Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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Table of Contents
Maps: Geographys Basic Tools ..................................................................... 6
Map Projections ........................................................................................................ 6 Mercator Projection ................................................................................................. 6 Equal-Area Projection ............................................................................................. 6 Winkel Tripel ............................................................................................................. 6 Maps ............................................................................................................................. 7 Requirements ............................................................................................................ 7 General-purpose Maps .............................................................................................. 7 Thematic Maps.......................................................................................................... 7 Topographic Maps ..................................................................................................... 7
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Interior Plains ......................................................................................................... 16 Great Lakes St. Lawrence Lowlands .................................................................. 16 Hudson Bay Arctic Lowlands .............................................................................. 16 The Highlands ......................................................................................................... 16 Appalachian Mountains ......................................................................................... 17 Innuitian Mountains............................................................................................... 17 Western Cordillera .................................................................................................. 17
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Canadas Eco zones ................................................................................................ 23 Mixed wood Plains: ................................................................................................. 23 Prairie: ..................................................................................................................... 24 Pacific Maritime: ..................................................................................................... 24
Demographics ................................................................................................. 25
Use of Rates .............................................................................................................. 25 Calculating Rates ................................................................................................... 25 Birth Rate ................................................................................................................ 25 Death Rate .............................................................................................................. 25 Immigration Rate & Emigration Rate ................................................................... 25 Net Migration Rate ................................................................................................. 26 Natural Increase Rate ............................................................................................ 26 Population Growth Rate ......................................................................................... 26 Compounding .......................................................................................................... 26 Dependency Load ................................................................................................... 26 Population Pyramid ........................................................................................... 26
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Location Factors for Manufacturing ................................................................. 30 Availability of Raw Materials ................................................................................ 30 Location of Markets ................................................................................................ 30 Availability of Fresh Water and Power ................................................................. 30 Labour Supply ......................................................................................................... 31 Transportation ........................................................................................................ 31 Political Factors ...................................................................................................... 31 Circumstance .......................................................................................................... 31
Transportation ............................................................................................... 31
Movement of People ............................................................................................... 31 Automobiles ............................................................................................................. 31 Bus ........................................................................................................................... 31 Rail Travel ............................................................................................................... 31 Air Travel ................................................................................................................ 31 Movement of Cargo ................................................................................................ 32 Rail........................................................................................................................... 32 Road ......................................................................................................................... 32 Ship .......................................................................................................................... 32 Air ............................................................................................................................ 32 Pipelines .................................................................................................................. 32
Water ................................................................................................................. 33
Hydrologic Cycle..................................................................................................... 33 Lakes and Wetlands ............................................................................................... 33 Rivers and Drainage Basins ................................................................................. 33 Groundwater ........................................................................................................... 33
Energy............................................................................................................... 35
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Conventional Energy ............................................................................................. 36 Oil and Gas .............................................................................................................. 36 Hydro-Electricity (58%) .......................................................................................... 36 Thermal-Electricity (28%) ...................................................................................... 36 Nuclear-Electricity (14%) ....................................................................................... 36 Alternative Energy ................................................................................................. 36 Solar ......................................................................................................................... 36 Tidal ......................................................................................................................... 36 Wind......................................................................................................................... 36 Biomass ................................................................................................................... 37 Geothermal .............................................................................................................. 37
Ecological Footprint...................................................................................... 37
Type of Land ............................................................................................................ 37 What this means? .................................................................................................... 37 How can we reduce our ecological footprint? ................................................. 37
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Map Projections
Maps projections are created on computers, and some use very advanced mathematical calculations. Each projection is slightly different and contains different information about the earth. Projections do have errors do to enlargement issues, resulting in inaccuracies.
Mercator Projection
Mercator projections, are well suited for navigation charts because it gives one true bearing points, however highly distorts the size of land. Countries near the equator appear smaller and those near the poles appear larger.
Equal-Area Projection
An equal-area projection shows the correct size of countries in relation to one other.
Winkel Tripel
In 1998, the National Geographic Society adopted the Winkel Tripel projection, which provides the best balance between size, shape, distance, and direction. This projection gives a more realistic representation of earth.
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Maps
A map is defined as a representation of the earths features drawn on a flat surface. Maps do not provide a look of the land shown, like photographs might. Maps utilize symbols and colours to represent features of a given area. In addition maps are simplified and do not provide details such as the location of every tree or post office. Maps are classified as: General-Purpose maps, thematic maps, and topographic maps.
