The Cricondentherm and Cricondenbar Pressures of Multicomponent Hydrocarbon Mixtures

R O B E R T B. G R I E V E S * GEORGE THODOS

NORTHWESTERN V. E V A N S T O N , ILL.

ABSTRACT

A method i s presented for the accurate calculation of the cricondentherm and cricondenbar pressures of multicon~ponenthydrocarbon mixtures of known composition. T h e mixtures may contain s i x and quite possibly any number of components including isopamffins, olefirzs, acetylenes, paraffins, naphthenes and aromatics. T h e approach i s similur t o that used for calculating critical pressures and cricondentherm and cricondenbar temperatures. T h e critical pressure, the normal boiling point and the approximate vapor pressure behavior of each component are all that art required. il stepuiise culculation procedure i s necessary for mixtures containing more than two components. Frorri a n a n a l y s i s of 2 2 binary s y s t e m s and 118 mixtures, the average de~iiatiorz of calculuted cricondentherm pressures from reported values i s 2.4 pvr cent. For nine multicomponent mixtures the average deviation i s 1 per cent. Considering 19 binary s y s t e m s and 108 mixtures, t h e average deviation of calculated cricorzdenbar pressurts from reported v a l u e s i s 1.7 per cent. For 15 multicomponent mixtures, the average deviation i s 2.2 per cent.
INTRODUCTION A knowledge of the p h a s e behavior in the critical region of multicomponent hydrocarbon mixtures i s of value both in industrial processing operations and for the optimum operation of g a s condensate r e s e r voirs. Accurate methods of calculating the critical nd temperatures a n d critical p r e s s u r e s 4 . 6 ~ 7 ~ 8 . 9 ~a2 3 criconden therm and cricondenbar temperatures6p 10 of multicomponent hydrocarbon mixtures a r e a v a i l a b l e in the literamre. If the cricondentherm a n d cricondenbar p r e s s u r e s could b e calculated with equal accuracy, the entire p h a s e diagram of a multicomponent hydrocarbon mixture could b e well approximated. T h e work of E t t e r and Kay6 i s limited to s y s t e m s containing the normal paraffins a n d h a s not been t e s t e d on s y s t e m s
-

Original manuscript r e c e i v e d i n S o c i e t y of P e t r o l e u m E n g i n e e r s o f f i c e J a n . 2 7 , 1964. R e v i s e d manuscript r e c e i v e d J u l y 6. 1964. * P r e s e n t a d d r e s s : I l l i n o i s I n s t i t u t e of T e c h n o l o g y , C h i c a g o . 4 ~ e f e r e n c e s i v e n a t e n d of p a p e r . g

240

containing a heavier component than heptane. In addition, the development of their multicomponent equations i s b a s e d upon a limited number of mixtures containing from three to s i x components. Silverman a n d tho do^^^ have considered s y s t e m s containing both paraffinic a n d non-paraffinic hydrocarbons, but their correlation i s limited to binary s y s t e m s a n d i s highly inaccurate for methane s y s t e m s . E i l e r t s 5 h a s done e x t e n s i v e work on the cricondenbar p r e s s u r e ; h e h a s produced an excellent correlation for binary s y s t e m s . However, h i s procedure for multicomponent mixtures i s chiefly useful for highly complex mixtures requiring a knowledge of the vapor-liquid equilibrium behavior of the mixtures; h e h a s not considered the cricondentherm pressure. The objective of t h i s study w a s the development of a n a c c u r a t e a n d rapid method for the calculation of the cricondentherm a n d cricondenbar p r e s s u r e s of multicomponent mixtures containing a l l types of hydrocarbons a n d having a wide volatility range. T h e approach t h a t w a s adopted i s similar to that u s e d by Grieves a n d Thodos for cricondentherm a n d cricondenbar temperatures l o and for critical p r e s s u r e s . 9 However, methane s y s t e m s had to b e considered separately a n d a modified s t e p w i s e calculation procedure w a s utilized for the cricondertherm pressure. T h e correlations were developed in a manner similar to t h o s e for critical p r e s s u r e s a n d cricondentherm and cricondenbar temperatures. B a s e d upon binary data reported in the literature i t w a s observed that the r a t i o s of cricondentherm and cricondenbar pressure to the pseudocritical pressure (molar average), pL / p p c and pp / p p c , respectively, in twocomponent s y s t e m s depended upon the mole fraction of the low-boiling component a n d upon the diversity in properties o f t h e two components. A dimensionless boiling-point parameter T i, / T b w a s chosen to represent the diversity in properties of the components. For a binary s y s t e m , T i , ' i s the molar average of the normal boiling points of the two components involved. For a multicomponent system i t i s either the molar average of the normal boiling points of a l l of t h e components involved or the molar average of the normal boiling point of the pure low-boiling component a n d of the atmospheric boiling point of the low-boiling-free mixture of
SOCIETY O F PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAI.

