You are on page 1of 6

 

 
 35,0(1$',63(5=1,+6,67(0$

        8,1æ(1-(56798=$ä7,7(æ,9271(
      
 
65(',1(
 !"!#$"%% "! &% "%'('$#") 8 UDGX VX SULND]DQL HNVSHULPHQWDOQL UH]XOWDWL LVWUDçLYDQMD PRJXþQRVWL SULPHQH
IRQWDQVNRJ L IRQWDQVNR²IOXLGL]RYDQRJ VORMD X WUHWPDQX RWSDGQLK PDWHULMDOD SUH
KUDPEHQH LQGXVWULMH L IOXLGQR²PHKDQL ND LVWUDçLYDQMD LVWRVWUXMQRJ IRQWDQVNRJ
VORMD NDR RVQRYH ]D QMHJRYX SULPHQX X VLVWHPLPD ]D WUHWPDQ YRGD VD LPRELOL
VDQLP PLNURRUJDQL]PLPD ,VSLWLYDQL VLVWHPL VX SULPHQMHQL X SURFHVX VXåHQMD çL
YRWLQMVNH NUYL L NUYQH SOD]PH NDR MHGQRP RG PRJXþLK HNRORåNLK UHåHQMD X
NODQL QRM LQGXVWULML L VXåHQMD SLYVNRJ NYDVFD NDR RWSDGQRJ PDWHULMDOD SLYDUVNH
LQGXVWULMH NRML VX X VOX DMX QHNRQWUROLVDQRJ LVSXåWDQMD X SULURGQH UHFLSLMHQWH
YHRPD RSDVQL ]DJDLYD L 8 GUXJRP GHOX UDGD MH SULND]DQD IOXLGQR²PHKDQL ND
NRQFHSFLMD LVWRVWUXMQRJ IRQWDQVNRJ VORMD NRMD EL RPRJXþLOD PLNURELRORåNL WUH
WPDQ YRGD X] LVWRYUHPHQX DHUDFLMX X SURFHVLPD QLWULILNDFLMH DPRQLMD QRJ
D]RWD

 
          
           
       
   
             
         
  

 
    
 !  
        ["#] $
            

        
 !
             
  
    
    


            
   %  "&
      
     
 
    
      
   
     
  


 $   '
 !    
' 
         

       
   
 

  
     (    ( 
   
  
   
 

  
    
   !   
 "  
  
  
 #  
  
 
 
!  $  
 

  
   
!
(    ( 
   %
      
    
 "&   "  

   ' (   
  (     

 
 
  (   
  (   
  (    !  
     (   
 "  
 
  ( #  
  ( ) *    
( $  
  ( ) *    (%
$   '
   
 
   (
      $
 !      ! 
 
 
 
    '   
          
 
  

    
    
   '  ! '        

!     )    '  
   
  !

 

   (     
      
      !  %

  &    '
 

    !       
         

 
 
 !     

 !  
          
 
 ' 3RYUHQRYLþ 7HKQRORåNR²PHWDOXUåNL IDNXOWHW
  '      
    

.DUQHJLHYD   %HRJUDG
H²PDLO SRYUHQRYLF HODEWPIEJDF\X

  
 
   
   
! '
    
5DG VDRSåWHQ QD VNXSX 6DYUHPHQH WHKQRORJLMH L SULYUHGQL UD]
YRM 2NWREDU ²  /HVNRYDF NDR VHNFLMVNR SUHGDYDQMH
* 
   (     
X RNYLUX UDGD 6HNFLMH ]D KHPLMVNR LQçHQMHUVWYR 
 
 
 !      !