Requirements
Whenever you draw a map, certain elements should always be included such as, Title, Legend, Scale, Date of Publication, Direction, and Borders.
General-purpose Maps
General-purpose maps provide many types of information on one map. The following is some of the things that might be on a general-purpose map. Bodies of water Roads Railway lines Parks Elevations Towns and Cities
Thematic Maps
If one requires very specific information about a certain region thematic maps are useful. These maps are designed to show information about a particular topic.
Topographic Maps
Topographic Maps use symbols to show variety of feature in a very small geological area. These maps can be used when you need examine a small area in detail.
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Grid Systems
The most common method to locate places upon maps are called grid systems, they are three different grid systems.
Alphanumeric Grid
The alphanumeric grid uses letter and numerals to identify certain squares on the map. This form of a grid system is often utilized in road maps. Letters on one side and numbers on the other side are used to identify the squares within the grid.
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Arctic Circle
This is one of the five major lines of latitude on the earth, located 66.5622 north of the equator. This marks the beginning of the arctic region. The Arctic Circle is known to have at least one day of 24-hr sunlight and one day of 24-hr night. This is the only place where these events occur exactly once per year on the winter and summer solstice.
Tropic of Cancer
Marks the most northerly position at which the sun will appear directly overhead; this occurs in the June solstice. It is located at approximately 23 N as of 2011.
Equator
An imaginary line around the middle of the earth that separates the earth into the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere. It is also where we start measuring latitude; the equator is at 0o latitude.
Tropic of Capricorn
Marks the most southerly position at which the sun will appear directly overhead; this occurs during the December solstice. It is located at approximately 23 S as of 2011.
Antarctic Circle
Like the Arctic Circle, this marks the place where the 24hr sunlight/24-hr night will only occur once per year at the summer and winter solstice respectively. It is located 66 south of the Equator.
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Daylight-Saving Time
Many parts of the world change their time according to season. During the summer, daylight-saving time is used to extend daylight hours into the evening. In Canada and the USA daylight-saving time begins on the first Sunday of April and the end the last Sunday in October.
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Line Scale
A line scale is a special kind of ruler scale, which increases by constant intervals which are in relation to a line segment.
Scale Conversion
The RF scale is practical because everyone all over the world can use it. However its now really useful, since when we want to indicate an actual distance. So we usually convert the scales.
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GEOLOGIC HISTORY
The study of geology can be understood using the analogy of a frozen lake. The ice may appear frozen however it breaks into large plates, and moves apart by wind and currents within the water. Some collide and pull atop of one another, while some are pulled apart. The structure of the earth is similar to that of a frozen lake. The surface of the earth is a thin layer of moving plates, and similar to water below the ice, there is material beneath the plate that is in motion. Earthquakes indicate the movement of the earth plates, and on average there are 30,000 earthquakes that can be felt per year. The frequency of earthquakes and volcanoes is greater at the edge of two plates, colliding or moving apart.
Plate Tectonics
They you ever noticed that the shapes of continents appear as if they could fit one another. If so, you are right. But if these continents were once together, what pulled them after. Alfred Wegener first invented this theory, in 1915 that said that the answer was continental drift. The theory stated that 300 million year ago all the earths continents formed one supercontinent, called Pangaea. 200 million years ago it began to break up. Wegener could not properly prove his theory thus it was abandoned until the 1960s. This is when J. Tuzo Wilson, created the theory of plate tectonics. The theory states that the outer shell of the earth is composed of about twenty plates, which make the oceans and continents. These plates are moving upon a layer of hot rock, several hundred kilometers below the earths surface. It is believed that convention currents are responsible for the movement of these plates.
Continental Drift
Alfred Wegener had four pieces of evidence for his theory on continental drift they are as follows: 1. He saw the jigsaw fit between South America and Africa. 2. He found similar fossils on both of the continents. 3. There are mountains in similar structure and age on both sides of the Atlantic. 4. Ice sheets once covered southern Africa, India, and Australia about 250 million years ago; this could only possible if they were in a different location. The current shape of Canada has greatly been affect by the movement of the plates. Plates colliding formed our mountain ranges. They also had a role in making our fossil fuels, which formed when Canada was close to the equator. Copyright CourseCentral 2011 Written by Syed Kamran & Ved Petkar 12
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Precambrian Era
The earth was formed about 4.6 billion years ago, this era began when the earth formed and lasted for 4 billion years (approx. 87% of earths history). Cycles of mountain building and erosion occurred during this era. The only part of Canada that existed was the Canadian Shield, measuring above 12 000 m above sea level. Folding, and faulting in the earths crust took place during this era. The Canadian Shield is largely composed of igneous and metamorphic rock, and some sedimentary rock. The first single celled organisms where formed during this era, this era ended when more complex organisms had developed.