the system. Tb i s the boiling point of the mixture a t atmospheric pressure, calculated from the relation,

where n i s the number of components. Tb i s arrived a t by a trial-and-error procedure. T b i s chosen and the vapor pressures of the components determined; the vapor pressures and mole fractions are then substituted into Eq. 1 to s e e if the equality holds. The approximate straight line given by a plot of the logarithm of the vapor pressure of each pure component vs the reciprocal of the absolute temperature i s sufficiently accurate for the evaluation of T b ; the critical point, the normal boiling point and perhaps one additional point are all that are required. For multicomponent mixtures, a stepwise calculation procedure i s necessary for p t and P p reducing all of the high-boiling components to pseudo-component. The procedure i s fully a s~ngle described and example calculations are included in the sections that follow. BINARY SYSTEMS
CRICONDENTHERM PRESSURE

Based upon data available in the literature for 10 non-methane binary systems containing paraffins,

isoparaffins and olefins, the relationship between the cricondentherm pressure ratio pt /ppc and the boiling-point parameter T i , /Tb i s presented a s Fig. 1. The parameters are the mole fraction of the lowboiling component in the mixture, and the upper limit on T i / T b i s established by the ethane-ndecane system. For the 10 systems and 53 mixtures the average deviation of cricondentherm pressures calculated with Fig. 1 from reported values i s 1.73 per cent. A similar relationship for methane systems i s presented a s Fig. 2, in which the parameters are the mole fraction of methane. The limit on T i , / T b i s established by the methane-n-heptane system. For the seven available systems and 35 mixtures the average deviation of calculated values from reported values i s 3.25 per cent. For systems containing an acetylene, a naphthene, or an aromatic hydrocarbon a s a component, a correction factor must be applied for u s e with Figs. 1 and 2. For such systems the behavior of the cricondentherm pressure ratio does not vary with the difference in boiling point properties of the components in the same manner a s it does for paraffin and olefin systems. The value of p t / p P c obtained by the normal procedure from Figs. 1 and 2 should be multiplied by the factors in Table 1 to give the correct value to be used in finding pl. For values of ze outside of the ranges indicated, no correction i s needed. For five systems and 30 mixtures containing acetylenes, naphthenes and aromatics, the average deviation of calculated values from reported values i s 2.7 per cent. The results for a l l 22 binary systems considered a r e presented a s part of Table 2. The maximum deviation for each system i s a l s o included.
CRICONDENBAR PRESSURE

Figs. 3 and 4 present the relationships between the cricondenbar pressure ratio, pp/ppc, and T i /Tb

Tb
FIG. 1

- RELATIONSHIP

BETWEEN pt /ppc AND T Tb FOR NON-METHANE SYSTEMS.

FIG. 2

- RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN pt/ppc AND

Tb FOR METHANE SYSTEMS.

T /

SEPTEMBER, 196.1

Component ocety lene no~hthene arornat ic

Range of ze O < z p < 0.65 0.2<.zp<0.9 z 0.2 i p < 0.9

Fig. 1 1.1 1.06 1.08

Fig. 2 1.22 1.17 1.2

Tb (from Eq. 1 and vapor pressure data) = 397R

Ppc

0.2 (707.1)

+ 0.8

(494.2)
=

536.8 psia

From Figs. 1 and 3 a t z e 1.289, P c / p p c = 1.17; p p / p p c

0.2 and T i / T b = 1.24.

