LLB 6.

7 Interpretation of Statutes & Principles of Legislation

Optional-6
Marks: 100 [ 80+20]
Detailed Syllabus Marks

1. Introduction: 10
1.1 Principles of Legislation

1.1.1. Law-making - the legislature, executive and the judiciary

1.1.2. Principle of utility
1.1.3. Relevance of John Rawls and Robert Nozick - individual interest to community
interest
1.1.4. Operation of these principles upon legislation
1.1.5. Distinction between morals and legislation
1.2 Interpretation of Statutes
1.2.1 Meaning, Objects and Scope of ‘interpretation’ ,‘construction’ and ‘statute’
1.2.2 Nature and Kinds of Indian Laws: Statutory, Non-statutory, Codified,
Uncodified,
State-made and State-recognised laws
1.2.3. Commencement, operation and repeal of statutes
1.2.4. Purpose of interpretation of statutes.
1.2.4.1 Basic Sources of Statutory Interpretation
(i) The General Clauses Act, 1897: Nature, Scope and Relevance (Ss.6- 8)
(ii) Definition clauses in various Legislations:Nature and Interpretative Role
2. Interpretation 20
2.1 Aids to Interpretation (Parts of the statute and their interpretative role )
2.1.1 Internal aids
2.1.1. Title
2.1.2. Preamble
2.1.3. Headings and marginal notes.
2.1.4. Sections and sub-sections
2.1.5. Punctuation marks.
2.1.6. Illustrations, exceptions, provisos, saving clauses, explanations
and schedules
2.1.8. Non-obstante clause.
2.1.2 External aids
2.2.1 Role of Constituent Assembly debates in the interpretation of the
Constitution of India
2.2.2 Legislative history- Legislative Intention, Statement of objects and
reasons, legislative debates, Committee reports, Law Commission
reports etc.
2.2.3 International-law and human-rights documents
2.2.4 Dictionaries-Translations
2.2.5. Statutes in pari materia
2.2 Rules of Statutory Interpretation
2.2.1 Primary Rules
2.2.1.1. Literal rule
2.2.1.2. Golden rule
2.2.1.3. Mischief rule (rule in the Heydon's case)
2.2.1.4. Rule of harmonious construction
2.2.2. Secondary Rules
2.2.2.1. Noscitur a sociis ( Associated words )
2.2.2.2. Ejusdem generis
2.2.2.3. Reddendo singula singulis
2.3 Presumptions in statutory interpretation
2.3.1. Statutes are valid
2.3.2. Statutes are territorial in operation
2.3.3. Presumption as to jurisdiction
2.3.4. Presumption against what is inconvenient or absurd
2.3.5 Presumption against intending injustice
2.3.6. Presumption against impairing obligations or permitting advantage from one's own
wrong
2.3.7. Prospective operation of statutes
 2.4 Maxims of Statutory Interpretation
2.4.1. Delegatus non potest delegare
2.4.2. Expressio unius exclusio alterius
2.4.3. Generalia specialibus non derogant
2.4.4. In pari delicto potior est conditio possidentis
2.4.5. Utres valet potior quam pareat
2.4.6. Expressum facit cessare tacitum
2.4.7. In bonam partem
3. Interpretation with reference to the subject matter and purpose 15
3.1. Restrictive and beneficial construction
3.1.1. Taxing statutes
3.1.2. Penal statutes
3.1.3. Welfare legislation
3.2. Interpretation of substantive and adjunctival statutes
3.3. Interpretation of directory and mandatory provisions
3.4. Interpretation of enabling statutes
3.5. Interpretation of codifying and consolidating statutes
3.6. Interpretation of statutes conferring rights
3.3. Interpretation of statutes conferring powers.
4. Principles of Constitutional Interpretation 15
4.1. Harmonious construction
4.2. Doctrine of pith and substance
4.3. Colourable legislation
4.4. Ancillary powers
4.5. "Occupied field"
4.6. Residuary power
4.7. Doctrine of repugnancy

5. Leading Cases (10x2) 20

1. Girija K. Phukan v. State of Assam 1984 (2) LR 488
2. Bengal Iemunity Co. Ltd. v. State of Bihar 1955 2 SCR 603
3. Smti Charu Deka v. Umeswari Nath & other AIR 1995 Gau 9.
4. P. Ramachandra Rao v. State of Karnataka (2002) 4 SCC 578
5. Bhatia International v. Bulk Trading S.A. (2002) 4 SCC 105
6. R.M.D.C. v. Union of India, AIR 1957 SC 628
7. Avtar Singh v. State of Punjab, AIR 1955 SC 1107
8. A.S. Sulochana v. C. Dharmalingam, AIR 1987 SC 242
9. ShashiKant Laxman Kale v. Union of India, AIR 1990 SC 2114 :(1990) 4 SCC 366

Prescribed Legislation:
The General Clauses Act, 1897

Prescribed Books:
1. P. St. J. Langan, Maxwell on the Interpretation of Statutes (12th ed., 1969)
2. Vepa P. Sarathi, Interpretation of Statutes (4th ed., 2003)
3. G.P. Singh, Principles of Statutory Interpretation (11th ed., 2008)

Recommended Books:
1. S.G.G. Edgar, Craies on Statute Law (1999)
2. Swarup Jagdish, Legislation and Interpretation
3. P. St. Langan (Ed.). Maxwell on The Interpretation of Statutes (1976) N.M.Tripathi, Bombay
4. K.Shanmukham, N.S.Bindras's Interpretation of Statutes, (1997) The Law Book Co. Allahabad.
5. V.Sarathi, Interpretation of Statutes, (1984) Eastern, Lucknow
6. M.P.Jain, Constitutional Law of India, (1994) Wadhwa & Co.
7. M.P.Singh, (Ed.) V.N.Sukla's Constitution of India, (1994) Eastern, Lucknow.
8. U.Baxi, Introduction to Justice K.K.Mathew's, Democracy Equality and Freedom (1978) Eastern,
Lucknow