Paleozoic Era
The Paleozoic era lasted for 345 million years, while Canada continued to take shape. Sediments for the Canadian Shield were moved by river and added to seas surrounding the Shield. Over time this turned into Sedimentary rock, which is now the bedrock of parts of our provinces. During this era, Canada was located close to the equator; organisms lived in shallow seas around the Shield. Swamps that grew eventually formed the coal of Nova Scotia, and sediments produced he salt beds of South Western Ontario. During this era Pangaea was formed (300 mya). The collision of the all the continental plates caused the Appalachians to form. During this era, more organisms developed and formed on land (age of the amphibians). The end of this era was a mass extinction.
Mesozoic Era
The Mesozoic Era began 245 mya, and was the beginning of the breakup of Pangaea. During much of this era, seas and swamps covered central and western Canada. Later on sedimentary rock formed atop the layer made in the Paleozoic Era. The Coast Mountains were formed during this era, when the North American plate collided with the Pacific plate. Tectonic forces also began to fold the curst to form the Rockies later in this era, in addition to the Innuitian Mountains. The climate of Canada was still warm, and dinosaurs and other reptiles lived in Canada. Vegetation was covered with salt and silt, which compressed to form coal in British Columbia. The shallow seas in the Interior Plains and the organisms living in them got covered with sediments. Which later formed sedimentary rock, the weight and pressure of this rock changed the remains of the organisms to oil and gas. This era was ended by a mass extinction, possibly a giant asteroid hitting the earth. Copyright CourseCentral 2011 Written by Syed Kamran & Ved Petkar 13
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Cenozoic Era
This era began 66 mya, and gave the final changes to Canadas landforms for their current shape. The formation of the Coast Mountains and the Rocky Mountains completed during this era. The seas in the Interior Plains vanished and land began to rise. During the last two million years, the world experienced an Ice Age. Huge glaciers, developed from the earths climate cooling. The glaciers scraped and gouged the land they covered. The moving ice rounded the Canadian Shield and the Appalachian Mountains. The Ice Age ended around 6000 years ago, but glaciers can still be found in the Arctic. This era is the age of the mammals, as dinosaurs have died out.
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Crust: Outermost layer of the Earth, in oceans about 4 miles thick, in the thickest continents about 40 miles thick. Mantle: 1800 miles thick, this layer is a weak layer of hotter rock. Outer Core: Sea of Liquid Iron, extending for about 1300 miles. Inner Core: Solid Iron center, diameter is around 1500 miles.
LANDFORM CONNECTIONS
Canada is made up three distinct landforms, the shield, highlands and lowlands. The highlands and lowlands are subdivided into regions.
The Lowlands
The three lowland regions surrounding the Shield are the Interior Plains, the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands, and the Hudson Bay-Arctic Lowlands. The bedrock under these lowland formed mainly of sediments eroded from the Shield.
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Interior Plains
The Interior Plains for the most part are composed of rolling hills, and deep, wide, river valleys. Overall, the land slopes gently downward from west to east. Glaciation has also marked the landscape is visible ways and affected land. Shallow inland seas often covered the Interior Plains. Sediments from the Shield and the Rocky Mountains were deposited in these seas over millions of years. Eventually the sediments were compressed by the weight of the layers above into sedimentary rock. Part of the sedimentary rock deposited in these areas consists of coral reefs the formed close the surface of the seas during the Paleozoic Era. Today, the reefs are thousands of meters below surface, and contain much oil and gas. The area is known as Canadas breadbasket because so much wheat is grown here. Agricultural products from this region are used both in Canada and overseas.
The Highlands
Canadas highlands lie far from the Shield near the edge of the North American Plate. The Appalachians, the Innuitian, and the Western Cordillera, each have a different appearance, and history.
