Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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202.03.07 Visual/Aesthetic 202.03.08 Hazardous Materials 202.04 ENVIRONMENTAL CHECKLIST 203 TECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS 203.01 INTRODUCTION 203.02 GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING 203.03 TRAFFIC COUNTS 203.03.01 Introduction 203.03.02 Traffic Projections 203.03.03 Procedures for Traffic Volumes 203.04 SURVEY CONTROL/FIELD SURVEYS 203.04.01 Introduction 203.04.02 Horizontal Control 203.04.03 Vertical Control 203.04.04 Coordinate System 203.04.05 Field Surveys 203.5 DRAINAGE SURVEYS
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Table of Contents
323 APPENDIX 324 DRAWINGS
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300-25 300-25
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Table of Contents
204.04 VERTICAL CURVES 204.05 LONG SUSTAINED GRADES 204.06 STRUCTURE GRADE LINE 204.07 SEPARATE PROFILE GRADE LINES 205 COORDINATION OF HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL ALIGNMENTS 206 PAVEMENT TRANSITIONS 206.01 GENERAL 206.02 TRANSITIONS FOR MULTILANE ROADWAYS 207 BRIDGES AND GRADE SEPARATION STRUCTURES 207.01 CLEAR WIDTH 207.02 CROSS SLOPE 207.03 SIDEWALKS 208 PEDESTRIAN FACILITIES 208.01 SIDEWALKS 208.02 PEDESTRIAN GRADE SEPARATIONS 208.03 PEDESTRIAN UNDERPASSES 209 CURBS 209.01 GENERAL 209.02 TYPES AND USES 209.03 CURB PARAMETERS 210 BUS STOPS AND TAXI STOPS 210.01 BUS STOPS 210.02 TAXI STOPS 211 PARKING 211.01 GENERAL 211.02 PARKING AREAS 211.03 ON ROAD PARKING SPACES 211.04 PARKING LOTS 211.05 PARKING DEMAND/SUPPLY ANALYSIS
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Table of Contents
307.01.04 Roadside Terrain: Ditch 308 BARRIERS 308.01 BARRIER NEED 308.02 ROADSIDE BARRIER TYPES AND FEATURES 308.03 ROADSIDE BARRIER PLACEMENT 308.03.01 Lateral Placement 308.03.02 Barrier to Hazard Clearances 308.03.03 Effects of Roadside Terrain 308.03.04 Barrier Length Design 308.04 MEDIAN BARRIERS 308.04.01 Median Barrier Warrants 308.04.02 Median Barrier Types and Features 308.05 MEDIAN BARRIER PLACEMENT 308.05.01 Median Geometry 308.05.02 Treatment of Fixed Object Hazards 308.06 END TREATMENTS AND CRASH CUSHIONS 308.06.01 End Treatments 308.06.02 Crash Cushion-Selection Guidelines 308.06.03 Placement Recommendations
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505 INTERCHANGE DESIGN PROCEDURES 506 INTERCHANGE DESIGN STANDARDS 507 RAMP DESIGN STANDARDS 508 ENTRANCE/ EXIT RAMP DESIGN STANDARDS 508.01 RAMP TERMINAL DESIGN
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904.06.01 Single Message Guide Signs (Example 900-02) 904.06.02 Multiple Message Guide Signs (Example 900-03) 904.07 STANDARD ARABIC SCRIPT FOR HIGHWAY SIGNS 1 OF 14 904.08 SIGN LIGHTING 904.09 SIGN LUMINARES 905 PAVEMENT MARKINGS 905.01 GENERAL 905.02 TYPES OF PAVEMENT MARKINGS 905.02.01 Lane Markings 905.02.02 Stop Line Markings 905.02.03 Pedestrian Crossing Markings 905.02.04 Channelization Markings 905.02.05 Pavement Edge Markings 905.02.06 Parking Space Markings 905.02.07 Pavement Symbols 906 MAINTENANCE OF TRAFFIC 906.01 CONSTRUCTION STAGING 906.02 SAFETY MEASURES 906.03 TEMPORARY TRAFFIC SIGNALS 906.04 MAINTENANCE OF TRAFFIC PLANS
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1106.03.03 Type C bench 1106.04 BUS SHELTERS 1106.05 TELEPHONE BOOTHS 1107 NOISE ABATEMENT
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202.06 LIVE LOAD DISTRIBUTION 203 LOAD FACTORS
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405.01 END BLOCKS 405.02 DIAPHRAGMS 405.03 LATERAL TIES 405.04 SHEAR KEYS 405.05 BARRIERS 406 PRESTRESSED BOX BEAMS 406.01 END BLOCKS 406.02 DIAPHRAGM 406.03 LATERAL TIES 406.04 SHEAR KEYS
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SECTION 800: RETAINING WALLS
801 DESIGN CRITERIA 801.01 GENERAL 801.02 POLICY 801.03 RESPONSIBILITIES 801.03.01 Roadway Design Section 801.03.02 Geotechnical Section 801.03.03 Bridge Design Section 801.04 PROPRIETARY RETAINING WALLS
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z z z
Standard Specifications for Roads and Bridge Construction - 1996 Consultant Procedures Manual - 1997 Roadway Standard Drawings - 1996 Construction Supervision Manual - 1997
PURPOSE
INTRODUCTION
Where the Consultant's scope of work and this manual conflict, the scope of work shall govern. Revisions and additions to this manual will be issued from time to time as required. This section contains information regarding technical memorandums used to submit future revisions and additions. Further contained in this section is an overview of the layout of the manual content, roadway classifications, route designations connecting U.A.E cities and emirates, and streets and place names as assigned by Abu Dhabi Municipality.
The Manual is intended to serve as a guide for the design of the roads and highways that fall under the jurisdiction of the Road Section, Abu Dhabi Municipality. The Manual provides a range of acceptable values for critical dimensions and outlines parameters that will help designers conform to the expectations of the Road Section of the Abu Dhabi Municipality. It is assumed that the user has the educational and engineering experience necessary to properly implement its procedures, guidelines and criteria. It is perceived that this manual will promote the following: 1. All designs will be based on identical criteria. 2. Plans will have a consistent, well-organized format which will not vary greatly from project to project. 3. Familiarization of criteria and procedures will be simplified. 4. The technical review process will be expedited for both the Road Section and the Consultant. 5. Cost efficiencies will be realized during design by an early understanding of procedures and criteria to be employed. The manual is presented in loose-leaf form to facilitate revisions and additions. This manual utilized established analysis techniques and design standards from recognized technical associations that are listed as references in Appendix A. When the Roadway Design Manual is combined with the four companion documents listed below, the standardization of the planning, design and construction of roadway projects will be
102
The scope of the Roadway Design Manual is comprehensive, and is divided into three parts. The three parts are further divided into sections, each with appropriate sub-sections. The three parts are: Part 1 Roadway Development Part 2 Roadway Design Part 3 Structures and Bridges 102.01 PART 1: ROADWAY DEVELOPMENT
The purpose of the Roadway Development part is to outline the information and data which must be analyzed to determine a projects scope. This information and analyses are assembled into a Design Concept Report, which becomes the basis for the project design. The Roadway Development part is divided into three sections. The first section explains the formal organization of this manual and the other two sections, the Design Concept Development
Part 1 100-1
The purpose of the Roadway Design part is to identify the design standards that all roadway projects are required to meet. The project design is based on these standards. When used in conjunction with the Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge Construction, and Abu Dhabi Roadway Standard Drawings, the resulting project plans and specifications for all projects are completed to the same requirements and format. Specifically, the Roadway Design Part provides details in geometric design standards for each component of the roadway project. The information is divided into eleven sections that include General Design Criteria, Geometric Standards, Geometric Cross Sections, At Grade Intersections, Interchanges, Geotechnical Engineering, Drainage, Utilities, Traffic Engineering, Lighting, and Roadside Development. 102.03 PART 3: STRUCTURES BRIDGES AND
103
103.01
TECHNICAL MEMORANDUMS
GENERAL
This manual will be supplemented from time to time with technical memorandums (TM) addressed to the Consultants for the purpose of transmitting and formalizing appropriate revisions or additions, to the manual. This manual can only be revised by the issuance of a TM authorized and signed by the Chief of Road Section, Abu Dhabi Municipality or his designated representative. Technical memorandums will be developed and issued as two distinct types, general and specific, and are further defined below. 103.02 TECHNICAL MEMORANDUMS - GENERAL
The purpose of the Structures and Bridges part is to identify the design details with which all structures are required to comply. As with the
Technical Memorandums - General, deal with issues or information that must be distributed on a system wide basis to all consultants. They are also used to provide advance directives with respect to imminent revision or additions to the Roadway Design Manual. Examples are revisions or refinements to policies, guidelines or criteria.
Part 1 100-2
Technical Memorandums - Specific, deal with issues or information that is of specific interest to a particular section (design contract), and as such have no influence or effect on other design sections.
Roadway design standards are dependent on the classification of the roadway. The Road Section will determine the classification. The Design Concept Report summarizes the design criteria to be utilized in the design. The roadway classification system is based on a hierarchy of roads. Local roads provide access to adjacent land. Collectors provide a combination of land access and movement of through traffic. Arterials and expressways provide for movement of through traffic. Arterials and Expressways have at-grade or grade-separated intersections. Freeways shall have only grade-separated crossings and interchanges. 104.03 CRITERIA FOR DESIGN CLASS DESIGNATION
Examples of such memorandums are: 1. 2. 3. 4. Deviations from the Design Procedures Manual on a project specific basis. Drainage Design Guidelines. Lighting Design Guidelines. Report Transmittals, etc.
104
104.01
ROADWAY CLASSIFICATIONS
ROADWAY SYSTEM
Table 100.03 defines the characteristics of the second-tier classifications, i.e., freeways, expressways, arterials, and collectors as they relate to design requirements.
Roadways within the jurisdiction of Abu Dhabi Municipality are classified into one of three functional categories, consistent with the Transportation Master plan:
z
Primary Roads Freeways Expressways Secondary Roads Arterials Collectors Local Roads Part 1 100-3
Primary Roads
Function Regional transportation
Secondary Roads
Regional transportation and/or service to major land developments Connects two regions. Serves international connections, military installations and seaports not served by Primary Roads. May connect two Primary Roads. Connections to urban areas of 50,000 or more. May be controlled. C 35 60 kph (urban) 60-100 kph (rural)
Local Roads
Local circulation
Service Points
Connects multiple regions. Serves international connections and major military installations.
Population Density
Connections to urban areas of 100,000 or more. Access is controlled. C/D 35 120 kph (urban) 140 kph (rural)
None
Weather Related Road Closures - Allowable Frequency Minimum Percent of Truck Traffic (Other Than Pickups)
25
20
30
Part 1 100-4
ROUTE DESIGNATIONS
INTRODUCTION
105.02
ROUTE NUMBERS
The purpose of route designations is to provide the highway user with a consistent expectation of the:
z
Figure 100.01 shows the designated route numbers between emirates and cities within the U.A.E. Figure 100.02 shows routes designated between existing primary roads and secondary or local roads in the Abu Dhabi Emirate. 105.03 ADDITIONS, DELETIONS, AND REVISIONS
relative direction (north, south, east west) design standards (design speeds, shoulders, etc. resulting from the highway classification) origin/destination of the road.
Route designation and numbering facilitate rapid and accurate identification of specific locations in the event of emergencies, accident reporting and analysis and in the inventory of roadway appurtenances, i.e., signs, drainage structures, guardrails, etc. Route assignments are made by the Municipality and based on the functional classification of each roadway.
From time to time, it may become necessary to assign new route numbers, delete route numbers for obsolete roads or revise route numbers to reflect changes to road classifications. Users of this manual shall advise the Municipality if they perceive the need for changes to the route numbering system. Note that all changes of this nature are subject to the approval of Abu Dhabi Municipality.
Roadway Classification
Primary
Secondary
Local
Part 1 100-5
Freeways/ Expressways
Traffic Service: Urban and Optimum mobility Rural Land Service: Urban and Rural
Arterials
Collectors
Locals
Traffic movement primary consideration Land access secondary in consideration Uninterrupted except at intersections None or limited
Traffic movement and land access of equal importance. Traffic movement and land access of equal importance. Interrupted flow
Traffic movement secondary consideration Land access primary consideration Interrupted flow
Traffic Flow Characteristics: Urban and Free flow Rural Private and Commercial Access: Urban and Not permitted Rural Connection Type for Public Roads: Grade separations & Urban interchanges
Permitted
Permitted
Rural
At-grade intersections, interchanges, orslip-ramps At-grade intersections or interchanges Arterials Expressways Locals Collectors Expressways
At-grade intersections
At-grade intersections
At-grade intersections
At-grade intersections
Rural
Arterials Expressways Freeways Expressways Collectors Freeways All types up to 20 percent heavy trucks All types; heavy trucks average 20%-40%
Locals Arterials
Locals
Locals Collectors
Locals Collectors
Rural
All types
Passenger & service vehicles Predominantly passenger cars & light to medium trucks: occasional heavy trucks 100-1,000 0 to 300 30-40 kph 45-80 kph
ADT (20): Level of Service is C/D 5,000-30,000 Urban Level of Service is C/D 2,000-15,000 Rural Average Running Speed for Off-Peak Conditions: 80-110 kph 50-80 kph Urban 80-120 kph 60-110 kph Rural Part 1 100-6
Figure 100.01 Route Designations Between U.A.E. Cities and Emirates Part 1 100-7
Figure 100.02 Connections Between Primary and Secondary or Local Roads Part 1 100-8
Utilities Section - The Town Planning Utilities Section is responsible for the development and approval of all service reservations. 201.04 201.04.01 MAPPING General
201.01
Data collection comprises this phase of the predesign process. Existing data is collected from the Abu Dhabi Municipality, other government departments, landowners, and field surveys. This data becomes the foundation for project road and bridge design. The Consultant is responsible for all data collection. 201.02 ROAD SECTION
Current, accurate base mapping is an essential tool in transportation planning. The specific mapping requirements depend on the length and complexity of the project and its location, either urban or rural. Aerial mapping is normally the most useful and cost-effective medium for larger projects. Ground topographical surveys are used for smaller projects, especially in urban areas and to supplement aerial mapping at specific locations where more detail and accuracy is needed. Three types of aerial maps are used in the planning and design phases of roadway and bridge projects: Uncontrolled Aerial Photography - These maps are produced directly from the aerial photographs that normally cover large areas at a reduced scale. The maps are generally used in route location studies to define transportation corridors and alternative alignments. The contact prints from the aerial photography are assembled to form a photomosaic of the area under study to reduce distortion. Controlled Aerial Photography - Prior to the flight, horizontal and vertical ground control points are set and marked in the field. These points are used to control photomosaic products that are significantly more accurate and can be prepared at a specific scale. These maps can be used at larger scales for preliminary engineering activities including Design Concept Reports. Topographic (Aerial) Mapping - These maps represent the state-of-the-art in highway design and consist of topographic maps compiled from controlled aerial photography in a digitized format that can be input directly to CADD. This mapping can be used for both design concept development and final design and is limited to the broad roadway corridor.
The Road Section is the lead department from which all road and bridge projects are initiated and approved. The Consultant shall work with assigned staff to develop the project scope per the Consultant Procedures Manual and identify applicable design criteria from the Roadway Design Manual. The Consultant is expected to develop the project by proper application of Abu Dhabi Municipality policies and standards. 201.03 TOWN PLANNING
The Town Planning Department is comprised of two sections: Planning Section - The Planning Section is responsible for the development and maintenance of the Master Plan and planning layouts. The Master Plan is the base document from which the projects roadway classifications are assigned. Roadway design standards are identified for each roadway classification (see Tables 100.01, 100.02 and 100.03, in Part 1, Section 100, General Information). The planning layouts are used to identify the existing and proposed land use and development intensity.
Part 1 200-1
Topographic maps for a specific project shall be prepared in accordance with the following: Survey Control/Field Surveys - The requirements for surveys are included in Section 203.04, Survey Control/Field Survey. CADD Standards - Mapping features and symbology will be prepared in accordance with the latest CADD Standards, supplemented by the standard symbols shown in Figure 200.01, 200.02 and 200.03. Primary Control Points - All primary control points for mapping which were established during the initial field survey will be shown on the maps in their proper locations and with the appropriate symbol, identification number and elevation. A tabulation of the primary control points shall also be shown in the original survey notebook. The tabulation will show the identification number, coordinates and elevation of the point. Supplemental Control Points - All supplemental control points established for controlling aerial photography will be shown on the maps. These include wing points, analytically bridged points, and aerial photo centers. See Figure 200.01. Planimetric Features - Natural and manmade features, spot elevations, topographic features and relevant political subdivision lines shall be plotted on the maps as shown in Figure 200.02 and Figure 200.03.
201.05
PROJECT LIMITS
The Abu Dhabi Municipality will determine the limits of the project. Typically, the limits include the roadway/bridge, medians, sidewalk, parkways, and roadside improvements that enhance the appearance, maintainability and safety characteristics of the project. The project limits may also be determined by phased implementation considerations.