for non-methane and methane systems, respectively. The parameters are the mole fractions of the lowboiling component and of methane, and the upper limits on T i / T b are established by the ethane-ndecane and by the methane-n-heptane systems, respectively. For acetylene, naphthene, and aromatic-containing systems, the correction factors and ranges of ze presented in the preceding section again apply. For eight non-methane binary systems containing paraffins, isoparaffins and olefins, the average deviation for the 46 mixtures i s 1.73 per cent. For six methane systems, the average deviation for 32 mixtures i s 1.56 per cent; for five acetylene, naphthene and aromatic systems and 30 mixtures, 1.92 per.cent . The results are included a s part of Table 2, together with maximum deviations. EXAMPLE CALCULATION 1 Determine the cricondentherm and cricondenbar pressures of a mixture having the following c o n position: Mole Fraction T b i (OR) p C j (psia)
- -

Pt Pp

= 1.17(536.8)
=

1.24(536.8)

628.1 p s i a ; 665.6 p s i a .

Reamer, Sage and Lacey28 report values of 632 and 677 psia for this mixture. EXAMPLE CALCULATION

Determine the cricondentherm and cricondenbar pressures of a mixture having the following composition: Mole Fraction Tbi (%) pCj (psia) Ethane Cyclohexane 0.502 0.498 331.7 637 707.1 591.5

T = 0.502(331.7) + 0.498(637) = 483.7R T b (from Eq. 1 and vapor pressure data) = 356R

Ppc

0.502(707.i)

0.498(591.5)

649.6 psia

From Figs. 1 and 3 a t ze = 0.502 and TL /Tb = 1.354, Pc/Ppc = 1.34; pp/ppc = 1.79. Using the correction actors, p,/ppc = 1.34(1.06) = 1.42; p p / p p c = 1.79 (1.06) = 1.9.
P t = 1-42 (649.6) = 922.4 psia;

Ethane n-Pentane

0.2 0.8
TABLE 2

331.7 556.6

707.1 494.2

- B I N A R Y SYSTEMS I N V E S T I G A T E D A N D C R I C O N D E N T H E R M
A N D CRICONDENBAR PRESSURE D E V I A T I O N S Cricondenbar Pressure.C Pn No. of Deviations, % Mixtures Average Maximum

System

Cricondentherrn Pressure, p t No. of Deviations, % Mixtures Average Maximum

Methane-cyclohexane(27) Ethane-cyclohexone(l6) Ethane -benzene(l7)

% = calculated valve reported v a l u e reported value

100
SOCIETY O F PETROLEUM ENGINEERS J O U R N A L

pp

1.9 (649.6) = 1234.2 psia.

Kay l 6 r e p o r t s v a l u e s of 950 a n d 1,244 p s i a for this mixture. MULTICOMPONENT MIXTLJRES

CRICONDENTHERM PRESSURE

Fig. 1 may a l s o b e u s e d for the calculation of

p i of a non-methane hydrocarbon mixture containing

three or more constituents. A s t e p w i s e calculation procedure must be adopted, which is somewhat different than t h a t developed by Grieves and T h o d o s 10 for cricondentherm a n d cricondenbar temperatures. F o r a ternary s y s t e m , the binary portion c o n s i s t i n g of t h e two high-boiling components is considered first. T h e cricondentherm p r e s s u r e of the binary i s c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g t h e r e l a t i v e (lowboiling-free b a s i s ) mole fractions of the two components to e s t a b l i s h the binary composition. Then, p p , , T b a n d T i , a r e c a l c u l a t e d a n d P I determined. Next t h e ternary i s considered and T b i s calculated with Eq. 1. T P b is computed a s the molar a v e r a g e of the normal boiling point of t h e pure low-boiling component a n d of the atmospheric boiling point of t h e high-boiling binary (composition is c a l c u l a t e d b a s e d on low-boiling-free b a s i s ) . P a s t h e molar a v e r a g e of t h e CriticafCpressure of the pure, low-boiling component and of the determined cricondentherm p r e s s u r e of t h e heavy binary. For s y s t e m s containing more than two components, p p , may b e termed a pseudocricondentherm pressure. T h e criconden therm p r e s s u r e i s then e s t a b l i s h e d from Fig. 1. F o r a four component system, the h e a v i e s t binary i s again considered first, then the h e a v i e s t

