ProDesign 2006 Model Calculation

Contents
Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 2 1. Load Summation........................................................................................................................ 3
Example 1: Load Summation................................................................................................................................ 3

2. Circuit protective device current rating .................................................................................... 6

Example 2.1: CPD rating ...................................................................................................................................... 6 Example 2.2: CPD rating: motor circuit ................................................................................................................. 6

3. Cable sizing................................................................................................................................ 7
Example 3.1: Cable sizing: Grouped cable subject to simultaneous overload ....................................................... 7 Example 3.2: Cable sizing: Grouped cable not subject to simultaneous overload ................................................. 8 Example 3.3: Cable sizing motor circuit .............................................................................................................. 9 Example 3.4: Cable sizing: ring final circuit to sockets.......................................................................................... 10 Example 3.5: Cable sizing: cable run through thermal insulation........................................................................... 10 Example 3.6: Cable sizing: in enclosed trench ..................................................................................................... 11

4. Voltage Drop............................................................................................................................ 12
Example 4.1: Voltage drop calculation ................................................................................................................ 12

5. Phase Fault .............................................................................................................................. 13

Example 5.1: Maximum phase fault current......................................................................................................... 13 Example 5.2: Minimum phase fault current ......................................................................................................... 14 Example 5.3: phase fault adiabatic calculation..................................................................................................... 15

6. Earth Fault ............................................................................................................................... 16

Example 6.1: earth fault disconnection by CPD.................................................................................................... 16 Example 6.2: earth fault adiabatic ...................................................................................................................... 17 Example 6.3: earth fault disconnection by means of a Residual Current Device ..................................................... 17

ProDesign: Model Calculation INTRODUCTION

This document provides detailed examples of the principle calculation procedures in ProDesign 2006. Each example is intended to illustrate the method used and the rules applied when performing a particular check or calculation. References made to relevant parts of BS 7671: Requirements for Electrical Installations are highlighted in bold and italic text, thus: 433-02-01. The edition referred to is: 16th Edition, incorporating Amendments 1 and 2, 2004. The examples described refer to circuits from the ProDesign project Model Calculation which is located in the folder: Program Files\Amtech2006\ProDesign\Projects. The project single-line diagram is shown below. The Notes symbols denote which examples apply to which circuits.

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ProDesign: Model Calculation 1. LOAD SUMMATION

The circuit conductors in a distribution network must be protected against the detrimental thermal effects of overload currents (433-01-01). Therefore, conductors of adequate current-carrying capacity and correctly co-ordinated circuit protective devices, need to be selected for each circuit. To ensure this is done correctly, the load current flow in all parts of the network are determined.

Example 1: Load Summation

Sub-main SM-3.
Calculation for summation of the design load current (Ib) flowing through Cable SM-3. Method: o o Summarise load currents: Table 1 summarises the load currents for all the circuits connected to DB-1, which in turn is connected to Cable SM-3. Loads resolved into resistive and reactive components and diversity applied: using the load currents and power factors, the load currents are resolved into their resistive and reactive components, r and x. The currents are adjusted by the application of diversity settings made in the Load and Distribution Board dialogs. Summing loads to give phase loads and power factors: in each phase, the resistive and reactive load components are added (Table 2). These phase load components are then used to give the load current magnitude and power factor for each phase. Compare to ProDesign Results: the calculated load currents and power factors are compared to those given in ProDesign for Cable SM-3. Summing Phase Loads to Give Neutral Load Current: the vectors of the individual phase load currents are summed to give the current flowing in the neutral conductor. To do this, the phase vectors are stated as complex numbers (Z = r + jX), which are then converted to polar form (Z). The vectors are then rotated to reflect their relative displacements (0, 120, 240), converted back to complex numbers, and then added to give the r and x components of the neutral current. The r and x components are then used to give the magnitude of the neutral current. Compare to ProDesign Results: the calculated neutral load current is compared to that given in ProDesign for Cable SM-3.

o o

Summarise load currents: Table 1: Summary of phase load currents connected to SM-3 Load Phase L1 (A) Load 1 Load 2 Load 3 70 0 20 PF 0.9 0 1.0 Phase L2 (A) 70 0 0 PF 0.9 0 0 Phase L3 (A) 70 15 0 PF 0.9 0.8 0 Diversity At Load 0.8 1.0 1.0 At DB 0.9 0.9 0.9

Loads resolved into resistive and reactive components and diversity applied: Using: r = z cos = PF; and x = r tan(cos-1) Load 1: r = 70 x 0.9 = 63 A; x = 63 x 0.484 = 30.5122926 A

