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- 16 -

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(Learning disability: use and meaning)

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d? w U?A? W?F? u?B b???
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W?B r?
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(Department of health and social security 1972 wU?? L? ?? ? U?? L? ?C
W?U WU?d WU? WO?U?L? d fO?Q - W?OU?L? Wb?) w 1972)
(National wu?? ?I? uD? od?? ? s W?? ?I? ? ? ? M?* U?? ?O? ?u?? ??K W?? ?? ? O? ? rK?F? ? 
1980 wU??L? ? U??L? C W?? B r
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Health Service and community care Act, 1990)
wUU U?OKF U?OKI uB? rNb rKF W?U s uUF? sc UH_
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- 17 -

c bb?A t?Ou?L?A dO?_ `KDB* b?? uK?CH 5GU? s bb?F

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c b? W?O U?NQ s qOKI? - b rKF U?U U?H_ JA
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W?Ozd o?zUu dO?A YO? W?FU?' dz w b? b? `KDB* c b??
(Students with Learning difficulties) rKF??  Uu??F?  ?D v
nOu cN uOMF* r dI qK s WMOF W cO r
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- 18 -

b? rK?F? W?U?? S? c?N 5?U?F* UM U??NM wU?F? w d?H Wb???
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1993 WU eOO9 uU

- 19 -

(Special needs) WU) UUO

b?* WJKL* w uud? tb? W?U) U?UO? `KDB

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qd?? dE? U??O?  p (LEA) W??OK; W??O?d?? WDK g?UM (Burke, 2000)
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- 20 -

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qb? uJ b? bb' W?OU?O?( d?) l ou?K WU?? w UN?
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Xu c? q?? w U? Lz?? 5?O? HK??< 5zU??B? _ s? W??u??L? ?  WDu d?J*
(Simennson & Bailey,1986) 1986 wKU u
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t?? vK? U? ?U?? F? ? ? ?H u?? ? ?M U? t u?? I c? wL?? ? ?( nOJ?
b du Xu ULNHMJ cK bOu UL ULN_ VF w u uB)
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WeF s wU?F w d_ c UNU?% w bU
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UH? WO?HO vK d?F UMKF? U: c w be?* Ub lL?: w
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(Silva & Smart; 1998 U?? ? L? ? U?? ? HKO?? ? (Finer; 1974) 1974 dM?U?? ?
(Burghes, 1994) 1994 fd??O U?? * qO??? vK? UU??B? ?  1998)
Maclean & Eekelaar, 1997 d??O? OK 5K?U? s?bu d??_U WU??I? 
sNb w?z b?O?u? U?N?_ s W??U? W?H? B e?d U?? UM 1997
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ld 5?KB??H w b?? O? u U??N?  U??) n?u* UM? u??F u??
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W?IU?
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hO??? A?  S?? W??OU d?? b b?? w (High or low grade) iH??M*

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sU? jI? uu?J U0 rNU?O? qd? UM rN?OK? sd? d?OQ? U?{d?F
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dR c?zbM J? wA* u??? ?( s q vK u?? LM d??Q? dR wU?? L? ?

sd? l ??U?H? b d?I? U?N? q? d? b?? vK b
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bze WU?L? ? dE U?H_ R?N? WuU W?U? v R W?U?u w d?
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w XU? w W?GU U?LN?MU UM d?_ U UL?
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wG?M U? U b?F U?LO? U? bI WKDF? u w UO?U? UUA p? U U?bM
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b qJA b U?NKOKI WOzUu WU?d s be* .bI s p U? u
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WOUL t? dL UU? dA UM dL 5KH s d?G_ qHD u sU

d bF (Cerebral palsy) wUb qKAU UB t vK h?
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U?LO? tb rOKF w?UU u??( vK tb?U
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WU? d ? s UN?O?{u - b w W?bB q? UU? U& W?O_

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MU wU? u{u
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- 30 -

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dNE? w b_ w WKQ? c? s UN U0 rKF? U
U? W

UdUE q d?? W?OU W?OUJ U?MLN? sL?C? b qHD u/ w dJ?
s lL??: U?
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(Mental subnormality) wKI?F nK? u?N?H w W?HKG? W?O?U?
e W?H? K
Zb w??OKL?? ? s `?? c b??O?I q
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qBH UC dE w vMF qL b s b UdA UuNH 5JL
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,d? uu?LO? U?* qO? vK dE? w ( u?B?I q? d U?

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cM uJ sJ1 w rNU?O s dJ? d w? u{u dNE w? bbA

ru/ S? WO?U?GU WU?I W?B?A? Wu?C U?? rNb fO U?L ?O*
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b?I?F* ?F VOU?_ (Yule & carr, 1987) 1987 U? qO W?U? W?H?B
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r u????B v?K U b?U?? * WKC?H?* dD w X??  c?N UU??
dJO (Bernal,1987) 1984 UdO U* qO vK rNzUM_ 5b* rN H
w U?N0 nu sJ1 VOU?_ c (Baker et al,1991) 1991 d
dOU X Portage U u q rOEM W?OU Wd Wud Zd
qOK% WOMO WIdD Zd c b (White & Cameron,1987) 1987
UH W
u?A WIdD UNK ]bI Y?O ULM u qOJA d? WLN*
b? oO?D U??{ UL?N? oI?% U?N_ p W?LO?u rKF? U?
U?S 5U?B*
eeF
rKF U
U UH_ bU * uD c q0 VOd s rdU
uJ V w W?O?Od? Zd c s tKF?HO qOKI t?b lL?: S
bU  rNIU vK cQ sc sd sdU* 5ud u WOHO UNb
UN lL? r U$ s Uu?  v? rKF U
U? U?A UH_ R
d b??
qJ lL????L?K U?C* U?U?& XU?? XC? WKO?K
u?I? cM
U?N?u w d?O?G?? S? nR* d U?F? lL??: w R 5?L?C w U?IzU?
d?_ U?IL? d?_ dOQ? WU?NM w t rKF? U
U? d_ u? lL?:
rNUO s ozuFK W
- 32 -

dO?OG? s dN b?
lL?: UU& w dO?OG? c s e

W1bI U?KDB* YO fU) qBH dE U?KDB* w Xb w
U?? O?KI?? ? nK?? ?* (Educationally subnormal) Uu?d u??  q?? ?
UNK q b
_ UHOMB U UOUL WuI dO X
rKF U
U c wu u Wdu d_ S p s rdU 5uF*
w o( rN 5Mu?L be? uB rNO dEM `? YO U?Ob dO?G b

uJO W? U?N?* u?? ?J WMu* WKU? u?B l?L???LK U?L?
UB?U UJ b
rN dH WU pc? rNUO vK d?_ rJ rNb
U??L? ?_ b?? w 5JL??  w rN?? ? O? I? ? d??NE U?? & w d??O? G? ? c
WOUL
UUO WOzULM UOKLF 5 tUA W
(Similarities of developmental processes and needs)

- U V b? b
UU& w c' UI c s d?O e

W?N? lb w d?O? Wb u?NU?A rKF? U?
U s t?
U
U s uU?F sc 5UF UH_ p l WKCH* U?O_ U<
uB uNUA rKF U?
U UH_ UM `{u W_ s dO UM
UN* u? J rN 5UF UH_ s rd?O l WuHD WKd w d?O
W?OzU/ U dD{ W?U? u?B?
V?u? rN?C?F b U?D d?? u?B
uJ rN??b?I S? W??U? W?H? B sJ (Autism) Wb?u?? U?* qO??? vK
UM 
(Carey) U WU U

WOU?L W?  UNu 5? vDu w u WF? U d?L

U?O? w nK) w? U?L?NMO fK& u U?NU?F? U?? r s qF u?
UH - c? wA rb nAJ UbM f ?& U WF u?FK d_
UNU uJC tO dOA rNFOL S
- 33 -

U??Nu?? l W??A? ?O? F* W??d?? w _ vK b?? L? U??C? V% U??

WOuKN Ud eHI uNINI Wd* ud bUA
U?O?K UF?2 UU? d?NE U? d?NE d?O? d? dD W?IdD c?N
WO?LOKF U? U
U XU? uL?N rNS c rU?L w UNu? VU
U? sL?C? UN_ f ?& U W??F b?( c vK d?B?I? UNKF?& W?Ob?
jI? d?U
uJ u?dJU UN?U?L? jI? 5FU U? UO? UDO?
w ? b? oLF U?b U?LN? dN?* u{_ W?d?(U U?L? vK
WNUA* ru/ Wb WUI dO Wb q
t YO Uu/
wU uLM rN w uLG
(The jigsaw puzzle of human development)

W?U? b?O? uB? rNKU?H d U?H_U p? h? _ W?? MU

s rd vK rNKUH rNUN uD ub rNzUM u/ uAUF sc U
bI?F uJ sJ1 qUH? c S UuD w UH? WMOF U?N UM
U?; S t?OK U?Nze u?L? s d?? qJ UN?O? uJ YO? eGK q?
WK?U?? A nzUu? nOu? ?? s u?? LM w? WMO?? F? ? w?u W?? b X9 w?
UNMJ Y rOOI d_ Wd{ uJ U0 wU uLM cN WKUJ*
wU uLM cN qUA rNH s qKI b

U
U? WFO? s qU uB suJ qO? * s uJO? p vK
d?? pc?? nF??C u??I oUM? rN??H U??; iF?? U??O?I? rKF??
W?O?B?A s?uJ b? UU?& w u?L? w U? u/ W?b WU??
dOJ? bB s WIDM UM b$ rKF? U
US UN?UI* W MU U?NKI
q WGK vK bI vK qL?A c dJH wdF* 5U' 5
dR u U?C c ud qO?B dc? dOJH U?N JA*
vK qL?A c wd( w?b VU' U?L sd 5U?' vK lDU
UM pc WOb WB wUL? ' wKCF uLM WOd( UN* ou
oKF?? c wU??L? ?? wB??? ?A U??: u d?? O? _ U??: w?b??
uK  w?
?_ e* wU??F? H ou?? W?O? U?L? ? U??N*U
wUL
- 34 -

U?* qO? vK bb dD qB?H c q? w uB?I Vu `C?

w W??IdD v?K b?O? Q??U dR u?? U??H_ b b?? d??OJH?? u/
U t YO wd( wb U: w rNU b UN uLKF u
wb? U??AM U?? w U??N?b??? rN??U? ? l{ W?OUJ? W?O?H?OJ rN??L?N?
W?b r?Nb VFK U?N?  uD U?L? ? d??_ s? uJO? tS? b???
VU' vK rNd?
l rNU
u/ vK dU? dOQ t uJ u c W?OU
WU? WHB Vu?' b w bI? S UC U?O J wU?L wB?A
WcG u s uUF sc UH_ ?L d_ Vu' w bI vK dR
rNUN b w b
q
uB pc WUF uB rKF uFOD
U2 K d?NE UOUF?H uKLN* 5JN?M* UH_ l U( p?c WdJH
s dU rKF? VFB s t b YO wUL? wBA U: w
d? ?O? fO wd?F* wKI?F U?: S? cN? ? b?OKI? ? s sd?
(Iwaniec,1995) 1995 fOu
WOO dOQ o bF q WOMO UDD o wU uLM dO
q sd d_ rNzUP dQ UH_ u/ bb uM  UdF U b

dE wU?L? qU?H rKF?K U?LM dH? bI w W?O?UL? u?I
1976 u?? ? ?? ? ? O? (Schaffer,1971) 1971 d?? ? ? U?? ? ? U?? ? ? ?* qO?? ? ? ? ? ? ? vK?
qHD? u/ S?? qU?? I* w (Sutton,1999) 1999 uu?? (Bijou,1976)
U uK? S?? c??N t?? ? ? O? w t??F?  s?b??u??* s?d?? vK dR? u??
pc qHD UN uLM w WIdDK UF tKbF r U0 d
_ 5LKF* u
d? oK? wU? u?LM U? ? d?? d?L?? W??O?M V?  S?
WOzULM rNUUO o nOJK WKU
dH UL
(Developmental needs) WOzULM UUO

U?L?O? b?O?H? Wd?L? q?d? ? s qHD u?LM j? ?* rO? ?I?