Part 1 200-2
Figure 200.01 Standard Mapping Symbols - Boundaries and Monuments Part 1 200-3
Figure 200.02 Standard Mapping Symbols - Natural Planimetric Features Part 1 200-4
Part 1 200-5
The Abu Dhabi Municipality Road Section will assign the Title and Number for each individual roadway and bridge project. The Consultant will include this information on all drawings, reports, correspondence, calculations and other design documentation associated with the subject project. 201.07 INTERDEPARTMENTAL COORDINATION
Throughout the development of the project, coordination with Municipality Sections as well as other government departments is essential. The Consultant is expected to identify the requirements of the involved government departments, and insure that the project design addresses these requirements. Table 200.02 lists the agency or authority responsible for transportation related functions.
The project plans must accommodate existing and future land use to the extent possible. The Consultant is required to provide adequate parking and access to adjacent land uses, commensurate with the type of land use and the roadway classification (see Tables 100.01, 100.02 and 100.03, Part 1, Section 100, General Information). The roadway volumes used to determine the level of service (existing and 20year projection) must include the trip generation associated with the adjacent land uses. In the urban areas, the Town Planning Master Plan is the primary document used to identify the types and locations of designated land uses. In rural areas, where the land usage is less defined, the Consultant must conduct a field survey of the existing land uses adjacent to the project. The aforementioned information, combined with the field survey data, will then be used to identify potential improvements to be designed as part of the roadway project. In rural areas, formal information regarding land use may not be available. In these cases, the current land use is typically agricultural and will remain as agricultural unless there is information stating otherwise.
202
202.01
There are a number of important environmental factors that influence the design of all roadway and bridge projects. These factors are both natural and man-made and have been divided into two major categories; Socioeconomic/ Community Resource Data and Natural/ Environmental Resource Data. The identification of these resources enables the project to be developed to avoid and/or minimize impact to these resources to the greatest extent practicable.
Part 1 200-6
The Abu Dhabi Municipalitys roadways are designed to serve the traffic volume anticipated during the next 20 years. Presently, historical records of past growth trends do not exist. Therefore, it is important that a reasonable growth projection is used to size the project. The growth can be categorized as an increase, decrease or no change. It is anticipated that an increase will be the most probable scenario in the foreseeable future. The rate of growth can be expected to increase linearly each year or exponentially (i.e., an order of growth magnitude each year). The growth projection can dramatically affect project sizing. Therefore, the Consultant is expected to develop a realistic growth projection which takes into consideration variables such as: increases in vehicle ownership land use population growth rate, i.e. exponential
In urban areas, growth projections are dependent upon the rate at which the Town Planning Master Plan is implemented, as well as the proposed types of land use. The Consultant is expected to confer with the Town Planning Department to ascertain the rate at which the Town Planning Master Plan is to be implemented. In the rural areas, information regarding growth is less defined. In these cases, it is necessary that the Consultant make growth projections. These projections should take into account any data concerning growth, including changes in land use adjacent to the roadway. As a starting point, it can be assumed that the use of land is primarily agricultural, with an average growth of 1% to 2% per year for a period of 20 years. The resulting growth projection, along with supporting data and the rationale used to substantiate the project, shall be approved by the Town Planning Section. 202.02.03 Public Services
Service Road/Bridge Construction Agriculture/Parks Police Fire Security Schools Sanitation Parking Recreational
202.02.04
Schools
Schools are an important national resource. The design shall accommodate and preserve sufficient access to all facilities that are affected by project design. Therefore, the Consultant is expected to
Part 1 200-7
Mosques are extremely important to the Islamic faith and cannot be relocated or impacted in any way. The Consultant shall identify all Mosques within close proximity to a proposed project. The project design shall avoid impact to Mosques and shall accommodate and preserve sufficient access to these sites. 202.02.06 Utilities
Major road and bridge projects typically include improvements to all affected utility services. This also includes preparing plans and specifications for these improvements. Pre-design activities require coordination with many agencies/departments. Final design approval of the utility improvements by the utility agencies is also required. The Utilities Section of the Town Planning Department is responsible for
Nearly every project is affected by some level of security issue. All embassies, government installations, palaces, schools, banks and VIP homes are protected by guards with guardhouses, and associated channeling devices. As a result, many of these facilities interfere with road and bridge projects. The Consultant is required to minimize the relocation of affected facilities as part of the road and bridge project. As with all other adjacent property improvements, the Consultant is required to provide plans which can be used to construct the necessary improvements either in conjunction
Part 1 200-8
Roadway and bridge projects typically can affect parking. For example, removal of on-street parking to accommodate road widening may result in the need for off-site parking. Each roadway and bridge project requires the preparation of a parking study. The intent of this analysis is to establish existing and ultimate parking requirements. The components of the study include, but are not limited to: calculation and survey to establish existing parking demand future growth of parking demand, as a function of land development intensity, vehicle ownership/occupancy trends, etc. opportunity for mixed parking utilization
The effects of commercial activities on the road and bridge design shall be taken into account. For example, existing access shall be maintained as well as accommodating special features of the non-project site. As a result, coordination with the Town Planning Department, adjacent landowners and governmental departments is required to lessen the impact of the road/bridge improvement project on commercial activities. 202.02.09 Economics
Both peak and off-peak parking demands should be included in the analysis. Table 200.05 identifies the minimum parking generation rates for Central Business Districts (CBDs). These rates are to be used in the parking analysis. However, the parking analysis should state the rationale used for proposing rates other than the stated minimum rates. In no case, shall lower parking generation rates be utilized, unless approved by the Abu Dhabi Municipality. In rural areas and for areas outside the CBD, an appropriate parking demand shall be established on the basis of existing development needs, as well as review of the demand for other similar facilities.
The Consultant shall assess the economic conditions that exist within the project study area, including income and employment characteristics, tax base and property values. The Consultant shall develop a design that seeks to minimize adverse impacts on these and other economic indicators. This will be done through direct coordination with representatives of the Municipality. 202.02.10 Local Transportation/Circulation
In order to insure that the project fully incorporates local transportation/circulation needs, the Consultant shall address the following: Need for Public Transit Stops or Turnouts Staging areas for Regional Transportation Hubs Police Enforcement Pads Pedestrian Walkways and Islands Special Landscape Areas
Part 1 200-9
Table 200.05 Existing and Future Parking Generation Rates (CBD) Period Rate Vehicle Occupancy Factors Existing 1 space/1000 SF .80 Future 1 space/1000 SF .85 Existing 1 space/500 SF .85 Future 1 space/500 SF .90 Recreation 202.03
202.02.12
A variety of recreation and leisure activities are available to residents of Abu Dhabi. These can include ball fields, beach access, clubs, golf courses, movie theaters and entertainment complexes. As part of the pre-design activities, the Consultant is required to identify the potential effects on adjacent recreational facilities. The Consultant is required to minimize the relocation of affected facilities as part of the road and bridge project. As with all other adjacent property improvements, the Consultant is required to provide plans which can be used to construct the necessary improvements either in conjunction with the roadway/bridge project or as a separate project. 202.02.13 Historical Site Identification and Preservation
Natural/Environmental resources within a project study area shall be assessed and considered during development of the project design. The goal is to develop a functional design that avoids or minimizes impact to the natural environment to the greatest extent practicable. To facilitate the planning process involved in the development of the design, the Consultant should map all resources capable of being placed on a map. 202.03.01 Landscape Preservation
Preservation of existing landscaping, agricultural areas and trees adjacent to proposed roadway projects is extremely important. Pre-design activities include a survey of existing vegetation as part of the design survey stage. The results of this survey are to be discussed with the Abu Dhabi Municipality and the Agriculture Section. Road/bridge improvements including utility locations shall be designed to minimize removal of vegetation. The landscaping survey includes the identification of the number, size, type, condition, and location of all trees, shrubs, succulents, flowers, and grasses. The presence of any vegetation that is specifically protected by decree, or that is considered rare, threatened, or endangered, shall also be identified during the survey. The survey information should then be presented on a scaled plot plan. The scale of each sheet should be adequate to clearly convey the information contained on it. Each sheet should contain a legend, which lists the botanical name of the plant, and its common name. For trees, the size of the tree shall also be listed.
The government recognizes the importance of all historical sites and structures that relate to Abu Dhabis cultural development. The goal of the government is to identify these sites as they are discovered, and, where appropriate, preserve the sites. During the pre-design process, information regarding historical sites shall be compiled from available sources as well as conducting an initial site survey. The Consultant shall also meet with representatives of the Municipality to determine the significance of the site and present recommendations as to appropriate preservation procedures.
Part 1 200-10
The Consultant shall describe any existing wildlife habitat within the project study area. The Consultant is responsible for identifying the types of wildlife species, if any, that are likely to utilize the habitat. The Consultants design shall avoid, where possible, those habitat areas that support rare, threatened or endangered wildlife species. 202.03.05 Air Quality
Water for irrigation is reclaimed water from the sewage treatment plant, therefore all large distribution lines require design input from, as well as approval by, the Sanitary Drainage Network Section. The Agriculture Section will assume responsibility for plantings and other special features. Maintenance and operation of the irrigation systems are the responsibility of the Agricultural Section. 202.03.02 Topography
The Consultant shall assess a projects affect on existing air quality to determine whether or not it will result in significant deterioration due to increased air emissions. 202.03.06 Noise
The Consultant shall assess a proposed projects affect on ambient noise levels to determine whether or not it will result in a significant deterioration from the existing condition. Noise sensitive receptors, such as Mosques, schools and residential dwellings, shall be identified within the project limits. The Consultant shall strive to develop a design that will have the least increase in noise levels to these receptors. 202.03.07 Visual/Aesthetic
Topographic data is important to the development of the Design Concept. Roadway profiles, horizontal alignment, and drainage, are directly affected by topography, which, in turn, affect the project cost. As discussed in Section 201.04, Mapping, the Consultant is expected to review existing maps. In addition, new surveys shall be required to establish the topography for the project. 202.03.03 Water
The Consultant shall identify and determine the importance of all freshwater and saltwater features within the study area. Aquifers and wells, especially those that supply drinking water, shall also be identified within project limits. In developing the design, the Consultant shall avoid impacts to water resources to the greatest extent possible. If avoidance is not an option, the Consultant shall develop a design that minimizes impact to water resources.
The Consultant shall assess the existing visual and aesthetic appearance of the project study area. In developing the design, the Consultant should consider the effect that the project will have on the visual and aesthetic environment upon build-out. Views from the project of the surrounding environment as well as views of the project from adjacent vantage points shall be considered. The objective of the design is to develop a project that compliments rather than contrasts the existing visual and aesthetic character of the area. 202.03.08 Hazardous Materials
The Consultant shall conduct a survey to identify the actual presence of or likelihood of hazardous material sites within the project study area. Ideally, the project design should be developed to avoid impacting such hazardous sites. This will reduce the health and safety risk and overall
Part 1 200-11
203.02
All of the environmental factors described in Sections 202.02 and 202.03 are included in the Environmental Checklist located at the end of this section. Where appropriate to this project, the Consultant shall use the Environmental Checklist as an initial tool to identify those environmental factors that may influence the design of alternatives The checklist is designed as a question and answer exercise that will aid in the comparison of project alternatives. A response of No to a specific question means the environmental factor in question is not applicable to the project. A response of Yes or Maybe indicates to the Consultant that the environmental resource exists and may be affected by the proposed project. In this case, the resource should be assessed further during the development of alternative designs to determine the exact nature and extent of impact that will be incurred on that resource. The objective is to design a project alternative that has the least amount of adverse impact to the environmental factors on the checklist. An alternative design that yields all No answers on the Environmental Checklist is considered to be the ideal design. However, this ideal situation is seldom achieved as there is always some level of impact to the listed environmental considerations.
The objective of highway geotechnical work should be to seek, interpret, and evaluate subsurface and surface data in order to predict the behavior of the soils and materials along, and adjacent to, the alignment. The resulting information is to be presented in a technical report to be used in the project design. Data collection includes research of existing geotechnical reports which were prepared for other projects in the geographic area as well as field reviews and preliminary testing. For review of existing geotechnical reports, the Abu Dhabi Municipality Road Section as well as other Municipality and Government agencies should be contacted. The existing data will be used to define the number of additional soil borings and the testing requirements for the boring program as described in Part 1, Section 300, Design Concept Report and Part 2, Section 600, Geotechnical Engineering. The Consultant shall obtain approval from the Road Section, Traffic Police and any other concerned agencies prior to commencing geotechnical investigation. 203.03 203.03.01 TRAFFIC COUNTS Introduction
203
203.01
TECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS
INTRODUCTION
All roadway and bridge projects require technical investigations, to establish the basic building blocks of the design. These technical investigations are initiated in the data collection phase and continue through the development of the Design Concept Report. This subsection identifies the initial activities associated with these investigations. The basic technical investigations include:
Traffic counts are basic to all phases of highway development and operation. An important component of traffic counts is existing and future traffic volumes. Traffic volumes are needed for highway planning, project cost-benefit comparisons, priority determinations, analyzing, monitoring and controlling traffic movement on the highways, traffic accident surveillance, research purposes, highway maintenance, public information, highway legislation and for many other purposes. However, it should be noted that the traffic data collection and projection techniques described herein are specifically intended for providing traffic volume data required for roadway and bridge design. It is the
Part 1 200-12
Formula B: ADT (20) = ADT present + Annual % Traffic Growth ADT Present 20 100 Examples: The following is an example of the use of the two formulas when the annual percent of traffic growth is anticipated to be 10 percent and the ADT at present is 4,000. Formula A: ADT (20) = 4,000 1 + 10 100 = (4,000) (6.73) = 26,920
The Abu Dhabi Municipalitys roadways are designed to serve the traffic volume anticipated during the next 20 years. Therefore, the existing Average Daily Traffic (ADT) must be projected over a 20-year time frame. For the 20-year travel forecast, variables such as an increase in auto ownership and vehicle registration, population, employment, and residential/ commercial/ industrial land uses which strongly influence the future traffic volume shall be taken into consideration. Presently, a long historical record of past growth trends does not exist. The Abu Dhabi Municipality will use the transportation modeling software for the City of Abu Dhabi. This model shall be the primary source for projected traffic volumes over different time frames. The projected traffic volumes of this transportation modeling software will be based on changes in socioeconomic data for the concerned time period. In case the transportation modeling software is unavailable, then the following formulas shall be used to determine the ADT for a 20-year time frame ADT (20). The Engineer is required to the collect data to determine the current ADT. In addition, the Engineer must provide his rationale for the estimated traffic growth anticipated for the next 20 years by considering all previously acquired data regarding all activity growth in the proximity of the highway improvement. The following formulas may be applied under assumptions of increasing, decreasing, or equal percentages of traffic growth over the 20-year projection. Formula A shall be used when the Engineer judges that the traffic volume over the
20
Formula B: ADT (20) = 4,000 + 10 4,000 20 100 = 4,000 + 8,000 = 12,000 The following is an example of the use of the two formulas when the annual percent of traffic growth is anticipated to be 15 percent over the first 5-year period and 10 percent over the last 15-year period. The ADT present equals 4,000. Formula A: ADT (20) = 4,000
1 + 15 100
+ 1 + 10 100
15
Part 1 200-13
The current inventory of horizontal control points established in the vicinity of the project will need to be investigated. The Abu Dhabi Municipality and Town Planning Department should be consulted on the order of accuracy and status of existing primary and secondary control points. The need for setting new horizontal control points will be ascertained from the existing data. A discussion of surveying methods and procedures used to establish new horizontal control points is beyond the scope of this manual and will be covered in a companion Technical Manual on the subject of surveying and mapping. 203.04.03 Vertical Control
203.04.01
There are several vertical datum currently being used for construction in Abu Dhabi. Table 200.07 summarizes the most common vertical datum and the relationship between them. In addition, some Sewerage Projects Committee projects use their own datum, in which + 100.00 meters equals 0.00 meters, New Abu Dhabi Datum. All design work will be referred to the New Abu Dhabi Datum. 203.04.04 Coordinate System
Each project requires initial field surveys to establish baseline topographic information for project scoping and design. Setting horizontal and vertical control is of great importance in mapping. Relative position in the horizontal plane is maintained by horizontal control. Horizontal control consists of a series of points accurately fixed in position by distance and direction in the horizontal plane. For most topographic surveying, traverses furnish satisfactory control. For strip maps, the open traverse is used. The open traverse can be tied to fixed points at each end. For area maps, the closed traverse is used. The closed traverse can be closed to form a net which is accurate to the degree required. Relative position in the vertical plane can be maintained by a series of benchmarks in the map area. These benchmarks are referred to a known datum, usually mean sea level.
A Coordinate System has been established by Abu Dhabi Municipality Town Planning Department. This Coordinate System shall be used for all surveys. 203.04.05 Field Surveys
Field Surveys will be required on nearly every project to supplement the aerial topography, record underground utility or drainage features, reflect new existing features, provide crosssections and existing pavement elevations at the limits of improvement, obtain building floor elevations and other related information needed for preliminary and final design. Once the horizontal alignment, including applicable alternative alignments, has been established, the roadway centerline will be staked
Part 1 200-14
Note that sources for miscellaneous data are scattered. The Consultant must rely upon the collective experience of design in other similar areas to compile this information.
The Consultant is responsible for a comprehensive survey of drainage facilities and conditions and data collection during the predesign activities. The data collection consists of three activities: field review of existing drainage facilities and identification of flood plains within the projects zone of influence field testing including particle size analysis, scour, etc. review of existing drainage master plans (urban areas), hydrologic studies/data collection (urban and rural areas), and other pertinent studies
The review of the existing drainage facilities should include: pump stations outfalls reinforced concrete box structures channels ditches large diameter pipes pumps, etc.