'6 3295(129,ý 35,0(1$ ',63(5=1,+ 6,67(0$ +HP LQG    

               JX ID]X LQL RNVLGDFLMD QLWULWD GR QLWUDWD NRMX REDYOMD 1L

              WUREDFWHU L NRMD VH QD]LYD QLWUDWDFLMD PDGD VX QDMQRYLMD

       LVWUDçLYDQMD SULPHQRP WHKQLND DQDOL]H ULER]RPDOQH

              51. SRVHEQR ),6+ PHWRGH IOXRUHVFHQWQD   KLEUL

           GL]DFLMD SRND]DOD GD VX 1LWURVRFRFFXV PRELOLV L 1LWURV

             SLUD GRPLQDQWQH SRSXODFLMH QLWULILNXMXþHJ DNWLYQRJ PXOMD

           IDEULND ]D SUHUDGX LQGXVWULMVNLK RWSDGQLK YRGD VD YHOL

        !   NRP NRQFHQWUDFLMRP DPRQLMDND 1LWURVRVSLUD L 1LWURVSLUD

 " # $!     %    VSS VX GRPLQDQWQH SRSXODFLMH QLWULILNXMXþHJ UHDNWRUD VD

             ! IOXLGL]RYDQLP VORMHP NRML UDGL VD PDOLP NRQFHQWUDFLMDPD

      & '      DPRQLMDND 1LWURVRPRQDV L 1LWURVSLUD VX GRPLQDQWQH SUL

           SUHUDGL RWSDGQH YRGH GRPDþLQVWYD

&! ( %            8NXSQD MHGQD LQD QLWULILNDFLMH JGH MH X]HW X RE]LU L

 )       *  EDNWHULMVNL UDVW JODVL

       +   , &      ²


1+     +&2 →
  2
²
            →  &+21   +2   12  

           +&2

                


JGH & + 2 1 SUHGVWDYOMD EDNWHULMVNX ELRPDVX ,] RYH MH
   "          GQD LQH PRçH VH L]UD XQDWL GD MH ]D VYDNL PJ D]RWD X
   %    %       REOLNX 1+ 

RNVLGRYDQRJ GR 12 
²
QHRSKRGQR  PJ
  -          2  L  PJ +&2 
²
 PJ L]UDçHQR NDR &D&2  6WR 
          JD LQWHQ]LYQD DHUDFLMD SUHGVWDYOMD L RVQRYQL XVORY ]D
  L]YR HQMH SURFHVD QLWULILNDFLMH 3URFHV QLULILNDFLMH WM XNOD
.%        QMDQMH DPRQLMD QRJ D]RWD L] YRGH PRçH VH REDYOMDWL X
             UHDNWRULPD VD LPRELOLVDQLP PLNURRUJDQL]PLPD X IOXLGL]R
           %  " YDQLP IRQWDQVNLP L IRQWDQVNR²IOXLGL]RYDQLP VORMHYLPD
%            %  SUL HPX MH X RYRP UDGX LVSLWLYDQ IRQWDQVNL VORM VD DHUL
            % 
  % &    % / R#   !
VDQLP DQXOXVRP

               (.63(5,0(17$/1, 6,67(0


       
0           
          
 %     .            
   
      .      
      
   1  2      
   
    [] 


        ,3² -      !"          
 %         [4]   #      $%     $$ 
    ,3² &           
   & $$ '   
  
1  -     ,5 ,3²      (      
 
& 
   ,3²!           )*   &
  +, &! -
    
  [/] .  -  
&   

 "     
            
  
    . 
 
   
       -        
"  & " 
 / $0   
1        -    
    "     
   
,1           
%-   3    %   
           
- 1 1 -  
2 2
,5+ −−−→  −
 −−−−→ ,3−
$    1 -        
         5  
&    
            L

  RGJRYRUQL ]D QLWULILNDFLMX NRMD VH VDVWRML RG GYH

ID]H 3UYD ID]D SUHGVWDYOMD RNVLGDFLMX DPRQLMDND GR QLWUL  


         
 

WD NRMX REDYOMD 1LWURVRPRQDV L QD]LYD VH QLWULWDFLMD 'UX 
 

    
 
     

 
'6 3295(129,ý 35,0(1$ ',63(5=1,+ 6,67(0$ +HP LQG    


       
 

  "   


 


  

   
  
     
   
"  
    

 
  
  
   

   

     
      

      


      

    
 
     



 
     
! 




! 

  
  


0
           

  
      
  "

         
  
    
 
       


 
  

  

     
   


  
    

   
    
    


 
   
  
 
    


&  
   
     %  
#  
   

 




  
  ! 
     

 $
              

  


 
   
  

%   

          


  
 ! 
 




   
          
& 
       
   

 
        
 

 
  
      
   
"
    
 
 


 
   
1 

    
     

 
 
 
 

   
 

   


    
 



       
  
 

         




 

  



  "  

  
  


 





 

 

   
   
     


   

  
  
&    

 
    
 
   

 
         0  

  
 



 

  
 
 
     
"
    
   


 2 
 
      
 

'

  

        
 
 
   

 

- 

()*      



 +, 
 
       
 
  
        (-   

 

 


 

 


4
    *.  /       
&   &


 
   
(


      
      

 
     
 
   

   0  
      

  

   
 
  
      


 

    
    

 
 
    


  

   


"
          

 
 & 
"  
   

 
 !