5 U?NUA? WU U?H_ uD UM d?OG?* UUO? bb? oKF?
b?A XC b?
UO?L?OKF 5
UF* d?O? UH_ U?OL?OKF 5
U?F* UH_ U?UD

s WuHD qd? d rNUI? UM rN w WNU?A* UUO? u{ w
- 35 -

(1992) U?? Ou? w?u b?
b?I?K W?U? ? U?I wzU/ d??L? v?? ?O*
?? W?? OzU??LM U???? ? pK b?? O? H?  UDO?D Donohue-Colletta, 1992)
1-3 b' w W{u w WdL qd
WU s v qHDK WOzULM UUO 1-3 b'
v uU WM v O* s
l{d
wb dD) s WU
u
WLz* WcG
WUM* WOB WUd
rN WK vK uuJ sc uGU
UN uO rNU uLNH uFOD sc uGU
UN
c UNLA UNFL UN LK UNO dEMO UO
tu s rUF UAJ dH .bI
WLz* WuGK U
uM v WM s s
UOzU/ rdL d sc l{d
v WU{U o U q uU
dOJHK bb UN pc WuG WOd UN U  w bU *
WLz WOI UOuK WOLM WdH rUD
U) rNuK w rJ WOHO rNLOKF w bU *
rN HQ WUMF rKF bO WdH rUD
s d??? b?? WML?C? ? 5H?K??  U U?O? l VFK W??LEM W??O?u d??
rN 5uQ* sbd
u UL uM X v s s
UOzU/ rdL d sc UH_
v WU{U o U q uU
WIO
b WOd( UN* WOLM d
UMG dI J s oDM vK rNFOA
UOIU wU U WOLM WDAQ UOIK rNON
WUA* bU * UF WOLM d .bI
dI q
U WUJ q
U UN0 oKF ULO WOd
- 36 -

u?LM ?O* cM wzUL?M lU?U r?N 1-3 b' s rdU

UU?O?U UL? S t?OK O* bM U?F H rKF? b ?O* q
b?
d?L?  uJ? O* b?F q
b? V U?H_ qJ W?OL?OKF? WOzU?LM
WLz* WOb* q
WOd w bUB 5( p cM
ZCM uLM rOb WuKD* WuM* d?OJ b* UMOK U dO
5OMF* 5LKF* U U?H_ l qUHK U? L? U?B VKD U?NFO?L
tHK W? MU p WOL_ s W?b fH rN uJ Wb) c .bI? 5LN*
wKIF ru? ? s dEM iG d_ U?HK rN?OL bI U?OLOK?F W
UF*d?O
UM u?J V t YO?? U??O? U?? fO U??L? d??? S?? p s r?dU
rKF W
U? UM XU u qHD u/ e?eF w dR w UOKL?FK UC
u?LM o?KF? WMO?F? W?u?O? U?u?{u? UM? Q UM ?H d?c b??O?H* s
tOK U?OLOKF UF* qHD U?F qHD s qJ WOL_ W? fH UN qHD
u?LM? pc U?I?O?
U?L?N?  VKD W?b?* q?
U? WK?d* WKb* Zd du?D S?
wb? wU?F?H s_ W?B? v U? t?O?u t?OK Vd? c qU?A
WOUL WOUFH WOdF* hzUB) q*U WcG
jd?* rKF? 2-3 b?' dE W?d?F? qd0 d1 U?F u?LM
WOUL WdH dH U? w c_ l WdF UC UFU w b
S?? ? t?? O?K rN?b wK?I? ?F? u?? B? ? I U?u?? ? ? ? ?  s dE?M iG? U?? H?_ 5
j/ w ru?/ j/ l ou?? V W?O? U?L? ? Wud?? U?O? ?Od???
U??? w wd??( w wU?F?H ru/ l{ l w?d?F* ru?B?

bzU tS? UOzU/ Ub% U?H_ UGB b?I w WDA_ qL V ULMO?
u? UH_ q? wU( u?B? rN? s bF u U? rOKF W?U? s
uMJL? r WUF u?B bb UN? uLKF? s UOL?OKF 5
UF? uU
vK l?A w WOK?UJ b?U W?IU?  WO?LOKF? rNd? l U?N? s
WDA_ pK s UH_ qJ U d uJ U u/ qHD uLM rz* rKF
jI b UOzU/ UOKI UU dO w
- 37 -

Vu' Wd( WGK WOFOD WOzULM UFu 2-3 b'

s dB WuIM
uM fL v 5M s s
WOUL
(Bender & Valletutti,1976) 1976 wuOU bM
WOUL UN*

WHOMF Wd(
WIOb

WdOF WGK
WOUI

UF

U?F? s bb?F? U?L?N? d?NE

Wd(
WGK v lL t `C
t?? L? ? ? ? e?? v? d?? O? ?A
UNM Q UbM
5??LK s? ?L? b??? ?
ULK v
WOBA dzULC b
X U
bU * s Q
d?? ?H* W?KO?? ?B? ? d?? ?
40 v 20 s t?b W??
u?DM*
WLK
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wU

l q?U?? H? ? ? w b?? ?
b b
vK nI
WDO L b
sd UH U??? U t??O? b??
b??? ?
lL' mO b
b uFB
tKzU r dF
w? sd?? ? ?_ U?? ? A?
WO W uI vK b?? L? ? F* d??_ l?OD
VFK tFU d vK wA1 vK d' d? b?
rOI  j w wA1
w
bU  t H rFD
r( WDu pH
t?? ? ? ? ??? ? ? ?  l?K? b?d?

YU

l?? V?F? K? w?? Z?b??M?

b eM bFB
b WuL WO WKd eHI d
b tUA V
dO d qd
tUF UFJ W s Ud wM
U w UH VKI
W?? u tJL?? d?? r?CM
b
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- 38 -

c?? ? ? ? ?( u?? ? ? ? '

WOKb f*
dz a M
tb nH q G
sd? UH? UA U? b?? b?
vK u?? WKU L b
VFK w
eHI jd b
UM vK uBK bO qLF
tbO d cI
dL dF
buI U w b
tzc U bIF U?? ? ? d?? ? ? ? d?? ? ? F?
U dO U
WIFK*U dA
WDO
U??O?_ b???? w U??A b??U t?U?F UM
UN YA s b tUM q? ?G W?u??A
UdHU
d?? ? ? ? ?( i?F? V??J?
dOJ
tL VJ U
v?K? U?M? ? ? ? ? r?d?
OBH b VK

ld

x WOU uB VO U? b??? ? ?  b? eM

tLN sJ1 t fU)
sd l qUH
UU tOb
WOEHK JA* q
UUO bO Ue uJ
u eHI V
WDO 
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s??J?2 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? r?d??
UuJ tL
`{ t?? ? OK? d?? ?F? ? ? i?F v?K d?? ? ?F? ? ??
rUF*
WOzUN d(
W?D?u?? ? ? ?? ? ? ?  e?
r(
t?? ? H?M t?? ?? b?d
_ b?? ? ? U?? ? ? L? ? ? O? ? ? 
dOGB
- 39 -

W??O? U?H_ qJ d?L??  u?B Ub? w?LO?KF? wzU?LM uD

rNO w rN WD?O UO UU uU u rN? 5DO; l rNKUH
UO_ UL?F WU* dHU UH_ b? u Wb* eM* w sbd
U?O?_ d?F d?I lM vK b?U? ?O u?LM W? tu? s W?u? ?;
d??H q W?U s? b ? p v?K ? U??A??  Vd??  rOU??H*
sb sd? UH l WUA* qU?H s rNMJL qI? WUd WM
b UQ? WDO; WOFO?D WO vK uC? UI  s U pc
d?_ nMF U? s d?? sL?C? c qHD u/ w uKD* d?O?G?
jOA?M lL?: eM* s q w WO?B dU?< qOKI sbu q U
b??O?' b* ?? s Ud??O?u sJ?1 w b?U?? * U??OUJ d??UM q
ju v? W??U??{U U??H? W??Lz?* wU??* W??H? ?OEM Ue?M* U??? ?J*
UM qJ dA* dO wU UOJ lA c wUO  wUL
s U??) ru/ w? 5DO??A 5U??A?  U??H_ q? s qF??$ b
s bb?F 5 TU U?I? UM nR* d? s `C? rKF?
w W?IO?I( sJ W?I?OI? X O c rK?F W?O? uL?M UH_ Q 5ud?
UH_U WU) WdF* UB bM VM v UM dO uLM rKF
W?OUO?( rN?U?F b?d U?NM b?L? w W?Od?F* U?B* fH w X ?O
U? OK uJ c? W?U??L* l q?I?B u??LM?K U?U?? b??F w U??N*U?? pc??
UH dC s c?N wzU/ dQ u?B* rKF wOD W? 5 WU
rNOMLC qLF s uLKF?O dH rN U UOzU/ dG_ l{d
?? s? qu?? W?? GK U??N? ? W??U??O? ? JA* q? w WDA u?? B
(Haskell & 1993 XU? qOJU? U???* qO??? ? vK? dE rN?? b?? ? ? ?
Barrett,1993)
WU W?OK jI fO rKF? U
US 5UB* U?H_ WUA lO?A
VKD? rNMOJ9 W?O?KL? _ rNMOJ?9 W?OKL? s q?N? Wd?{ W??O??Od?? tMJ
1987 5H?O XHu r?KF U?
U s? W&UM JA?LK c? uB U?
U?{d??? U?D v c d?O? ?H?  U?? b?
(Swift & Levin,1987)
dH w sLJ rKF U
U? s ZM w JA* dH v W1bI
- 40 -

u??N? ?H?  w? UU??& w? d??O? ?G?  c? b?? b??
l?L? ? ?:U t??? ?
?? w? sJ
c (Normalisation) lO?? ?D?K (Wolfenberger,1972) 1972 d?? d?? ?M?H
U?I? qb? c qC?H sJ b?
w?O u/ w WM15 s d?? cM rd
W
? qbF v b? ' VU?'U rN w WU?d WOd?K jO  u?LM s
rNU?O? w rJ? s? b?
d?? oO?I?? rN?d? U q s rN???O? d?_
.WU)
(Range of learning disabilities) rKF UU UD