Part 1 200-15
Intersections
Local Streets
NEW ROAD
Primary and Secondary Roads Local Streets Determine/analyze the design ADT for new road using area demographics and travel patterns, determine the redistribution of existing traffic volumes and traffic volumes generated by new development that will use the new road(s). Conduct Roadside Interview Origin Destination Surveys to estimate the directional distribution of traffic. 12-hour manual counts taken from 6 a.m. to 6 p.m. on Sunday or Wednesday, Monday and Tuesday. Total hourly volumes shall be recorded. Convert to 24-hour ADT by multiplying the 12-hour volume by 2. This will provide a conservative estimate of the 24-hour ADT. If more accurate volumes are required a 24-hour count should be made.
Part 1 200-16
Table 200.07 Summary of Datums Used In Abu Dhabi Reference Level Admiralty Chart Datums Existing Meters Bench Mark on Plinth of ADPC Building Mean Higher High Water at Springs near Solstices Mean Higher High Water Sauti Datums Mean Lower High Water Mean Sea Level Abu Dhabi Old Datums Abu Dhabi New Datums Mean Higher Low Water Mean Lower Low Water Admiralty Chart Datums Existing Mean Lower Low Water at Spring Near Solstices Admiralty Chart Datums Corrected -0.30 -0.98 0.00 0.00 -1.35 -4.43 -1.30 -4.27 -1.60 -5.25 1.56 1.30 1.19 0.95 1.05 1.00 0.80 0.25 0.00 -0.18 5.12 4.27 3.90 3.12 3.44 3.28 2.62 0.82 0.00 -0.59 1.86 1.60 1.49 1.25 1.35 1.30 1.10 0.55 0.30 0.12 6.10 5.25 4.89 4.10 4.43 4.26 3.61 1.80 0.98 0.39 0.51 0.25 0.14 -0.10 0.00 -0.05 -0.25 -0.80 -1.05 -1.23 1.67 0.82 0.46 -0.33 0.00 -0.16 -0.82 -2.62 -3.44 -4.04 0.56 0.30 0.19 -0.05 0.05 0.00 -0.20 -0.75 -1.00 -1.18 1.84 0.98 0.62 -0.16 0.16 0.00 -0.66 -2.46 -3.28 -3.87 0.26 0.00 -0.11 -0.35 -0.25 -0.30 -0.50 -1.05 -1.30 -1.48 0.85 0.00 -0.36 -1.15 -0.82 -0.98 -1.64 -3.44 -4.27 -4.86 1.89 6.20 2.19 7.18 0.84 2.76 0.89 2.92 0.59 1.94 3.20 Feet 10.50 Admiralty Chart Datums Corrected Meters 3.50 Feet 11.48 Meters 2.15 Feet 7.05 Meters 2.20 Feet 7.22 Meters 1.90 Feet 6.23 Abu Dhabi Datums Old Abu Dhabi Datums New Sauti Datums
Part 1 200-17
ENVIRONMENTAL CHECKLIST
Project:
Page 1 of 4
1 Water:
Changes in currents, or the course of direction of water movements, in either marine or fresh waters? Changes in absorption rates, drainage patterns, or the rate and amount of surface water runoff? Alterations to the course or flow of flood waters? Change in the amount of surface water in any water body? Discharge into surface waters, or any alteration of surface water quality, including but not limited to temperature, dissolved oxygen or turbidity? Alteration of the direction or rate of flow of ground waters? Change in the quantity of ground waters, either through direct additions or withdrawals, or through interception of an aquifer by cuts or excavations? Deterioration in ground water quality, either through direct injection, or through the seepage of leachate, phosphates, detergents, waterborne viruses or bacteria, or other substances into the ground waters? Reduction in the amount of water otherwise available for public water supplies? 2 Landform: Will the proposal result in: Unstable earth conditions or changes in geologic substructures? Disruptions, displacement, compaction or overcovering of the soil? Change in topography or ground surface relief features? The destruction, covering or modification of any unique geologic or physical features? Any increase in wind or water erosion of soils, either on or off the site? Changes in deposition or erosion of beach sands, or changes in siltation, deposition or erosion that may modify the bed of the ocean, bay, or inlet? Changes in deposition or erosion or changes in siltation, deposition or erosion that may modify the channel of a wadi or stream, or the bed of a lake? Placing fill below the ordinary high water mark of wadis and streams? Cut or fill placement through swamps, marshes, bogs, and other similar areas that are frequently inundated or saturated by ground water? Part 1 200-18
Page 2 of 4
No
Maybe
3 Vegetation:
Change in the diversity of species, or numbers of any species of flora (including trees, shrubs, grasses, crops, microflora, and aquatic plants)? Reduction of the numbers of any unique, rare, or endangered species of flora? Introduction of new species of flora into an area, or a barrier to the normal replenishment of existing species? 4 Wildlife: Will the proposal result in: Changes in the diversity of species, or numbers of any species of fauna (birds, land animals including reptiles, fish and shellfish, benthic organisms, insects, or microfauna)? Reduction of the numbers of any unique, rare, or endangered species of fauna? Introduction of new species of fauna into an area, or result in a barrier to the migration or movement of fauna? Deterioration of existing fish or wildlife habitat? 5 Agricultural Lands: Will the proposal result in: Reduction in the quality or quantity of usable farm land? Reduction in the quality or quantity of usable grazing land? 6 Natural Resources: Will the proposal result in: Increase in the rate of use of any natural resources? Depletion of any nonrenewable natural resource? 7 Will the proposal affect local employment, taxes, property values, etc.? 8 Public Services: Will the proposal have an effect upon, or result in a need for new or altered services in any of the following areas? Mosques? Cemeteries? Fire protection? Police protection? Schools? Parks or other recreational facilities? Maintenance of public facilities, including roads? Health Services? Other Services? Economics:
Part 1 200-19
Page 3 of 4
Yes
No
Maybe
Antiquities/Historical: Will the proposal result in an alteration of a significant archaeological or historical site, structure, object, or building? Will the proposal result in:
10 Air Quality:
Increased air emissions or deterioration of ambient air quality? The creation of objectionable odors? 11 Noise: Will the proposal increase existing noise levels? Will the proposal produce new light or glare? 12 Light & Glare:
13 Land Use:Will the proposal result in the alteration of the present or planned land use of an area? 14 Hazardous Conditions: Does the proposal involve a risk of an explosion or the release of hazardous substances (including, but not limited to, oil, pesticides, chemicals or radiation) in the event of an accident or hazardous condition? 15 Population: Will the proposal: Alter the location, distribution, density, or growth of an area? Affect racial or ethnic groups including minority, elderly, or low income? Split neighborhoods, or separate residences from commercial facilities? 16 Housing: Will the proposal: Affect existing housing (including, but not limited to, rural or urban residences and business or commercial buildings)? Create a demand for additional housing? 17 Transportation/Circulation: Will the proposal result in: Generation of additional vehicular movement? Generation of additional movement of bicyclists or pedestrians? Impact on existing parking facilities, or demand for new parking? Impact upon existing transportation systems? Alterations to present patterns of circulation or migration of people and domestic animals? Alterations to waterborne, rail, or air traffic? Increase in traffic hazards to motor vehicles, bicyclists, or pedestrians?
Part 1 200-20
Page 4 of 4
Yes
No
Maybe
18 Energy: Will the proposal result in: Use of substantial amounts of fuel or energy? Require the development of new sources of energy? 19 Utilities: Will the proposal result in a need for new systems, or alterations to the following utilities:
Power or natural gas? Communications systems? Water? Sewer or septic tanks? Storm water drainage? Solid waste collection and disposal? 20 Human Health: Will the proposal result in the creation of any health hazard or potential health hazard? Will the proposal result in:
21 Aesthetics:
The obstruction of any scenic vista or view open to the public? The creation of aesthetically offensive site open to the public view? 22 Recreation: Will the proposal impact upon the quality or quantity of existing recreational opportunities? Will the proposal disrupt the cohesive nature of the community it resides in?
23 Severance:
Will public services be severed from a particular physiographic segment of the community or a particular population? Will emergency service routes be disrupted by the proposal? Will a particular segment of the community be without service or suffer from longer response times due to rerouting of emergency assistance?
Part 1 200-21
The Abu Dhabi Municipality Road Section requires the preparation and approval of a Design Concept Report (DCR) prior to commencing final project design. The report is to be prepared under the direction of an experienced engineer designated by the Municipality. Part 1, Section 200, Design Concept Development, includes a discussion of the background information and data collection activities necessary to develop the design concept. Part 1, Section 300, Design Concept Report, contains a discussion of the specific requirements and content of a DCR. The role of a DCR is to summarize the needs, alternatives, costs, and overall impacts of the proposed roadway or bridge project. The scope of the project is defined and the design criteria identified. The DCR is the project scoping document and the basis for selecting the project design. The basic roadway configurations shown in the DCR will be carried forward to the final design phase. DCR Table of Contents
Executive Summary Introduction Traffic Analysis Description of Alternatives Design Data Typical Sections Geometrics Interchange/Intersection Configurations Parking Study Hydrology and Hydraulics Subsurface Investigations Bridge Type Selection Utility Impact Analysis Socioeconomic Analysis Agriculture Impact Public Feedback Signing and Pavement Markings Lighting Construction Staging Cost Estimate Conclusion/Recommendations Drawings, Plans, Profiles, Typical Sections and Architectural Features
The preliminary engineering activities associated with the DCR involve preparation of numerous technical studies and reports, many of which are initiated in the data collection phase as described in Part 1, Section 200, Design Concept Development. These are prepared as stand alone documents and are included as an Appendices to the DCR. The DCR will summarize the results of these individual reports under the respective topic included in the DCR Table of Contents (See text box). Furthermore, the discussion under each topic will address interdisciplinary relationships necessary to coordinate all technical aspects of the design concept. The sections that follow provide guidance for the development of the technical studies and requirements for presentation of the material in the DCR. 301.01 FORMAT
The DCR will prepare and packaged as follows: DCR (Volume I) - Written portion of the report bound separately in A4 size. DCR (Volume II) - Drawings that accompany the report bound separately in A3 size. DCR (Appendices) Technical Memorandums, Studies and Reports bound in A4 size. For smaller projects the documents should be bound together. Larger projects may require separate packaging of the reports, titled as Appendix A, Appendix B, etc.
Each document will include the following information on the cover: Municipality of Abu Dhabi, Road Section Design Concept Report Volume No. or Appendix No. Project Name and Route No. Project Number Vicinity Map Schematic with Project Termini noted Consultant Identification
See Figure 300.01 to be used as the standard cover sheet for the DCR.
Part 1 300-1
Final Report
Project No.
15 May 1997
Client Logo
Prepared for
Part 1 300-2
The Executive Summary is a short (2-4 pages) recapitulation of the DCR document. The Summary should address the following key topics: Purpose and Need of the Project Alternatives Evaluated Recommended Design Concept Major or Controversial Issues Estimated Cost Conclusion
It is not necessary to address every aspect or technical consideration that is discussed in the main body of the report. The summary should focus on items presented in the report that are of critical interest to the Municipality such as an accurate concise description of the recommended design concept and the estimated cost. It should be clearly stated how the recommended design responds to the purpose and need of the project. Both the major benefits (i.e. improve traffic circulation, improve intersection safety) and the adverse impacts (i.e. displacement of coastal vegetation) should be summarized.
303
INTRODUCTION
The introduction is to prepare the reader for the subject matter that will follow in the body of the report. It should only be a few paragraphs in length and should provide a brief description of the project as well as the reason for preparing the Design Concept Report. The project description should be very general and should identify the projects location, the agency/municipality in charge of its implementation, and the source of funding that will be used for its design and construction. A statement can also be included that identifies how the project fits into the overall transportation infrastructure of the area.
On all projects where the primary justification, or an important justification, of the project is to improve safety, the DCR should include accident history data and an analysis of the causes of the accidents as well as a collision diagram. Estimates should be made of the accident reductions expected if the improvement proposal (or alternatives) is built. The monetary value of the accident savings should be calculated over the design period of the project (normally 20 years where geometric improvements are proposed). A summary of the traffic analysis shall be included in the body of the DCR. The complete report is also included as a separate Appendix.
305
DESCRIPTION OF ALTERNATIVES
304
TRAFFIC ANALYSIS
The collection of traffic data and the traffic projection procedures are discussed in Part 1, Section 203.03, Traffic Counts. The data will be used to analyze and shape the various alternatives and geometrics. This is an iterative process that results in identification of the number of through
In consultation with the Municipality, the engineer shall develop alternatives to be evaluated that respond to the project purpose and need to varying degrees. The alternatives identified may include separate horizontal alignments, profile variations, typical section concepts etc., that can be evaluated in a matrix form to qualitatively and quantitatively review the alternatives to identify major differences. The engineering, social, economic and natural environmental impacts for each alternative under consideration must be addressed.
Part 1 300-3
At this point, meetings will be held with various Municipality and Government Departments that have a vested interest in the project. The engineer will present the alternatives, review the evaluation criteria and matrix form and discuss merits and adversities of the different alternatives. Comments and direction received at the meeting(s) will be factored into the alternatives evaluation matrix. Finally, the analysis will conclude with a discussion of the evaluation criteria for each matrix parameter, input/direction received concerning the project and a summary discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of each alternative studied. This will be followed by the engineers recommended alternative with supporting justification for the selection.
The design exceptions identified shall be prepared in a Fact Sheet format as described in Part 2, Section 100, General Design Criteria.
307
TYPICAL SECTIONS
The typical roadway cross sections and the dimensions of the lanes, shoulders, median(s) for both the mainline and all ramps are to be identified. The number of typical sections will depend on the number of significantly different roadway/pavement structure conditions. At a minimum, at least one section should be provided which depicts all facilities within the limits of the right-of-way (i.e., ramps, frontage roads, drainage channels, etc.). The type of roadway section, i.e., cut or fill, number of lanes, shoulders, pavement structural section, cross slopes, and any retaining walls are also to be included. Drawings that illustrate this information are to be included in the Appendix to the DCR.
306
DESIGN DATA
This section will document the design criteria associated with the recommended design concept and specifically identify any exceptions from the minimum criteria established for the roadway classification. It is very important that sufficient detail is included in the DCR so that future revisions to basic design features and project scope are held to a minimum. The following basic design criteria established in Part 2, Roadway Design, shall be included: the functional classification of the road per Part 1, Section 100, General Information.
308
GEOMETRICS
The alignment, profile, and number of traffic lanes, including through lanes, auxiliary lanes, turning lanes and ramp lanes are to be plotted on an appropriately scaled plan. A scale of 1:500 should be used for urban projects and 1:2500 for rural projects. The alignment should be displayed on an aerial base and the corresponding roadway profile shown below in a split sheet format.
Part 1 300-4
309
The various types of traffic interchanges are described in Part 2, Section 500, Interchanges. The discussion in this section should identify the site and project considerations which led to the selection of the interchange and intersection type. The site considerations include:
311
The project considerations include: the speed, volume, and composition of traffic to be served the number of intersecting legs crossing and turning conflicts safety considerations cost
The Design Concept Report shall include a separate section (study) for drainage design concepts, which shall also include, when required, separate reports for flood plain encroachment and major waterway crossing studies. The drainage design concepts section shall address the following items: Planning consideration for the overall watershed considering the project and other existing and future development Assessment of existing and future conditions affecting drainage areas, flow patterns, and flood levels Estimate of future development and its effect on flows and flood levels Drainage map showing topographic features, watershed boundary, slope contours, drainage areas, existing drainage systems, proposed cross-drain locations (including peak flow volume, design high water elevation and culvert size) and proposed conveyance
The interchange/intersection alternatives should be evaluated as a part of the alternatives analysis described in Part 1, Section 305, Description of Alternative, when viable options are identified for the particular project. This is especially true for freeway and expressway projects where the Interchange/Intersection type has a significant impact on the project character, capacity and cost.
310
PARKING STUDY
In accordance with Part 1, Section 202.09, Parking Requirements, a parking study shall be prepared and included as part of the DCR. Part 1 300-5
The Municipality often is and should be perceived as a developer of transportation facilities that have the potential to stimulate secondary activity along the transportation corridor just as a major residential development can stimulate commercial activity. Accordingly, there is a requirement to address overall stormwater management needs in conjunction with existing and future developments planned for the foreseeable future. Because the transportation corridor often traverses several watersheds, the development of an adequate stormwater management plan can be severely fragmented and significant problems created if there is a lack of coordinated planning among concerned parties. To be truly effective, a stormwater management plan should consider the total scope of development (i.e. transportation, residential, commercial, industrial and agricultural). Department coordination with responsible Agencies and other Departments is essential to ensure that proposed facilities match existing ones, and that they are consistent with the longterm needs of the area. Significant savings can often be realised by planning overall combined stormwater management facilities, even though the roadway development is only a small part of the total system. In addition, the Municipality can provide important information to other Agencies and private developers wishing to develop a comprehensive stormwater management plan without assuming responsibility for the planning and decision making process for the entire watershed. Accordingly, prior to design, a level of planning and coordination shall be undertaken by the designers that will properly locate facilities and adequately address the overall drainage needs of the overall watershed(s) in regards to existing and future (foreseeable planning) development. This section provides general guidelines and major considerations for evaluating these factors during the planning process.
