Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Introduction
Stability analysis
1. Check factor of safety against overturning.
2. Check soil bearing pressure.
3. Check factor of safety against sliding.
Overturning:
Where is unit weight of soil, Ka is active pressure coefficient, and H is the height from top of earth
distance from the center of stem, footing, earth, key, and surcharge to the rotation point at toe.
Bearing pressure:
Where W is total weight of retaining wall including stem, footing, earth and surcharge.
Where, Qmax, Qmin are maximum and minimum footing pressure, B is the width of footing.
4. If e > B/6, Qmin is zero,
5. Qmax should be less than allowable soil bearing capacity of footing soil.
Sliding:
where is friction coefficient between concrete and soil. is often taken as tan (2/3 ). is internal
friction of the soil.
Where Kp is passive earth pressure coefficient, h is the height from top of soil to bottom of footing at
toe. If a key is used to help resist sliding, h is the height from top of soil to the bottom of the key.
Given:
Height of stem: 10 ft
Thickness of stem: 1 ft
Thickness of footing: 1 ft
Width of footing: B = 6 ft
Length of heel: 4 ft
Length of toe: 1 ft
Height of soil above heel: 10 ft
Height of soil above toe: 1 ft
Unit weight of backfill soil: = 115 pcf,
Requirement: Check stability against overturning and sliding, and soil bearing capacity.
1. Check overturning stability
Example 5.2 Cantilever retaining wall with horizontal backfill, surcharge, and key
Given:
Height of stem: 10 ft
Thickness of stem: 1 ft
Thickness of footing: 1 ft
Width of footing: B = 6 ft
Length of heel: 4 ft
Length of toe: 1 ft
Height of soil above heel: 10 ft
Height of soil above toe: 1 ft
Depth of key: 1 ft
Unit weight of backfill soil: =115 pcf
Internal friction angle of soil: = 28 degree
Friction coefficient between concrete and soil: = 0.5
Allowable soil bearing capacity for footing soil: 4000 psf
Surcharge above backfill soil: q = 200 psf
Given:
Height of stem: 10 ft
Thickness of stem: 1 ft
Thickness of footing: 1 ft
Width of footing: B = 6 ft
Length of heel: 4 ft
Length of toe: 1 ft
Height of soil above heel at retaining wall: 10 ft
Height of soil above toe: 1 ft
Unit weight of backfill soil: =115 pcf
Slope of backfill soil: = 10 degree
Internal friction angle of soil: = 30 degree
Friction coefficient between concrete and soil: = 0.5
Allowable soil bearing capacity for footing soil: 3000 psf
Requirement: Check stability against overturning and sliding, and check soil bearing capacity.
1. Check overturning stability
Rankine's active earth coefficient:
Height from top of backfill soil to bottom of footing: H = 10+1+4 tan = 11.71 ft
Consider one foot width of wall,
3
Overturning moment: Mo= Ka H /6 = 115x0.35*11.713/6 = 10740 ft-lb
Divide the earth above heel to two portions: a rectangular portion and a triangular portion
Weight of rectangular portion of earth: We1=115x10x4=4600 lbs
Contents
• Design forces and critical sections
• Design of stem
• Design horizontal reinforcement for shrinkage and expansion
• Design of heel
• Design of toe
Where 1.7 is load factor, γ is unit weight of soil, Ka is active lateral earth coefficient, h is height of earth, q
is surcharge.
Where 0.85 is strength reduction factor, fc’ is compressive strength of concrete, b is one foot width of
wall, d is effective depth of stem and is equal to thickness of stem minus 2” cover and half bar size.
3. Compare shear force with shear strength, design shear reinforcement when necessary.
If φVc≥ Vu no shear reinforcement is required
[6.4]
Where
2
R=Mu/(0.9bd ), m =Fy/(0.85fc’), Fy is yield strength of steel.
When retaining wall gets too long, the wall will crack due to shrinkage of concrete. Vertical control joints
and horizontal reinforcement are normally used to control cracks in the stems. The spacing of control
joist depends on the amount of horizontal reinforcement. Larger spacing requires heavier reinforcement.
The reinforcement ratio recommended by Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute (CRSI) is shown below.
D=1.5*(0.0000065*T*L) [6.6]
[6.7]
Where W is total weight of retaining wall including stem, footing, earth and surcharge.
2. The eccentricity, eu = B/2-Xu
[6.8]
[6.9]
Where, Qmax, Qmin are maximum and minimum factored footing pressure, B is the width of footing.
Q = Qmax*(Lb-L)/Lb [6.11]
Where 1.4 is load factor, We is weight of earth, Whl is weight of heel, Wq is weight of surcharge, and R is
resultant of factored bearing pressure.
2. Calculated shear strength of stem.
φVc=0.85*(2√fc’) b d [6.13]
Where 0.85 is strength reduction factor, fc’ is compressive strength of concrete, b is one foot width of
wall, d is effective depth of stem and is equal to thickness of stem minus 2” cover and half bar size.
3. Compare shear force with shear strength, if φVc< Vu, increase thickness of stem.
The critical section of moment is at the face of stem. The heel reinforcement is calculated as follows:
1. Calculate factored moment at face of toe
Mu=1.4*(We+Whl+Wq)*C/2-R*Xr [6.14]
Where
2
R=Mu/(0.9bd ), m =Fy/(0.85fc’), Fy is yield strength of steel.
Reinforcement ratio: 0.002 for grade 40, 50 deformed bars, 0.0018 for grade 60 deformed bars.
The forces that apply to the bottom of toe is footing bearing pressure. In a normal situation, the length of
toe is shorter than that of heel. The maximum shear force is less than of heel. The depth of footing for
heel is usually enough for toe. It is also a normal practice to bend the dowel bars at the bottom of stem
for toe reinforcement. It is normally sufficient for toe reinforcement. In some situation, when toe is extra
long, then, it will be necessary to check shear strength and design reinforcement for toe.
If eu > B/6, the factored footing pressure at one-effective depth from face of stem is
Q = Qmax*(Lb-Lc)/Lb [6.16]
Where Lc is the distance from edge of toe to one effective depth from front face of stem.
The factored shear force at the critical section is
Vu = (Q + Qmax)*Lc/2-Wc [6.17]
φVc=0.85*(2√fc’) b d
Q = Qmin + (Qmax-Qmin)*(B-Ld)/B
If eu > B/6, the factored footing pressure at one-effective depth from face of stem is
Q = Qmax*(Lb-Ld)/Lb
Mu=R*Xr-Wt*Ld/2 [6.18]
Where Xr is the distance from the resultant force to the front face of stem, Wt is weight of concrete and
soil above toe.
Where
2
R=Mu/(0.9bd ), m =Fy/(0.85fc’), Fy is yield strength of steel.