R?N rKF? U?
US 5U?B* 5 b?A w U?b UM `{u s

pc uC? V rNb uJ qL? w b d?_ dD vK u?F
u
b??O? H* s tS?? .(Autism) Wuc q?? W??OzU/ UdD?{ d?NE? rN U?L? 
w b? s 5OMN* U sJ= L rKF? W
U? UO U?HdF UU?? w lC
Y d?_ s WUF? UU? UF?
u UM wUU W?
U b? bb%
b?M _ qB?H dE dEM? UN? w d?O?? U?C?
UM d?NE W?U?I? w
wKI? u?B?
rNb sc v b??* WJ?KL* w d?O?A rKF? U?
U? `KDB?
v b?* Uu w? `KDB* fH d?OA wF?O?D bF*U rKF? s rN?FM1
iF? w Uu?? F? ?B iF? rNb b?? u? sJ wK?I? u?? B? ?
rN?b fO s?c
`KDB* u?d? b??? l q?b??O? d?O? ? H? c U?L? rKF?? Vu?
t?? O?  uJ? c (Specific learning difficulties) W?? O? uM? rKF??  Uu?? F? 
UuO d uB b * `KDB* u (Dyslexia) wzdI qK) `KDB
p nKG (Grossman, 1983) 1983 UL?d tb
c nd?F
rNb sc U_ p U w c c uNH*
u??B?? v R W????{ u??B? ju??* s
q W??
U?? W??OK?I?? nzU
WOzULM WKd* dU c uJ wHOJ uK w s
e

(Impariment wH?OJ uK  w u?B?
u?B?I* rN?H rN* s
1983 U?? ? ?L? ? ? d?? ? ?' oU?? ? ? ? nd?? ? ?F? ? ? ? vH?? ? ? in adaptive behavior)
t vK tO dOA (Grossman,1993)
- 41 -

rKF?? ZCM? d?OU??F??
W?O??K U??& d?H W??OU??F? w? `{ u?B??

u?
fHM WF?u
uJ w WO?UL? WOu?* wBA I?
WOUI tuL
dLF

rKF? U?
U? d?_ d?NE V? W?O?B?O?A?? U?KDB* w

v_ Wu??* W??? M? s q
W??? { u??B ju??* s q
W??O?KI?? nzU
WM 18 s q
p wHOJ rNuK w uBI uJ UC
WOzULM qd*U U WOu
(Informing parents of developmental stages)

u??B W??U??N W??OzU??LM qd?*U rN??Hd??F r U? iF?? b??O? H* s

qU?
tM?J U?U fO c? ?I?? u?? `{ b t qHD u??LM W?O?F? O?
d?? u?LMK U? ? d?NE W?b* q?
U? uM S? c d?O?? W?b t R?MK
WDd? uJ W?u??O?A W?OKL? q? UO?( w d? WKd? s U?u?{
U?
U?S 5U?B* U?H_ s rdU?? wMe d?LF?U UI?O U??{ UU?
S?? wKI??F ru?B?
t `L?? c b??IU u??LM qd?? d??? u??C1 rKF??
UN vK W?OJOMOK nR* d?) UI? WU u?B b% W?OzULM rNU?OuK
U?F b?F?LK U?I? u?LM sc U?H?_ UO?u?K s Uu?? ? w d?O?J q

u?LM w d?O? U?b?I u?I?I r b? d??_ U?
U U?H_ s bb?FU?
2-3 b' dE WO_ uLM qd w rNUO WKO uKEO
vK U b?U?  w b? b?OH? uJ U?F u?LM qd l?U rN?
czbM UU? bb? U?N? U ?? W?OUJ q?
Ud?{ WMO?F? UN? U?I
wA* lOD q
d' rNKH lOD U* uLNH sJ1
U2 U s? bb?F? l qL??F UM 2-3 b??' nR* b???? b??I
qHD U?NI?I w W?OzULM qd* rN?KHD wzULM u? * u?B vK rb?U
c?_ l sJ b?I U? ULz d?O? ?H c? q u?? * p v qB?O
c fHM U?H_ q d1 s?K b?O b?? b?I UM b?u tQ U??? w
wIDM* lU
- 42 -

uLM UMNJ rKF UU

(Learning disabilities and developmental prognosis)

U??
U?? _ qB?? H dE w?D u??LM U?U??& s dEM? iG

d?_ U?O?? vK vM U? U?U? rKF? U?
U? w? b qC? S? rKF?
W??? B? W??LEM W?Du U??N? F? { - v? W??OKI?? F b??IK W?MMI* U??? ?? 
1992 WHOWO*UF
(Intelligence Quotients; Uc V b ZzU wDF U c

qu?F? s d?O?J U?MN? W?U X? ?O ZzU?M? c q? d?c?? V IQ)

l{u uuJ 5 WO bO uB U?N d_ WOHO vK dR b
v
qu?F c lU?  qB?H w (Douglas) ? WU w? UL? U??
l rN?Ku U??H? b?? e??O?d?? b?? v??B?F? jG?C? U?N? qL??A
W??U W??L?O?
uJ? ZzU??M S?? p s rdU U??? ? U rzU??I h??A
w W
U_ W rO I - UNOK UMNJK W MU
Mild (IQ 50-69) 69-50

s
Uc W WDO rKF WU

W?GK W?DO? ? rKF?? U?
U? s uU?F s?c U??_ V ?J? U?N?O?

W??O? U??GU?? Uu??F? B c rN?b fO s2 Q?D W??b sJ W??O? F? O? u??B
w d??L? ? W??O? u??O ??U??H?  d??_ 5Lz?? W??G U???? u??? ? J
UNu? J w pK c b?U  U?N rNUU?O s d?OF? UU;
w W??O?B??A W?UMF WDA_ W??? MU ??U? ?I?? WU?NM w rN? oI?%
d? W?OKL?? w rJ? f* b? U? ?? U?FD UM? sL?C?
s QD? uJ ru/ b??F?  rd?U W??OeM* W??OKL??F? U?N?* rEF?? pc??
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uJ WO1U_ UN* U ? U w sLJ dJ UuFB sJ
rNU??
U? b?; U???F v U?? ?( WU??J d?I U?? ?? ?JA?
p w bI Wu?K uB WO1U_ rNJA? qOKI UM WKOu WO?LOKF
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- 43 -

U? K W?OU?{ W?O?LOK?F s W?O?e W?Od? s b?F U* dL?? *

Vb
rNb? uJ WDO?? ?  rKF?? U??
U?? s uU??F sc U??? _ rEF??
U?L?F? v?K b?L?F U/ U?N? VKD c? wMOd qL?FU U?O?I W?OUJ
dU* d?O b?O qLFU? rNb WU?* WO1U?_ bI U?N* s qOK

t?Ku? w d??L?? b?
W?O?U?GK W??? MU u?I?F? VKD u? U?N* ju??
wFOD bUI s v bO uB
U?
U?? d W??U? U?N?  VKD? w W?O? U?L? ? l{u* w?H?
qF? Wb wUL? wU?FH ZC u? bF? p rd WKJA q9 rKF?
b?OI?F b? b
WDO?  r?KF U?
U d?H S? tOK t?E? sJL* s
U?LK d?_ U? b?F iH? U?LK W?O?HU?F U?
?F u_ e w
uJ qH q l be? w rNU?H o U?L b W?OU?L? s p
rNb?
u?? ? iH??M sc U??_ rEF? Y? 5? rN?U? X%
1993 U?? U??L? UP?? r w d??O?D JA?? s uU??F? W??OKI??F
iH?M U u??  s wU?F _ U S? (Whitman & Accardo,1993)
l{d UU?O l qUF? w WF
u* tb
v?K w dRL b? c
(Booth & Booth,1993) 1993 u u s q b?I??F UG?B U?H_
5?M?  rKF? U?
US? 5UB* U b?{ 5OMN* VU? s qU?% UM
UL? u bF qU? c vK VKG w uKA rN? H Wb) wb?I
u?I? WU?L? pc? U R?N WMu* u??I? qO?F?H? qC?_ W?I?dDU U?
uU??B?* U U??N qU?? F w W??I?dD 5??U??  iF d? U??L?  rN?U??H
b? vK b?L??F u?B r?Nu j/ vK dR lL??: q?
s? rKF? U?
U?S
(Tymchuk & Feldman,1991) 1991 U?bKO u?A1U WO?L?OKF rN?
U?
U u??? ? B?O? ub sJ1 rK?F?? U?
U??S u?U?B* U? S? p? rd
1993 d?? 5U? W??Lz* d?E rb .b??I? ?? s p s?dR??
WKBH? W (Sheerin,1998) 1998 sdO? bI (Bakken et al, 1993)
w JA s uU?F qL; sL? rb U R bI t hK?
5 U? R Vb U?? NM w r?N W??Lz?* W??O? U??L? ?? bU?? ?* U??O?
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U?
U?S? 5U?B* Ux b??I b?U? * c q?? U?C (Sheerin) sd?O?