  

        

  
 
   
  
 
 
 

   
    


S    ²   ²   ²
ρS   !" " "          
   

 
ε  "# $"  
          

 
'6 3295(129,ý 35,0(1$ ',63(5=1,+ 6,67(0$ +HP LQG    


 
 

  
  
        
   
    

     # 
     04/  

       

 
    
   


 







 
   

     3 
        #

  
 
  

        

 

  
   04/ 
   
  
  

    
   

  

 
  

 
  
!    
 " 
#  
   
 "
 
!    # 
  
 
 $% &    
 !      
 4%)5 
     

 
   #

  

  
 3
  



 

   !
     
'

  
 !      !
    !
  4 

      

  
   &
     

   
 
  

        


    
   (



 ) "
 *  
    #

    
 
 + #  # 
 
   

 
  

 
 
 !
!
  
    

-  
     
 
 
  

     


      # 


 
 
 !   
! 
     

, 
     
    

!   


 !
     
    
  

       
 
 
  

   

 

   '#
 
 ! !     

 "

 
    -
.4/ 

  

 
  
 
)
    #
     

  
  
 
  
 
04/ #   



 
!

 

 

  
     ! !             

*12 1
 %2 
 
 6  
 

 #
 
   !         
*     

!       
!

     



 
  

  


 
 
   
 



   1


 "     


 
 
2


    !   

  



   

 
 

  
   ! 
    
 
  


 
)



 
         & 
      

# !   " 
 
  

  


#


 
  

    
  +
 

         ,
    !4" #  #  ! $% $     #  #  ! $%
&$   '(   (
 


 
  
) ( &$  + '(   (
 

  -*) )

  *   !4" #  #  ! $% *  


 
 - #  #  ! $%

 
 6 3295(129,ý 35,0(1$ ',63(5=1,+ 6,67(0$ +HP LQG    

&LUNXODFLMD HVWLFD SR LQMH GD VH VPDQMXMH QHSRVUHGQR


SRVOH WUHQXWND NDGD VORM ELYD SRWRSOMHQ 1D LVWRM VOLFL VH
PRçH XR LWL GD QHNH NULYH QHPDMX PDNVLPXP YHþ MH QML
KRY WUHQG OLQHDUQR RSDGDMXþL ]DWR åWR MH FLUNXODFLMD HVWL
FD PHUHQD VDPR NDGD MH QLYR YRGH ELR MHGQDN L L]QDG
YLVLQH VORMD MHU SUL RGUHHQLP SURWRFLPD YRGH QLMH ELOR
PRJXþH RVWYDULWL FLUNXODFLMX HVWLFD D GD VORM QH EXGH
SRWSXQR SRWRSOMHQ

=$./-8ÿ$.
8 LQçLQMHUVWYX ]DåWLWH çLYRWQH VUHGLQH SRVWRMH GYD
RVQRYQD SUDYFD D WR VX SUHYHQFLMD ]DJDHQMD L WUHWPDQ
YHþ ]DJDHQRJ PHGLMXPD ,VWUDçLYDQMD SUH]HQWLUDQD X
RYRP UDGX SRND]XMX GD VH GLVSHU]QL VLVWHPL X YLGX IRQ
WDQVNRJ L IRQWDQVNR²IOXLGL]RYDQRJ VORMD VD XVSHKRP
  
      
     PRJX SULPHQLWL X RYLP SRVWXSFLPD
      7UHWPDQ RWSDGQH NUYL L SLYVNRJ NYDVFD NDR YHRPD

  
  
   