311.01
The purpose of the drainage design concept study is to document the methodology and results of the hydrologic analysis and the rationale used in developing the roadway drainage system. It shall define the type, size, and location of cross drainage structures and channels, and determine flood level elevations. The drainage design concept study shall determine the initial type, size and location of the onsite roadway drainage system and determine outfall location(s). It shall also address any floodplain encroachments and the overall watershed planning.
Part 1 300-6
Planning for drainage and stormwater management facilities should include a consideration of the potential problems associated with stormwater quality and quantity. Several categories of data should be obtained and evaluated including: Runoff quality provisions Runoff quantity determination Flood plain delineation Inventory of problem and future developments Development of alternative plan concepts Consideration of multipurpose opportunities and constraints Hydrologic and hydraulic analysis of alternative concepts Benefits analysis and evaluation
These are further defined as follows: A. Quality: Several broad categories of degradation have been developed to delineate or describe levels of stormwater impacts: Aesthetic deterioration: Undesirable general appearance features (dirty, turbid, or cloudy) and actual physical features (odors, floating debris, oil films, scum, or slime) are present. Dissolved oxygen depletion: When the oxygen demand of bacteria is stimulated by the organics, the subsequent reduction in oxygen levels can disturb the balance between lower forms and the food chain. Unoxidized nitrogen compounds (ammonia) can also cause problems. This is of concern when discharging into reservoirs, small, limited flush, tidewater areas, and freshwater streams. Pathogen concentrations: High concentrations of several pathogens can reduce the acceptable users of the receiving waters. A concern where discharge may be accessed for domestic use and discharge near public use areas (bathing beach). Suspended solids: The physical build-up of solids can cover productive bottoms, be
Quantification of the levels of contaminants that are being washed off a roadway is complicated by the variable effects of and the periods between storm events. The contributory factors are rainfall intensity, street surface characteristics, and particle size. The varying interaction of these factors makes it difficult to precisely estimate the impact that discharge will have on water quality. However, where it is suspected that periodic runoff may have a serious quality effect upon the receiving area, further investigation, analysis and methods for solving the problem should be presented for review and approval. The quality control management procedure particularly applicable to this region would consist of diverting the first 8 to 10 millimeters of runoff into retention (often combined with detention for peak quantity control) basins where the more concentrated contaminates and sediments can be contained. The volume of stormwater is then allowed to dissipate slowly by seepage and evaporation, effectively trapping the contaminates in the basin for periodic cleanout and disposal in a sanitary land-fill as needed. An exception is erosion and sediment control, which is often a significant component of stormwater quality. In general, erosion and sediment transport should be limited by
Part 1 300-7
The following questions should be considered when selecting the plan for disposal of stormwater runoff: 1. Are existing drainage systems large enough to handle runoff? 2. Are runoff estimates consistent with adopted drainage plans and Municipality criteria?
A detailed evaluation of these factors is part of the bridge location and hydraulics study. When a suitable crossing location has been selected, specific crossing components can then be determined. When necessary, these include the geometry and length of the approaches to the crossing, the probable type and approximate location of the abutments, the probable number and approximate location of the piers, the estimated depth to the footing supporting the piers (to protect against local scour), the location of the longitudinal encroachment in the flood plain, the amount of allowable longitudinal encroachment into the main channel, and the required river training works, to ensure that river flows approach the crossing or the encroachment in a
Part 1 300-8
When a highway project will encroach on a flood plain, careful consideration must be given to the potential risks from the encroachment. Any proposed project that encroaches on a flood plain either transversely or longitudinally, and is predicted to result in a significant adverse impact on natural flood plain values, a significant increase in flood risk, or a significant change in the potential for interruption of main access roadways, emergency service or major services, must be evaluated with a complete hydraulic analysis and a risk analysis, to be included in a separate flood-plain study or a bridge location and hydraulics study for transverse crossings. These separate reports must document considerations of alternatives which do not include such encroachments. Significant encroachments will not be approved unless there is no practical alternative. The flood plain study (and/or bridge location and hydraulics study) shall include the following: A. Hydraulic Analysis: The hydraulic analysis must provide the water surface profile elevations
Part 1 300-9
Identification of drainage data needs should be a part of the early planning phase of a project, when appropriate procedures for performing hydrologic and hydraulic calculations are selected. Several categories of data may be relevant to a particular drainage project, including published data such as precipitation, soils, land use, topography, streamflow and flood history. Published mapping is usually inadequate, so field investigations and surveys are necessary to determine drainage areas, identify pertinent features, obtain high water information, survey lateral ditch alignments and survey bridge and culvert crossings. In addition, hydrology calculations for a watershed or larger drainage area will usually require some sort of topographic mapping. The preferred mapping is using aerial photography showing contour elevations using digital techniques is preferred. Manual ground surveys are usually adequate for smaller areas. The requirements in more detail are as follows: A. Data Collection Procedure: Drainage data should be collected before calculations are initiated, under the following general guidelines: 1. Identify data needs, sources, and uses. Much of this information will have to be provided in the concept report and kept in the supporting files. 2. Collect published data, based on sources identified in Step 1. 3. Compile and document the results of Step 2, and compare data needs and uses with published data availability. Identify any additional field data needs. 4. Collect field data based on needs identified in Steps 1 and 3. 5. Compile and document the results of Step 4. B. Published Data: At present, there is limited published data with regards to soils, land use,
Part 1 300-10
Part 1 300-11
3.
The profile portion of the map should include the following data: 1. Plot of the existing ground, done in a light solid line to the same horizontal scale as was used for the plan portion. Drainage map sheets with the profile blocks deep enough to sufficiently show the necessary profiles and cross-drain profiles. Plot of the proposed profile grade line. Plots of all proposed special ditches, except median, when horizontal and vertical scales permit. Plots of proposed cross drains, except median drains. Skew and pipe slope are not shown. For urban projects, plot only the storm drain and mainline structures. Laterals are not plotted. Flow line elevations are posted along the main.
2.
3. Size Drainage Area (Hectares) 0.0 - 0.2 0.2 - 2 2-4 4-8 8 - 20 20 - 40 40 - 80 >80 Accuracy Mainly Impervious (Hectares) 0.02 0.04 0.08 0.2 0.4 0.8 2 4 Mainly Pervious (Hectares) 0.04 0.08 0.2 0.4 0.8 2 4 10 4.
5.
6.
Inserts are used to show areas of such magnitude that the boundaries cannot be plotted at the regular scale. Proposed drainage structures are plotted by symbol only in the plan portion and noted by structure number. 4. Aerial photography is desirable because it will document the development and often the drainage pattern which existed at the time of design. Design, base, and overtopping (or maximum probable flood) discharge and stage values are required on all expressway and mainroad projects for all cross structures that would back floodwater outside the project limits, regardless of structure size.
E. Existing Features Survey: In areas draining to a project site, all streams, wadis, ditches, reservoirs, drainage structures, and other possible conflicting utilities should be shown. Flow lines, controlling grade elevations, and high water stages should be documented for existing structures. The concept report should note record the estimated reliability of flow and high water observations. 1. Survey Notes: The drainage survey notes should show all pipe lines, culverts, and bridges in place on the existing roadway. Pipe length, size, type, and conditions should be given. The design for alternate culvert materials requires accurate information on the condition and length of service for existing culverts. Data on corrugated pipe should include material (steel or aluminium), coatings, size, and type (annular or
5.
Part 1 300-12
Part 1 300-13
To convert precipitation to stormwater runoff, hydrologic calculations are generally used to quantify the abstractions (precipitation losses) which occur as part of the hydrologic cycle. Virtually all drainage and flood plain calculations only consider infiltration, interception, and
Part 1 300-14
8.
311.04
The consideration of open channel hydraulics is an integral part of roadway projects in which artificial channels and improvements to natural channels are a primary concern. Procedures for performing uniform flow calculations that aid in the selection or evaluation of appropriate channel linings, depths, and grades are included in the drainage volume of the design manual. For most artificial channels, the most desirable lining is natural, emerging vegetation, with grass used to provide initial and long-term erosion resistance. If natural vegetation, usually grass, is unfeasible, concrete lining is used. Also, flexible linings comprised of rock riprap asphalt or articulating concrete grids can be used for preventing erosion. Allowable velocities and permissible depths of flow are provided in the drainage volume of the design manual, along with various adaptations of Manning's Equation suitable for evaluating channel capacity. Open channels can be generally classified as those which occur naturally and those which are manmade or improved natural channels. The later, called artificial channels, include the following types in use on most roadway project: 1. Right-of-way ditches which usually acts as an overland flow interceptor ditch collecting water before it reaches the roadway. Roadside or roadway ditch and (sometime called the borrow ditch) Median ditches on divided highway. Outfall ditches for connecting and carrying flows from ditch types 1, 2 and 3, a short distance to a natural outlet or to another, larger conveyance channel. Lateral ditches are a larger size channel, usually used for continuing upstream flows past the project area. Canals are large size conveyance channels.
2. 3.
4.
Calculate the peak runoff rate or determine the time distribution of rainfall excess. No further calculations are generally required if only the peak runoff rate is desired. Develop a unit hydrograph for the watershed, if a runoff hydrograph is desired and the procedure selected uses a unit hydrograph. Develop the direct runoff hydrograph, using the unit hydrograph and rainfall excess determined above, as appropriate.
2. 3. 4.
5.
6.
5.
6.
Part 1 300-15
A. Documentation: Documentation shall be provided in detail commensurate with the complexity of the project. Documentation shall be sufficient enough so that an independent engineer with expertise in bridge hydraulics, but not involved with the design, can fully interpret, follow and understand the logic, methods, computations, analysis and considerations used to develop the final design. Documentation for bridge and large culvert designs shall include as a minimum the following: 1. Hydrologic analysis including sources of data and methodology. 2. Alternative analysis or evaluation of structure sizes (length and vertical height/clearance). This evaluation shall be done consistent with Department criteria for bridge hydraulic design and shall include consideration of: a. cost b. design standards c. structure hydraulic performance, including backwater, velocity and scour d. Impacts of the structure on adjacent property e. environmental impacts 3. The alternative analysis shall include the reasons for selecting the recommended structure and a clear explanation as to why it is the most economical structure for the site in question. As a minimum, the following structure sizes shall be evaluated: a. The minimum structure size required to meet hydraulic standards for vertical and horizontal clearance, scour and backwater. b. Existing structure size if applicable. c. The recommended structure size if different from (a) or (b). 4. Design recommendations for recommendations shall include: bridges
Bridge hydraulic designs shall be documented in the Bridge Location and Hydraulics Report (BLHR). Design information shall be summarised on the Bridge Hydraulics Recommendations Sheet (BHRS). The format for the BHRS is provided in Section 3.11. BLHR and the BHRS shall be prepared for the projects listed below: 1. Bridges and large culverts (culverts larger than 1800 mm dia pipes or 1200 mm x 1200m box culverts) on new alignments Bridge and large culvert replacements on existing alignments For other bridge and large culvert projects involving actions within the Base Flood Plain (work within the 100 yr. Flood elevation) e.g., bridge widening and large culvert extensions.
2. 3.
Part 1 300-16
a. Encroachment on the flood plain b. Recreational use c. Domestic water supply d. Security area 2. Channel Stability a. b. c. d. e. Bank stability Bends and meanders Potential for natural change of channel Aggradation or degradation of bottom Scour history
3. Potential Water Stages a. Flood history (dates; stages; source of information; extent of flooding; approximate frequency; damage to structure, embankment or highway) b. Potential backwater from other streams or rivers c. Reservoirs of flood control projects (Department and status) d. Tidally affected (mean high and low water)
7. Determination of design discharge and development of discharge-frequency curve 8. Determination of design flood stage and development of stage-storage-frequency curve D. Hydraulic Analysis 1. Bridges a. Determination of permissible upstream water surface b. With bridge length set to minimum criteria or environmental controls, determination of backwater c. Adjustment of (b) if required to satisfy (a) d. Check of conveyance for 100-year flood and maximumbable flood; adjustment of bridge length if required e. Evaluation of scour potential f. Evaluation of need for channel changes g. Evaluation of need for bank protection including limits of protection, type, materials, and specifications h. Evaluation of need for spur dikes and other training devices i. Evaluation of effects of construction and temporary activities j. Evaluation of effect on downstream structures and properties 2. Large Culverts (any cross-drain culvert larger than 1800 mm dia pipe, or 1200mm x 1200 mm box culverts) a. Determination of allowable headwater (AHW) and design storm tailwater elevations b. Selection of trial culvert size c. Evaluation of culvert for abrasion, corrosion, debris, scour, suitability for improved entrance, etc. d. Design of inlet and outlet scour protection, if necessary e. Check of conveyance of 100-year flood and max. probable flood f. Evaluation of effect on stream stability. g. Evaluation of effect on fish and wildlife, if applicable h. Evaluation of effect of channel change i. Evaluation of effect on downstream properties and structures
1. Location in relation to crossing(s) 2. Determination of drainage area (when significantly different) 3. Physical data on structure(s) (size, type, spans, foundation type, low member, available waterway area) 4. Flood history 5. Evaluation of hydraulic adequacy of structure(s) (Note: This data should be obtained not only for the site under consideration, but upstream and downstream crossings as well) B. Selection of Design Flood 1. Importance to highway system 2. Importance to life and property 3. Conveyance of design, 100-year and maximum probable flood (under or over/under the highway) C. Hydrologic Analysis 1. Site review (extremely important) 2. Interview with persons providing flood history data 3. Review of available flood records (Department, newspapers) 4. Review of available stream gages in vicinity 5. Definition of drainage area above site 6. Evaluation of potential watershed basin changes (20-year minimum) a. Urbanization b. Channelization c. Water management practices
Part 1 300-18
The BLHR is a full size drawing, to be included with the BLHR. It is divided into several information blocks, which must be as completely filled out as is appropriate for the design and location. The BHRS must always include the Project Number and the Bridge Number as per the drainage map in the title box. The information requested for existing bridge or large culverts near the site includes foundations, overall length, span length, type of construction, area of opening at high water, roadway width, and the low member elevation. The area of opening at high water generally refers to the flow area available through the existing structure below the water surface determined for a design storm frequency. The BHRS hydraulic design data section should include water surface elevations and several categories of flood data for various events, including the maximum event of record, the
Part 1 300-19
In general, retention refers to stormwater storage without access to a positive outlet, while detention facilities offer temporary storage accompanied by controlled release of the stored water. Wet detention typically has a pool of water below the outlet elevation; dry detention is typically placed with the basin bottom above the seasonal high water table. Retention and detention can be used separately or together in storage basins as site conditions and management objectives require. Historically, "detention" basins are used only when such use reduced the outfall size (by reducing the peak discharge) enough to justify the cost. An additional benefit is that they can also be effective in improving stormwater quality. The drainage volume of the design manual provides general design criteria for retention/detention basins as well as procedures for performing preliminary sizing and final reservoir routing calculations. The Storage Indication Method is presented as an acceptable method for detention calculations. Exfiltration calculations may be required for certain retention systems for estimations of percolated discharge rates. Land-locked drainage areas will require retention storage areas designed to meet special considerations. The collection of field and published data for the planning and location of retention/detention facilities should be coordinated so that it can be accomplished concurrently with other aspects of a particular project. A general discussion of data collection procedures is presented in Section 311.02.03. A key element to proper planning of retention/detention facilities is the selection of potential sites that will provide control of both flooding and stormwater quality. Other important considerations include: Runoff quality requirements Stormwater management master plan
Planning for retention/detention facilities should be co-ordinated with the evaluation of borrow requirements for the project. To the maximum extent possible, excavation from construction of the retention/detention basins should be used as fill material. If borrow material is required for basin embankments, it should be obtained within the project limits, if possible. The objective of drainage design is to provide the necessary roadway drainage facilities which allows the public to use the roadway during times of significant runoff and in a manner that minimizes the potential for adverse effects on adjacent property and existing patterns. The effect of the roadway on the existing drainage pattern, the potential flood hazards, as well as the effect of floods on the roadway are to be assessed in the design process. The engineer shall perform a drainage study in accordance with current design methodology, requirements and criteria in the drainage volume of the design manual. The criteria should identify such items as the hydrology method to be used, the design storm frequency to be accommodated, the allowable spread of water on the pavement to be tolerated at the specified storm frequency and any other pertinent hydraulic criteria which is a design control for the project. Applicability of existing Master Drainage Plans will be discussed. The purpose of the drainage study is to identify potential drainage problems for the proposed improvement, to recommend solutions, and to establish initial pipe and channel sizings and alignments consistent with the improvement concept. The major drainage features shall be
Part 1 300-20
312
SUBSURFACE INVESTIGATIONS
Summary of previous geotechnical investigations description of the program undertaken to identify geotechnical and subsurface elements which affect project design results of surface visual observations groundwater data a summary of the information obtained from and the location diagram of the soil borings the general description of the subsurface geologic strata obtained from the soil borings, including any areas of unacceptable soil conditions particle size analysis and potential for scour results of any material testing analysis and recommendations for embankment construction including settlement and surcharging an analysis and preliminary recommendations for pavement structural section and foundations.
Once the project location, horizontal and vertical alignment and structure requirements have been generally defined, the engineer will formulate subsurface exploration and testing program. The objective of the exploration program, is to provide, specific subsurface information along successive design sections or reaches of the project. The data will allow some basic judgments to be made, i.e., the most suitable type(s) of foundations for structures and recommended pavement designs to be developed during the design phase. In the case of either the structure borings or roadway borings, the geotechnical program will serve to reveal the type, severity and extent of geotechnical design problems.