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Appalachian Mountains
Millions of years of erosion have reduced the Appalachians once jagged peaks to rolling mountains and hills. In recent geologic times, glaciation has played a part in this erosion. The Appalachians are the oldest highland region in Canada, and formed about 300 million years ago. Layers of sedimentary rock were uplifted and folded the end of the Paleozoic era when North America collided with Europe and northern African during the formation of Pangaea. Rocks found in the Appalachians of Nova Scotia and Newfoundland are similar to rocks found in Wales and Scotland. The long ocean bays have provided deep harbors for ocean freighters, and some have become todays sites of major cities. Other settlement is located mainly in the fertile river valleys and along the seacoast. Coal mining is also done in this region.
Innuitian Mountains
The Innuitian Mountains stand like icy watch towers in Canadas far north, measuring in some areas over 2500 meters in height. Their present forms were shaped in the middle of the Mesozoic era when the North American plate moved northward. The Innuitian are mostly made up of sedimentary rock however they also have some igneous and metamorphic rock. Although the Innuitians contain similar minerals to the Appalachians, there mineral resource has not been greatly exploited; this is because the regions remote location, which makes development too costly when cheaper alternatives, exists further south.
Western Cordillera
The Western Cordillera stands along the western edge of Canada like a great wall: range of mountain separated by plateaus and valleys. The mountains and valleys of the Western Cordillera run in a north-south direction. The great height and rugged appearance of these ranges tell us that they are geologically young. The collision of the North American and the Pacific Plate is responsible for the uplifting this region into several mountain ranges about 680 km wide. The heavier Pacific plate forced its way under the lighter North American plate causing folding, faulting and volcanic activity. Since it is so mountainous, the Cordillera is lightly populated. Most people live in the farming and mining towns located in the river valleys. Towns such as Banff and Jasper thrive because of tourists who come to see the beautiful majesty of the mountains.
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CLIMATE CONNECTIONS
Introduction
Nature affects our day-to-day lives in many ways, for example it can change the clothing we wearing throughout the whole year, the ways are building are constructed, and the types of recreational activities we participate in.
Weather
Weather is defined as the day-to-day characteristics of these atmospheric conditions. Weather affects all of us, for example a rainstorm can cancel a cricket match, or a snowstorm may cancel school for a day. Over the years, records show weather patterns, which have occurred over long periods of time.
Climate
Climates influence where we live, what farmers can grow, which clothes we wear, and how we live. There are four main facts when considering Canadas climate. 1. 2. 3. 4. Canada extends for a great distance from north to south. Different elevations produce different climate conditions Coastal regions have different climates from inland regions. Wind and pressure systems move weather conditions form one part of the country to another.
Latitude
Latitude has an effect on climate; distance from the equator is a key factor in whether a region is hot or cold. When energy from the sun hits the equator it is spread over a small area, however when its hits near the polls it is spread over a wider area due to the curvature of the earth.
Ocean Currents
When warm, they raise temperatures along the coast (especially in winter) and when cold, they lower temperatures (especially in summer). When warm, they help to create wet coastal climates. When cold, they help create drier coastal climates. Ocean currents affect climate, because the temperature of the ocean current determines the temperature the air that moves above it. Where the air above two currents meets, the weather is often damp and foggy.
Winds
An air mass is a large volume of air with the climate conditions of the area it was formed in. Air which start from oceans contain moisture and as they move over land they release this moisture as precipitation. (This is why maritime regions receive more precipitation). Air masses, which start inland, are dry as they are far from water, and they bring extreme temperatures.
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Elevation
If you were to hike from sea level up a mountain you would notice a steady drop in temperature as you climb. Why do you get colder even though you are moving closer to the sun? This is because air masses move up mountains. As it rises it loses pressure, expands, and loses heat. The higher you go, the more precipitation you are likely to get.
Relief Barriers
They block winds and air masses so temperature from one side to the other can be quite different (moderate on the ocean side, extreme on the continental side). Windward areas (facing the ocean) are wet since moist winds are forced to rise, cool and give up their moisture and leeward areas (facing away from the ocean) are dry, as winds descend, warm up and evaporate moisture.
Urban Centers
Areas in and near large cities have higher temperatures due to the fact that the pavement, cars, and buildings absorb and reradiate more of the suns energy than natural areas. Areas downwind of cities tend to have more precipitation because the pollution particles from the city act as nuclei for water droplets.
Precipitation
To understand why precipitation occurs you must remember two very important points. 1. Air-cools as it rises. 2. As air-cools, water vapor condenses more than it evaporates.