Diversity for load = 0.8 x 0.9, therefore: r = 63 x 0.72 = 45.36 A; x = 30.5122926 x 0.72 = 21.96885067 A Load 2: r = 15 x 0.8 = 12 A; x = 12 x 0.75 = 9 A Diversity for load = 1.0 x 0.9, therefore: r = 12 x 0.9 = 10.8 A; x = 9 x 0.9 = 8.1 A Load 3: r = 20 x 1.0 = 20 A; x = 20 x 0 = 0 A Diversity for load = 1.0 x 0.9, therefore: r = 20 x 0.9 = 18 A; x = 0 x 0.9 = 0 A

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ProDesign: Model Calculation

Summing loads to give phase loads and power factors: Table 2: Summation of resistive and reactive load currents Load Phase L1 r Load 1 Load 2 Load 3 Total 45.36 0 18 63.36 x 21.96885067 0 0 21.96885067 Phase L2 r 45.36 0 0 45.36 x 21.96885067 0 0 21.96885067 Phase L3 r 45.36 10.8 0 56.16 x 21.96885067 8.1 0 30.0688567

Total load current/power factor: using: I = (r2+x2); and PF = r/z Phase L1: (63.362 + 21.968850672) = 67.06056963 A; and PF = 63.36/67.06056963 = 0.944817503 Phase L2: (45.362 + 21.968850672) = 50.4 A; and PF = 45.36/50.4 = 0.90 Phase L3: (56.162 + 30.06885672) = 63.70307483 A; and PF = 56.16/63.70307483 = 0.881590098

Compare to ProDesign Results: Rounded to 2 decimal places, gives same values as report:

Phase L1: 67.06 A, 0.94 PF; Phase L2: 50.40 A; 0.90 PF; Phase L3: 63.70 A; 0.88 PF
Summing Phase Loads to Give Neutral Load Current: To find the neutral current, the three phase load current vectors are summed. From Table 2 above, the phase load current components are: L1: r = 63.36, x = 21.96885067; L2: r = 45.36, x = 21.96885067; L3: r = 56.16, x = 30.0688567. Expressed as complex numbers, the phase load current vectors are: L1= 63.36 + j21.96885067; L2= 45.36 + j21.96885067; L3 = 56.16 +j30.0688567.

Before summing the phase currents, the phase load vectors have to be rotated by their phase angle displacements: L1 + 0 rads (or 0); L2 + 2/3 rads (or 120); L3 + 4/3 rads (or 240).

To do this the complex numbers representing the vectors are converted to polar form, as follows: Complex form: Z = r +jx; Polar form: Z, where: = tan-1(x/r) In polar form: L2 = Z = 50.4tan-1(21.96885067/45.36)= 50.40.451026811 L3 =Z = 63.70307483tan-1(30.0688567/56.16) = 63.703074830.491575912

Then the phase angle displacements are added: L2 = 50.40.451026811 + 02.094395102 = 50.42.545421913 L3 = 63.703074830.491575912 + 04.188790205 = 63.703074834.680366117

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ProDesign: Model Calculation

Convert back to complex numbers and add the vectors: Using r = Z cos; x= Z sin L1 = 63.36 + j21.96885067

L2 = 41.70558274 + j28.29848703 L3 = 2.039606231 j63.67041502 L1 + L2 + L3 = N = 19.61481103 j13.40307732 Find the neutral current magnitude from the resistive and reactive components: Neutral current = (r2 + x2) = (19.614811032 13.403077322) = 23.75675258 A

Compare to ProDesign Results: Rounded to 2 decimal places, gives same value as report:

Neutral current = 23.76 A

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ProDesign: Model Calculation 2. CIRCUIT PROTECTIVE DEVICE CURRENT RATING

It is necessary to ensure that for each circuit the circuit protective device (CPD) is correctly co-ordinated with the currentcarrying capacity of the conductors, so that the circuit is correctly protected against the detrimental thermal effects of overload currents. The nominal rating (In) of the CPD has to be equal to or greater than the circuit design current (Ib), i.e., (InIb) (433-02-01). Also, the tripping characteristics of the CPD have to comply with 433-02-01 or 433-02-02. For CPDs with an adjustable overload setting (Ir), it is permissible for the CPD to be adjusted so as to equal or exceed the design current, i.e., IrIb. For a final circuit with a motor load, there is a further constraint: the CPD and its rating should be selected such that inadvertent operation of the protection should not occur during motor starting. To this end, ProDesign checks the suitability of any selected CPD for the motor starting duty defined in the circuit, assuming normal starting duty conditions; Example 2.2 below illustrates this. NOTE: for more details on the determination of the design current, see Section 1: Load summation.