ternary and finally the quaternary, determining p 1 of the binary for p p c of the ternary, a n d p i of the ternary for ppc of the quaternary. T b for e a c h s t e p is computed using T b of the h e a v i e s t binary, ternary, e t c . T h e n e c e s s i t y of a s t e p w i s e procedure i s obvious from Fig. 1 : when ze becomes zero, p I / p p c becomes unity ( a s d o e s T i / T b ) , and p p , must become t h e a c t u a l cricondentherm p r e s s u r e of t h e mixture of the remaining high-boiling components. For multicomponent mixtures containing methane, the procedure i s the s a m e a s for non-methane s y s t e m s , e x c e p t for the final s t e p in the calculation. Fig. 1 is used to c a l c u l a t e the cricondentherm p r e s s u r e of the h e a v i e s t binary, ternary, e t c . ; then, for t h e calculation of pi of the required mixture, Fig. 2 is used. T h e procedure h a s been t e s t e d on nine synthetic a n d naturally-occurring mixtures containing from three to s i x components. T h e average deviation i s 0.96 per c e n t for both rnethane a n d non-methane mixtures. T h e r e s u l t s a r e included in T a b l e 3.
CRICONDENBAR PRESSURE

A slightly modified s t e p w i s e procedure should be employed for the computation of p p for multicomponent mixtures; the procedure i s identical to that presented by Grieves and T h o d o s l o for cricondentherm a n d cricondenbar temperatures. T h e only difference from that given for pi i s in the calculation of T i . In e a c h s t e p of the calculation, T i i s evaluated a s t h e molar average of the normal boiling points of a l l the components involved.

FIG. 3

- RELATIONSHIP

BETWEEN p / p AND T : / Tb FOR NON-METHANE S Y S ~ E ~ S .

FIG. 4

- RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN p p / p , ,
' I - ~FOR METHANE SYSTEMS.

AND T,' /

S E P T E M B E R , 196.1

243

p p c , a pseudocricondenbar pressure, i s calculated

in the s a m e manner a s given for cricondentherm p r e s s u r e s , e x c e p t cricondenbar p r e s s u r e s a r e used for e a c h s t e p following the binary. Fig. 3 i s used for non-methane s y s t e m s , and F i g s . 3 and 4 for methane s y s t e m s with Fig. 4 u s e d in the l a s t s t e p of the cnlculation. For 15 synthetic and naturallyoccurring multicomponen t mixtures t h e a v e r a g e deviation of calculated cricondenbar p r e s s u r e s from reported values i s 2.24 per cent. T h e r e s u l t s a r e given in T a b l e 3. EXAMPLE CALCULATION 3 Determine the cricondentherm and cricondenbar p r e s s u r e s of a mixture having the following composition:
_

Pt

,bp =

1.02(474) 1.03(474)

483.5 p s i a ; 488.2 p s i a .

B. E s t a b l i s h p , a n d pp of the n-butane-n-pentanen-hexane ternary. Ternary compositicn: n-butane: - 0.332 = 0.646 0.332 +0.121 +0.061 Similarly, n-pentane
=

0.235; n-hexane

= =

0.119 508R

T b (from Eq. 1 and vapor p r e s s u r e d a t a )

Pt:

T i = 0.646 (491.6) + (0.235 + 0.119) (570) = 519.4R (Note the u s e of T b c a l c u l a t e d in Section A)

PPC

Mole Fraction

?' b.(%) l -

Pci(psia)

= 0.646(550.1) = 526.6 p s i a
=

(0.235

+ 0.119)
=

(483.5) 519.4 /508

Propane n-Butane n-Pentane n-Hexane

0.486 0.332 0.121 0.061

A. E s t a b l i s h p i and p binary. Binary composition: n-pentane:

,
+

416.1 491.6 556.6 61 5.4

617.4 550.1 494.2 433.9

From Fig. 1 a t ZJ
= 1.022,

Pt
Pp:

0.646 and T E, /Tb 1.04 1.04(526.6) = 547.7 psia.

pt/ppc

of the n-pentane-whexane

7;

0.121 0.121 0.061

-

0.665

0.646 (491.6) + 0.235 (556.6) + 0.119 (615.4) 521.6R p , , = 0.646 (550.1) + (0.235 + 0.119) (488.2) = 528.2 psia.
= = =

From Fig. 3 a t z e

0.646 and T L / T b

521.6/508

n-hexane:

-----

0.061 0.121 + 0.061

0.335

= 1.027,

pp/pp,

= 1.06.

Pp

= 1.06(528.2) = 559.9 p s i a .