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`{
wH?O?u rNz w u?B?
s rKF? U??
U?S 5U??B* s bb?F w?U?F
d s (Mulhall,1989) 1989 UNu Vu' s dO w UQ
UE fOQ w qAH vKuBI c qLAO (Bladwin et al, 1991) 1991
U?? WU?? q?O* d??c wU??L? ? qu?? w? JA?? XU w?eM
W?N? u? bM? ru? U?? w Wu?F?  U R b?? sd? U_ d??I
vK s?U??
d??O? nR* d??? ? ?? s uuJ? R UDK ? d???  U
U vK j?I? d??U?
Wu??F?B c X? ?O sd?? c s rNU??H WU??L?
qL?% vK sU?
d?O?G U W?O?U? U?NM wU?F sJ rKF? U?
U?S 5U?B*
(Iwaniec,1995) 1995 fOu rNzUM WOu 
W??O? uK  W??O? U??L? ? W??OU??F? H U?u?F? B S?? qL?? `K?DB0
WUI? uJ U?N pc? WDO ? rKF U
U? s uUF sc U?
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W?O?U? S? l
u w rKF? U?
U? s b? d??_ UJ_U WDd* b?I?F*
5F uC V rNb dNE WDO  rKF U
US 5UB*
Moderate (IQ 20-49) 49-20

s
U W WDu
rKF UU

V u? WOUL? s p ULK bb rKF? W
U W XU? ULK

WdO?F W?OUI? W?G U w bb? uB
s d?_ p vUF u?C
rNU?? ?? b??F? U??L? W??GK u/ w dJ* q?d* bM u?H?
u? U?? d?O? ?
u??B Q?D uJ W??O???I? ? cU? WUMF U?? N?  W??O? d??( U??N? ?LK
WU?J dI U?N rKF? vK U
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W? W?{
qOK% q? W?OuK ? U* b?? w W?ud Zd? S? W?OK U ?(
U?? ? ?  rKF?? K rNU?UJ duD? vK rb??U?? q?b??F?  qOJ?A?  W??L? N*
WOU_ WOI UN*
- 45 -

wKL?? U??A vK? sU??
uu?J uK? WKd?? v? uKB U?? bM
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b r?NO q?u* UA?M c qOK% r b?F jO?
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tuKCH U UN rNUUO s dOF sd l
b?u? w? W??H c w d?O? ? b ?? c u?C? V? u?
fO d_ W?KUA WOzU?LM UdD{ w (Childhood autism) wuHD
W?OKL?F qF? u?C? V? u u? l s?J Wu?L?: c w U?FzU? d?
j/ b vK Vd? dOQ oOI% S WO?K WuF d WOzULM W?OLOKF
q? W?Ob? Epilepsy d?B q?? W?O??B?F? U?
U?U? uKD* q?OQ?
k( u??  w W??? H c 5 W??FzU?? uJ Cerebral palsy wU?b? qKA
UOLOKF 5
UF* dO d_ s UUH d WO HM UdD{ bF dNE
Profound (IQ below 20) 20

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q U bF
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vK tb
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W?U) tU?U?O? s d?O?F? tM VKD U? c?OHM WU?F ?U?H rN?
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- 46 -

(Education and learning disabilities) rKF UU WOd

w Wud f? vK b??* WJKL* w rK?F? U?
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(Moderate learning WD?O? ? ? ?  rK?F? ? U?u?? F? ? u?J 5L?? ? ? ?
v? wM?M
(Profound and bF* WI?OLF rKF UuF t?Od b vK difficulties)
Uu??F?  U?H_ U??L? NMO lI? d? dD? vK multiple difficulties)
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vK qUJ UL? v uKB s rNS tOK U?J vK dO UL? dNE
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nOMB? c Wd?H rNU?UO?? W?OK b ?F* ZNM*U r?N
U?( sJ1 WDu?*
WOKIF U vK rzUI UOIU UDd fO UUO U vK rzU

5J?9 w t rU?? ? ? d??O? ?J U?? Nb? Wud??  W?? OKL?? F `{u s? t
w u?I s uU?I rUD U vK? C? rKF U?
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S? c U??? w Wud? U?Fd?A?  c? l W?Lz? W?Od? vK u?B?(
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rKF? U?
U?S 5U?B?* U??A U?H_U W?U?) Wud? U?U?O??
bF c 1994 WOd r
WUL* u WDu UNOK WEU; Ubb%
tA
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Wud? UDK K U?NO?u? UD W?UL?LK u?b? Wu WUdJ q?
s
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(Special Educational Needs; W??U??) W?ud?? U??U??O? ?? U??H_
U? d??L??? s _ s b? c?O?HM l{u? u??b c `? b?
SEN)
1996 U WOd uU
WDu 1993 U uU
UD s rdU 1994
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d b? r d?O_ uU?I
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rN?? OK d?? u?d?? w? ? HM w?zU??B? _ n?B b?? b* d?b??
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WOR 
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- 47 -

5L?C? W?U?) Wud?? U?U?O? ? U?H_ bb??% w W?OK; Wu?d?

s tuU ULO rNz rNzUM_ rNUE r s rNR od s rNzU
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U?S 5UB* UH W?U) Wud? UUO?
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cO?LK wUF U?bM (Warnock report, 1979) (1979) u ddI? rKF
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5 b
(Specific learning difficulties) WOu rKF UuF tb vK tO
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b U? rN?OK dNE U?L WU?F WOU?L? UN* rKF w JA? rNb
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td? qHD sC??% sJ1 U??O?N c q? vK sbM? ? W?OU?L??
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U??_ w dJ? WKd?? cM
u?b VKD cN W?OuK WOU?FH WO? Wb ? U* qO? vK WuU
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WR?  W?OK; Wud? WDK  b uJ c? rOO?I dz U?
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w bb??% - U?L? W?O? L d? u rKF?? Uu?F? U??H W?? M?U tM

W?OK; Wud WDK  v?K V tS t?OK WU?L* u? s 57:3 dI?H
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r?N W?OK; Wud? WDK  vK? V czbM W?b* U?B s?L{ u?u?
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rOOI qLF
5b* q
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q? rNM?O?L?C sJ1 d? UM 5?ud? 5O? ?HM 5O?zU?B?_ U?_
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rKF? W?
U u? ? bb?% w R q?
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U u  bb% w ULJ d_ hA u ud w HM wzUB_ S
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Vu bb% w rNd?
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s?L?C? c U??H_ R? nzU vK dR? w
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oOLF w ( dQ
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J w dQ
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b_ jOD UO UHF{
wKI?F u??B?IU? rKF? U?
U?? du? u? d?U?? t??? WK?_ c
U?uA? qHD qF? U2 wFO?D b?F*U WO?LOEM? UN* u/ lM1 wU?_
bOIF d b oOI WDO UOuK w UF UND UN* lU U&
(Conclusion) W9U

U?O?Od? UMLN? uD V? rKF U?
U U?& dO?G b b?I

W?U2 vK rKF? U?
U U??A s bb?F b?U ? X?? rNMOJ9
t?U2 X9 c eF_ l bA i
UM W?IOI WMJ2 W? vB
_ WMu*
oU  w
- 54 -

t s d? tU?A t u b?
t_ lL?: U  d?OG b?I

b?
c UO?L?OKF 5
U?F* d?O U?O?LOK?F 5
UF* d?_ W?? 5 ?
S? rNUH U?H l w rN?F 5O?MN* WU?A Ux u?I l{ w l?
b?O rN? U s d? b?u UbM? WL?O?
d? X? _ wM?N* W
?
d?? s? uM
? ?
vK U b?? U?? c?? N?  q?HD u/ U?? FU?? U?? OKL?? F
c t u?DD??O `{ P0 re V?b? U??O? ?O?d?? s U??H??
W?U??* u* s U?H?? U?uKF* v?K W?OM? U??O?? l{ s r?NMJ1
qC uB

- 55 -

- 56 -

ld
qBH

wL
d dO rb Wd
_ U{_
WU? w
UN b? w
d_ W?OL vK qB?H c w
ed? u
c vK WUF d?O uGC du? dOQ Y rKF U?U UH_
d_ nzU w
U uJ w dD pc d_
qE s?J U??
U??I?? d??? X?u d0 Wd??_ U/_ d??O? G s r?dU
U??H uU? u?? sd??
U?I d??
_ WU?? w
w?O?zd u?; w d??_
oMF UN b W?
U bA bIM U?F U0 WOU_ UN?LO 5GU
d?O dUM* r?J uJ UUO?Q?
UC?O? WDu* W?I?D rO W?O?U u?B
1997 wK?KOMO?? U??N? ?? F? ?O? ?D W*U U?? N vK? 5F?? d?? j/ vK? W??O? ?u
Wd?? ?_ U/_ d?? ?O? ?O? ? G? ? u?? ?H? ?Q? sc p? W?? ?
U?? (Dominelli,1997)
pO pO U?* qO? vK dE bb Wd? UO?d 5LC dJ?M
qU?ON? s UI? (Beck & Beck-Gernsheim,1995) 1995 rO?Ad?O?
U (Nuclear) WuM d?_U U? n
u U? v (Extended) b??L* Wd?_
c b w?
WOd?F Uu?L: 5 d?O? uM UM U uM b?F dU
(Smart & Neale,1999) 1999 qO U?? L? s q h?? H b?? d??O? ?G? 
WUN w
d?_ qL r w
Wb U? w
c d_ pJH d?U
tS?
Wd?_ UJ??A W?A?UM w
dM U?L? p vK? ? sd?A?F d?I
S
tOK s?d U l WLN? j UM X U WuM d W?MU v
U?
UI? q v? W?uM u?O b??* Uu w
d
U?F* Wd?_ U/_
bzU
(The Family) d_

uu?J d?? ?C?U f?O U s? W?? ?b?? ?( d?? ? _ uJ? U?? ? U?? ?
b? w? d?_ d? W??G?O?B? rN?OK b??L?? F sc rN?U?H 5e???
- 57 -

c? d Wd? UJ UM UH W 5K?H qH su s WuJ

1994 fd?O b? d?_ u??L?M sc U?H_ b? U l? be? w

qu?? (Stepfamilies) wU s? WuJ* d??_ U?MN??
(Burghes,1994)
WK?U?? ?L? ? ?* d?? ? _ w
(Gorell Barnes et al., 1998) 1998 d?? ? eM?U
sJ (Tasker & Golombok, 1997) 1997 u?? ? ? uu?? ? dJU? U? ?O? ??M
k U?? O?  c w?
U??J c? b s b??O? ?F nu* c?? N qOK?? 
U??H_ U `?{u U??N UM b??? v?? d??
u??* W_ s? WKOKI? W??O? LJ
uuJ s d? 5e? uuJ UL? d?_ s rKF? UUS? 5UB*
1997 d?O l uM?O U?O? lHd* b?O?u U?N _ b? rd 5I?
d?
W??{u UMO?L?C?? l W??{ W?I?O?I? UMN?
(Cigno with Burke,1997)
bU?? w
W?O?L? Wd?H U?B* d?? u?I b?O?u? U?N?  d?OD)
(Burke & Cigno, 1996) 1996 uM??O? d?O? iF?? rN?C? F U?? U
U??H_ WU?? vK W??uM?* U/_ pK d??O?Q?? r??N lO?D?? UM? s
WIdD vK UDd d_ d_ UM dOQ rN u UMMJ UOLOKF 5UF*
dFK 5KUI d
_ bU UN r w
wMF b pJHK d WOKU d?G
b v d_ VOd dOG
r W{ u?B rb bU* .bI? U U bB bF w b?L* d_
b?F r b?2 W??d? d? UM* w
u?J Q lu?U?
d?CU W?U?? b?F
Ue wMF c lOMB bF U WKd w
d WO uO UO( s e
qzU? WKI UN?OK bL?F sJ?1 bU?LK UO?
dG? rbF qL?; b?
d?_ d?_ WQ?* XO WU?O? d?_ WDA w
W?UA* U?B
e?F d??? uJ _ qO9 d??O?G?B d??_ w
tMJ qC?
_ w? d?G?
_
bUL?K UBL d? UN sJ1 bu d? uJ dOJ d?_ ULMO
U???F W??O? LM w
d??? U?Nb X??O d??G?
_ Wd??_ b?u c? wMF
d_ S
p s rdU d_ pK WOeF w
sLJ WKJA* sJ WOUL
w( w
U?N?F?L?? w
e?F U?J iF s wU?F U0 U_ c w
d??_
W?? MU q uJ U??* bU??* b?B? S??
`{ u U?L?  t?O?
gO??F c
uLOL U UNb fO U_ s UO
dG bF w dOGB d
- 58 -

pU??  v? t??u?? ? VF?? B s f?O tS??
U?M?? O? ?U?? G W?? ? ?M?U
jI?
t?u?? s b JA* q U? v?K pb?U?* pd?O? pzU?b?

bb? U bb? JA* uJ U? bM W?