313
Selection of the most suitable type of structure involves investigating alternate superstructure and foundation types including variation of span length, structure depth and number of girders to determine the best bridge type and arrangement for a particular site. This is an iterative phase where assumptions must be made and later verified or modified during the process. Detailed design should not be performed unless it is necessary to confirm the adequacy of a concept. When performing the concept studies following shall be considered as a minimum: Cost Constructability Maintenance the
Part 1 300-21
Sketches should be made of the various alternatives investigated and included in the report. Both the vertical and horizontal clearances should be checked to ensure that adequate clearances are provided. Inadequate vertical clearance will necessitate a change in either profile grade or superstructure depth while inadequate horizontal clearance may necessitate a change in span length. The geotechnical aspects of the site should be considered since the foundation type and associated cost may influence the type of bridge selected. An initial (stage one) subsurface exploration and testing program will be performed in parallel as described in Part 1, Section 312, Subsurface Investigations, and will be used to determine foundation type and costs. Traffic requirements must be investigated including any detours or phasing requirements. These requirements will be addressed in the discussion detailed in Part 1, Section 320, Construction Staging. 313.01 BRIDGES OVER WATERWAYS
When the above items have been investigated, preliminary design can proceed by studying alternatives. Possible alternatives include: widening to one side, widening symmetrically on both sides or replacing the bridge with a new structure. Approximate costs based on preliminary quantities and unit costs associated with each solution will be required. 313.03 BRIDGE SELECTION REPORT
The preparation of the Bridge Selection Report is the final activity in the preliminary design phase. This activity involves incorporating the contents of the Initial Drainage Study, and the Geotechnical Report to produce a final Bridge Selection Report and develop the preliminary plans for the selected alternative. The preliminary plans consist of the General Plan and General Notes and Quantities Sheets. The preliminary plans are not considered complete until the drainage report and geotechnical foundation recommendation is received and incorporated in the plans. After fully considering the above factors to determine the proper structure type, the engineer will discuss the architectural features with the appropriate Municipality Departments. For large or controversial projects, approval by the Executive Council or higher authority will be required. These may be individual or joint discussions as dictated by the size, location, complexity, and sociological, economical, ecological and environmental demands of the project. Through these discussions a structure with architectural features that are compatible with structural, safety and site requirements can be developed. The completed Bridge Selection Report shall include a general plan of the bridge. This reduced plan reflects the bridge geometrics, architectural theme, the bridge substructure and the type of foundations. A complete discussion of the cost
For waterway crossings, coordination with the project drainage requirements will be necessary. The designer should obtain the Initial Drainage Report and thoroughly review the contents before starting the analysis of alternatives. For navigable crossings, the channel width, vertical clearance, pier protection and navigational aids should be investigated and discussed. 313.02 WIDENINGS/REHABILITATION
On projects involving widenings, in addition to the requirements for new bridges, the following items should be investigated: The existing structure should be checked for structural adequacy. The condition of the existing deck joints. The condition of the existing bearings. The condition of existing diaphragms on steel girder bridges. The existing foundations.
Part 1 300-22
The DCR will summarize the impacts for each major utility (water, sewer, telephone, irrigation, electrical). The responsibility for design and construction of the facilities will be addressed. Schematic plans showing the major existing and proposed utilities should be prepared and included in the drawings section. Recommendations will be given for general utility relocation schemes and for resolution of specific utility conflicts. Associated utility costs will be included in the preliminary cost estimate. For larger projects a separate Utility Report should be prepared and included as an Appendix to the DCR.
The General Plan shall be included in the Drawings (A3 size) that will accompany the DCR.
315
SOCIOECONOMIC ANALYSIS
314
Utility impacts are a key project issue, especially within existing transportation corridors. Data collection and coordination with the various agencies/departments is discussed in Part 1, Section 200, Design Concept Development. The second phase of work includes analysis of the existing and proposed utilities with respect to each alternative in order to permit estimation of costs and evaluation within the alternatives matrix. Utility corridors including proposed Service Reservations should be identified and indicated on the typical sections and roadway plans included in the DCR. For urban projects, the location of service reservations will affect the roadway geometrics including parking areas, green areas and the proposed pavement surfacing. The DCR will include a through discussion of the utility impacts and a tabulation of the existing utility inventory as follows: Item Number Owner Description Station
An analysis and discussion of the socioeconomicdata per the requirements described in Part 1, Section 202, Environmental Factors Influencing Design, shall be included in the DCR. Each of the topics covered in Part 1, Section 202, Environmental Factors Influencing Design shall be included or, if not relevant, it should be so stated including the reason why it is not relevant. For any of the topics which are not relevant, prior approval from the Municipality is required to exclude the issue from the DCR. The required information as to the reasons why the topics are not relevant shall be summarized in a concise Technical Memorandum accompanied by supporting documentation as necessary. The Municipality shall make a determination as to the relevance of the topic based on this information. The Technical Memorandum and supporting documentation is to be included as a separate appendix in the DCR.
316
AGRICULTURE IMPACT
Agricultural resources are important to mans survival and therefore must be preserved to the greatest extent possible. The Consultant shall identify the potential impact that the proposed project alternatives may have on these resources within the study area. Primarily, this involves
Part 1 300-23
318
317
PUBLIC FEEDBACK
Signing Concept plans will be developed to show the major guide signs required for the proposed facility in accordance with the MUTCD and criteria included in Part 2, Section 900, Traffic Engineering. It may be necessary to include signing outside of the project limits. New signs or modifications required to existing signs shall be clearly identified. The signing requirements shall be displayed on a reduced scale version of the project geometrics sufficient to show the required detail. Proposed guide signs should be illustrated graphically with leaders pointing to the sign location. Signing requirements associated with the construction staging/detour scheme should also be discussed. The signing and lighting concept plans will be included in the drawings section of the DCR.
Public involvement is an important aspect in the overall success of a project. At the onset of the project, the consultant shall develop a Public Involvement Plan that will establish the approach to be used to coordinate project planning and details with the public. In addition to keeping the public informed of the project, the plan will also provide the public with the opportunity to comment at various stages of project development. By soliciting and actively considering public input, the Consultant is more likely to produce a design that is economically feasible and acceptable to the public. This section of the DCR should briefly describe the elements of the Public Information Plan, including the location and scheduling of public information meetings, workshops, consensus building sessions or any other forums aimed at soliciting public input. A summary of the primary issues raised by the public should be presented along with a discussion of how these issues have been addressed during the development of the project, and whether or not consensus has been reached. A file should be maintained as backup for each public meeting that contains a list of participants and the issues raised.
319
LIGHTING CONCEPTS
This section should begin with a discussion of the design criteria that governs the location of lighting, the type of lighting relevant to the roadway classification or route and the method of illumination analysis. Applicability or conformance to existing Master Lighting Plans must be considered. Alternative types of lighting such as high mast at major interchanges should also be addressed. The typical spacing between light sources, and the compatibility with adjacent or intersecting lighting system will be shown and illustrated on schematic plans.
320
CONSTRUCTION STAGING
Maintenance of traffic during construction can have a significant affect on the surrounding traffic system, in terms of public convenience, design, cost and the duration of construction. The DCR shall include a discussion as to how construction of the project will be staged including:
Part 1 300-24
The final design plans will generally be prepared in conformance with staging described in the DCR.
324
DRAWINGS
321
COST ESTIMATE
The DCR preliminary cost estimate must be as realistic and accurate as possible. The degree of effort and detail for each project is expected to vary depending upon the complexity and sensitivity of the project-related issues. The preliminary cost estimate should be prepared using the Preliminary Project Cost Estimate form (Figure 300.02) to summarize the individual bills. This is intended to standardize the format and type of items that need to be considered in the project consistent with the General Specifications. Similar forms must be developed for each bill section to back-up the summary, including the estimated quantities and unit prices. It is important that all known items of work be identified and estimated. In some instances, not all of the items can be identified at this stage and an appropriate contingency factor should be applied to reflect possible increases such as modification of the project limits or adding decorative features.
The drawings prepared to illustrate and define the design concept should be presented in A3 format as Volume II of the written report which is bound separately in A4 format. The drawings should include the following: Typical Sections Alternatives Bridge General Plans Roadway Plan/Profile Signing and Lighting Concept Plans Architectural Renderings Construction Staging Schematics Other project specific plans as required
322
CONCLUSIONS/ RECOMMENDATIONS
This section will include conclusions, recommendations, and their associated costs. The name and title of the Project Engineer responsible for the preparation of the DCR as well as the Abu Dhabi Municipalitys Engineer who served as the Municipality Representative shall also be indicated.
323
APPENDIX
This section will be used for appending Technical Memorandums and the complete detailed studies or reports including: Fact Sheet-Design Exceptions Parking Study Part 1 300-25
BILL NO. I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXV
BILL DESCRIPTION
AMOUNT IN FIGURES DH Fs
GENERAL EARTHWORKS SUBBASE AND BASE COURSES ASPHALT WORKS CONCRETE WORKS SURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEM WATER WORKS PRESTRESSED CONCRETE WORKS TRAFFIC MARKINGS AND SIGNS SITE LABORATORY CONCRETE PILE FOUNDATIONS METAL WORKS POST-TENSIONED CONCRETE WORKS EXPANSION AND FIXED JOINTS IRRIGATION WORKS LIGHTING AND ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION WORKS TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM DAILY WORKS SCHEDULE TELEPHONE WORKS SEWERAGE WORKS STREET FURNITURE PARKING STRUCTURE LANDSCAPING TOTAL ESTIMATED COST Figure 300.02 Cost Estimate Worksheet
Part 1 300-26
rails, bridge columns, retaining walls, sound walls, cut slopes, and median barriers. The cost to correct such restrictions may not be justified. Technically, this will result in a reduction in the effective design speed at the location in question. Such technical reductions should be discussed and carefully considered before accepted. Design speed may be lowered, especially in densely developed urban areas. The design speed for special projects will be established by the Road Section. Maximum design speeds, as related to roadway classifications, are shown in Table 100.01. Table 100.01
Roadway Classification RURAL Freeway Design Speed Terrain Desirable Type (kph) Min. (kph)
Design speed establishes specific minimum roadway design elements. These design elements include vertical and horizontal alignment, and sight distance. Design speed relates indirectly to other elements such as pavement and shoulder width, and horizontal clearance. Design speed is influenced by terrain, economic considerations, environmental factors, type and volume of traffic, roadway functional classification, and adjacent land use (rural or urban). Drivers expect consistent design speeds for adjacent roadways or roadways with similar characteristics. A driver in a mountainous area would expect to travel more slowly than a driver crossing the open desert. Further, the driver crossing the open desert expects the travel speed to be similar for a divided road or a two-lane roadway. Normally, the design speed difference between adjacent segments should not exceed 10 kph. A roadway carrying a large traffic volume may justify a higher design speed than a less important facility in similar topography, particularly where the savings in vehicle operation and other costs are sufficient to offset the increased cost of right of way and construction.. However, a lower design speed should not be assumed for a secondary road where the topography is such that drivers are likely to travel at high speeds. Subject to the above considerations, as high a design speed as practical should be used. The design speed for any section of roadway should be a constant value. However, during design, situations may arise in which engineering, economic, environmental, or other considerations make it impractical to provide the minimum elements established by the design speed. Examples include partial or brief horizontal sight distance restrictions, like those imposed by bridge
Flat 140 120 Rolling 120 100 Mountainous 100 80 Expressway Flat 140 120 Rolling 120 100 Mountainous 100 80 Major Collector Flat 100 80 Mountainous 80 60 Minor Collector Flat 90 80 Rolling 80 60 Mountainous 60 40 Local Access Flat 90 80 Rolling 80 60 Mountainous 60 40 URBAN Freeway 120 100 Expressway 120 100 Arterial (Main Rd) Outlying 100 80 Low Interruption 90 60 High Interruption 60 40 Frontage Road 60 50 Sector Road 50 40 DIRECTIONAL RAMPS 80 60 The maximum design speed varies by area on Abu Dhabi Island therefore, refer to Figure 100.01 for the posted speeds on the Island. Posted speeds are considered to be approximately 85% of design speed.
Part 2 100-1
For primary roadway projects, the design vehicle will be a WB-12 intermediate semi trailer combination. For secondary and local roads, the design vehicle will be a single unit bus. The design vehicles are as defined in a A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, AASHTO, 1994. Refer to Section 405 for additional information on design vehicles.
103
103.01
ROADWAY CAPACITY
Geometric design of new facilities should be based on estimated traffic 20 years after completion of construction unless otherwise directed by the Road Section. Safety, resurfacing, restoration, rehabilitation, and operational improvement projects should be designed using current traffic volumes with consideration for future growth. 103.02 RELATION TO DESIGN
Design capacity is the maximum volume of traffic for which a projected roadway can provide a selected level of service. Design capacity varies with a number of factors, including: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) Level of service selected. Width and number of lanes. Weaving sections. Presence or absence of, and width of, shoulders. Grades. Horizontal alignment. Operating speed. Lateral clearance. Side friction generated by parking, drive ways, intersections, and interchanges. Volumes of trucks, buses, recreational vehicles, bicycles and pedestrians. Percentage of trucks, buses, and recreational vehicles. Spacing and timing of traffic signals.
The design designation is a simple, concise expression of the basic factors controlling the design of a given roadway. Following is an example of this expression: ADT (2000) = 9800 D = 60% ADT (2020) = 20,000 T = 12% DHV = 3000 V = 110 kph, where: ADT (2000) = The average daily traffic, in number of vehicles, for the construction year. ADT (2020) = The average daily traffic for the future year used as a target in design. DHV = The two-way design hourly volume, vehicles. D = The percentage of the DHV in the direction of heavier flow. T = The character of the traffic. This is expressed by the truck increment (T) as a percent of the DHV (excluding recreational vehicles). V = Design speed in kph.
(j) (k)
Design capacity is based on the factors above, design year traffic and operation at a specified level of service (LOS). Broadly defined, in terms of traffic flow, LOS A is associated with free flow traffic; LOS B indicates reasonable free flow; LOS C is stable operation; LOS D is lower range of stable flow; LOS E is unstable flow; and LOS F indicates forced flow. Design levels of service for various conditions are shown in Table 100.02. The highest feasible LOS should be selected and used for design, except
Part 2 100-3
The following sections deal with the general capacity calculations for various roadways. Since these calculation methods are lengthy and beyond the scope of this document, the reader is referred to the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM), 1994. 104.01.01 Multi-lane Rural Roadway The general equation for service volume of all multi-lane roadways is given by: SV = 2000 N (v/c) T W where: SV = Service volume (one direction) for a given level of service N = Number of lanes in each direction v/c = Service volume to capacity ratio T = Adjustment factor for trucks on grades W = Adjustment for width and lateral clearance (See HCM Section 100.04.02) 104.01.02 Two Lane Roadways Service volumes and capacities for two lane roadways are always both directions without regard to the distribution of volume by direction. The general equation is given by: SV = 2000 (v/c) T W where: SV = Service volume in vehicles per hour (total both directions) v/c = Service volume to capacity ratio T = Adjustment factor for trucks on grades W = Adjustment for width and lateral clearance (See HCM Section 100.04.02)
Expressway
Major Collector
Local Access
URBAN Freeway Expressway Arterial (Main Rd) Frontage Road Sector Road DIRECTIONAL RAMPS
As an alternative to level of service D, consideration should be given to pairs of one-way roads or alternative bypass routes to improve the LOS.
Part 2 100-4
Expressways are analyzed using a series of nomographs covering a range of average roadway speeds. The charts are based on 3.65 m lanes, full width shoulders, and adequate clearances. (See HCM Section 100.04.02) 104.01.04 Expressway Ramps and Weaving Sections
Roadway Type
Freeway Expressway Major Collector Main Road Minor Arterial Sector Road Local Road
Capacities of urban expressways are influenced by entrance and exit volumes, weave distance, and the geometric layout. All of these factors should be considered in the capacity analysis. (See HCM Section 100.04.02) 104.01.05 Intersection Capacity
All Roadways will have some degree of access control. The appropriate degree of access control by roadway type is given in Table 100.03. More detailed guidelines for establishing the control of access lines by roadway classification are presented in the following section. 105.02 ACCESS CONTROL DESIGN CRITERIA Primary Roadways
Intersections capacity generally governs the capacity of the associated roadway. Signal timing, intersection spacing, turning movement all play a critical role in determining the overall capacity. (See HCM Section 100.04.02)
105.02.01
105
105.01
CONTROL OF ACCESS
GENERAL
Control of access is achieved by limiting the number and location of roadway access points so that the through traffic capacity or safety of the facility will not be significantly impaired. There are three degrees of access control: Full Access Control - Gives preference to through traffic by providing access only through selected frontage/sector roads and by prohibiting at-grade crossings or direct access from abutting property. Partial Access Control - Still gives preference to through traffic but permits some at-grade crossings and some private driveway connections. Approach Road and Driveway Regulations Without access control, abutting properties are permitted access to the roadway, but the number, location and geometrics are regulated.