0.665 (556.6) - t 0.335 (615.4) = 576.3K T b (from Eq. 1 and vapor p r e s s u r e d a t a ) = 570R p p c = 0.665 (494.2) + 0.335 (433.9) = 474.0 p s i a
=

Ti,

C. E s t a b l i s h p, a n d p p of t h e required quaternary Tb (from Eq. 1 and vapor p r e s s u r e d a t a ) = 442R

Pt:

From F i g s . 1 and 3 a t z~ = 0.665 and 7';/Tb 1.011, Pt/ppc = 1.02; pp/'ppc = 1.03.

T;

0.486(416.1) + (0.332 508 = 463.3R

0.121

0.061)

TABLE 3

- M U L T I C O M P O N E N T SYSTEMS I N V E S T I G A T E D A N D C R I C O N D E N T H E R M
A N D C R I C O N D E N B A R PRESSURE D E V I A T I O N S Cricondentherm Pressure, pt Number of Average Mixtures Deviation. %
1

System
Methane-ethane-n-butane(3) Ethane-propane-n-pentane(6)

Cricondenbar Pressure, p p Number of Average Mixtures Deviation, % 1 1 1 1 1.44 3.43 3.45 0.7 1

Propane -n-butane-n-pentane(6)
n-B~tane-n-~entane-n-hexane(6) Methane-ethane-propane-n-

1 1
1

2.65 0.84 0.55 1.19

butane(l8)
Ethane-propane--n-butane

-n-

pentane(6) Propane-n-butanen-hexane(6)

n-pentane-

Methane-ethane-propane
n-butane-n-pentane(6,ll)

Methane-ethane-propme n-pentane-n-hexane(1 1)
Ethane-propane-n-butane-

n-pentane-n-hexane(6) Methane-ethane-propanen-butane -n-pentanen-hexane(6)

S O C I E T Y OF P E T R O L E U M E N G I N E E R S JOIJRNAI.

(Note the u s e of Tb calculated in Section B)

Pp:
T

PPC

0.486 (617.4) + (0.332 547.7 = 581.6 psia.

+ 0.121 + 0.061)

0.193 (200.7)

+ 0.47(331.7) + 0.337 (491.6)

= 360.3R = 0.193 (673.1)

=

From Fig. 1 a t zp = 0.486 and T i / T b = 1.048, p t / p p C = 1.07

ppc

+ (0.47 + 0.337)

(841)

807.3 psia

pt
P p:

= 1.07 (581.6) = 622.3 psia.

From Fig. 4 a t z~ = 0.193 and T i / T b = 1.471,

T i = 0.486(416.1) + 0.332(491.6) + 0.121 (556.6) + 0.061 (615.4) = 470.2R p p c = 0.486(617.4) + (0.332 + 0.121 + 0.061) 559.7 = 587.9 psia. From Fig. 3 a t z e = 0.486 and T i / T b = 1.063, p p / p p c = 1.11. p p = l.ll(587.9) = 652.6 psia.
Etter and ~a~ 6 report values of 635 and 654 psia for this mixture. EXAMPLE CALCULATION 4 Determine the cricondentherm and cricondenbar pressures of a mixture having the following composition: Mole Fraction Methane Ethane n-Butane
0.193 0.470 0.337
Tbi('%)

p p / p p c = 1.35 P p = 1.35 (809.3) = 1092 psia.

Cota and Thodos3 report values of 905 and 1108 psia for this mixture. SUMMARY

A rather accurate method h a s been developed for the prediction of the cricondentherm and cricondenbar pressures of multicomponent hydrocarbon mixtures of known composition. These mixtures may contain normal and isoparaffins, olefins, acetylenes, naphthenes and aromatics, and their cricondentherm and cricondenbar pressures may be computed from a knowledge of the pure component critical properties and vapor pressure behavior.
NOMENCLATURE

pci(psia) 673.1 707.1 550.1

200.7 331.7 491.6

ppc

A. Establish pt and p p of the ethane-n-butane binary. Binary composition: ethane:

0.47 0.47 + 0,337
= 0.582

pci pi pp pt
Tb

n-butane = 0.418

Ti

T i Tb

= =

ppc=

0.582 (331.7) + 0.418 (491.6) = 398.4R 351R 0.582 (707.1) + 0.418 (550.1) = 642 psia.