U d?_ U b?) UN?'
s d_ Y XOu WOHO S
c jI
WOLd dO WOBMU q% bOIF
f U) qBH u{u u WLEM* WOLd rb UB s bU*
(Friends, relatives and neighbours) dO' U
_ U
b_

s (Cooke & Lawton,1984) 1984 uu? u??  s q? b?? b?? ?I
U? _ U w
d?O?' U?_ Ub?
_ v d?_ tu U?L?N? ?
s sJL r UN XMO b Y w
WMLC* zUF YK wu gb* s
UM? `{ bI W?OLd d?O bU?* s qzUu c? q vK u?B(
W fHM s?J r WM rd? lOLK W?U? sJ r WOL?d dO? bU*
WU??d S?
(Cooke & Lawton ) uu u? s q U?b? w U?H
U??_ U??b??
_ s W?? ? O? BM b??U???* U??N? B? IM d??_ i?F w
dO'
U??_ (Burke & Cigno,1995) 1995 uM?? O? d??O b?? b??I
u U rNbK
b_ UU U bU?* wOzd bB* r W U WHB
W?
U) W?OU?L? UO?( iF vK uKB? s U sJL U2 rUH?Q
u?? p b?? b?? bM r_ W??Lzb WU??d U??OR??? s b??O? F
5Hu* 5 eOOL v uKO1 U S
bU b b_ U 5 UB
r UNMJ wb wM W?KzU UNbu UN? s U?N _ b d? bI
(Burke & Cigno,1995) 1995 uM?O d?O w
uc? bU? sJ
d??_ rKF U??U??S U?B? qH U??N? ??  w? d?O? G?  `{u U??* c
U??_ U 5? czbM Q??A?M sJ1 w? u??? H d?? u w?
WU??
d_ c UNNu w WO
U{ uGC rN
uFOD sc sd
UU d?I uU rNMJ WOKL bU? u bI UUO? Ub
_
WKzU Wd c s UN _ b d bI WuFBU
- 59 -

U?N 5KO uK V? U
b?_ UM* Ue u q?
UU? U

WOeM* n rD% UO_ cQ
5KO u WF WKHD

5 rNMO bO W? oK 5LN dO' uJ U? bM tQ d_ Ud

c vK UH( oK q s bU? qLF UNOK V tS
iF? rNCF
d_ b? nO U?C vK Ub?U wU? WU( u/ b?O U?F
s b?? W?O? L?d d??O? bU??* UJ? W??U s s
? ? U??NeM s XKI??
 b_
(Louise) fu WU u/

X Ud??L? U?JO??? O? d??G?

X U??N uM l? fu d??L?
XK b?? W??O?d??
Uu ? s fu XU?? uM s? w
uM
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UNb rKF w
WuF
u UL w
Xu p cM UNb s
dD)U U?? b U?NMJ U? U9 W?O?FO? u?B fu d??
W?I?
d? Xd U??N p U??NM VKD h ?? l d?)U? b?F? U??N
b? w?
U?A v e?M* s U?N? d? d???
uK?
dD K W??{d?F? uJ???

W?d v U?% fu UNu?d d?O' s lu* s f?OK
nu
eM* w
UNO
uJ w U_ UM v UJ s dL
v uKI b dOG
WOKU WMb w
WbK WOJK w
gOF d_
dO' bM
ULN _ UJO?O fu b s Ud d uuJO wU( rNeM
pdA bU? S
c bU b_ WKHD W?U w
bU? UUO
fu l w uO q UF w
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d*
u?B UN?U?B s bu YO? W?
U) U?N?b w
fu qE u?
t?OK bU?* U?N u b?I fu W?b w
u?LKF* W?b* WK
U? w
WO? u
s eF?U be* U?U XKu? b bb' X?O v U?I s bzU?H S

- 60 -

U??N?* vK W???u* VF??B? s qF??? U2 b??F d?? ?  X?? ?

w W?? b*
b q? s b??L* d?_ r v U?O?U U?? be c?N W?O?b*
nOB D UM W
U fu
(Comment)

oOKF

bU?? v U?% wN?
d?OG?

W?IKGM W?OD/ d? w
gO?F fu
u?FOD? W?IDM v U?I Ub U?? bI?
U?UO?? pK W?O? d?
bU??? U??C UM fu? b? s d??? W?d? bU??? v?K U?L? ? U??N?O?

dO? Wb UdbI - w Wb* s WKU?2 bU dO?' s uu
vK Wb UdbI - b? WOUL? bU* bL* d_ d? _ w
dO*
UM 5U??? uu?J r rN_ p fu? wb? s U??N?O? IK - w bU??* s
w
UME b?I wb qB?H WO?I U?O
d?G sb?O?F uU W?O?HO?B DF
d? r bU 5OM?N* d rNQ rN?O UA U U?U uU 5?b* UM
b? Wd_ b?U* d WU?( c w
sJ W?O?BM b?U?LK bB?
dI U w
d_ rOE UN U ULN d Wb UdbI XH?A? ? w d?_ c?N? Wd?{ d?L?? * bU??LK? W?U?(
WO?K Wd? bU?0 Ube - U bM U b? pdAK WU?* bU?*
U?N?U?O? w
d??_ bU?? u WU?( c? q? w
5O?MN* W?O?
U?{
v W
U{U U_ s bU*U
UM* w
dOG* UNUUO uJ V
l q UF? w
d_ c b?U b d?O' q? s UH WO?u W?U:
bb' UNeM w
WUd UN
bM W?
U t?KzU?F UL? w
UJ Xu bu b? qN? s fOK

W
U) WUd s d W v U c Ud
b u
u_ WOI? bB qLN U0 rKF UU U?H UN w d_
U?? w
U?C UJO?O? UU?O? l?{u b fu WU w?
tS
c?N
qU?? ? ?  v R s?JL* s? dE c? q?? L? ?
U?? ? qB?? H d?E
r v u WMU bU* Uu?L sbd* v WU( wHUF
- 61 -

(Peter 1993 wU d??O WU?d w
5U?A? rN? vK rbb?% - b? sJ

u?LKF?? UJO??O? q?? U?H 1995 U?H_ uU? & Barney, 1993)

uJ s?J1 U??LK?? r?Nb W??U??F? X? u?? s sd?? v u?b???

vK d???? rN d??F?A dDC U0 w? WU?d b? s? WU?(
q U s q d???I (Thompson, 1995) 1995 u?? ? u U?N U??O?I
bU* U U b s dEM dB t (Powel & Ogle, 1985) (1985)
sJ1 c U?? U? b?) U??U? s U?? uKF? v u??U?? u?? S?

UC rN WMU pc WUF* rN rNO s qJ WMU qI* t
bU?LK UNUO?U oKF U?LO
W
U?) UNuK b b? fu d
b?u? ? s b???L* d??_ U? u?I? U?Nb W?U?F ?
d?? d?? ?F wN??
c
w
d?_ W?O?L? rNeM s rNU?I? W?OKL? W??O? b?? c  sb] ?'
Ued? bM XU bb uM W?OUL? WU?O UN?L b bU?* .bI
(Griffiths, 1988) 1988 YHd?? W?O? U??L?? WU?d? U?U??O? u??N?H? w

uU? W?O? u?I W??B? U? b? U?* qO?? vK U?N?OK V?d c ld?A?
1995 WUdU 5LzUIK U b) dbI uU 1990 WOUL WUd
UOHO WUF H dO d_ WUF H d_
(Functional and dysfunctional families)

U WO? uO UBGM* l q U?F ZUF w d_ w WU?FH d_

uJ v qO9 UN YO? p qFH w pK UNS?
UOH?O WUF H dO? d_
U??N? OK d?DO??K b??F? ? ? U??Nu?? s? d???  nu* U?? (Reactive) WKU??H? ?
w
d?OJH? vK U?Nb?I d?_ U?? s qKI W?eM c q? (Proactive)
UJ w
lI u? d_ W?OU? wF?OD s U?NK U?OI wU?U WKJA*
5 `Q? U U?U d?_ S
p v W?
U{U 5?A* 5
dD sc 5? U
qH U?? N uJ w? d??_ WU?? s UM?LKJ qA?? H 5 wH?? Ou U?? M
WLEM U?Lz qHD u sbu U?F
uJ U U?UG?
rKF UUS U?B
t Ud?
q vK d?_ vK U?O?b be? c j?GC c? q?L
b?O?H?
Ub?? b?I wH??Ou qK?) s U? W?? v u?
u v? R wJ d??OQ
U w
WOIOI( nu* l{ bM bOH uJ WFK j* U c
- 62 -

(James & Wilson, 1986) 1986 u??K fL??O? s q d?? b??I

qOK? WKO?u t? b? ? - YO? rEM WdE w
(Function) W?OUF?H u?NH?