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Relief Precipitation
Mountains create relief precipitation. As moist air rises up the windward slope of the mountains, it expands and cools. The rate of evaporation deceases and the rate of condensation increases, as the air rises. This results in the formation of heavy raindrops, which fall to the ground (in colder temperatures as snow). Moisture is measured in terms of RH (Relative humidity). RH = (amount of moisture in air moisture hold capacity)
100% Cold air descends on the leeward slope the mountain becoming warmer so precipitation and cloud formation decrease.
Conventional Precipitation
Conventional precipitation is very common in inland locations such as the Prairies. Here, the land is subject to intense heating, this causes air to rise. As air rises it expands and forms small white clouds. As more air condenses the white clouds are turned into storm clouds. The clouds develop vertically as more water vapor condenses. The result is very heavy clouds, falling to the earth in form of violent downpours. In extreme cases, even tornadoes may develop in these storm clouds.
Cyclonic Precipitation
Air masses that are different dont mix easily, they have a front between them. This front a basically a battlefield and cyclonic precipitation develops here. A cyclonic storm is a large, low-pressure system that forms has warm and cold air collide. As the warm air moves inward toward the center of low pressure, it rises and cools creating precipitation. This results in extreme weather that can halt an entire region.
Minerals
Rocks become part of soil when weathering into smaller particles of sand, silt, and clay breaks down the rock. Many of these minerals, such as calcium, phosphorous, and potassium, are nutrients needed by plants for growth.
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Air
A high humus level helps produce air in the soil because the loose, decaying materials allow for many air pockets. Creatures that tunnel through the soil also create air spaces. Air is needed by the plants roots in order to flourish.
Moisture
Moisture is added to soil via rain, surface or ground water. Moisture is a form of water, it is used to dissolve nutrients in the soil in order for plants to the use them, and it helps break down (weather) rock and decay organic material.
Soil Profile
The soil profile is consistent of three parts known as the soil horizons; the following is an example of a typical soil profile: 1. Horizon A: Topsoil Rich in organic materials especially near surface 2. Horizon B: Subsoil Combined mineral and organic layer 3. Horizon C: Parent Material Bed rock or glacial deposits
Vegetation Regions
The vegetation in a region is determined by its climate and soil. Relative amounts of precipitation and temperature influence the types of plants that grow. Natural vegetation refers to the plants that grow in a region without the invention of humans. There are seven vegetation regions within Canada, between two vegetation regions there is a transition zones which have characteristics of both vegetation regions.
Tundra
The most northerly vegetation region of Canada is the Tundra. It is situated above the tree line, which means that trees are unable to grow here. The climate is cold and dry. Most of the tundra has permafrost; only about one meter of this permafrost thaws in the summer, allowing for small shrubs, mosses, and lichens to grow. The lack of vegetation limits wildlife, and population of species.
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Mixed Forest
South of the Boreal Forest is the Mixed Forest, it contains both coniferous trees and deciduous trees. This is a very attractive region for the lumber industry. Today very little of this forest remains and the mixed forest is considered a transition zone between the boreal forest and the deciduous forest. The humus created by leaves creates a rich layer of topsoil. Soils in this region are suitable for farming.
Deciduous Forest
The only deciduous forest in Canada is in southwestern Ontario. However very small amounts of this forest remain as most of it has been cleared for farming and urban development. The summers in southwestern Ontario are long and hot, and the winters are mild, which is perfect of deciduous trees. The soil is rich in topsoil, and is not acidic. There is some leeching in the soil however not enough to harm the trees.
Grasslands
The Grasslands are located in the southern part of Manitoba, Alberta, and Saskatchewan. Grass is grown in this dry climate, however some trees grow in river valleys where moisture is available. The limited rainfall and dry climate results in calcified soils, which are bad for crops, however well for roaming animals especially cattle.
Cordilleran Vegetation
Cordilleran Vegetation greatly varies due do that fact that it has a wide range of different weather through the region. Grasses grow in the valleys and coniferous trees grow on the slopes where precipitation is heavier. All types of soils are found in this region.
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Prairie:
Area is 441 000 km2. Flat to rolling plains characterize the landform. Moderately long, cold winters (-15o C), moderately warm summers (18o C), precipitation 250 to 700 mm, growing season 170 to 190. Short-grass prairie in drier areas; long-grass prairie in wetter areas; some trees; little natural vegetation remains. Rich grassland soils, agriculture, urbanization, oil and gas development.