Tbi
zi
Z&

From Figs. 1 and 3 a t ze = 0.582 and T i /Tb = 1.134, p t / p p c = 1.205; p p / p P c = 1-31.

pt p,

= 1.205 (642) = 773.6 p s i a ;

=

1.31 (642) = 841 psia

pseudocritical, -pseudocricondentherm, or pseudocricondenbar pressure of mixture (method of calculation depends on number of components), psia = critical pressure of pure jth component, psia = vapor pressure of pure jth component, psia = cricondenbar pressure of mixture, p s i a = cricondentherm pressure of mixture, p s i a = atmospheric boiling point of mixture, OR = molar average boiling point of mixture (method of calculation depends on number of components and whether p t or p p i s being computed), OR = normal boiling point of pure jth component, OR = mole fraction of jth component = mole fraction of low-boiling component = total pressure, psia.
=

B. Establish p

and p p of the required ternary

REFERENCES 1. Amick, E. H . , Johnson, W. B. and Dodge, B. F.: Chem. Eng. Prog+. (Symposium Series) (1952) Vol. 6, No. 3, 65. 2. Bloomer, 0. T , Gami, D. C. and Parent, J. D.: . "Physical -Chemical Properties of Methane-Ethane Mixtures", R e s e a r c h B u l l e t i n No. 22, Institute of -. Gas Technology, Technology Center, Chicago, 111. (July, 1953). 3. Cota, H. M. and Thodos, George: Jour. Chem. E n g . D a t a (1962) Vol. 7, 62. 4. Eilerts, C. K., e l al.: "Phase Relations of GasCondensate Fluids", Monograph No. 1 0 , USBM (1957) Vol. 1, 101.

PP c

0.193(673.1)

+ (0.47 + 0.337) (773.6)

=

= 753.9 psia

From Fig. 2 a t zb

0.193 and T

/ T b = 1.316,

A / p p , = 1.17 p l = 1.17(753.9)
SEPTEMBER, 1964

= 881.1 psia.

5. E i l e r t s , C. K., cJr a l . : " P h a s e R e l a t i o n s of G a s C o n d e n s a t e Fluids", Monograph No. 10, USBM (1957) Vol. 1, 154. 6. E t t e r , D. 0. a n d K a y , W. B.: J o u r . C h e n ~ . E n g . Datt7 (1961) Vol. 6 , 409. 7. G r i e v e s , R . B. a n d T h o d o s , George: "The C r i t i c a l T e m p e r a t u r e s a n d C r i t i c a l P r e s s u r e s ;lf B i n a r y Mixtures of t h e F i x e d G a s e s a n d Aliphatic Hydrocarbons", Soc. P e t . Fug. J o u r . (Sept., 1962) 197. 8. G r i e v e s , R. 13. a n d T h o d o s , George: A l C h E J o u r . (1962) Vol. 8 , 550. 9. G r i e v e s , R. B. a n d Thorlos, George: A l C h E l o u r . (1963) Vol. 9 , 25. 10. G r i e v e s , R. B. a n d T h o d o s , George: " T h e C r i c o n d e n therm a n d C r i c o n d e n b a r T e m p e r a t u r e s of Multicomponent Hydrocarbon Mixtures", T o r . P e l . E n g . Jotrr. (1963) Vol. 3, 287. 11. H a n s o n , G. H. a n d Brown, G. G.: Ind. E n g . C h e m . (1945) Vol. 37, 821. 12. Kay, W. B.: Ind. E n g . C h e m . (1938) Vol. 30, 459. 13. K a y , W. B.: Ind. Eng. C h e m . (1940) Vol. 32, 353. 14. Kay, W. B.: Ind. E n g . C h e m , (1941) Vol. 33, 590. 15. Kay, W. B.: Ind. E n g . Chem. (1948) Vol. 40, 1459. 16. Kay, W. B , : Ind. Eng. C h e m . (1956) Vol. 48, 422. 17. Kay, W. B. a n d N e v e n s , T. D.: C h e m . E n g . Progr. (Symposium S e r i e s ) (1952) Vol. 48, No. 3 , 1 0 8 . 18. Kurata, F r e d a n d K a t z , D. L.: T r a n s . , A I C h E ( 1 9 4 2 ) Vol. 38, 995. 19. McCurdy, J. L. a n d K a t z , D. L.: Oil G a s Jour.

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