U?
d??? uJ U?NS??
W?OMN* b??U?* UM d?? UM s Wd?_ U??L?

l nO?J U?? O nF??C? U??N? O?K VF??B? U?? bM? jG??{ X% l?I w d?? 
UN? UN e?M s d_ c q w
U?_ c w
uD) sLJ JA*
d??O?u??H l
U?? ? u .b??I? qHDU? UM??U??  WU??d w?
W??Lz?? u?? B
U?? F* WDA_ vK? b?I b? W???O?? bu? b?? jG?C c W?d?C
UuFB c U& WOUJ l WLz uB WO uO UOK WdC
WU w
UN dc U UU rKF UUS uUB UH UNb w d_
UNuI UN _ b XIK UL b( du s dL
Wd?C b?U?*U? UN?OK V?KG? V bb? U?I? b?$ U?Lz s
U??O??U?{ U??IK
V??? U0 W?b?* w b?? d?O??O??G W??U??? X??O e??N??_
W?F??d* u??{u? U??N?OK q?B? w b??; WU??d d?Q U??L?
n?u?'
R UMHu? vK d?L?? jG?{ s wU?F s lDIM? qL?; s d?
WI b pA v UM
bb rKF WU WM 13 dL qH b

wMM vK W?u? uJ sJ1 UC d?_ U?N q UF? w W?IdD

W??LEML?K W??U?? W??LEM?* ??b?? v W??b?? d??O?G? ??b?? 5 d??
U??I?F JA* c?N d?_ u?C? q1 w?MM* c d b? Wd?_
s UNO
mU? uB UNF qUH? UNS
d dD vK U UNK( WU? dO
d?_ c? s _ uMU??
JA* c vK V?KG? W?U?; U??F?H_ du??
W?? _U n?B? ? s?J1 wU?? ? d?? ? ?_ b?? W?? O? ??KU? n
u s?J1
UON
UN?L U? ULN? WDd* d?_ q bu c U?LU U?U

s be U?F? qH WU? sJ bU?* WU?d s v_ b?( U?% U?NKF?
qb? v WU w?
UNKF? U2 uGC? s be v R U?UO? c
b?? U???* W??O? ?uM? oKF?? U?? L? O? ?
o
u? b??? U?? b?M uD) s?LJ wM?N*
- 63 -

VK bM
d?_ s d_ b? WOK 5 d? W bI* W?OBM

5OM?F* 5b* od? s W??OuU??I? W??O? U??L? ? U?? b??) t m?K U??(
U2 d??_ s W?? ? {U?? W??IdD i?
d U0 b??U??* Q??
p? l d??O? '
tUM r?O c c vK wU?L? eF d?
dD) dF? w
V?
wK ULO
OBH d uB
(Caring families) WUdU WLN* d_

U??LE?M* s bb?? F w
(Care) WU??dU? 5LzU??I s d?? O? ?  b?? UM

w
WU??d pc? w?M? od? s WU?d W?ud? WU??d qL?A? W?O?L? d
U?U? U?H_ s 98 s d?I U? tS?
p? vK ? U?O?H?A??*
S?
t?OK (Manthorpe,1994) 1994 u?U? W?
U) r?d l u?A?O?F
rN?O UA s r q?HDU 5Dd* d?_ d
U?N uI W?Ud wu rEF?
qOQ U w
U?BOB b U? UM b$ 5MNL u U?N UP
u??H? d??O? VUJK 5?OU?? U w?L?  U??J c d?? _ q U??F*
WU?dU u?LzU?I U uJ Q VUJ `BM t?O?
(Beresford,1994) 1994
UFd? UNu?% UbI
s? b _U qHD W? d vK pc bR 5?OU
rzb e?O?d? WU?dU 5LzU?I W?? u i U? b?? dO? d?O??F v
WU?? w
wF??O? t vK t??O dEM? U? U??U?? U?H?_ vK tM d???  U vK
u; U W?IOI r? c rKF WU s wUF qH U?Nb w d_
u?I? u?H? rN?u?I? U?d? l t?S?
rNKH WU? U??F? qL?? W???MU
UL R w
qE wGM c qHD
rN rKF U?U UH_ WU U? w
WB< u? rEF
b?$ U?MU?
c _ u W?U?dU wU??_ rzU?I? W?{d?? H? WU??dU rzU??IU
wJeO d UdH0  WN?u wbO* `* U w
WK_
(Glendinning, 1986 Z??M?b??M? O?K? (Ayer & Alasezewski,1984) 1984
1992 u?MO?U? (Smith & Robus,1989) 1989 f YO?L? 1986)
d_ w
W?
U U?( rEF w
`O?
d?
c (McIntosh,1992)
WU UN0 U?N _ uI YO U_ rO?I r bU*U U UN?O
uI w
- 64 -

W? XMO b?I
W?OeM* U?N* iF U?$ w
b?U?*U U u?I U?LMO qHD

e??M U??N? _ (Cooke & Lawtons,1984) 1984 euu? u?? s q
weM?* qL??F? w
sN U?? d W??U?? A? s? rdU W?? OeM* U?? N* rE?F?
b d qHD WU XU ULK be v XU sN UN
5LzU?I? U vK e?O?d? Wb? d??_ U?b iF XU? b?
U rO?O?I? (Hornbys,1992) 1992 e?O?u W d??H WU?dU
UL d_ UO w
b U0 dOQ? bb rN bu
UU UH_ UP
s U? K q rN U??L? b?? sJ1 c i?
d VC?G s? d?? F rN
nR* d?OA 5OMN*U U?B WOU?L? bU* vK u?B( w
U?N _
W?b rN?OK X U? sc rEF? _ W?U b?U? uJ b? UL?O?O?I? c Q
 qF U2 c lHd rNL?OKF u WDu* WID s U U?FOL uU
U?? ?d?? ?
U?M d?? ? I (Smart & Neale,1999) 1999 qO? U?? ?L? ? ? s
Wu?NU U? w
rNu vK dR UNuJ w? UJ W U? 5 WO?UL?
Q
fM' b s? q w
d??
u?u dE? t v d?O? A W_ b??
u? c `B W?U? qH WU?d U?O?I v?K dR pc?
U?N? _ U 5
nzUu s v_ Uu* u? dUI XMO b WH?Ou qLF _ U
1988 1985 sd?? UJ W? U?? 5 Uu? s? d?? WU??dU 5LzU??I 5
5KzU?F r d? ue U S
rN?H?u U? U (Green, 1985,1988)
VK? c S??
d?? _ q W??U?? u?? b?M t gO?? F V??  vK 5L?zU??
(National w u?I? U?H_ XO t?? b? dd?I nA?? b? rN?O?K Uu?G?{ n?O?C
WO?IOI( nO?UJ WODG w
qA
b? UU UE Childrens Home 1994)
U??H? U??C d?U??I?  U??
b?? U??U??S 5U??B? U??H qO?Q?? W?? 
(Baldwin,1985) 1985 sb?u d?? ? _ c? q?? ? w
q?b U?u?? ? ? ? ? ? ?
(Manthorpe,1995) 1995 u?U (Editorial,1993) 1993 Uu?b
sbu W??O?
U?{ nO?UJK dE? WU?B? ? U??U??O?? U V?? p
(Smith & Robus,1989) 1989 f? YO?? ? ?L? ? ? (Baldwin,1985) 1985
(Dobson & Middleton, 1998) 1998 uKbO u
- 65 -

w
(Smith & Brown, 1989) 1989 d YO??L? s q `{ b??I

v V?M W?U?? dU? rzU?? I v?K WU?? ?d w
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(Burke 1997 d? d??O (Burke,1997) 1997 d?O Q??A c v
WuHD s u? q UN?FM UMMJ1 nu* iF S p l et al.,1997)
qHD d?_ vK p U?N?F???
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u??F? ?A iF pc?? dD{ s U?MO??F?  b??  U?  U??O? ?( u??%
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gUMM WU?I uD
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(Responding to change) dOOGK
WU

U? u u?G?{ s U?NM Q?AM U? u% s b? U? U?& qF?H

W?H? B d??O?O?G? s U?NM? Q?AM U?? W?d??G nu* rN??H vK sU?? UMKF??
W?Lzu* iF v u?I v U?F_ qd? b?% v U?bB?K WU?
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nu? l tUA? sJ1 WM s s U?d( b?F bI?HU uF?A Xu
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[(Holmes and wU?L? ? nOJ U? v? e*u U?O?I? W??b??
c (Hopson ,1981) 1981 u?
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iF UM UbI t dF u u V
dOG U U UM dNE

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- 106 -

s d? u s nAJ tU? U2 d?OJ r UM_ b? bI? s Ud?(

dH u? bMU U
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- 109 -

(Downs W?0 UF? qHD UC U?Lb Ud? U UM U?U

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b?F qL( U9 v U?b vC* u? UO?? U? UM sJ r UN?U

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- 110 -

rNu vK rN
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- 111 -

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bu d?E WU??GK U Uc??? v (Portage) Uu W??IdD home-based)
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(Oliver & Barnes, 1998) (1998) eU d??H?O s? q
U?NM d??? w? Wd
s qKI b? WUdU 5LzU?I UU?O vK d?F w d? UNM d? U?L

c rO?O?I S? c?N rN?H 5?UF* d?_ vK e?O?

d d?U?* U?L?
d??U??  u??B U?H?_ U?{ b?? fO??I U?? tM Yb??( b??B s
rNM 5R* s UC
(The multi-agency approach) bF* UR* w U&

W?U? U?b) U?uK?F* v u?u qUJ* fK U?& sL?C?

v qu w qA?HU UbK bOKI? rOI bFM? YO qb* b bM
s 5H?K???  5O?MN* d?? d??  p??B?  wJ?% pOK d??H? U??& c
s d?? W??O? U? s U??b?? ) .b??I w u?? ?  s w?U??F W??O? ?U
U lu? Xu fH w (Bladwin & Carlisle, 1994) 1994 wK?OU?

qBH dE Ub) W?U s WBB Wd?F rNb du 5OMN* s

fU)
WU0 1970 U? WO?U?L? U?b) uU? U? XC u?I? W cM
s rdU UN?CF s WKB?HM uB UI? b?I XU
w U?b) lOL?
d??L?? uU?I? s Wud?? W?O? U?L? ? U??b??) U?F? ?? - b?I?  p
W?Od?G? b e?u? u l W?O?u W?KE X% qLF? w WO??B Ub?)
s rdU U?( w pK X U W?OK; UDKK lC? w pK s W?HK?
- 154 -

WB r W?OUL Ub) Yb% v? wb wLd wuJ( UO
dE U??b??) 5??? e??u??( c W r u?? t vK? b?
b?? 1998
(White, 1998) 1998 Xu U UI* UC
t?u W?O?UL? U?b?) U? 5 bzU? WeM? WU?H* s* t
s sb?dK WNu* U?b) qB?H p rO?I hO?B? u WO?U d
q W??O?d? U??L?O?? I U?O? _ iF w d??_ U?H W??N?u* U??b?)
W?O?K? q U??b?) s b?b?F `?? Xu fH w? U?LMO U??H_ U??b?
bIF nu* S p l UNO UM WU u WOUJ s b p S cN
W?OF?L?: W?OKIF W??B qL d? ?L? 5OzU?B_ d? iF qL?F W?MU
u? uJ b? XU UE b?u t v?K qO c b?F?? W?LE v vL?M
XU??
U??b??) v? u??U??? sc U?M W??KB* q?L? F UEM? c q??
WUG w 5OMN* UUO fO r rNUUO
b? U* dH? w U?_ u{u* du? w dO_ W?U( c
V?U bO?' rNb s rd?U Uu qLF? w WuF u?HK< u?OMN*
rN?U?L U?? nK? U?L
W?HK?? Vb b? rOKF?K nK?? j/ UE qJ
w rN?Ud Wu?I W?Ob?B* uU uMb pc?
UN?OK e?
d w WDA_
(Ackoff, 1985) 1985 u??
(Etzioni, 1969) 1969 wu?e WM?N*
U?? U???U?? 5OM?N* S?? p v?K ?? (Hugman, 1991) 1991 U??L? u
d??O? W??U? W??O? uD W??U? XU??
u?? W?HK???  U?LE?M w uKL??F
e U?N W??U?) qL?F U??L?O??I wK?b U?N?UE U??NM qJ WU?L? ??
u?? eu?? (Wistow,1994) 1994 u?? ? ? (Reason, 1994) 1994
W1b d rN 5UL* U_ q iFU (Jones & Joss, 1995) 1995
UO? ub r 5O?UL 5OzU?B_ q d iF? ULMO Wu W?dF
WU??? b?N?  U? qJA? W?OU?? q U?u??{ q rN?u? rN?H?u?? w
W?dF* qu?F c vK u?? V b? UJ w b?F* W?b?) .bI?
rd? U?H? WMJL* U?b?) qC?? .b?I? b?N c U??F b?N X%
e
d b oI% b U WUM* WOOd Y v qIM u
hHK l{U) UON bF UH_
- 155 -