Example 2.1: CPD rating

Sub-main SM-4
The selected CPD is: Merlin Gerin, Compact MCCB, NS100H, TM-D, Rating 80 A. The overload is adjusted to 0.8, which gives an overload current setting (Ir) = 0.8 x 80 = 64 A. The diversified load currents in each phase have been calculated to be: L1 = 39.67 A; L2 = 59.19 A; L3 = 19.78 A. The design current for the circuit is set to the highest of the phase currents. Therefore the design current Ib = 59.19 A. Testing the CPD rating using IrIb; 6459.19, therefore the CPD rating is OK. Failure to comply with this rule would result in an error message.

Example 2.2: CPD rating: motor circuit

Final circuit FC-6
The selected CPD is: Generic, BS 88 Fuse, HRC, gG(General), Rating set to Auto. The design current Ib is 19.78 A. The recommended ratings for fuses of this type for direct-on-line (DOL) motor starting duty are: Fuse rating = 40 A; Max. Motor DOL Rating = 18 A Fuse rating = 50 A; Max. Motor DOL Rating = 23 A Therefore the fuse rating selected by ProDesign is 50 A (2319.78).

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ProDesign: Model Calculation 3. CABLE SIZING

For each circuit, once the design current Ib has been determined, and then the CPD rating established, cable sizing can proceed. In general, the suitable cable size is determined by finding, from the tables (Tables 4D1 to Table 4L4), the cable size of the type selected, that has a tabulated rating (It) for the specified installation method, that equals or exceeds the minimum cable capacity (Iz). The minimum cable capacity Iz is found by dividing the CPD rating In by any applicable derating factors: Ca, Cg, etc. [Appendix 4, 6.1.1, formula (1)]. Therefore the general rules are: Iz = In / (Ca x Cg x etc.) or, for adjustable CPDs: Iz = Ir / (Ca x Cg x etc.) and, ItIz

Example 3.1: Cable sizing: Grouped cable subject to simultaneous overload

[Appendix 4, 6.1.2, formula (2)]

Sub-main SM-4
The minimum required rating for grouped cables subject to simultaneous overload needs to satisfy: It In/Cg Therefore, the minimum cable capacity Iz, when grouped, is determined from: Iz = In/Cg (or Iz = Ir/Cg where the CPD is adjustable). Cable details and installed conditions: Cable type: Multi Core XLPE Non-Armoured Cu Table 4E2; Size = set to Auto; Installation Method: Method 8 In trunking (Reference Method 3); Length = 30 m; Ambient Temperature = 35. Grouping: Circuit in Group = 6; Grouping Subject to Simultaneous Overload. CPD details: The selected CPD is: Merlin Gerin, Compact MCCB, NS100H, TM-D, Rating 80 A. The overload is adjusted to 0.8, which gives an overload current setting (Ir) = 0.8 x 80 = 64 A. Determination of minimum cable capacity Iz: Derating Factors: Ambient Temperature = 35, from Table 4C1, for Thermosetting 90 cable: Ca = 0.96 Grouping: from Table 4B1, for Enclosed (Reference Method 3), 6 in group: Cg = 0.57 Calculation: Iz = Ir/(Ca x Cg) = 64/(0.96 x 0.57) = 116.96 A Determination of cable size: From Table 4E2A, column 5 (Reference Method 3, 1 three or four-core cable, three-phase a.c): 25 mm2 cable, It = 105 A; 35 mm2 cable, It = 128 A Therefore, ProDesign sizes the cable at 35 mm2, i.e., 128 116.96 (ItIz)

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ProDesign: Model Calculation

Example 3.2: Cable sizing: Grouped cable not subject to simultaneous overload
[Appendix 4, 6.1.2, formulae (3), (4)]