      ]DJDXMXþLK PDWHULMD X FLOMX VSUH DYDQMD QMLKRYRJ QH
     
NRQWUROLVDQRJ LVSXåWDQMD X SULURGQH UHFLSLMHQWH L GRELMD
QMD SURL]YRGD VD RGUHHQRP NRPHUFLMDOQRP YUHGQRåþX
QMD MH ELR RGUHGLWL SDUDPHWUH NRG NRMLK MH XRSåWH PRJXþH
MH PRJXþH REDYLWL QD IOHNVLELOQLP MHGLQLFDPD ]D VXåHQMH
GRVWLþL VWDQMH X NRPH þH VH REUD]RYDWL IRQWDQVNL VORM VD
VD IRQWDQVNR²IOXLGL]RYDQLP VORMHP
X GRQMHP GHOX SRWRSOMHQLP DQXOXVRP L JRUQMLP VXYLP
GHORP X NRPH EL ELOR PRJXþH YUåLWL DHUDFLMX ,VWUDçLYDQMD IOXLGQR ² PHKDQL NLK NDUDNWHULVWLND LV
WRVWUXMQRJ IRQWDQVNRJ VORMD VD FHQWUDOQRP FHYL VX RVQRY
=DYLVQRVW FLUNXODFLMH HVWLFD RG YLVLQH VORMD X DQX ]D GDOMD LVWUDçLYDQMD NRMD þH ELWL XVPHUHQD ND GHILQLVDQMX
OXVX SUL NRQVWDQWQRP QLYRX YRGH X DQXOXVX SULND]DQD SDUDPHWDUD QHRSKRGQLK ]D ELRORåNL WUHWPDQ RWSDGQLK
MH QD VOLFL  0RçH VH YLGHWL GD FLUNXODFLMD HVWLFD RSDGD YRGD X RYDNYRP VLVWHPX
VD SRUDVWRP YLVLQH YRGH X DQXOXVX VORMD L WDM SDG MH QD
UR LWR L]UDçHQ NDGD MH VORM HVWLFD SRWRSOMHQ YRGRP
6,0%2/,
5H]XOWDWL SULND]DQL QD VOLFL  SRND]XMX GD YLVLQD YR F ² SUH QLN FLOLQGUL QH NRORQH P
GH X DQXOXVX XWL H QD FLUNXODFLMX HVWLFD SUL NRQVWDQWQRP ''7 ² SUH QLN FHQWUDOQH FHYL P
SURWRNX YRGH NUR] POD]QLFX 6D SRUDVWRP QLYRD YRGH X GL ² SUH QLN POD]QLFH P
DQXOXVX VORMD GROD]L GR SRYHþDQMD FLUNXODFLMH HVWLFD X GS ² SUH QLN HVWLFH P
VORMX VYH GR GRVWL]DQMD YUHGQRVWL NDGD MH SRWRSOMHQ LWDY
*S ² PDVHQL SURWRN HVWLFD NJK
DQQXOXV GD EL QDNRQ WRJD VD SRYHþDQMHP QLYRD L L]QDG
+ ² YLVLQD VORMD P
YLVLQH VORMD GROD]LOR GR SDGD YUHGQRVWL FLUNXODFLMH HVWL
+Z ² YLVLQD SRWRSOMHQRJ VORMD X DQXOXVX P
FD 2YDM WUHQG MH ]DSDçHQ X VYLP LVSLWLYDQLP VLVWHPLPD
/ ² GXçLQD FHQWUDOQH FHYL P
O ² UDVWRMDQMH FHQWUDOQH FHYL RG GQD NRORQH P
0$  ² PDVHQL SURWRN IOXLGD QD GQX DQXOXVD NJK
01  ² PDVHQL SURWRN IOXLGD QD POD]QL QRP YRGX NJK
0$ ² PDVHQL SURWRN IOXLGD X DQXOXVX VORMD NJK
0P) ² PDVHQL SURWRN IOXLGD X QDVXWRP VORMX SUL PLQLPDOQR
IOXLGL]RYDQRP VWDQMX NJK
7$  ² WHSHUDWXUD YD]GXKD DQXODUQRJ YRGD R&
7% ² WHSHUDWXUD VORMD R&
7H ² L]OD]QD WHSHUDWXUD R&
71  ² WHSHUDWXUD YD]GXKD POD]QRJ YRGD R&
X7 ² WHUPLQDOQD EU]LQD IOXLGD PV
9$  ² ]DSUHPLQVNL SURWRN IOXLGD QD GQX DQXOXVD PK
9P) ² ]DSUHPLQVNL SURWRN IOXLGD X QDVXWRP VORMX SUL PLQLPDOQR
IOXLGL]RYDQRP VWDQMX NJK
91  ² ]DSUHPLQVNL SURWRN IOXLGD QD POD]QL QRP YRGX PK
97 ² ]DSUHPLQVNL SURWRN IOXLGD SUL WHUPLQDOQRM EU]LQL
PK
            