Pacific Maritime:
Area is 196 000 km2. Mountains with small areas of coastal plains. Mild winters (3o C); cool summers (15o C); precipitation 600 to 2000 mm; growing season 200 to 260 days. Varies with elevation; coniferous trees (western red, cedar). Soils of a wide variety of mountain soils. Land used for urbanization, agriculture and fish processing.
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DEMOGRAPHICS
Demography is defined as the study of human populations; it is a crucial component of our lives and allows us to prepare for the future.
Use of Rates
In demography, rates are used instead of numbers; this is due to the following: Direct number comparisons are meaningless, as they do not account for population. Rates narrow the scope of the population being looked at and allow for more comparable results.
Calculating Rates
The following shows how to calculate rates, the purpose they serve and how they are used.
Birth Rate
!"#$%& !" !"#$! !" !"# !"#$ 1000 !"#$% !"!#$%&'"( The birth rate is used to determine the number of births in relation to the population of a 1000 people, hence it is multiplied by a 1000. Alone it has little significance however if combined with the Death Rate it can make the Natural Increase Rate.
Death Rate
!"#$%& !" !"#$! !" !"# !"#$ 1000 !"#$% !"!#$%&'"( The death rate is used to determine the number of deaths in relation to the population of a 1000 people, hence it is multiplied by a 1000. Alone it has little significance however if combined with the Birth Rate it can make the Natural Increase Rate.
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Compounding
When people want to calculate the impact of population growth, they mostly consider the doubling time, which by the name infers is the amount of time required for the population to double. The doubling time is calculated by the Rule of 70, which is dividing 70 by the population growth rate as a percent. This provides a look towards the future to see how countries must adapt to changes.
Dependency Load
The dependency load is section of the population with is dependent upon others to support them. There are two categories within the Dependency load, one, the Children (up to 15) and two, older adults (65 and over). Depending on which section is greater, places pressures on society to either provide education or pensions and housing.
Population Pyramid
Population data is often looked at in a graphical format using something known as a Population Pyramid. Which is composed of a series of horizontal bars for both the male and female populations. An example is available on your right.
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SETTLEMENT PATTERNS
Settlement patterns are the arrangement of where people live in a specific area. Throughout Canada we can see many different settlement patterns, some rural and some urban.
Population Distribution
Population distribution refers to the patterns of where people live in a specific area. There are two types of population distribution patterns and one sub pattern, which are as follows: Dispersed: Found in areas where there is a strong agricultural base. Concentrated: Found in areas where there is economic opportunity and resource based communities o Linear: Special type of concentrated pattern, found near major highways and coastal areas.
Population Distribution is different from population density, which is a calculation of how many people live within one square kilometer.
Urban Settlements
Over time cities tend to change from rural to urban, this is called urbanization. This occurs when there is an increase of population and urban functions in the area.
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Manufacturing
Manufacturing cities usually form because they are close to a natural resource that people can easily extract and make into something else. The products made from the natural resources can be sold locally and to others via road or rail.
Transportation
Transportation cities are hubs for major methods of transportation, such as Thunder Bay. They are formed because of their geological location which makes them perfect for all cargo, people and etc. to land and depart from there.
Resource Use
Resource based cities have an abundance of natural resources, which are exploited and used to manufacture goods. Some cities many undergo an effect known as the multiplier effect which is the establishing of an industry in an area, which employs a hand full of people. These people have families and require need services, resulting in more and more industries opening in that area.
Service Center
These cities develop because as the name implies they offer a service. This service is ranked in a hierarchy and requires a certain number of people to support it; this is called the threshold population.
Residential (40%)
Residential areas consist of places where people live; this includes but is not limited to, houses, and apartments. The most important part of residential land is residential density, which is the amount of housing units per hectare of land.
Transportation (32%)
It is surprising to see that 32% of our land is spent for transportation this includes but is not limited to, highways, roads, bicycle trails, bus terminals and parking lots.
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Middle-Order Products
Products that are bought occasionally such as clothing, compact discs, and calculators are known as middle order products. Middle order products have a medium threshold population. These items can be found in Regional Shopping Centers.
High-Order Products
These are products you would buy very rarely such as a home theater system, and expensive books. These are products that have a high threshold population. You would buy these products in the CBD.