Sub-main SM-3
The minimum required rating for grouped cables not subject to simultaneous overload is the larger of the two values resulting from: It Ib / Cg, or: It {In2 + 0.48Ib2 [(1 Cg2) / Cg2]} Therefore, the minimum cable capacity Iz is determined from the larger result of the following two calculations: Iz = Ib/Cg, or: Iz = {In2 + 0.48Ib2 [(1 Cg2) /Cg2]} Cable details and installed conditions: Cable type: Multi Core PVC.SWA.PVC Cu Table 4D2; Size = set to Auto; Installation Method: Method 13 On ladder supports (Reference Method 13); Length = 10 m. Ambient Temperature = 30. Grouping: Circuit in Group = 4; Grouping Not Subject to Simultaneous Overload. CPD details: The selected CPD is: Generic, BS 88 Fuse, HRC, gG(General), Rating set to Auto. The design current Ib = 67.06 A, therefore, ProDesign has set the CPD rating In = 80 A. Determination of minimum cable capacity Iz: Derating Factors: Ambient Temperature = 30: Ca = 1 Grouping (not subject to simultaneous overload): from Table 4B1, for Enclosed (Reference Method 13), 4 in group: Cg = 0.80 Calculation: Iz = Ib/Cg = 67.06/0.8 = 83.83 A; and Iz = {802 + 0.48 x 67.062 [(1 0.82) / 0.82]} = 87.26 A Therefore, the minimum cable capacity Iz = 87.26 A Determination of cable size: From Table 4D2A, column 9 (Reference Method 13, 1 three- or four-core cable, three-phase ac): 16 mm2 cable, It = 80 A; 25 mm2 cable, It = 101 A Therefore, ProDesign sizes the cable at 25 mm2, i.e., 101 87.26 (ItIz)

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ProDesign: Model Calculation

Example 3.3: Cable sizing motor circuit
Final circuit FC-6
In ProDesign it is assumed that, for a motor load, the circuit is equipped with a motor starter incorporating motor overload protection. Further, it is assumed that the motor overload is set to the motor design current (Ib). The motor protection will protect the entire circuit including the cabling, so it is permissible to size the cable based on: Ib Iz (Since Ib = In). (Guidance Note 6, Amendment 2, Page 16)

Because it is assumed in the cable sizing calculation that the overload setting and the design current are at the same level, where the overload cannot be set at the design current, the user should enter the overload setting as the design current Ib (Load Current). Cable details and installed conditions: Cable type: Multi Core XLPE.SWA.PVC Cu Table 4E4; Size = set to Auto; Installation Method: Method 11 On tray (Reference Method 11); Length = 10 m; Ambient Temperature = 40. Grouping: None. CPD details: The selected CPD is: Generic, BS 88 Fuse, HRC, gG(General), Rating set to Auto. The design current Ib = 19.78 A. ProDesign has set the CPD rating In = 50 A (see Example 2.2 above). Determination of minimum cable capacity Iz: Derating Factors: Ambient Temperature = 40, from Table 4C1, for Thermosetting 90 cable: Ca = 0.91 Calculation: Minimum cable capacity Iz = Ib/Ca = 19.78/0.91 = 21.74 A Determination of cable size: From Table 4E4A, column 9 (Reference Method 11, 1 three- or four-core cable, three-phase ac): 1.5 mm2 cable, It = 25 A

Therefore, ProDesign sizes the cable at 1.5 mm2, i.e., 25 21.74 (ItIz)
NOTE: during the phase fault calculation this cable, as all others, will be subject to an adiabatic check to ensure that it is correctly protected by the selected CPD.

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ProDesign: Model Calculation

Example 3.4: Cable sizing: ring final circuit to sockets
Final circuit FC-3
For the standard ring final circuit as defined in 433-02-04, protected by a 30 A or 32 A CPD, the minimum cable capacity Iz can be as little as 20 A (assuming the load on any part of the ring is unlikely to exceed Iz for long periods), with a minimum size limit of 2.5 mm2. Cable details and installed conditions: Cable type: Multi Core Flat twin and earth PVC Cu Table 4D5; Size = set to Auto; Installation Method: Method 1 Clipped direct; Length = 10 m; Ambient Temperature = 30. Grouping: None. CPD details: The selected CPD is: Generic, BS 88 Fuse, HRC, gG(General), Rating set to Auto. The design current Ib = 20 A. ProDesign has set the CPD rating In = 32 A as a consequence of the load description: Sockets BS 1363, 32 A ring final circuit to sockets up to 100 m2. Determination of minimum cable capacity Iz: Derating Factors: None Calculation: Minimum cable capacity Iz = 20 A (433-02-04) Determination of cable size: From Table 4D5A, column 4 (Reference Method 1): 1.5 mm2 cable, It = 20 A; 2.5 mm2 cable, It = 27 A 1.5 mm2 cable complies with ItIz (2020) but 433-02-04 requires that the minimum cable section for this circuit type should be 2.5 mm2.

Therefore, ProDesign sizes the cable at 2.5 mm2.

