Class: first week of October; icebreaker session 1) Consideration: on bilingualism and biculturality 2) Grammar refresher: Analysing every part

of a sentence by function, there are only six possible sentence structures in the English language:
SUBJECT VERB e.g. The suspect ran away; SUBJECT VERB ADVERB(S) e.g. Speak more quietly!; SUBJECT VERB OBJECT e.g. The crowd confronted the police; SUBJECT VERB OBJECT(S) ADVERB e.g. He wanted us to remember him fondly; SUBJECT VERB OBJECT INDIRECT OBJECT e.g. The guide showed the sceptical visitors the ancient relics; SUBJECT VERB OBJECT INDIRECT OBJECT ADVERB e.g. The guide showed the sceptical visitors these relics with evident pride.

Sentences may have multiple adverbs. With arguable exceptions like exclamations and vocatives, every functional part of a sentence is one of the five functional types above. Today we will be thinking about subject-verb-object, the most typical form of sentence structure. Objects can be simple noun-expressions (sometimes called 'object complements') or clauses: 1) I want peace above all things; 2) He was surprised to see such an array of foodstuffs so late in the year; 3) I described how I couldn't avoid being five minutes late. In the first two examples, the sentences have a single modifying adverb; in the last, the subject and verb take an object clause with a further object complement. In writing, simple object expressions are usually preferable to object clauses e.g. 'I found the absence of noise welcome' (in writing) is much better than 'I found it welcome that it was so quiet'. 4) Exercise: You will write four sentences, two with a simple object complement and two with an object clause. Each of the sentences in a pair will express the same idea. One pair of sentences must define the condition by which something is true. The other pair must state or rely on a moral value.