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INDUSTRIES IN CANADA
Types of Industries
There are three types of industries in the world. All products that you buy have come a far away before they were placed on store shelves or delivered to your doorstep. All products go through each industry before they are purchased.
Primary Industries
These are industries that extract raw materials from the Earth. Their purpose is to mine or remove natural resources, and they are usually located in areas with an abundance of natural resources.
Secondary Industries
These are industries that are involved in manufacturing, and processing the raw materials into finished goods, and transport them to stores. Refining metals, and making synthesized materials are all apart of second industries.
Tertiary Industries
Tertiary Industries include everything from sales personnel, to people servicing products. The tertiary industries are here to provide services to the general public.
Location of Markets
Some companies chose to locate near the majority of their customers; this allows them to save on transportation costs, to move their products from the factory to the customers. In addition, this minimizes the time required for customers to receive the product.
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Labour Supply
Companies require a cheap large work force, in order to minimum expenses and maximize profits. For labour work, companies tend to locate in countries where labour is cheap, while as in Canada we require a more skilled work force which is why some companies locate near universities or colleges where can employ skilled workers.
Transportation
Companies that need to transport their products may choose to locate near an airport or a shipping dock. This results in efficient transportation, and minimizes the time taken for the customer to receive the product.
Political Factors
Some governments chose to attract new businesses to locate in their country with incentives. This makes locating in the country an appealing option. In addition positive relations with governments has a positive effect on the company in general.
Circumstance
Every factor except circumstance relates to the requirements of the industry. Circumstance is the influence of other factors that are very hard to measure, such as investing in potential markets.
TRANSPORTATION
Movement of People
From the dawn of time humankind have found ways to move from point A to point B. Today these methods of transportation have changed, and we have a choice of which is more convenient for us.
Automobiles
There are approximately 13.5 million cars registered in Canada, and the use of cars and small trucks has is higher than any other means of transportation. Driving automobiles has increased mobility within Canadian. The use of automobiles has additional benefits such as flexibility as people go places on their own schedule.
Bus
Buses operate both intercity and inner-city, meaning they travel from city to city and within individual cities as well. Inner-city transportation is available in most cities such as the TTC in Toronto.
Rail Travel
Rail travel used to once be the most popular method of transportation before major highways came along, however today it is becoming increasingly unpopular resulting in companies like VIA Rail to lose money every year.
Air Travel
The use of airplane in travel has made is very simple to travel long distance easily. Today this industry is very competitive which forces airlines to be creative with their services. Copyright CourseCentral 2011 Written by Syed Kamran & Ved Petkar 31
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Movement of Cargo
All the products we buy in our lives have gotten to store by a method of transportation. Some methods are more preferred over others depending on the goods being transported.
Rail
Rail transportation is beneficial for bulk cargo, such as coal, wood, and oil. This cargo has low value is shipped in large quantities.
Road
Transferring cargo by trucks cost less than rail, and is better for lighter cargo. Intercity trucking has also leaded it to being chosen for lighter cargo over other methods of transportation.
Ship
Ships, similar to rail, are suited for cheap heavy bulk cargo such as iron core, grain, and petroleum. Ship transport has been a major part of Canadas economy, as we access to large bodies of water.
Air
Shipping goods by air is more expensive, but it is used for items have high value or require next day delivery. It is also used to transport goods to frontier locations where small airports are built.
Pipelines
Pipelines are usually used to move gases, and liquids. They are efficient as they are out of the move of most people. It is usually more expensive then shipping however its suitable for materials that have a large supply to last for many years.
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WATER
Water is the most crucial elements for human survival, it is considered more valuable than gold in some nations, and however in Canada it is readily available from our taps. Canadians are second largest users of water in the world, under the United States.
Hydrologic Cycle
Water is in constant motion around our blue planet. It evaporates our lakes and oceans and turns into an invisible gas in our atmosphere called water vapour. This water vapour condenses and turns into clouds, once the clouds become heavy enough they precipitate in various forms such as hail, rain, snow or sleet depending on the temperature. Once the water hits the surface of the earth it either runs-off into lakes and oceans, or seeps deep within the ground and becomes ground water. Plants use up some of this groundwater that is close to their roots, and release it via their leaves in a process called transpiration.
Groundwater
Water that seeps deep enough into the ground enters the water table. Groundwater levels fluctuate less than surface water and impurities are filtered by the soil.