(Methodology) WONM*

u uMO? s
WDu WO?NM*U W?IKF* WKUA q?OUH? Xb
Y?? ZUM* b??F? ? uK? b?? ? b?? (Cigno & Burke, 1998) 1998
U s W?b? u?{u* `O?{u?? W .b?I? p Y?? W?O?b??B? Ue
5
dA* dOG WU) UE* XK b WHK UB Ub WHK
vM* q UF UAM
VFK F UK nB q UH_
WOUL' UI* WuM* qLF d
Wb* bF U W u_ W q WU) UH
uBK WOMF* UuL: WLEM* t UI* vK Wb bL b
W?
U?A ? s 5d?L?* 5OMN* e?
d* U?C d?? d u? vK
e?
d* cN wMN? UL? rNb d? U?O v uL?M sc d_ U?O?N
rNM d?OG b? l UI? tF? Ux dB?? w? UO?? q b
r w U?U?O? iF b?O?
Q w b??U??LK W?Iu? U?N?' U?C? u?K - U?L?

5LN* s UNOK uB(

(Sample population) WOUJ UMO

U?L? WF rN?M od?H UC? s d? 51 W?U? W?H?B U? b?I

w qLF d s od q
qO9 - b 5dA 5
UA WOI 5uD
vK u?d??A* W?LE_ q
U??O? N b?F?? qL? o?d?H?
vM* fH w? qL?F
Ud ZUd o?d 5'U?F* U?{d?L* qHD u/ s? Wu?* U?b?)
r?N?M? (Barnardos childrens disability team) 5?O? ? ? ? ? ?U?? ? ? ? ? F?* U?? ? ? ? ? H??
5OzU?B? Uu? u?b* W?O?L?OKF? U?b?) 5O??U?L?? 5OzU?B?_
5OzUB?_ UO?UL? U{dL* rKF? WU? wFL?: odH bU?LK
5OzU?? B? U??H_ U??? wD od?? H ??FU u?? B? ? < 5O??? ?HM
sd
- 156 -

5u?? u* U? s 165 5 s U 84 W?? b c? XML?? C? b?? I

5OU?? b? 5b?????  uU?
R? s e?
d*U u??u* UU?O? K U??I?
ju?? C U?? O? ? ? s wK U??  dE p? b??F r?NM 5 WKU?? I?  X?9 e??
d?? LK
b U UNd UUL w UC uUJ 9 5I* U UU
e
d* u
4 W?U) U?UO? s d?O?
rN U?
rNM 47 H 62 WE0
?H 15 U??LMO e??
d* vK U??I?O?KF? i?F .b?I? vK sU?? R s

rNu rNu s uU
5U
wK; u?* vK qL?F WO?Oz U?LEM s UC? UA? X9 b?I
d WUF W?B fU rKF UU WOb U?U UH_U WOMF
UF? b? vK d UM U?
WOU?L U?b) U0 W?L?N* qLF
b?? w U?u?L: S? d?O W?U? W?u?L? d? _ W
WI?dD UN? U?C - WO?B W?Od wb? ? UI?LK UJL
e?
d*
WU
b?I? bF?* U??R* w U?b?) Y W?OMF? XU?
W?b c _
w U??R?* q
s Uu??* lO?L? v?K 5OMN? U?U?L?? c??N Ud??
U?? s ??
XJ? w ?U??I?* WE??  X9 b??  e??
d* c w? qL?? F
s Wu_ W
UA* Ue r w uN' W?UL* w bF* UR*
c s b id r WE* X% U?uL? e
d* w WuM U?' 5LC
5
UA* lOL' WdH WOuB) bO
Q l W
UA* UuL:
X uN?A e
d* Xb? w d_ dE UN? Y - b
W?b?) .bI? UJ b? WDd? U?NM d?? w s b?
QK d?O?_
s WKOK WuL: U WIu wK UM WOL? dO WHB UC UMb% WOU(
(Roberts & Wellard, 1997 f?dd b?? ?O? ?H?* U?? I* d?E U?? ?H_
S? u?LF t? vK W?O?? U?d?A* w U?H_ 5L?C s 1997)
WUdU 5LzUI W vK dF d s?  qHD U UO
rN
U?A bM UI? WIDM rNu bM UH_ U?dB uK WE
- 157 -

UNb?I w W{UF WOHK) vK UL? pc

WLEM* dO? WLEM* UF_ w
qHD s e
d* UM
Ux U?NU - UU?O? 156 uL? s? WU? 75 vK UMKB? bI
WU? bd?U tU r U?O? W?MU WU?? UF?Hd b?F c b?F
c?O?HM - b? Y? Q W?dF* W?OU?L?? l WKU?
d?O? UU?O b?U? XU?

Wu?I?F? UU?? vK? uB?( w W?O?L t U?
U2 WU?O? W??R? WDu
r? WIKF* j?I WL?N* WK_ dD d?OB? UO? b?? pc
U? Uu
e?
d* w Wud* d?O? Wud* U?O?_ Wb??* U?b) U?Nu d?_
W?H c qU?
U?I rdO? u?U? t t?M? wGM c dzU?' rKE sL?
qOK X Wu?G?C?* W?e* rNU?O? w rNb fO sc? d?F?K WKU?I
uU? sc p 5? s tS? p vK ? UU?O??? c wK0 u?u?I?O
WKd? w rN?KU?I? r rb?F?? s U?d?I rN?F?O?L? d? U?O??? vK
Wb?; e?
d?* s U d?O? U?{ s W??I?U? W?O?K?_ d?? U?LMO W??b?I??
s 5d v{d b? s d w b? d WFU?LK Ud b?I Xu
W???  s? d?? W wze??' U??{d? s u s d??? v? d??A? F d??_
U U{d s XMK w 5F

Ub) b Wd_ hzUB)

(Family characteristics and use of services)

U?O?I?O?I? U?O? uu?O U?N? s

`* c w? u?
U? sc s 84
rEF? wM?U? WU?dU 5LzU? uU?
5 5I?O?I? 5O?u?u?O U uU?
11
d?L? ju?? U??
5 w b? q_ vK rNb? U?
U?U? U?H_
vK W?u X U? d_ wK s d??
S p l uM U?F* qHD
b 5b uUJ wU U uC(
W?B XU
e
d* w Wu? f UN w WO?Ozd W Ub?) S
UU? v d?? O? ? _ XK
b??  b?U?? * w?U?? L? ?? ? qL?? F r?OKF?? ?
Xb?? ? b?I?  lu w W?O? U?L?? U??b?) r? q?? s (Barnardors)
- 158 -

W?O? ?Ozd? ? U???R* w u??u* U?; s i?F d?_ s bb??F

5 bI t?OK WU sJ r b? WdH U/_ s WLEM?* UUO sJ
v{d?? uU?
U??H_ U W? W?I? O?I? ? s b???? w qb??
s q
WDu? rN?B?? - b? uJ qL???; s W?O??B U?b??K 5FU
wL?OKF? odH? s bU?? vIK b? rNH?B U?{d?L* 5B?< U?_
wUL qLF od q s rd r rNbU X9 b rNK
r d? u qHD rOO?I e
d? WDu tB? - b? WMOF l? b$
Xb???? w? d?_ s XuJ U?MMO? S?? t?OK b??F?* U???R* W??b?)
UH w uu* WU u s WIOb UUO b$ bb WuM Ub
s W??HK???  u d?? - b?? t U?MU??A? ?
s rdU W??U???  sJ r? WMO??F
J?A* rKF??  U?? U?? ?J W?? GK Uu?? F? ? sL??C? ? w? W??U??
bu W wUb qKA WO
uK
v d?_ UE (1) U{d U?MK 5U?OI UM? Ub
U??
e??
d* U?? q uKL??F s?c UE?? (2) e??
d* b??? ? 
qL?F b? e?
d* od? oI?? b? v U?L U??O?IK U?O? U?_ u?;
d_ UUO WOK oI U b dO
WLE bF UO sL{
bF wuK qLF WOLOEM WbF
(Multi-agency, pluridisciplinary working)
(Parents views)

W??? MU? rNU??? ? ? wI? w d???

Q U s? t Q b?? d??

U iF U b WdH dO b nI X% UNK
Ub) u
e
dLK
U?? q? qHD U/ e?
d? q? d U?b? u?b?? rN W?IO?I? v
uEM s c? uD U
bb?' e
d* Q u? b? c UH_ e?
d
UMKB w b; UUO s c r b Ub) We
d qUJ
WU? WO?Fd U s bb?F b b? UUMd w U?I* s U?NOK
rN UNKOu r u e
d* q d Wb v uU rN WIOI v
- 159 -

u U??  q
d?? wM?F0 (Key workers) wU?? _ q?U?? F WD?u U? ?OzU?? I?K
r U? U? d? U2 l W?K vK uJ wJ d?L* d?? eM? u uKD
U
b? WKL* dO?H? bF?* Ue VM& r cN u?O fH w c
wU
UU9 U UIOKF
b e
d w 5uM 5OzUB WDu WbI qHDK WKUA WUd
wKHD w UU q uJ b UJ v Uc
rNMJ1 UMOF UO dF U h UM U
UM uu Ub) q

bU* .bI d h vK u{u* c udD
U??? d? u?N? dEM U?O?F v pKH? c?Q pOK U?
p q?
qB?? pS? U?H_ e??
d? l sJ b??u? p b? r t? qB? V c s? d?F
WuKD* bOu* q
bb% s u uJ b UJ0
(Staff views)

5KUF od dE UN

d?N b?? rN?E?0 c?_ rN??KU?I?  X9 sc od??H U?C? r?EF?

