R. H.

Chilkulwar Radiological Physics & Advisory Division

BHABHA ATOMIC RESEARCH CENTRE

y Measurements in real time y Contact less (non-destructive) y No maintenance y No effect of environmental factors y Data obtained usually over large material

quantities

Alpha, Beta, Gamma, X-rays Neutron,

210Po, 239Pu, 241Am 3H, 85Kr, 63Ni, 90Sr, 147Pm, 204Tl 60Co, 137Cs, 170Tm, 241Am 55Fe, 109Cd, 57Co 206Ra-Be, 210Po-Be, 241Am-Be

y Transmission

y Backscatter

y Activation

y Physical parameters
y Level y Thickness y Density y Quantity

Chemical parameters
Moisture Metal content etc.

 Applications: paper manufacturing, metal sheet, PVC foil

rolling, rubber foil, plate glass, textile fibre slab, artificial leather manufacturing.

Coating thickness measurement: XRF, scattering, activation

y XRF technique is used for Coating thickness measurements

up-to 20 microns of galvanized, paints etc.

y Ore analysis

y Measurement is based upon the radiation absorption

dependence on the product .l I = Io e-m l density l material thickness in m or cm m mass absorption coefficient

Applications : soil density, soil compactness testing, Tobacco trunk density in Cigarette manufacturing etc.

y Isotopic belt weigher in coal mines, coal-fired power plants,

floating suction dredgers, hydraulic fly ash removal at power plants, cement manufacturing heat exchangers.

y For quality measurement, the processing substances should

not have moisture content above the well-defined limits. To monitor and control it online, neutron sources are used.
y Scattering and moderation

inelastic scattering with low z

material hydrogen.
y Disturbance and noise in measurement due to presence of

highly neutron absorbers B, Cd etc and presence of low z materials Cl, O, S. This can be rectified using density measurement with gamma source
y Application: concrete fabrication, ore dressing, blending of

ceramic materials, glass production, foundry sand conditioning, building materials

y Includes various physical and physicochemical

measurements and techniques applied in drill holes for determination of different properties of the penetrated rocks, conditions of well etc.
y It is carried out with Sonde containing transmitter-

receiver pairs.
y Types:
y Borehole probes y Surface monitor

y Multi-energy gamma energy absorption (MEGRA)

technique for Multiphase flow rate measurements

y Portable Nucleonic Gauges

y Computed Tomography (CT) y Radiometric Analyzer

(Nat. Radioactivity gauge for online analysis of U, Th & K)

Number of Institutions Level gauges Density and moisture gauges Thickness gauges Well logging tools Betascopes Others

1010 3559 1062 536 486 156 714