Example 3.5: Cable sizing: cable run through thermal insulation

Final circuit FC-2
Where a cable is run through thermal insulation (as defined by 523-04-01), derating is applied using the derating factor Ci, according to Table 52A. Cable details and installed conditions: Cable type: Single Core PVC & PVC/PVC non-arm Cu Table 4D1; Size = set to Auto; Installation Method: Run through thermal insulation; Length = 10 m; Distance run through insulation = 150 mm. Ambient Temperature = 30. Grouping: None. CPD details: The selected CPD is: Generic, BS 88 Fuse, HRC, gG(General), rating set to Auto. The design current Ib = 15 A, therefore ProDesign has set the CPD Rating In = 16 A. Determination of minimum cable capacity Iz: Derating Factors: Ambient Temperature = 30: Ca = 1. Grouping: not grouped, Cg = 1. Run through thermal insulation. Distance = 150 mm. Derating factor Ci from Table 52A: 0.81 for Distance = 100; 0.68 for Distance = 200 By linear interpolation: Ci = {[(150 100)/(200-100)] x (0.68 0.81)} + 0.81 = 0.745 Calculation: Minimum cable capacity Iz = In/(Ca x Cg x Ci) = 16/(1 x 1 x 0.745) = 21.48 A

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ProDesign: Model Calculation

Determination of cable size: From Table 4D1, column 6 (Reference Method 1): 1.5 mm2 cable, It = 20 A; 2.5 mm2 cable, It = 27 A

Therefore, ProDesign sizes the cable at 2.5 mm2. i.e., 27 21.48 (ItIz)

Example 3.6: Cable sizing: in enclosed trench

Final circuit FC-7
Current ratings for cables installed in an enclosed trench (Table 4A1: Installation Methods 18, 19 and 20) are subject to correction factors given in Table 4B3. For a given installation method, cable size and number of cables, a correction factor is found which is then applied to the current rating given in the table for the installed cable type. Cable details and installed conditions: Cable type: Multi Core XLPE Non-armoured Cu Table 4E2; Size = set to Auto; Installation Method: Method 19 In Trench 450 wide x 600 deep; Length = 10 m; Ambient Temperature = 30. Grouping: 3 in Group; subject to simultaneous overload. CPD details: The selected CPD is: Generic, BS 88 Fuse, HRC, gG(General), rating set to Auto. The design current Ib = 310 A, therefore ProDesign has set the CPD Rating In = 315 A. Determination of minimum cable capacity Iz: Derating Factors: Ambient Temperature = 30, no derating required, Ca = 1. Grouping: 3 in group. Grouping factor Cg taken from Table 4B3, column 6. Determination of cable size: The cable ratings are found in Table 4E2, column 9 (Reference Method 13), but they are subject to a derating factor from Table 4B3 which varies according to the cable size selected. The following table summarises the relevant data for cables sized from 120 mm2 to 300 mm2: Data for cable in enclosed trench Method 19, 3 in group Size (mm2) 120 150 Grouping factor Cg from Table 4B3 0.73 0.72 Calculated Iz (A) 315/0.73 = 431.5 315/0.72 = 437.5 Ratings from Table

4E2, Col. 9
346 399

185
240 300

0.70
0.69 0.68

315/0.70 = 450.0
315/0.69 = 456.5 315/0.68 = 463.2

456
538 621

Comparing the data for each cable size it can be seen that the smallest cable size to comply is 185 mm2: 456 450 (ItIz).

Therefore, ProDesign sizes the cable at 185mm2.

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ProDesign: Model Calculation 4. VOLTAGE DROP

For each circuit, a per unit voltage drop (mV/A/m or m/v) is found for the cable (from Tables 4D1B, etc.) or busbar (from manufacturers data). This data is used to calculate the total circuit voltage drop for the conductor length and load current, corrected for load power factor and operating temperature (Appendix 4.7, 4.7.1, 4.7.2, 4.7.3). See Example 4.1 below. For final circuits the calculated voltage drop is compared to the voltage drop limit set at the DB, CU or tap-off to which the circuit is connected. If the calculated voltage drop exceeds that limit, and if the cable size is set to Auto, it will be increased until the voltage drop falls below the limit. A warning message will be given to indicate the selection of a cable size larger than would be required for the load conditions alone. If it is not possible to meet the voltage drop requirement by increasing the cable size (e.g., the cable size is fixed), an error message will be given. See Example 4.1 below. For sub-main circuits the calculated voltage drop for each circuit is compared to an allocated voltage drop limit derived from the limit set for sub-main circuits in the Source dialog. If the calculated voltage drop in any circuit exceeds the allocated limit, the cable size will be increased to meet the voltage drop requirement and a warning message will be given. If it is not possible to meet the allocated voltage drop limit by increasing the cable size (e.g., where the cable size is fixed), an error message will be given.