The number of access openings on expressways with access control should be held to a minimum. Parcels which have access to another frontage or sector road as well as expressway frontage are not allowed expressway access. In some instances, parcels fronting only on the expressway may be given access to another sector road by constructing suitable connections if such access can be reasonably provided. With the exception of extensive expressway frontages, access openings are limited to one opening per parcel. Wherever possible, one opening should serve two or more parcels. In the case of a large expressway frontage under one ownership, the feasibility of limiting access to one opening may be prohibitive, or the property may be divided by a natural physical barrier such as a wadi or ridge, making it necessary to provide an additional opening. However, in the latter case, it may be preferable to connect the physically separated portions with a low-cost structure or road rather than permit two openings. Access rights shall be acquired along interchange ramps to their junction with the nearest public road, and shall extend to the end of the ramp taper
Part 2 100-5
105.02.02
In general, the number of access openings shall be held to a minimum for any facility. Additional access may be necessary to satisfy a range of design issues/access requirements. The following is a list of issues to consider when providing access points. (1) Emergency vehicles shall have a right to direct roadway access. (2) Private direct roadway access shall be permitted only when the property in question has no other reasonable access to the local road system. (3) If feasible, parcels fronting only on the roadway shall be given access to another public road by constructing suitable connections. (4) Roadway access openings are limited to one per parcel. Exceptions may be considered if they do not affect roadway safety or operation and they are necessary for safe and efficient property use. (5) In certain cases, a natural physical barrier such as a wadi or ridge may divide the parcel. In this case additional access openings may be warranted. However, it may be preferable to connect the physically separated portions of the parcel with a low cost structure or road rather than permit multiple access openings. (6) Wherever possible, one access opening should serve two parcels. (7) When the number of required access openings on one side of a divided roadway exceeds three in 400 m, a frontage/sector road shall be
The primary function of these roadways is to provide reasonable and safe access to abutting property. Access needs generally take priority over through traffic as long as roadway safety is not compromised. Control of access is not obtained, but the location, number, and geometrys of access points must meet the following criteria: (a) The number of access approaches to a parcel shall be controlled by safety and design considerations and shall be separated by at least the stopping sight distance. (b) For safety reasons, frontage roads or parallel service roads are not permitted along twolane roadways because this results in the appearance of a divided roadway. (c) Left turns if safety and design standards are met. (d) In rural areas, approach roads shall be provided as necessary for local access or emergency/rest stops. The maximum spacing
Part 2 100-6
General Policy (a) Frontage roads are provided: To control access to the urban expressway and main road through lanes, thus increasing safety. To provide access to sectors. Maintain continuity of the local road systems. Provide for non-motorized traffic that might otherwise desire to use the expressway. Typically a frontage road is justified if their construction costs are less than the costs of providing other direct access. Right of way considerations are often the determining factor. Thus, a frontage road would be justified if the investment in construction and extra right of way is less than either the severance damages or the costs of acquiring the affected property. Frontage roads may be required to connect parts of a severed property or to serve a landlocked parcel resulting from right of way acquisition. Direct access to the through lanes is allowable on expressways. However, when the number of access openings on one side of the expressway exceeds three in 500 m, a frontage road should be provided.
105.04
(b)
Access Control lines/limits shall be shown on the project right-of-way plans. Where possible, the right-of-way line and control of access line should be coincident. For proper control of access, fencing or other approved barriers shall be installed on all controlled access roadways, located on the control or access line where appropriate. 106 DESIGN STANDARD EXCEPTIONS
(c)
A design standard exception is a design feature which does not meet the design standards presented in the Roadway Design Manual. Occasionally these design exceptions are justified but it is important that each design exception be documented and approved in writing prior to plan acceptance. The request for approval of design exceptions shall be in the form of a Design Exception Request. This request sheet shall be presented to the Municipality for written approval. The request sheet shall include the following topics:
Part 2 100-7
A detailed description of the items required in the Design Exception Request sheet is included on the following pages. DESIGN EXCEPTION REQUEST SHEET 1. PROPOSED PROJECT A. Project Description: Briefly describe the project. Note the type of project and/or major elements of work to be done, such as safety or operational improvement, roadway widening, rehabilitation, reconstruction, etc. Provide the geographic project limits and length. B. Proposed Project Total Cost: Include a estimate of the proposed project cost segregated by major elements, including: roadway, structures, right of way, utility relocation, environmental mitigation, etc., as needed. 2. EXISTING ROADWAY A. Existing Roadway Description: Describe the existing roadway features relevant to the proposed design exception. This may include such things as the widths of lanes, shoulders, median, clear zones, roadbed, and structures; horizontal and vertical alignment and clearances; design speed, sight distance, grades, cross slope, superelevation, etc. If relevant, provide a similar brief description of adjacent existing roadway segments, noting existing nonstandard features. 3. PROPOSED DESIGN EXCEPTION A. State the specific design standard(s) which are not being met and refer to their Part 2 100-8
3.
At certain locations or in certain corridors, it is appropriate to supplement further the existing highway system by providing specifically designated bikeways (for either exclusive or nonexclusive bicycle use). Rural arterials often are the only direct connection between areas of population and locations to which the public wishes to travel, Schools, parks, and rural housing developments are usually located to be readily accessible by automobile. However, pedestrians and bicycle riders may also wish to travel to the same destination points. When such a situation exists, the designer should consider the effects on the safety and operation of the arterial. A special effort should be made to provide the greatest degree of safety within the economic constraints that must always be considered. 107.03 BICYCLE CHARACTERISTICS
107
107.01
BICYCLE FACILITIES
GENERAL
The bicycle has become an important element for consideration in the highway design process. Fortunately, most of the mileage needed for bicycle travel is comprised of the street and highway system. While many highway agencies allow bicycles on partially access controlled facilities, most highway agencies do not allow bicycles on fully access controlled facilities. Measures such as the following, which are generally of low capital intensity, can considerably enhance a routes safety and capacity for bicycle traffic: Paved shoulders. Wide outside traffic lane (4.2 m minimum) if no shoulder. Bicycle-safe drainage grates. Adjusting manhole covers to the grade. Maintaining a smooth, clean riding surface.
To provide for bicycle traffic, it is necessary to become familiar with bicycle dimensions, operating characteristics, and requirements. These factors determine acceptable turning radii, grades, and sight distance. In many instances design features of separate bike facilities are controlled by the adjoining roadway, so that even then consideration of bicycles is an essential element the design of the highway itself. 107.04 BICYCLES AT INTERSECTIONS
When on-street bicycle lanes and/or off-street bicycle paths enter an intersection, the design of the intersection should be modified accordingly. This may mean special sight distance considerations, wider roadways to accommodate on-street lanes, special lane markings to channelize and separate bicycles from right turning vehicles, provisions for left turn bicycle movements, or special traffic signal designs (such as conveniently located push buttons at actuated signals or even separate signal indication for bicyclists).
Part 2 100-9
SIGHT DISTANCE
GENERAL
If providing passing sight distance is not economically feasible, stopping sight distance is the minimum sight distance provided on multilane and 2-lane roads. Stopping sight distance is the minimum provided for interchanges, at-grade intersections and private road connections. Table 200.01 shows the standards for sight distance related to design speed. Table 200.01 Sight Distance Standards Minimum Desired Minimum Stopping Stopping Passing Sight (1) Sight (1) Sight Distance Distance Distance (m) (m) (m) 30 45 60 75 95 115 135 160 180 205 235 30 45 65 85 115 140 170 205 250 290 330 220 285 345 410 485 545 605 670 730 795 855
Sight distance is the continuous length of roadway ahead visible to the driver. There are three distinct types - passing, stopping, and decision. Passing sight distance is the minimum sight distance required by a driver to safely pass another vehicle. Stopping sight distance is the distance required by a driver, traveling at a given speed, to stop after seeing an object on the road. At certain locations decision sight distance is required to allow drivers extra time for making decisions. 201.02 PASSING SIGHT DISTANCE
Design Speed
Passing sight distance is the minimum sight distance required by a driver to safely pass another vehicle. The sight distance available for passing is the longest distance at which a driver whose eyes are 1070 mm above the pavement can see the top of a 1300 mm high object on the road. Passing must be accomplished without reducing the speed of an oncoming vehicle traveling at the design speed. Table 200.01 lists sight distance standards. Passing sight distance is only considered on 2lane roads and should be provided at frequent intervals. In general, minimum passing sight distance should be provided for 60% of the route length in level terrain, 40-60% in rolling terrain and 20-60% in mountainous terrain. Economics should be weighed against providing passing sight distance or auxiliary passing lanes. 201.03 STOPPING SIGHT DISTANCE
Minimum values shall be avoided in design, higher values are desirable. (1) Increase by 20% on downgrades >3% & >2 km. Values shown are for wet pavements. Chapter III of A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, AASHTO, 1994, contains a thorough discussion of the derivation of stopping sight distance. 201.04 STOPPING SIGHT DISTANCE AT GRADE CRESTS
Stopping sight distance is the distance required by a driver, traveling at a given speed, to stop after sighting an object on the road. Stopping sight distance is measured from the drivers eyes, 1070 mm above the road, to an object 150 mm high on the road.
Figure 200.02 shows the relationship between vertical curve length, design speed, and algebraic difference in grades. Any one factor can be determined when the other two are known.
Part 2 200-1
Figure 200.02 Stopping Sight Distance on Sag Vertical Curves Part 2 200-2
Stopping sight distance for grade sags is important at night when headlights need to illuminate the road ahead. Figure 200.02, provides the minimum sag vertical curve length which provides headlight sight for a given design speed. Lighting may be considered as an economic option to lengthening the sag curve. 201.06 STOPPING SIGHT DISTANCE ON HORIZONTAL CURVES
Table 200.02 Decision Sight Distance Decision Sight Distance for Avoidance Maneuver (m) A B C D E 75 95 125 155 185 225 265 305 160 205 250 300 360 415 455 505 145 175 200 230 275 315 335 375 160 205 240 275 320 365 390 415 200 235 275 315 360 405 435 470
Figure 200.03 is used to determine the required clear distance (at a given design speed) from the inside lane centerline to a roadside obstruction. The drivers eye is assumed 1070 mm above the inside lane centerline (inside with respect to curve) and the object is 150 mm high. With little or no vertical curvature, the sight line is assumed to intercept the obstruction at the midpoint of the sight line, 610 mm above the inside lane centerline. The clear distance (m) is measured from the inside lane center to the obstruction. 201.07 DECISION SIGHT DISTANCE
A Stop on rural road. B Stop on urban road. C Speed/path/direction change on rural road. D Speed/path/direction change on suburban road. E Speed/path/direction change on urban road. From AASHTO, 1994, A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets
Decision sight distance is the distance required for a driver to detect an unexpected or difficult to perceive information source or hazard in a roadway environment that may be visually cluttered, select an appropriate speed and path, and initiate and complete the required maneuver safely and efficiently. Decision sight distance is used at major decision points such as lane drops, changes in cross section, off-ramp noses to interchanges, branch connections, roadside rests, vista points, and inspection stations. At these locations, sight distance greater than stopping sight distance is desirable to allow drivers time for making decisions The decision sight distances in Table 200.02 provide appropriate decision sight distance rounded for design. Decision sight distance is based on a 1070 mm eye height and a 150 mm object height.
202
202.01
SUPERELEVATION
GENERAL
As a vehicle travels a curved section of road it is subjected to centrifugal force which tends to push it towards the outside of the curve. If the surface is flat, the vehicle is held in its curved path by side friction between the tires and pavement. Roadways are superelevated to further counter centrifugal force. Superelevation is the sloping of the roadway surface upward toward the outside of the curve. On a superelevated roadway, centrifugal force is resisted by the vehicle weight component parallel to the superelevated surface and the tire side friction. However, it is impractical to balance centrifugal force by superelevation alone, because for a given curve radius a certain superelevation rate is exactly correct at only one speed. At all other speeds side thrust will either be toward or away from the curve center. This thrust must be offset by side friction.
Part 2 200-3
If the vehicle is not skidding, all forces are in equilibrium and are governed by the following equation: Centrifugal Factor = e + f = 0.0079V2 = V2 R 127R Where: e = Superelevation rate in m per m = Maximum superelevation rate for emax a given condition f = Side friction factor R = Curve radius in m V = Velocity in kph This equation is used to design superelevated curves for comfortable operation. Standard superelevation rates are designed to keep the portion of centrifugal force countered by tire friction within allowable limits. 202.02 SUPERELEVATION STANDARDS
to
speed
and
horizontal
Table 200.03 Maximum Superelevation Rates Roadway Classification Freeways Expressways Ramps Main Roads and Collectors Sector Roads 202.03 emax 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.04 Normal Crown
Maximum superelevation rates for various roadway classifications are shown on Table 200.03. Table 200.04 shows values for design
Lower superelevation rates may be necessary in urban areas where restricted speed zones or intersections are controlling factors. In addition, existing road grades, curbs, or drainage may prove difficult to alter. Such conditions may warrant, for example, a reduction in the superelevation rate, different rates for each half of the roadbed, or both. In warping road areas for drainage, adverse superelevation should be avoided.
Part 2 200-4
Table 200.04 Values for Design Elements Related to Speed and Horizontal Curvature From AASHTO, 1994, A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets Part 2 200-5
202.04
AXIS OF ROTATION
Aesthetics, grade distortion, superelevation transitions, drainage, and driver perception should be considered when selecting the axis of rotation. Undivided Roadways - The axis of rotation shall be at the roadway centerline. However, in special cases changing the axis of rotation to the inside travelled way edge can avoid drainage problems caused by superelevation, or, improve curve perception for curves preceded by long relatively level tangents. Expressway Connections and Ramps - The axis of rotation may be about either edge of travelled way or centerline if multinale. Appearance and drainage considerations shall be considered when selecting the axis of rotation. Divided Roadways - The axis of rotation shall be at the median edge of each travelled way. However, for bridges with decked medians the axis of rotation shall be at the centerline. 202.05 SUPERELEVATION TRANSITION
An example of expressway superelevation development is shown on Figure 200.04. For roadways on the inside of the curve, the outside shoulder will begin rotating when the inside roadway pavement has reached a superelevation of -3.0 percent (normal shoulder slope). When superelevation becomes greater than -3.0 percent, the pavement and shoulder will rotate in unison. The location of a superelevation transition, with respect to the point of curvature, will be determined using the inside roadway transition. Approximately one-third of the transition length will be placed on the curve. The remaining transition length will be on the tangent. The transition location will be adjusted to begin/end at a 10 meter station. For roadways on the outside of the curve, the transition will begin/end at the adjust the curve determined by the inside roadway transition. An additional transition length is required to rotate the outside shoulder from -3.0 percent (normal shoulder slope) to -1.5 percent (normal pavement slope). This shoulder transition length must be added to the pavement transition length to get the total transition length. Restrictive Areas - In restrictive areas, where full superelevation cannot be achieved, the highest possible superelevation rate and transition length shall be used. But, in no case shall the cross slope rate of change exceed 4% per 20 m. Superelevation Transitions on Bridges Superelevation transitions on bridges should be avoided. 202.06 SUPERELEVATION OF COMPOUND CURVES
General - Superelevation transition should be designed in accordance with Figure 200.04. The length of superelevation transition should be based upon the combination of superelevation rate and width of rotation plane. Edge of travelled way and shoulder profiles should be plotted and irregularities and drainage problems should be eliminated. Superelevation Transitions - Roadways separated by barrier or median will be superelevated at independent rates. The transition length will be based on pavement width and superelevation change. The profile of the outside edge of through pavement cannot differ from the profile gradeline by more than the percentage shown on Table 200.04 and will be an unbroken line throughout the transition. The minimum transition length for a two lane roadway is shown on Table 200.04. For multiple lane roadways the minimum length shall increase proportionately.
Compound curve superelevation shall be per Figure 200.05. Where feasible, the criteria in Section 202.05 shall apply.
Part 2 200-6
HORIZONTAL ALIGNMENT
GENERAL
If a glare screen or median barrier is used, adjustments may be necessary to maintain the required sight distance on divided roadway curves. Alignment Consistency - Sudden reductions in alignment standards shall be avoided. Introduction of curves with lower design speeds shall be avoided at the end of long tangents, steep downgrades, or at other locations where high approach speeds may be anticipated. In no case shall the design speed between successive curves change more than 15 kph. On roadways in mountainous or rolling terrain where horizontal and vertical curves are superimposed at grade summit or sag, the design speed of the horizontal curve should be at least equal to that of the crest or sag, and not more than 15 kph less than the measured or estimated running (85th percentile) speed of vehicles on the approach roadway. Curve Length and Central Angle - For central angles less than 10 degrees, the minimum curve length should be 240 m to avoid a kinked appearance. For central angles smaller than 30 minutes, no curve is required. Above a 6000 m radius, parabolic curves may be used. In no case shall sight distance or other safety considerations be sacrificed to meet the above requirements. Lane curve lengths in excess of 800m on 2-lane roadways should be avoided in consideration of the safety aspects associated with driver attentiveness and oncoming headlight glare. On 2-lane roads a curve should not exceed a length of 800 m. Compound Curves - Compound curves shall be avoided, except where use of a simple curve results in excessive cost. If compound curves are used, the shorter radius should be at least two-thirds the longer radius when the shorter radius is 300 m or less. The total arc length of a compound curve should not be less than 150 m.
