gvSordebian, wanacvlebuli iqneba speqtris wiTeli bolosken
(wiTeli wanacvleba), xolo Cvenken moZravi varskvlavebis speqtrs eqneba iisferi wa
nacvleba. kavSirs sixSiresa da siCqares Soris, romelsac dopleris efeqti hqvia, Cven
vakvirdebiT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. yuri daugdeT gzaze momaval manqanas: roca man
qana gviaxlovdeba, misi Zravis xma ismis maRal tonebSi (rac bgeriTi talRebis maRal
sixSireebs Seesabameba), da roca is gvSordeba Zravis xma dapal tonebSi ismis. sinaTlis
an radio talRebis yofaqceva analogiuria. policia iyenebs dopleris efeqts manqanis
siCqaris gansasazRvravad misgan areklili radio impulsebis sixSireebis gazomviT.
galaqtikebis aRmoCenis Semdeg, hablma momdevno wlebi miuZRvna galaqtikebamde
manZilebisa da maTi speqtrebis katalogis Sedgenas. im dros umetesobas egona, rom
galaqtikebi samyaroSi uwesrigod moZraoben, amitom elodnen imdenive iisferi wa
nacvlebiani galaqtikis aRmoCenas, ramdenic wiTel wanacvlebiania. didi gakvirveba
gamoiwvia imis aRmoCenam, rom galaqtikebis umetesobas wiTeli wanacleba axasiaTebs:
TiTqmis yvela galaqtika gagvirbis! ufro sakvirveli iyo is, rac hablma gamoaqveyna
1929 wels: Turme galaqtikebis wiTeli wanacvlebac ar aris uwesrigo, aramed isini
pirdapir proporciulia manZilisa Cvenamde. an, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, rac ufro
Sors aris galaqtika, miT ufro didi siCqariT garbis is Cvengan! es ki niSnavda, rom
samyaro ar aris statikuri, rogorc amas iqamde fiqrobdnen, aramed igi farTovdeba;
manZili sxvadaxva galaqtikebs Soris sul ufro izrdeba drois ganmavlobaSi.
aRmoCena, rom samyaro farTovdeba, meoce saukunis udidesi inteleqtualuri rev
oluciaa. ukana ricxviT advilia davinteresdeT, adre ratom aravin fiqrobda amaze?
niutoni da sxvebi acnobierebdnen, rom statikuri samyaro unda SeikumSos gravitaciis
831
stefan houkingi
832
drois mokle istoria
1965 wels ori amerikeli fizikosi: arno penziasi da robert vilsoni, niu jersis
belis satelefono laboratoriaSi cdinen metad mgrZnobiare mikrotalRovan deteq
tors (mikrotalRebi hgavs sinaTlis talRebs, magram maTi sixSireebi wamSi mxolod
aTeuli aTasi milioni talRis rigisaa). penziasi da vilsoni Zalian Sewuxdnen, roca
aRmoaCines, rom maTi deteqtori afiqsirebda met xmaurs, vidre isini amas moelodnen.
xmauri ar modioda raRac garkveuli mimarTulebidan. jer maT aRmoaCines frinvele
biT gamowveuli damaxinjebebi, Semdeg sxva SesaZlo darRvevebi da male moaSores isi
ni Tavidan. maT icodnen, rom yvela xmauri mosuli atmosferodan ufro Zlieria, Tu
deteqtori ar aris mimarTulia vertikalurad zeviT, maSin rodesac vertikalurad
zeviT mimarTuli teleskopisTvis xmauri mcirdeba. amis mizezi is, rom maSin, rode
sac xdeba maTi deteqtireba horizontTan axlos, sinaTlis sxivebi gadian atmosferos
gacilebiT farTo Sreebs, vidre roca isini miiRebian pirdapir zemodan. zemonaxseneb
cdaSi ki damatebiTi xmauri erTnairi iyo ra mimarTulebiTac ar unda moetrialebi
naT deteqtori, ase rom, es xmauri unda mosuliyo atmosferos garedan. igi erTnairi
iyo dRisiT da RamiT, mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi, imisgan damoukideblad, rom dedamiwa
brunavda Tavisi RerZisa da mzis garSemo es uCvenebda, rom gamosxiveba modioda mzis
sistemis garedan da galaqtikis garedanac ki, radgan winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, is unda
Secvliliyo dedamiwis adgilmdebareobis SecvlasTan erTad. faqtobrivad Cven viciT,
rom radiacia Cvenamde aRwevs mTeli dakvirvebadi samyarodan da, Sesabamisad, samyaro
yvela mimarTulebiT erTnairi unda iyos didmasStabiani skaliT. axla cnobilia, rom
nebismieri mimarTulebiT xmauri erTnairia da SeiZleb icvlebodes mxolod erTi
meaTiaTasediT _ amgvarad, penziasma da vilsonma maTTvis moulodnelad aRmoaCines
fridmanis pirveli daSvebis sakmaod zusti dasabuTeba.
daaxloebiT imave dros orma amerikelma fizikosma axlomdebare prinstonis uni
versitetidan _ bob dikma da jim piblsma _ gamoiCines interesi mikrotalRebis
mimarT. isini muSaobdnen giorgi gamovis (erT dros aleqsandre fridmanis mowafis)
winadadebaze, rom adreuli samyaro iyo Zalian cxeli da Zalian mkvrivi, gavarvare
buli siTeTremde. diki da piblsi Tvlidnen, rom SesaZlebelia am varvarebis dakvirve
ba amJamadac, radgan sinaTle samyaros Zlier daSorebuli nawilebidan mxolod axla
moaRwevs Cvenamde. magram samyaros gafarToebis gamo am sinaTles iseTi didi wiTeli
wanacvleba eqneba, rom Cven mas davinaxavT rogorc mikrotalRovan gamosxivebas. diki
da piblsi apirebdnen am radiaciis dakvirvebas, rodesac penziasma da vilsonma gaiges
maTi samuSaos Sesaxeb da mixvdnen, rom maT ukve aRmoaCines es gamosxiveba. amis gamo
penziasma da vilsonma 1978 wels nobelis premia daimsaxures (rac cota usamarTlod
Cans dikisa da piblsis mimarT, araferi rom ar vTqvaT gamovis Sesaxeb!).
erTi SexedviT, yvelaferi es metyvelebs imaze, rom samyaro yvela mimarTulebiT
erTnairi Cans, radgan Cven mas vakvirdebiT samyaros metad specifikuri wertilidan.
833
stefan houkingi
834
drois mokle istoria
835
stefan houkingi
836
drois mokle istoria
837
stefan houkingi
838
drois mokle istoria
839
stefan houkingi
840
drois mokle istoria
* * *
841
CanawerebisaTvis
842
CanawerebisaTvis
843
CanawerebisaTvis
844
CanawerebisaTvis
845
CanawerebisaTvis
846
CanawerebisaTvis
847
CanawerebisaTvis
848