     ϖ ² EU]LQD HVWLFD PV

  !    "
  
  
   ε ² SRUR]QRVW VORMD
   ρS² ² JXVWLQD HVWLFD NJP

 
 6 3295(129,ý 35,0(1$ ',63(5=1,+ 6,67(0$ +HP LQG    

/,7(5$785$ [5] $UVHQLMHYLþ = 8NODQMDQMH HWLOHQRNVLGD L] RWSDGQLK JDVR

YD X NRPELQRYDQRP VLVWHPX DGVSRUEHUNDWDOLWL NL UHDN

[1] =GDQVNL ) 0HKDQLND IRQWDQVNR²IOXLGL]RYDQRJ VORMD PR WRU 0DJLVWDUVNL UDG 7HKQRORåNR²PHWDOXUåNL IDNXOWHW

QRGLVSHU]QH VIHUH²YRGD 'RNWRUVND GLVHUWDFLMD 7HKQROR 8QLYHU]LWHW X %HRJUDGX  

åNR²PHWDOXUåNL IDNXOWHW 8QLYHU]LWHW X %HRJUDGX %HRJUDG


[6] /RHKU 5& 3ROOXWLRQ &RQWURO IRU $JULFXOWXUH $FDGHPLF
 
3UHVV ,QF 2UODQGR )/ 
[2] 9XNRYLþ '9 'YRID]QL L WURID]QL IRQWDQVNL L IRQWDQVNR²IOX

LGL]RYDQL VORMHYL NDR QRYL VLVWHPL YLåHID]QRJ NRQWDNWD


[7] /DZVRQ 7% -+ -XQLXV $$ GH ORV 5H\HV DQG -7

6FRWW +\GUDXOLF 3HUIRUPDQFH DQG 1LWULILFDWLRQ 5DWHV RI D


'RNWRUVND GLVHUWDFLMD 7HKQRORåNR²PHWDOXUåNL IDNXOWHW 8QL
&RQWLQXRXV²&OHDQLQJ )ORDWLQJ 0HGLD %LRILOWHU SUHVHQWHG
YHU]LWHW X %HRJUDGX 

[3] *UEDY Lþ æ% ,VSLWLYDQMH PHKDQLNH IRQWDQVNRJ VORMD VD


DW $TXDFXOWXUH $PHULFD · $UOLQJWRQ 7H[DV :RUOG

$TXDFXOWXUH 6RFLHW\ DQG 1DWLRQDO $TXDFXOWXUH $VVRFLDWL


NRQWUROLVDQLP NUHWDQMHP HVWLFD 'RNWRUVND GLVHUWDFLMD
RQ %RRN RI $EVWUDFWV SJ   
7HKQRORåNR²PHWDOXUåNL IDNXOWHW 8QLYHU]LWHW X %HRJUDGX

 [8] 3RYUHQRYLþ '6 'LPLWULMHYLþ²%UDQNRYLþ 6 'U\LQJ RI EL

[4] 3RYUHQRYLþ '6 6XåHQMH VXVSHQ]LMD X IRQWDQVNR²IOXLGL]R RORJLFDO PDWHULDOV LQ D VSRXW²IOXLG EHG ZLWK GUDIW WXEH

YDQRP VORMX 'RNWRUVND GLVHUWDFMD 7HKQRORåNR²PHWDOXUåNL +HP ,QG   ² 


IDNXOWHW 8QLYHU]LWHW X %HRJUDGX  

6800$5<
7+( $33/,&$7,21 2) ',63(56( 6<67(06 ,1 (19,5210(17$/ (1*,1((5,1*
6FLHQWLILF SDSHU
'UDJDQ 6 3RYUHQRYLþ
)DFXOW\ RI WHFKQRORJ\ DQG PHWDOOXUJ\ .DUQHJLHYD  %HOJUDGH
   
     
      
       !     •

  
 
   

   

  
  
 "   • "   •
  
 
  
    
       #
 

 

 
 •
    

   
       
 $
   ! 
    •
    
         

   
   %

& $ • %

&
 
      

   
 
  
 
$ • 
'
$   (   '
     
           
   
 
  
 •

   
  
    
      
     


  
    

 

  
 
 
     

 

You might also like