Horizontal alignment consists of a series of circular curves and tangent sections. The horizontal alignment should provide safe continuous uniform operation for substantial roadway lengths. The major factors influencing horizontal alignment design are safety, profile, type of facility, design speed, cost, geotechnical constraints, topography, aesthetics, and functionality. All of these factors must be balanced to produce the safest, most economical alignment, which is in harmony with the natural contour of the land, and at the same time adequate for the design classification of the roadway. In design, safety is always a major factor. The horizontal alignment shall provide at least the minimum stopping sight distance for the chosen design speed at all points along the roadway. The following standards apply to horizontal curvature on both 2-lane and multilane roadways except as noted. 203.02 STANDARDS FOR HORIZONTAL CURVATURE
Minimum Curvature - Table 200.05 gives the minimum curve radius based on design speed. Table 200.05 Standards For Curve Radius Roadway Minimum Classification Curve Radius (m) RURAL Freeway 2000 Expressway 2000 Collector 600 Local Access 100 URBAN Freeway 600 Expressway 600 Arterial (Main Rd) 600 Frontage Road 600 Sector Road 100 LOOP RAMPS 45 This table assumes unlimited sight distance. Minimum radius should also be checked against Figure 200.03. Every effort should be made to exceed the minimum.
Part 2 200-9
The grade line should generally coincide with the axis of rotation for superelevation. Its relation to the cross section should be as follows: Undivided Roadways - The grade line should coincide with the roadway centerline. Expressway Connections and Ramps - The grade line may be positioned at either edge of travelled way or centerline if multilane. Divided Roadways - The grade line may be positioned at either the median centerline or at the ultimate median edge of travelled way. The former case is appropriate for paved medians 9 m wide or less. The latter case is appropriate when: a) b) c) 204.03 The median edges of travelled way of the two roadways are at equal elevation. The roadways are at different elevations. The median width is ununiform. STANDARDS FOR GRADES
204
204.01
VERTICAL ALIGNMENT
GENERAL
Maximum Grades - Table 200.06 lists the maximum grades for design for rural roadways based on design speed and urban roadways based on roadway type. Minimum Grades - The desirable minimum grades should be not less than 0.3 percent for curbed pavement sections and 0.2 percent in very flat terrain. Minimum grades can be maintained in very flat terrain by use of a rolling profile. In developed urban areas with extremely flat terrain, flatter minimum grades may be warranted in consideration of adjacent building elevations and offsite drainage problems associated with rolling profiles. The use of minimum grades flatter than those specified above will require case by case approval by the Road Section.
Vertical alignment consists of a series of grades connected by parabolic vertical curves. It is used to establish elevations for all roadway features. It is controlled mainly by topography, roadway class, horizontal alignment, safety, sight distance, costs, cultural development, drainage, and aesthetics. Steep grades affect truck speeds and overall capacity. All portions of the vertical alignment shall meet minimum sight distance requirements.
Part 2 200-10
Freeway Expressway Ramps Arterial (Main Rd) Frontage Road Sector Roads 204.04
VERTICAL CURVES
Structure Depth - The depth to span ratio for a structure is dependent on many factors. Use a structure depth to span ratio of 0.04 to 0.045 for preliminary design purposes. Falsework Allowance - To establish the grade of a structure constructed with a falsework opening, allowance must be made for the falsework depth. The minimum vertical falsework clearance over primary and secondary roadways shall be 4.8 m. The minimum vertical falsework clearance over local roadways shall be 4.5 m. Bridge Deck Drainage - Vertical alignment design requires special consideration of structure drainage. Zero gradients and sag vertical curves should be avoided on bridges. Parapets collect large amounts of debris and smaller bridge deck drains or scuppers have a higher potential for clogging. The minimum desirable longitudinal slope for bridge deck drainage is 0.2 percent. Where vertical curves on bridges cannot be avoided, the elevations should be checked to provide a minimum effective longitudinal grade of 0.5 percent, and not extend more than 15 m either side of the sag or crest point.
Parabolic vertical curves are used in roadway design per Figure 200.06. Figures 200.07 and 200.08 will be used to obtain vertical curves lengths. For design speeds greater than 65 kph, the minimum vertical curve length should be 120 m. For 50 kph design speed, it should be 60 m. Flat vertical curves may develop poor drainage in the level section. Adjusting the edge grade or shortening the vertical curve may be required. Design of these long vertical curves should be avoided because many drivers will not pass on curves over 1 km long, despite adequate sight distance. It may be more economical to construct passing lanes than to obtain passing sight distance by using a long vertical curve. 204.05 LONG SUSTAINED GRADES
The maximum grade guideline is not sufficient to insure uniform roadway operation. The uphill
Part 2 200-11
Figure 200.07 Design Controls for Crest Vertical Curves, for Stopping Sight Distance- Upper Range. From AASHTO, 1994, A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets . Part 2 200-13
Figure 200.08 Design Controls for Sag Vertical Curves - Upper Range. From AASHTO, 1994, A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets. Part 2 200-14
Figure 200.09 Critical Lengths of Grade for Design, Assumed Typical Heavy Truck of 180 kg/kW, Entering Speed 90 kph. From AASHTO, 1994, A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets.
Part 2 200-15
206
206.01
PAVEMENT TRANSITIONS
GENERAL
205
The coordination, of horizontal and vertical alignments is based on experience and engineering judgment. Successful coordination is essential for a safe well balanced design. The following are guidelines to be used, where possible. Vertical curves should be superimposed on horizontal curves. This reduces the number of sight restrictions, makes profile changes less apparent, and results in a pleasing appearance. However, when superimposed, the superelevation and profile grade combination may distort the outer pavement edges, confusing drivers at night. In such situations edge of pavement profiles should be plotted and smooth curves introduced to eliminate distortion. Avoid sharp horizontal curvature at or near the top of a crest vertical curve. This condition makes it difficult for the driver to perceive the curve, especially at night when headlights do not illuminate the curve. Avoid sharp horizontal curvature at or near the low point of a sag vertical curve. Foreshortening of the horizontal curve and
A pavement transition occurs when changing from one roadway cross section to another. If feasible, the transition should occur on a tangent section. And be entirely visible to the driver. Avoid locations with sight distance restrictions. Transitions should not occur within at-grade intersections. Decision sight distance shall be provided at all lane drops. 206.02 TRANSITIONS FOR MULTILANE ROADWAYS
Four Lanes to Two Lanes - A typical transition between 4 lanes and 2 lanes is shown in Figure 200.10. The alignment and the unspecified radius of curvature varies depending on median width and other site considerations. Lane Drop - The minimum taper length for a lane drop should be equal to 0.6WV, where W = Dropped Lane Width (m), and V = Design Speed (kph). The transition should be on the right so that traffic merges left. Lane Addition - The minimum taper rate to add a lane should be 25:1 but in no case shall the taper length be less than 50 m.
Part 2 200-16
208.02
The clear curb to curb width of all bridges or grade separation structures shall equal the sum of the full travelled way approach width, paved shoulders and barrier offset (if any). 207.02 CROSS SLOPE
The cross slope shall be the same as the approach pavement. The crown is normally centered on the bridge except for one-way roadways where a straight crosslope in one direction should be used. 207.03 SIDEWALKS
Pedestrian grade separations are not normally provided on roadways. However, if pedestrian use is extensive, an overcrossing or undercrossing may be considered. Justification for pedestrian grade separation structures comes from the detailed study of present and future community needs. Each situation should be studied separately and the study should include pedestrian generating sources, travel patterns, crossing volumes, roadway classification, location/circuitry of adjacent crossings, land uses, sociological and cultural factors, and the predominant type and age of users. Established pedestrian patterns should be maintained across expressway routes. Separate pedestrian structures should be provided if vehicular crossings are inadequate for pedestrians. If a circuitous route is involved, a pedestrian separation may be justified. Special consideration should be given to school crossings. The choice between an undercrossing or an overcrossing should be based on relative costs, groundwater influence, drainage, existing utilities, current and future land use, visibility, topography and the surrounding architecture. 208.03 PEDESTRIAN UNDERPASSES
Sidewalks should be provided where justified by pedestrian traffic or if the approach roadway has sidewalk. The sidewalk width should match the approach sidewalk width and crosslope.
208
208.01
PEDESTRIAN FACILITIES
SIDEWALKS
Sidewalk widths and locations vary but they shall have a minimum width of 2.0 m and be located to provide continuity in pedestrian movement. Pedestrian crosswalk ramps shall be located at all intersections and all other locations where main pedestrian traffic crosses curblines. Cross Slope - The minimum sidewalk cross slope should be 1.5% toward the roadway. Sidewalk Widths - The guidelines in Table 200.07 should be used to determine sidewalk width. Table 200.07 Sidewalk Width Guidelines Area/ vicinity Multi Family Units/Schools/ Office/Industrial Shopping/Recreation/Bus/Taxi Width (m) 2.0 4.0
Undercrossings require special consideration, visibility issues and the potential for criminal incidents and vandalism. If an undercrossing is used, unobstructed visibility shall be provided through the structure and approaches. The desired vertical clearance is 3.0 m, but in no case shall the clearance be less than 2.0 m. The minimum width shall be 2.5 m.
209
209.01
CURBS
GENERAL
Curbs will be provided along all edges of pavement in urban areas. Reasons for providing Curbs include:
Part 2 200-18
210
In urban areas, bus stops and taxi stops will be provided on all main roads. To prevent ponding in bus and taxi stops on flat grades use either a reverse cross slope toward the main road pavement with slotted trench drains or continue the slope of the roadway and install an inlet along the loading/unloading curb line. 210.01 BUS STOPS
209.02
Curb types and uses are shown in the current Standard Drawings and are discussed below. Precast Curb Type A, B, C - These curbs are used to deter vehicles from using areas outside the travelled way, control drainage, and regulate and control parking. Type A curbs are typically used on the outside of the travelled way, adjacent to sidewalks and parking lanes. Typical B and C curbs are used at the median edge adjacent to the green area. The above curb types are classified as barrier curbs and are not generally used on high-speed roadways as they present a safety hazard for errant vehicles. A continuous concrete barrier (safety shape) should be used where it is necessary to control drainage or access on highspeed roadways. Cast-In-Situ Concrete Curb Type D - This curb is flush with the pavement and used to separate the travelled way from interlocking vehicular pavement. Precast Concrete Curb Type E - This curb is used between interlocking pedestrian pavers and green or service reservation areas. Cast-In-Situ Concrete Curb Type F - This curb is flush with the pavement and used to separate interlocking pedestrian pavers from quarry tile. 209.03 CURB PARAMETERS
Bus stops will be located at the far side of intersections and as necessary at midblock locations. Near side bus stops should be avoided. Normally, bus stops shall be constructed as shown on the current Standard Drawings. Under restrictive conditions these standards may be reduced to 15.0 m length, 10.0 m tapers and 3.25 m width. At all bus stops a 4.0 m wide sidewalk shall be provided along the loading/unloading area. This shall be connected to the nearest sidewalk with a 4.0 m wide perpendicular sidewalk. 210.02 TAXI STOPS
Taxi stops will be located at the far side of intersections, no closer than 30.0 m to the radius return or end of right turn taper. Taxi stops should be located as necessary within the block but no closer than 30.0 m to a sector road. Taxi stops shall be constructed as shown on the current Standard Drawings. At all taxi stops a 4.0 m wide sidewalk shall be provided along the loading/unloading area. This shall be connected to the nearest sidewalk with a 4.0 m wide perpendicular sidewalk.
Placement - Curbs should be positioned to provide the same unobstructed roadway width that is normally provided. All curb dimensions are to the inside face of curb. Part 2 200-19
To maximize the effective capacity of expressway and main road improvements, sufficient offsystem parking facilities should be provided to avoid the need for curb lane parking along primary expressways and main roads. 211.01 GENERAL
Parking facilities are of four general types: 1. Parking areas located parallel to, but physically separated from, main road moving traffic lanes, On-road parking spaces developed adjacent to the travelled lanes of sector roads, and Independent parking lots developed off sector roads. Parking Structures.
2.
3. 4.
Each facility consists of an aisle area and a standing area (parking stalls). In the case of onroad parking, the moving lanes of the sector road also serve as the aisle. Figure 200.11 illustrates different forms of the basic types of parking facilities. 211.02 PARKING AREAS
Lots P1 and P2 on Figure 200.11 are typical parking areas, characterized by one entrance off the main road, then an aisle area with adjacent perpendicular and/or 45 degree parking, and finally an exit leading back onto the main road travel lanes. Desirably, the entrances and exits should be independent of any sector road or main road intersections (i.e., Lot P2). When physical conditions prevent this, a common entrance (or exit) may be an acceptable arrangement (i.e., Lot P1). The minimum safe distance from a main road intersection to a parking entrance or exit will be dependent on many factors, such as, volume and speed of the traffic, type of intersection, width and number of lanes in the main road, the volume of traffic using the parking area, and any sight distance restrictions.
211.03
Parking spaces along sector roads are developed by constructing added pavements immediately adjacent to the sector road moving lanes (usually two lanes with one lane for travel in each direction). Such parking spaces should be either parallel or perpendicular. The use of 45-degree parking should be limited to one-way sector roads. Figure 200.11 shows examples of on-road parking space developments along sector roads. Dimensions for perpendicular and 45-degree
Part 2 200-20
Figure 200.11 also shows samples of independent parking lots developed off sector roads. Such lots are of two general varieties: 1. Single entrance/exit (see lots P3, P4 and P5) and 2. Double entrance/exit (see Lots P6 and P7). Wherever practical, these layout rules should be followed: 1. Aisles and entrance/exit widths should be typically designed for two-way operation in conjunction with perpendicular parking. 2. A median (curb/sidewalk/curb combination) at least 1.0 m wide should be provided between adjacent parking bays served off different aisles (i.e., on Figure 200.11, a barrier is provided between Lots P6 and P7). 3. Forty-five degree parking should only be used in conjunction with one-way aisles/sector roads. 211.05 PARKING DEMAND/SUPPLY ANALYSIS
space
(100
During the early portion of the Concept Design Phase, the designer will: 1. determine the location of existing parking facilities, 2. identify any facilities to be displaced by road improvements that should thus be replaced, and
These requirements should be considered as minimums. It is possible that the number of spaces required by these guidelines cannot be provided due to space limitations. In that case, efforts should be directed toward providing the maximum amount of parking in a reasonable configuration.
Part 2 200-21
Part 2 200-22
most urban roads because curbs provide pavement structural support, and disabled vehicles can park in parking lanes, side streets, or driveways. 302.01 SHOULDER WIDTH STANDARDS
Travelled way width is one of the most important safety factors in design. A wide two-lane two-way pavements provides higher capacity, higher driver comfort levels, consistent operation and lower accident rates. Minimum travelled way widths of 7.30 m shall be provided on all design classes of roadways. Traffic lane widths shall be 3.65 m, and the number of lanes required shall be based on the projected traffic volume and roadway classifications. Loop ramp lanes shall be 5.0 m. See Section 302 for general shoulder widths and see Section 305 for specific roadway cross section widths. 301.02 TRAVELLED WAY CROSS SLOPES
Table 300.01 summarizes the minimum continuous usable width of paved shoulder for various roadway classifications. Table 300.01 Paved Shoulder Width Standards Roadway Inside Outside Class Shoulder Shoulder / verge / verge (m) (m) RURAL Freeway 3.0 4.0/2.0 Expressway 3.0 4.0/2.0 Collector 2.4 Local Access 2.0 URBAN Freeway 3.0 4.0/2.0 Expressway 3.0 4.0/2.0 Arterial (Main Rd) 4.0/2.0 Frontage Road 1.2 1.2 Sector Road 2-LANE RAMP 2.4/2.0 3.0/2.0 LOOP RAMP 2.0/1.0 3.0/1.0 The verge is the area outside the paved shoulder, usually rounded, at the top of embankment slopes. 302.02 SHOULDER CROSS SLOPES
Tangent cross slope is balanced between steep cross slopes, desirable for drainage and the fact that vehicles drift toward the lower pavement edge on steep cross slopes. Generally, cross slopes below 1.5 percent have little effect on vehicle steering. Cross slope values for the various roadway classifications are provided in the following sections. Unpaved travelled ways shall have a cross slope of 3.0 percent. See Section 305 for specific roadway cross slope rates. Pavement superelevation on curves shall be as determined in Section 202.
In normal tangent sections, inside shoulder slope shall match the travel lanes and outside shoulders shall slope on a 3% grade away from the travelled way.
303
302
SHOULDER STANDARDS
Shoulders provide pavement structural support, improve sight distance, provide emergency stopping areas, and help provide required side clearance. However, shoulders are unnecessary on
Properly designed side slopes insure roadway stability and provide a safe recovery area for errant vehicles. Where feasible, slopes should be flattened to be consistent with the roadway classification and topography. The tops and ends of all slopes
Part 2 300-1
Side slopes should be 1:6 or flatter depending on soil type. If slopes are steeper than 1:3, barrier may be required. Earth cut slopes should be at least 1:3 but in no case steeper than 1:2. 303.02 SLOPE CLEARANCE FROM RIGHT OF WAY
General - The typical section for rural expressways shall be comprised of two roadways with shoulders, divided by a median. Travelled Roadways - Each roadway will consist of a minimum of three 3.65 m through lanes. Ramps shall be 5.0 m for one lane and, where volumes demand, two 3.65 m lanes. Median - Median treatment may be either standard concrete barriers placed along the inside shoulder edge or an unpaved depressed median. Median width may vary to match existing median widths. The width of the depressed median measured between edges of travelled pavement shall be 20.0 m minimum. Cross Slope - Except superelevated sections, a uniform cross slope of 1.5 percent shall be applied across the inside shoulder and driving lanes. The outside shoulder will have a crossslope of 3.0 percent. The pavement will slope toward the outside of the section. On structures, the cross-slope shall be 1.5 percent uniformly across the inside shoulder, driving lanes, and outside shoulder. Profile Grade Line - The profile grade line shall be at the median edge of the travelled roadway. 305.02 URBAN FREEWAY/ EXPRESSWAY CROSS SECTION
The minimum clearance from the right of way line to the catch point should be 3.0 m with 4.5 m desired. For cut slopes this is measured from the outer edge of the rounding or crown drainage system. Slopes over 15.0 m high may require additional clearance for maintenance.