Example 4.1: Voltage drop calculation

Final circuit FC-1
Cable details and installed conditions: Cable type: Single Core PVC & PVC/PVC non-arm Cu Table 4D1; Size = set to 35 mm2; Installation Method: Method 1 Clipped direct, trefoil; Length = 90 m. Load Conditions: Design current Ib = 70 A; power factor PF= 0.9; three phase and neutral. Voltage drop data: From Table 4D1B, column 7: Size = 35 mm2; r = 1.100; x = 0.170. Calculating voltage drop: The load current Ib = 70 A, which when resolved into resistive and reactive components is: Ir = 63 A; Ix = 30.5123 A [Ir = Ib x PF; Ix = Ib x sin(cos-1(PF))]

The circuit impedance and voltage drop calculation: r 1.100 0.6351 0.5716 0.5178 3.1785 x 0.170 0.0982 0.0428 0.0428 1.5394 0.5606 3.5317 Z data from table [m/m] per phase conductor [3] correction for power factor [cos r + sin x] r corrected for temperature, using Ct = 0.9059*. [Z = r + x] Total Voltage drop (V) [r = (Ir x Z x length)/1000; x = (Ix x Z x length)/1000; Z = (r2 + x2)] * Ct calculated using formula (10)* from Appendix 4.7.1: Ct = {230 + tp [Ca2Cg2 (Ib2/It2)](tp 30)} / (230 + tp) tp = max. permitted normal operating temperature.

The total voltage drop per phase Vd calculated by ProDesign = 3.5317 V

The voltage drop limit for final circuits connected to DB-1 is set to 1.5 % or 3.45 V. The calculated voltage drop is in excess of the set limit (3.53>3.45).

Therefore, when calculated, ProDesign gives a voltage drop error message for this circuit.

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ProDesign: Model Calculation 5. PHASE FAULT

Maximum prospective phase fault current For each circuit the maximum prospective phase fault current is calculated. This is calculated using the total fault impedance at the source end of the circuit under consideration. The fault impedance includes the source impedance (the external impedance) and the conductor impedances of all circuits between the source and the circuit under consideration. Conductor resistances are calculated at 20 C. For three-phase and three-phase and neutral circuits, the maximum fault current condition is the three-phase symmetrical fault current; for single-phase circuits, the phase to neutral fault current. The maximum prospective fault current in a circuit is used to check that the breaking capacity of the circuit protective device (CPD) is adequate (434-03-01). Example 5.1 below describes the calculation for a three-phase and neutral circuit. Minimum phase fault current For each circuit the minimum prospective phase fault current is calculated. This is calculated using the total fault impedance at the load end of the circuit under consideration. The fault impedance includes the impedance at the source (the external impedance) and the phase conductor impedances of all circuits between the source and the end of the circuit under consideration. Conductor resistances are calculated using a temperature multiplier [Guidance Note 1: Table E2]. The formula used to calculate the minimum fault current (Ifmin) depends on the circuit configuration: Three-phase only: Ifmin = Iph-ph = UL / 2(Ze + Z1) Single phase: Ifmin = Iph-n = Uph / (Ze + Z1 + Zn) The minimum prospective fault current in a circuit is used in the adiabatic test to ensure that the maximum phase conductor temperature is not exceeded during a phase fault (434-03-03). Example 5.2 below describes the minimum phase fault current calculation for a three-phase and neutral circuit. Example 5.3 below describes the phase fault adiabatic calculation. [Ze = external impedance; Z1 = phase conductor impedance] [Zn = neutral conductor impedance] Three-phase and neutral: Ifmin = Iph-n = Uph / (Ze + Z1 + Zn)

Example 5.1: Maximum phase fault current

Final circuit FC-7
Fault current is calculated by dividing the system voltage by the total fault path impedance. The maximum fault current is calculated at the source end of the circuit, therefore for FC-7 the total fault impedance includes the external source impedance (Ze) and the impedance of the conductors in SM-1. The maximum phase fault current for three-phase and three-phase and neutral circuits is the three-phase symmetrical fault current Isym: Isym = Ifmax = UL/3Zph and Zph = Ze + Z1 Therefore: Ifmax = Uph/(Ze + Z1) Adding Ze and Z1: r 0.0041 0.175 0.1010 0.0789 0.0032 0.0073 x 0.0202 0.125 0.0722 0.0722 0.0029 0.0231 0.0242 Z Ze: External impedance from the Transformer dialog Z1: SM-1, 3ph cable impedance from Table 4E2B, col. 4 [r: m/m @ 90] single phase conductor [3] corrected for temperature [r @ 20 = r90 / (1 + (90 20) x 0.004)] calculated for 40 m circuit length [] R = re + r1; X = xe + x1; Z = (R2 + X2)]