w rN?LEF? wU? b?I? d?_ rN?K? U??R* b?F?? qL?F w Uu? U?e?
w rN s? sdb* s bb??F UMQ? b?? e?: U?b??) .b?I s o?U?
WNUA u b UNK
rNUU XU
UR* bF qb*
d?OG?B oUMB U?NLz b?IF? UH?_ UU?O?U d?{ t
WLEM*
WOLOKF Ub) fOz
WU w d?O U d?A W
U WF?O V? U2 WH?K UN
UF uKLF rN* s tS tOK qHD
WOzU/ qHD Ub od db
rNMO e?O?OL? lOD? U?U 5?HK? UM s d?O? d d?_
rbU UM UF UMK Uu S cN
Ud qL od db
- 160 -

u?c b UB? b? w u?d d_ rN? YO uO? t

rNUUL qJ wMF tO
rKF UU wFL: odH db

tU??? sL??C? b??F?* U???R* o?M oU?? vK vIK* qL??F

WLN w UuN bM UuF W qOc UF odH UC Ub) lOL
UM?? UM?U??I?  w e??
d* b_ W?? ? M?U W??L? U?? W??? ?F?  b??I? ?F? 
s od??H 5U?L* sd?b* UMQ? W??bK U??< U??u?L?? LK
U? d? rNM UM?K WHK?< U??ON? 5 tu d?F? c qUJ b?
w U??L?NMO s U???? O WKL?? ? U??O?? r?UD - b? rNU?U?
UuO? d
_ UO XU?
qUJ nOF{ U b v qUJ? UU9 qUJ
Uu?FB rN?U? d?H* U?IOK?F X?{ b U? b v qUJ? w
rN??? HQ o?d?H? U??C? U??N? F? { w W??F? Hd?* fOU??I* qUJ? oO??I? % w
5 U?F?  Q?A U tM d??? c qUJ U??{d l iUM c? t?U?$
bF* UR*
e?
d* w uKL?F sc p U?N?b? w W?OU? U?I?OKF? s bb?
U?R* 5 wL?d dO? wuO qu? qUJU oKF X?U
tF? uKUF?
UOu? l qUF UH_ l dU* qU?FU oKF ULO? WU 5OMN*
U
U?b) 5 qu? Q Wb) s 5{d 5?O?* s bb U? b
ld c e
d* u XI? w dH w tM WO?FO d
WuN? d

W?U W?HB b? UJ w U?NF?O?L u?u U?b?) c WI?OI? v

5OMN? l uKu??O u_ u?dD rb?I0 e?
d* U?C? d?F b?I?
s b bb?? JA? d?NE U??bM d? U??O? W?LE q uKL??F sd?
u?H qu? c Q? bb?F d?F? W?Ou?H?OK U*UJ?* ?d* UE
` d?_ s WUO U?$ r c qLF q?F vK bU? 5HK< 5OM?NLK
UH
d

w Wb?) s WO{ dO?G du* UI?OKF b$ d? tu vK

s bbF WKJA? q1 U vK uC wIK  s d?
5 u vK oH
- 161 -

wL u? vK WKB WU? u UR* bF? qLF w odH? UC

dU??< od?H u UU??O? ?? s d d? U??u?{u?? c d??H? b?
e?
d* WH?KH bze f?L? s rdU e?
d* w W?UF W?N?u v U?I?
rNb UM b? tu? w W?d? sdb?* b p? d U?L?
U?F? qL?FK
WOuLAK ULN
dO? f_ U?I uKu uU?? b od?H UC? s rd vK
XuK bb? w W?O?L?d U?I* w rNM bb?F vK U?L?? WO?L?
v t??F?d u?N?  sdb* b?? J U?I?  Wb? c??R ? U??_ c vK
e
d*U 5KUF 5HK< U WuM* UOHK)
??L? qHD? WU? w b? W?HK?? U/ b???  U0 U??R*
5 U?C?UM? R b? c wD u?L?M t U?I? wU?L? ? u?LM
YO? W? U?U?L? ? d? UM? U?
UJ?? v d? od?? qL?
wGM s U?OR* lu? oKF UL?O jK) v R b? UF qL?FK U;
q
U0 tu?I p? vK b?F?* U??R* db? oK b? p? qF?H t?OK
Wb) Vu b?_ Wu_ wDF VFB s tS WUJ? e
d rN sdb*
WMOF uQ UMOF db h d_ U vK
c b
R Y? UNOK U?' WuL: s U?NOK UMKB w UU?O
U pc? OB?H 5OMN* bF? od?H U? w Wd UM XU?
bI ZzU?M
d? U??& rN??e? dE? t U?? R* q
s 5U??L* s bb??F t?OK? b?

bI d?_ U?ON l uKUJ? rNS d?OJ rNKL? U? WU) rN?KL

W?U?) WF?O?D wL?d d?O? uDU W?OU oKF? c jI? pc rN?UO??
U?H U?? WDd* W??U?L* dE U??N?OK9 w q?L?F d? 5 qu??K
b?U u? b vb?I 5O?D 5UL?* b oK U?L?
WU? W?FO?
qHDK b U q
dF VFB s uJ We
d UUO
uU??
rN??O UMb??% sc od??H U??C? q
S? U?EH??  s r?dU
u??? ? 5??% w W?u? U??? s d??? W?O? b u?K( pK 5K??I? ? 
vK k?H?? UU??O b??U?? b?? sL??C?? c qL??F w W??O? L? d W??
U??A*
- 162 -

qL?? F 5??% v?K b??U??? w f_ l?{ vK qL?? F - U??L?

d?u??O? ? ?LJ
W?U?O? r b?F??* U??R?LK rO?O?I? d? l{ ? q? d??A*
d9R bI?F WMOF qL? d XU bI p v? WU{U UuL?LK W
qLF d WOI q s rNUU2 rN U eOH Ub (External views) WOU) d

d??? e??
d* q?L? W??O? uD? W??OuU??I U??? ?R* rEF?? X?L? O?  b??I
od? l UF? rNUI?* UJL
e?
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p s U?{d b?? s rNM WK d?? U?L?MO pc bb?A U?{d? s bU?*
V cN u W d bI d_
dI e
d* w uu* WOB Ub)U oOu U
q? s 5{u?H? 5N? d? W??O qH?D WU WD w? UC? iF
WOFL: WB
e
d* U WMOF Ub u WOUJS oKF w UuKF* hI
(Meeting the needs of families) Wd_ UUO WOK
(Parental / carer satisfaction)

WUdU rzUI _ U{

U vK sU tUb e?
d* U
U dI U s VK bI
U s wLE?F W?O?U?G b?? rNUU? UU?? u?b?I rNU?U??O??
rNM? bb??FU?? U??{d c U??? d?
c? u?U?D?? e??
d* s 5O??{
s
U? b?U? W??O? W?O?{U* U?U??U wU?( rU?{ W?O?F? u?B uU?
UH U U
vM* Q U YK wu oK Ub)
U?H_ VF? W?IDM v d?U??? U? U l s d?I U?? U? b?
U b p? vK oK UL?
rNUH_ d?O
c? WIDM? q1 U
c sd?I
tuI
U?O? VF wM?MJ1 q U?AbM u?I tS?? U?H_ e?d? d? U?LK
p V UcK bOF U bI UH
- 163 -

Q rN `L U2 Wd bOu bb% u d_ U{d WLN* dUMF b

rNb? sc p s?J9 U??L?
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w W?FzU?A U?LKJ d??
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XO v XO s? UI? t??A U?
u U?L?

rNH? 5F? w e
d* w q?LF UM od?H UC? nu Xb?
W?d?? v d?U??  u?B U iF? U? b? nKJ?? d?O? V?d? U
rNMJ b aD?LK s
UN bu W?d WO?C dO?
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WO w rNUH dEM d) u
UA sd WKUI s lu w c
qL?F od? U?? e
d* Q? U dF? b?I? p vK ? W?L?O?L W??
b??U?* wI?K l d??O?J q?N? rN?U?O? qF?& X?UD?? U l b?O? '
U?d?B? WDO?; rN?d Wd?H rN?UU?O?? rz? U?B?O?B? W?L?L?B*
p `{u U b_ WOU
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WUHJ
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v e??d* s u??? pOK Vu?? U?bM? pM vK?? U?H_ e??d?

pKH rN?H b? w r b?U* c q v?K qB% p WU?F W?b*
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WOU) Ub) s Uu?KF* bI r e

d* Q U s WK dF bI
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(Child satisfaction) qHD UUO U

U?C? b??? WH?K? nu? WD?A UM U?H_ WE? X9 b?I

W?O? ?F U?K' w? qB?H q W??LEM d? W??O?L? ju?{ o?d?H
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o?? sc U U??H iF l U??B??U? Yb?( s U??C UMJ9 b??I

uU U* WIUD XU
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(Staff views) 5KUF r

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d?F? b? v od??H U?C? W??O?I db* u??U?L* q??

b?I
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rNUH U UU?O v b e
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d_
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WU?( u Wb) 5% Vu? s d VU vK uC U?I - bI

b e
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d?MO d?I U?LMO U?U U?H_ l qUF? w U?O?N bF? e?
d*
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UdE WN s b u wK; rb UJ
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w UH_ e
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d* 5 b?I
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bO u?B uKLF uU
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U??O?N 5JL?? Wd?{U?N?O u?u sJ2 WKU?

U?U?O b?U? u? b?F
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b?? I
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U??; b?? v W??b c? 5O??d* 5U??L* rN? t??U??* W??d??F*
UI s rd vK `C w Wd eeF? WUL* l{u U* c U
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bF* UR* w WUL* UUJF

(Reflection on multi-agency practice)

WEH* 5OMN* U
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uK rO?O?I? W?O?u{u? ju?{ U?I* w UM?b?? b? e?
d* w U
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W?U??B fOU??I*U? od??H U?C? U??NKU? w? Uu?F? B u?G?C? U?H_
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u??NE `L??? r d??_ qHD l e??

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t?U? U? v uF?L?? W?U?O wF?U vK? qO UM W?U d?L??

W??B r? wL?d U?O? w W?u?J( W?I?u? v U2 uM d?_
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(K.Cigno & J u?? uM??O? s? q
b? c? Y?? U?I? 

s UU? UH_ UUO? WOK WFL?: Ub) uMF Gore)

w d? _ d?N b? qB?H c t?O?K b?L?? c U??R* b?F?? qb*
1999 uKFK q?u?
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(Blackwell Science, 1999)

- 170 -

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- 171 -

v??? (Gault, 1999) 1999 Xu?? dE W??
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t wM?F b?I?  (Allen,1998) 1998 5 WD?u qL??F?? U??L? t??L?N?  U??
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(Vasectomy) WuM* U?u?O?K? W?I?b UM?I lD W?d?? d? d??L?F
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- 172 -

(Dyer, 1999) 1999 d W?OD W?OUM s
d?{ t fO p u rJ(

e??N? ? U??_ lM?1 w Vd _ XU?? U??
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s% u? ? VM v UM nI V bb?' UEM c u?NMO

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