You are on page 1of 6

EXPERIMENT NO.

:-

Object: To determine the dispersive power of the material of a prism with the help of
a spectrometer.

Apparatus:

Spectrometer, glass prism, reading lens, a source of white light, eye piece, sprit level.

Formula used:

The refractive index of material of prism is given by the formula:

A + δm
sin
µ= 2 (1)
A
sin
2

where A is angle of prism and δm is the angle of minimum deviation for particular line of
spectrum.
The dispersive power (ω ) of the material of the a prism is given by
µ g − µr
ω=
µy −1

Where , ω = dispersive power of the material of prism


µ g = refractive index of green light
µ r = refractive index of red light
µ y = refractive index of yellow light.

a) Adjustment of Spectrometer
The following adjustments should be done:
I) The optical axes of telescope and collimator should be perpendicular to the axis of
rotation of the turn table and should meet at the same point.
This adjustment is done by the manufacturer.
II) Adjustment of the turn table:
1. The prism table is leveled with the help of three screws beneath the prism table. A spirit
level is placed along the line joining the screws and the two screws are moved till the air
bubble moves in the middle. Now place the spirit level along a line perpendicular to the
previous line and adjust the third screw such that again the air bubble appears in the middle.
Here one thing should be remembered that first two screws should not be touched this time.
The prism table is now leveled.
2. The second method which is generally used is optical leveling of the prism table. In this
method the prism is placed on the prism table with its refracting edge at the centre of the
prism table and one of its opaque surface perpendicular to the line joining the two leveling
screws P and Q as shown in fig 1(a).

fig 1(a)

3. Now rotate the prism table in such a way that refracting edges AB and AC face towards
the collimator and light falling on the prism is usually reflected from both the sides as in fig
1(b).
The telescope is moved to the one side to receive the light reflected from the face AB and the
leveling screws P and Q are adjusted to obtain image in the central field of view of the
telescope. Again the telescope is moved to the other side to receive light reflected from face
AC and remaining third screw R is adjusted till image becomes in central field of view of this
telescope. The prism table is now leveled.

III) Schuster’s method for focusing the telescope and collimator:


a) First of all prism is placed on the prism table and then adjusted for minimum deviation
position. The spectrum is now seen through the telescope.
(Note: The turn table is rotated such that the light from the collimator may fall on the face AB
and emerge through the face AC so that the spectrum is visible in the field of view of the
telescope. Now, if the prism table is slightly rotated in the either direction till the spectrum is
obtained. The spectrum during the rotation of the table moves in one direction and it begins to
retrace the path from a certain position when the rotation is still continued in the same
direction. At this position, the rays suffer minimum deviation.)
b) The prism table is rotated slightly away from this position towards the collimator and
spectrum is viewed focusing collimator on the spectrum.
c) Again rotate the prism table on the other side of minimum deviation position i.e. towards
the telescope and focus telescope for best image of the spectrum.
d) The process of focusing the collimator and telescope is continued till the slight rotation of
prism table does not make the image to go out of focus. This means that both the collimator
and the telescope are now individually set for parallel rays.

Procedure:
A. Measurement of the angle of prism (A)
I. After the above adjustments, slit is made narrow .The prism is placed with its
refracting edge at the centre of the turn table in such a way such that a part of light
from collimator is incident on the face AB while the rest is incident on the face AC
as in fig b.
II. The telescope is turned till we get image of the slit as reflected from the face AB.
The telescope is clamped and the image is coincided with the intersection of cross
wires.
III. Without moving the prism on the table, telescope is turned to receive light from
other reflecting surface and same procedure is repeated.
IV. The difference between the readings in the two positions is equal to twice the angle
of prism.
B. Measurement of the angle of minimum deviation( δm )
V. The turn table is rotated such that the light from the collimator may fall on the face
AB and emerge through the face AC so that the spectrum is visible in the field of
view of the telescope. Now, if the prism table is slightly rotated in the either
direction the angle of incidence on the face AB changes. The refracted image of slit
(spectrum) is obtained. The spectrum during the rotation of the table moves in one
direction and it begins to retrace the path from a certain position when the rotation is
still continued in the same direction. At this position, the rays suffer minimum
deviation. The cross-wires are coincided with any spectral line, say red. The reading
of both the verniers is taken.
VI. The table is now rotated on the other side so that the rays are now incident on the
face AC and emerge through AB and the procedure is repeated as in (I).The
difference between the readings on the either side of the direct ray gives double the
angle of minimum deviation.
VII. Similar observations for the angle of minimum deviation are also recorded for the
other spectral lines of two other colors.(say green and violet)
Observations:

[A]Least count of spectrometer= degrees

[B] Readings for determination of A:

S Vernier Position of the image


Reflected from AB Reflected from AC
No 2A=(X-Y)
M.S Vernier Total M.S Vernier Total
. (in
reading Reading reading reading(i Reading reading(Y)
degrees)
(in (in (X) (in n (in (in

degrees) degrees) degrees) degrees) degrees) degrees)

V1
1
V2

2 V1
V2

3 V1
V2

Mean 2A=

[C] Readings for determination of δm

Color Vernier Readings for minimum deviation


Light incident on face AB Light incident on face AC
of
the M.S Vernier Total M.S Vernier Total 2 δm =U-V
line reading Readin reading reading Reading reading (in
(in g (U) (in (in (V) degrees)
degrees) (in (in degrees) degrees) (in
degrees) degrees) degrees)

V1
Red
V2
Yello
V1
w
V2

green V1
V2

Calculations:

Mean value of A=

Mean value of δm
a) For red line =
b) For yellow line =
c) For green line =
Therefore:

A + δm
sin
µ= 2
A
sin
2

And so the dispersive power (ω ) of the material of the a prism is given by


µ g − µr
ω=
µy −1

Result:
The refractive index of material of prism:

a) for red line ( µr ) =


b) for yellow line ( µy ) =
c) for green line ( µv ) =
d) And so the dispersive power (ω ) of the material of the a prism is given by
µ g − µr
ω=
µy −1

Precautions:
1) Both the telescope and the collimator should be fixed for parallel rays.
2) The eye-piece should be focused on the cross-wires.
3) While taking the observations, the slit should be made narrow.
4) Both the verniers should be read which eliminates the error due to non-coincidence
of the centre of graduated circle with the axis of rotation of the table.
Sources of error:
1. The spectrometer is not properly adjusted.
2. Error may be due to parallax.
3. If the reading is not taken overhead the spectrometer.
4. Reading may not be taken taking care of precautions.
Maximum Probable error:
Taking log on both sides of equation (1):

A + δm A
log µ = log(sin ) − log(sin )
2 2
Differentiating both sides with A and δm as variables maximum probable error in µ can

be calculated which is dµ /µ . Using maximum probable error of µ calculate the maximum


probable error of ω .

You might also like