Calculating fault current: Ifmax = Uph / (Ze + Z1) = 230 / 0.0242 = 9,494 A = 9.494 kA

Max. phase fault current calculated by ProDesign = 9.496 kA

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ProDesign: Model Calculation

Example 5.2: Minimum phase fault current
Final circuit FC-7
Fault current is calculated by dividing the system voltage by the total fault path impedance. The minimum fault current is calculated at the load end of the circuit, therefore for FC-7 the total fault impedance includes the external source impedance (Ze) and the impedance of the conductors in SM-1 and FC-7. The minimum phase fault current for three-phase and neutral circuits is the single phase and neutral fault current Iph-n: Ifmin = Iph-n = Uph/(Ze + Z1 + Zn) Adding Ze and Z1 and Zn: r 0.0041 0.175 0.1010 0.0789 0.1010 0.0040 0.22 0.1270 0.0992 0.1270 0.0013 0.0040 0.0013 0.0147 x 0.0202 0.125 0.0722 0.0722 0.0722 0.0029 0.125 0.0722 0.0722 0.0722 0.0007 0.0029 0.0007 0.0274 0.0311 Z Ze: External impedance from the Transformer dialog Z1: SM-1, 3ph cable impedance from Table 4E2B, col. 4 [r: m/m @ 90] single phase conductor [3] corrected for temperature [r @ 20 = r90 / (1 + (90 20) x 0.004)] corrected for fault temperature [Using Multiplier 54C = 1.28 in Table E2] calculated for 40 m circuit length [] Z1: FC-7, 3ph cable impedance from Table 4E2B, col. 4 [r: m/m @ 90] single phase conductor [3] corrected for temperature [r @ 20 = r90 / (1 + (90 20) x 0.004)] corrected for fault temperature [Using Multiplier 54C = 1.28 in Table E2] calculated for 10 m circuit length [] Zn: SM-1, neutral conductor same as Z1 Zn: FC-7, neutral conductor same as Z1 R = re + r1 + rn; X = xe + x1 + xn; Z = (R2 + X2)

Calculating fault current: Ifmax = Uph / (Ze + Z1 + Zn) = 230/0.0311 = 7.390 A = 7.390 kA

Min. phase fault current calculated by ProDesign = 7.388 kA

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ProDesign: Model Calculation

Example 5.3: phase fault adiabatic calculation
Final circuit FC-7
From 433-03-03, the general formula used for the phase fault adiabatic calculation is: t = (k2S2)/I2 where: t = the maximum permissible disconnection time (s); k = a factor for the type of conductor. The value of k relates to the conductors thermal characteristics; S = the section of the conductor (mm2); I = the minimum phase fault current (A). For disconnection times of less than 0.1 s, the formula is: I2t < k2S2 where: I2t is the let-through energy (A2s) for the circuit protective device. The protective device in the circuit FC-7 is a BS 88 Fuse, rated 315 A. From its characteristic curve it can be seen that, at the calculated minimum fault current (7.4 kA), the disconnection time would be less than 0.1 s. From Table 43A, for a copper conductor with 90 C thermosetting insulation, k = 143; The cable section S = 185 mm2. k2S2 = 1432 x 1852 = 699.87 x 106 The let-through energy for the fuse is 800 x 103 A2s.

Therefore the cable complies with the adiabatic requirement: 800 x 103 < 699.87 x 106

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ProDesign: Model Calculation 6. EARTH FAULT

Earth fault calculations are performed for each circuit in a network, to check compliance with 413-02: Protection by earthed equipotential bonding and automatic disconnection of supply, as follows: the earth fault loop impedance (Zs) is calculated; Using the earth fault loop impedance, the earth fault current (Ief) is calculated; Using the earth fault current, the earth fault disconnection time is determined from the circuit protective device (CPD) characteristic (or the residual current device (RCD) characteristic where an RCD is used); A check is made to determine whether the disconnection time is within the maximum for the circuit (Table 41A and 413-02-05); Where an RCD is used, a check is made to ensure the Touch Voltage does not exceed the limit for the circuit (413-02-16); An adiabatic calculation is performed to ensure that the maximum permitted CPC temperature is not exceeded during an earth fault (543-01-03). Example 6.1 below describes the calculation for earth fault disconnection by means of the CPD. Example 6.2 below describes the adiabatic calculation. Example 6.3 below describes the calculation for earth fault disconnection by means of an RCD.