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WATER USES
Water use is classified in two different forms, in stream use, and withdrawal use. In stream Use: Water is used without removing it from a water body (i.e. fishing, hydroelectric power generation) Withdrawal Use: Water is used by removing it from the water body (i.e. manufacturing, and agriculture)
WATER ISSUES
Pollution
There are three main types of pollution, physical, biological and chemical. Physical: Visible pollution such as garbage gabs, and other plastics. Biological: Bacteria and virus that enters bodies of water by sewage. (20% of Canadian cities dont treat their sewage) Chemical: Most harmful, yet not visible and odourless, comes from pesticides and herbicides.
Loss of Wetlands
Canadian Wetlands are disappearing at alarming rates to agriculture and housing. This results in the water table being lowered and animal habitats lost.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
If we continually waste fresh water, one of the most precious resources, which we have. It will result in mass amount of problems for our future generations. We must all learn how to proper manage our fresh water consumption.
ACID PRECIPITATION
Formation
Acid precipitation is formed by sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide being released into the atmosphere. In the atmosphere they mix with water vapour and form nitric and sulphuric acid, and precipitate to the earth.
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CLIMATE CHANGE
Greenhouse Effect
The greenhouse effect, based on its name is an effect is similar to the events in a greenhouse. When sunlight hits the glass windows of a greenhouse it is converted to heat energy. This heat energy remains inside the greenhouse and cannot escape, due to the glass. A similar situation occurs in our atmosphere, except instead of glass we have greenhouse gasses that trap the suns heat in the earth. The main greenhouse gases are Carbon Dioxide, methane, ozone, nitrous oxide, and water vapour.
Carbon Cycle
Carbon is cycled through the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere. It is transferred from the atmosphere to carbon sinks (i.e. trees, other things that absorb carbon), and is released back into the environment by carbon sources.
ENERGY
Energy sources are divided into two main categories: Conventional Energy Sources (Oil, Natural Gas, Coal, Hydro, and Nuclear) Alternative Energy Sources (Solar, Wind and Biomass)
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Conventional Energy
Oil and Gas
Oil and Gas are substances that were formed millions of years ago, and are the remains of plants and animals the sea floor, and as time passed sedimentary rock covered them. Locating Oil and Gas is an expensive time consuming process. Once oil and gas is found it is drilled and then recovered.
Hydro-Electricity (58%)
Hydro-Electric power can be produced any where there is a lake or river. It has many benefits such as being cheap to operate, no air pollution, and its renewable. However is the plants are expensive to build, and lots of transmission lines must be built.
Thermal-Electricity (28%)
In thermal electric plants coal, or natural gas is burned to produce steam, which turns a turbine, which causes a generator to turn. These plants can be built anywhere so shorter transmission lines are needed, and its less expensive compared to nuclear and hydro. However the fuel costs are expensive and oil and natural gas are non-renewable and release greenhouse gases.
Nuclear-Electricity (14%)
Similar to Thermal Electricity however it uses nuclear fission to produce steam. They can be built anywhere so less transmission lines are required, operating costs are low, abundant supply of uranium and no air pollution. However construction costs are very high, and waste product is radioactive.
Alternative Energy
Solar
Solar energy is radiated energy from the sun, it is used for heating, and producing some electricity. Photovoltaic cells are used to directly convert sunlight into electricity. The resource is renewable and release no air pollution, however it is expensive an inefficient.
Tidal
The moons gravity pulls up ocean waters and tides are used to produce electricity. Totally renewable and is not harmful, however it is not economic and efficient.
Wind
Wind energy is converted by windmills into mechanical energy, which is converted to electricity. It is renewable, and they are many human side effects caused by the rotation of the windmill.
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Biomass
Biomass refers to plant material or other biological material that burned and produces steam to produce electricity. It releases the same amount of greenhouse gases as cutting down a tree.
Geothermal
This is thermal energy from below the earths crust, which can heat water into steam, which turns a turbine driving a generator. It releases no emissions however is expensive to construct.
ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT
An ecological footprint is the amount of space required to support ones activities. It is measured by converting all human activities to equivalent land area, basically the amount land needed to support those activities.
Type of Land
There are five type of land which are classified as follows: Energy Land: Amount of land required to eliminate the Carbon dioxide released by our energy use via photosynthesis. Degraded Land: Formerly productive land that is converted to urban area and highways Crop Land: Amount of land required for growing crops. Pasture Land: Amount of land required for animals grazing. Forested Land: Amount of land required for trees.
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