Example 6.1: earth fault disconnection by CPD

Sub-main SM-1
Phase conductor type: Multi Core XLPE Non-Armoured Cu Table 4E2; Size = 240 mm2; Length = 40 m. CPC type: XLPE Non-Armoured Cu; Size = 50 mm2. Circuit Protective Device (CPD): BS 88 fuse; Rating: 500 A. Calculate the earth fault loop impedance Zs: Zs = Ze + Z1 + Z2 where: Ze = external earth fault impedance; Z1 = phase conductor impedance; Z2 = CPC impedance r 0.0041 0.175 0.1010 0.0789 0.1010 0.0040 x 0.0202 0.125 0.0722 0.0722 0.0722 0.0029 Z Ze: External earth fault impedance from the Transformer dialog Z1: 3ph cable impedance from Table 4E2B, col. 4 [r: m/m @ 90] single phase conductor [3] corrected for temperature [r @ 20 = r90 / (1 + (90 20) x 0.004)] corrected for fault temperature [Using Multiplier 54C = 1.28 in Table E2] calculated for 40 m circuit length []

0.86 0.4965 0.3879 0.4965 0.0199

0.135 0.0779 0.0779 0.0779 0.0031

Z2: 3ph cable impedance from Table 4E2B, col. 4 [r: m/m @ 90] single conductor [3] corrected for temperature [r @ 20 = r90 / (1 + (90 20) x 0.004)] corrected for fault temperature [Using Multiplier 54C = 1.28 in Table E2] calculated for 40 m circuit length [] Z = (R2 + X2)

0.0280

0.0262

0.0384

R = re + r1 + r2; X = xe + x1 + x2;

Calculate earth fault current Ief: Ief = U0/Zs = 230/0.0384 = 5,997 A = 5.997 kA

Earth fault current calculated by ProDesign = 6.015 kA

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ProDesign: Model Calculation

Determine Disconnection Time: From the protective device characteristic curve, the maximum disconnection time for a fault current of 6 kA is 0.67 s. The maximum disconnection time for the circuit is 5 s.

Therefore, the circuit complies with the earth fault disconnection requirement: 0.67 < 5 s

Example 6.2: earth fault adiabatic

Sub-main SM-1
Phase conductor type: Multi Core XLPE Non-Armoured Cu Table 4E2; Size = 240 mm2; Length = 40 m. CPC type: XLPE Non-Armoured Cu; Size = 50 mm2. Circuit Protective Device (CPD): BS 88 fuse; Rating: 500 A. From 543-01-03, the general formula used for the phase fault adiabatic calculation is: S = (I2t)/k where: S = the minimum section of the CPC (mm2); k = a factor for the type of conductor (from Tables 54B to 54F). The value of k relates to the conductors thermal characteristics. For disconnection times of less than 0.1 s: I2t = the let-through energy (A2s) for the circuit protective device. For disconnection times greater than 0.1 s: I = earth fault current; t = the calculated earth fault disconnection time (s). As shown in Example 6.1 above: the calculated earth fault current = 6015 A, the calculated disconnection time = 0.67 s, which is greater than 0.1 s, therefore: S = (I2t)/k = (earth fault current squared x disconnection time)/k = (60152 x 0.67)/143 = 34.43 mm2

Therefore, the CPC complies with adiabatic requirement: 50 > 34.43 mm2

Example 6.3: earth fault disconnection by means of a Residual Current Device

Final circuit FC-4
The circuit is protected by a Type D MCB, which has a high short-circuit trip setting. This type of device is useful for load types such as welding equipment that have a high inrush characteristic. The maximum earth fault disconnection time has been set to 0.4 seconds. The circuit earth fault loop impedance Zs = 0.4655 , exceeds the Max Zs of 0.3000 , which would be appropriate for the type of MCB being used to protect the circuit. The earth fault current Ief = Uo/Zs = 230/0.4655 = 516 A. From the time/current characteristic of the MCB, the maximum tripping time for an earth fault current of 516 A can be seen to be 4.12 seconds, consequently the circuit would fail to disconnect in the required time. In this example a time-delayed RCD has been used with a trip rating of 300 mA. From the time/current characteristic of the RCD, the maximum tripping time for an earth fault current can be seen to be 0.11 seconds.

Therefore, the circuit complies with the earth fault disconnection requirement: 0.11 s < 0.4 s
Where an RCD is used to ensure disconnection within the specified time, it is necessary to ensure that the circuit complies with the touch voltage requirement: Zs x In 50 V (413-02-16) where: Zs = earth fault loop impedance(); In = RCD trip setting (A). For this circuit, Zs = 0.4655 and In = 0.3 A, and: 0.4655 x 0.3 50 V

Therefore, the circuit complies with the touch voltage requirement: 0.14 50 V

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