304
MEDIAN STANDARDS
A median is the portion of a divided roadway between the opposing travelled pavements. Raised medians shall be used on urban roads to regulate left-turn movements. Paved medians, including those bordered by curbs, should be crowned at the center, sloping towards the sides at the slope of the adjacent pavement. Unpaved, landscaped medians between curbs shall be graded flat. Other unpaved medians should slope downward from the shoulders to form a shallow valley. Cross slopes should be 1:10 or flatter 1:20 being preferred. Slopes as steep as 1:6 are acceptable if necessary for drainage. See Section 305 for specific roadway median requirements.
305
See Figure 300.01 for typical cross sections of various roadway classifications. Pavement Structure - For the Standard Pavement Structures, see current Standard Drawings. Also, refer to Section 604 Structural Pavement Section Design.
General - The typical section for urban expressways shall be comprised of two roadways, with shoulders, divided by a median. Due to space limitations, the cross section may vary. The final configuration shall be determined during the concept phase of design.
Part 2 300-2
The standard cross section of roadways is comprised of two unidirectional pavements, median, sidewalks, service reservations and green areas. Pavement and Lane Widths - The pavement will consist of a minimum of three traffic lanes in each direction divided by a raised median. Wherever necessary, auxiliary lanes shall be provided for turning movements. Auxiliary lanes, whether allocated to through traffic or to turning movements, shall be 3.65 m wide. Free Right Turn Islands and Lanes - Exclusive right-turn lanes and islands shall be used wherever possible. No more than one exclusive right-turn lane shall be provided in any direction. Left Turn Lanes - Unless otherwise approved by the Municipality Road Section under special conditions, no more than one left-turn lane shall be provided from the median.
Part 2 300-4
The cross section for sector roads will consist of an undivided two-directional roadway. Curbs shall be provided along both edges of pavement. Pavement and Lane Widths - Lane width shall be 3.65 m for two lanes in each direction and 4.0 to 5.0 m for one lane in each direction. Free Right Turn Islands and Lanes - No free right turn islands or lanes shall be used in the design of sector roads. Left Turn Lanes - Left turn lanes shall not be used in the design of sector roads. Parking Loading/Unloading Lanes - Generally, no loading or unloading lanes shall be provided on Sector Roads. It is up to the designer and Design Project Manager to determine the need and type of on-street sector road parking. If required, see Section 211, Parking. Median - Sector roads shall not have medians. Curbs - Curbs shall be provided along the outside edge of sector roads. Types and uses are shown in the current Standard Drawings. Sidewalks - Sidewalk widths and locations will vary but minimum width shall be 2.0 m. Whenever possible a 2.0 m wide sidewalk dividing the pavement and green areas should be provided. The sidewalk surface will slope toward the roadway at a uniform cross slope of 1.0 percent. Pedestrian crosswalk ramps shall be used at all intersections and all other locations where main pedestrian traffic crosses curb lines. Cross Slope - All pavement will have a 1.5 percent uniform cross slope either at a straight cross slope from one edge of pavement to the other or by utilizing a crowned roadway design. Sector roads shall not have superelevation. Profile Grade Line - The profile grade line for sector roads shall be the centerline or as determined by the Consultant.
Pavement and Lane Widths - The minimum paved cross section for urban frontage roads shall be two 3.65 m lanes with curbing. The minimum paved cross section for rural frontage roads shall be 3.65 m lanes with 1.2 m paved shoulders. Cross Slope - All pavement will have a 1.5 percent uniform cross slope either at a straight cross slope from one edge of pavement to the other or by utilizing a crowned roadway design. Outer Separation - Outer separation is the distance from the main road travelled way to the frontage road travelled way. In urban and mountainous areas, the outer separation should be 8.0 m minimum. In rural areas, other than mountainous terrain, the outer separation should 12.0 m minimum. Headlight Glare - Frontage road design shall account for potential headlight glare interfering with the vision of oncoming motorists. The preferred measures to prevent headlight glare interference on new construction are wider outer separations, revised alignment and raised or lowered profiles.
306
306.01
Unshielded Horizontal Clearance - The minimum desired horizontal clearance between the travelled way edge and fixed objects shall be the clear zone width. Fixed objects within the clear zone shall be eliminated, moved, redesigned (breakaway design), or shielded (see barrier design below ) where practical. Shielded Horizontal Clearance - If fixed objects cannot be eliminated, moved or redesigned then lesser clearance is allowable if barriers or guardrail is used to shield the object. The clearance to fixed objects such as bridge rails, concrete barriers, abutments, retaining walls or noise barriers on all roadway facilities, shall be equal to the standard roadway shoulder
Part 2 300-5
Horizontal Clearances - The minimum expressway tunnel width should equal the full approach travelled way width plus paved shoulders. In one-way tunnels on conventional roadways the minimum side clearance from the edge of the travelled way (unless sight distance dicatates otherwise) shall be 1.5 m on the left and 2.0 m on the right. For two-way tunnels, this clearance shall be 2.0 m on each side. Vertical Clearances - The desirable vertical clearance shall be 6.0 m measured at any point over the travelled way. Lesser clearance may be approved by the Municipality Road Section.
307
General - Efforts should be made to avoid decreasing the existing vertical clearance whenever possible and consideration should be given to increasing vertical clearance on projects involving structural section removal and replacement. Structure Type Vertical Clearance (m) 6.0 5.5 7.0 7.0 9.0 10.0 6.0 6.0
Pavement Surface to nearest underside of superstructure. Sign Structures Overhead Communication Lines Power Lines (Volts) 0 - 750 750 - 15,000 15,000 and greater
Part 2 300-6
307.01
307.01.01
When a roadway is on an embankment, the side slope is called a foreslope (negative slope) which can be recoverable, non-recoverable, or critical: Recoverable - A recoverable slope is one that an errant vehicle can drive across, slow down, stop, and return to the roadway. Recoverable slopes are 1:4 or flatter, relatively smooth, and clear of all fixed object hazards. The top of the slope shall be rounded so a vehicles wheels remain in contact with the roadway when encountering the embankment. The toe of slope shall also be rounded so the driver is able to negotiate and drive across if the vehicle reaches the base of the embankment. Non-recoverable - A non-recoverable slope is one which an errant vehicle can be driven across but may not be able to slow down or stop before
reaching the base. Embankments with slopes between 1:3 and 1:4 generally fall under this category. A smooth clear run-out area with a slope of 1:6 or flatter, in addition to the recommended clear zone distance is recommended at the base of the slope. The width of the runout area is determined according to the available width between the edge of traveled way and the breakpoint between the flatter (1:4 and flatter) and steeper (1:4 and 1:3) slope of the embankment. This available width is then subtracted from the clear zone distance obtained from Figure 300.02, based on the steeper slope of the embankment. The difference is the width of the clear runout area. See Figure 300.04 for example. Critical - A critical slope is one where a vehicle has a high probability of overturning, slopes steeper than 1:3 fall in this category. If the available clear zone is narrower than the recommended width or it is not practical to adjust the roadside geometry, installing a barrier system may be necessary.
Part 2 300-8
Cross-slopes can be located along medians, intersecting driveways and roadways. Cross slopes can be more hazardous to motorists than foreslopes or backslopes because of the possibility of colliding with opposing traffic. Cross-slopes of 1:10 or flatter, traversable, relatively smooth, and clear of fixed object hazards are recommended particularly in medians immediately adjacent to opposing traffic. In roadside sections where 1:10 can not be accommodated, such as urban areas, a maximum slope of 1:6 should be used.
The primary function of ditches is to prevent roadways from flooding by directing and carrying water away from the roadway. They are especially hazardous because of fixed hazards such as, exposed pipes, headwalls and culverts. The ditch cross section itself can also represent a serious hazard. Preferred ditch cross sections are traversable and free of hazards. See Figures 300.05 and 300.06. Cross sections that fall within the shaded area are considered traversable. Cross sections that fall outside the shaded regions are considered less desirable and should be used only under conditions of: restricted ROW rugged terrain resurfacing, restoration or rehabilitation low volume or low speed roads Conditions where a ditch has a cross section that falls outside the shaded region, and is located in a vulnerable location shall consider closed drainage systems or shielding with barrier systems.
Part 2 300-9
BARRIERS
BARRIER NEED
The roadside barriers primary function is to prevent errant vehicles from leaving the roadway. Barrier need is based on the premise that installing a barrier will reduce the number of accidents and/or reduce the magnitude of an accident at that location. The engineer must also evaluate the barrier installation itself to be less hazardous than the hazard. Efforts shall be made to eliminate hazards within the clear zone prior to considering any barrier installations. When determining barrier requirements, the following factors must be considered: Risks involved with encroaching on a hazard versus colliding with a barrier. Evaluating roadway design speed and traffic volumes to barrier need. Evaluating costs of installing and maintaining a barrier system versus not installing a barrier system. Costs of accidents involving barriers versus not involving a barriers. Figure 300.07 for example, compares the risks involved with encroaching on an embankment versus colliding with a barrier. Embankments that fall outside the shaded region do not warrant shielding. Figure 300.07 however does not not take into account other factors such as, object hazards on the embankments within the clear zone, installation and maintenance costs of a barrier system, and accident costs involving a barrier system. All these factors must be considered together when evaluating barrier needs. As previously stated, if hazards exist within the borders of the clear zone, efforts shall be made to eliminate the hazard first, prior to considering barrier installation. These considerations can include any of the following: Regrading of roadside topography in the clear zone to a smooth and safe cross section. Extend exposed pipes, culverts and install headwalls outside the clear zone.
Install drop inlets for roadside drainage systems rather than exposed pipes and culverts. Remove or relocate all manmade or natural fixed obstacles such as utility poles, signs, luminare supports, trees, and boulders. Install breakaway bases for signs and luminare supports if removal or relocation is not practical. ROADSIDE BARRIER TYPES AND FEATURES
308.02
There are two types of roadside barriers commonly used. See Figure 300.08. Blocked-Out W-Beam Barrier Roadside Concrete Barriers
Block-Out W-Beam Barrier - This barrier system is the mainly used as a guardrail system. It shall be installed in most locations that warrants a guardrail system, except for urban areas and locations that require a concrete barrier. This system has been tested to successfully redirect 800-2000 kg vehicles. It has also successfully redirected a 2100 kg van at impact conditions of 21 at 95 kph. Concrete Safety Shape Barrier - The concrete safety shape roadside barrier is a rigid system designed to redirect vehicles without any deflection. Because of its rigidity, vehicles would have a higher probability of overturning or vaulting over the barrier. Therefore, shape of the front face of the barrier is critical to its performance. The distance from the top of the roadway surface to the break between the upper and lower slopes shall not exceed 330 mm. Roadside barriers are also designed with varying heights to counteract overturning moments of trucks with high centers of gravity. The basic roadside barrier is designed at 810 mm high. At this height, the roadside barrier can successfully redirect 820-2000 kg vehicles, and occasionally redirect 18,000 kg buses at moderate impact. A roadside barrier designed at 1070 mm high, have successfully redirected a 36,300 kg tractor-trailer with impact conditions of 15 at 84 kph.
Part 2 300-11
308.03
308.03.02
308.03.01
Placement of a barrier system shall be determined in a manner that increases motorist safety, decreases accidents and minimizes injuries. A barrier system shall shield the motorist from roadway hazards and not contribute to the hazard. It is therefore a standard rule that the barrier system shall be placed as far from the edge of travelled way as possible. This allows drivers room to regain control of their vehicle and possibly avoid an accident. It is important to note however; as the distance between the edge of travelled way and the barrier increases, the potential angle of impact of the vehicle also increases. Barriers at high angle of impacts are significant hazards themselves.
In cases when a roadside barrier is required to shield an isolated hazard, clearance must be provided between the barrier and the hazard. Upon impact, some barriers will deflect, making the clearance between the barrier and the hazard important. Furthermore, if a barrier is struck by a vehicle with a high center of gravity, the vehicle may roll or vault over the barrier. If sufficient distance is not provided, the vehicle may collide with the hazard. Sufficient distance must be provided between the barrier and the hazard being shielded.
Part 2 300-12
The profile between the edge of traveled way and the barrier can have significant effects on the final placement of the barrier. The vehicles wheels should remain in contact with the ground and its suspension system neither compressed or suspended at the moment of impact with the barrier. This holds true for all barrier systems. Locations of roadside curbs and slopes require particular attention when determining barrier design and placement. Curbs - Guardrail/Curb combinations are highly discouraged in locations where high-speed and high angle impacts are likely to occur. Areas with no alternative but to use this combination shall use a curb less than 100 mm or, stiffen the guardrail to reduce deflection by bolting a wbeam to the back of the posts or by adding a rub rail. Slopes - As previously mentioned, guardrail performance is affected by the vehicles position at moment of impact. Crash tests show, roadside barriers perform most effectively when installed on slopes 1:10 or flatter. 308.03.04 Barrier Length Design
The runout length (LR) is the distance a vehicle needs to stop prior to colliding with a hazard once it has left the roadway. Its distance is measured from the point the vehicle is assumed to leave the roadway to the hazard ahead. Runout length requirements vary according to the roadway design speed. See Figure 300.04. The lateral distance (LH) is the distance between the edge of the travelled way to the far side of the hazard, if the hazard is a fixed object. If the hazard is an embankment, the lateral distance would be extended to the edge of the clear zone. If the hazard extends beyond the clear zone, the minimum lateral distance would be only to the edge of the clear zone. After determining the runout length and lateral distance, the length of the barrier depends on the barrier tangent length, barrier lateral offset, and flare rate.
There are three types of commonly used median barriers. See Figure 300.10. Concrete Safety Shape Median Barrier Single Face Concrete Barrier Metal-Beam Guardrail
The concrete safety shape barrier is the most commonly used median barrier, and shall be installed in most locations requiring a barrier. In areas where the adjoining sections of roadway have previously installed a Metal Beam Guardrail consideration may be given to continue using it for that segment. Single face Concrete Barriers are used mainly to shield hazards or for earth berm support. 308.05 MEDIAN BARRIER PLACEMENT
The two primary factors to consider when placing median barriers are: Median Geometry Treatment of Fixed Object Hazards in the Median
A Median barriers primary function is to separate opposing traffic on a divided roadway and/or shield fixed object hazards within the median. Like all types of barriers, median barriers shall only be installed if it is less hazardous colliding with the barrier than not having a barrier installed at all. Barrier installation shall be considered only if the fixed object hazards can not be removed.
Part 2 300-15
In some situations, the entire median does not require a barrier system. However, there may be hazards in the median that require shielding. Treatment of hazards can include but not limited to those illustrated in Figure 300.11. 308.06 END TREATMENTS AND CRASH CUSHIONS End Treatments
308.06.01
All roadside and median barriers terminating within the clear zone and/or are located where they have a high probability of being hit head-on, shall terminate with a crashworthy terminal on the approach end of the barrier. Refer to the most recent edition of the AASHTO Roadside Design Guide.
Part 2 300-16
A Crash Cushions main function is to decrease the magnitude of an accident by absorbing some of the force from an impact. They are effective in gradually slowing down and stopping or safely redirecting errant vehicles in head-on and side impact collisions. Crash Cushions shall be used to shield hazardous conditions and fixed object hazards that can not be removed, relocated or designed to breakaway. These include ends of bridge barriers, rails and bridge piers in gore areas. Crash Cushions are also commonly used at ends of roadside and median barriers . Selection Guidelines The selection criteria for crash cushions differ in each individual case. Engineers must evaluate each hazard and select the most effective and appropriate crash cushion system for that case. Refer to the most recent edition of the AASHTO Roadside Design Guide.
308.06.03
Placement Recommendations
Crash Cushion systems perform best on relatively flat surfaces. Therefore they shall be installed on hard level surfaces such as portland cement concrete or hot bituminous concrete pads. This allows the crash cushion system to compress uniformly throughout the impact. The path between the roadway and the crash cushions shall be relatively smooth and clear of obstructions. Ideally the vehicles suspension systems should not be collapsed or extended when it collides with the crash cushions.
Part 2 300-18
There are three categories of roadway intersections. This section deals with at-grade intersections. Grade separations (i.e., without ramps), and interchanges are discussed in Section 500.
An intersection is the area where two or more roadways connect. It includes the roadway and roadside facilities available for traffic movement. Each roadway radiating from an intersection is called an intersection leg. Intersection design is very important to the overall roadway safety and level of service. Many accidents and safety problems occur at intersections. Intersection type and spacing control roadway capacity and travel time. Intersections handle a variety of conflicts among vehicles and pedestrians. Vehicles arriving, departing, merging, turning, and crossing traffic have to be accommodated within a relatively small area. These movements may be handled by various means, depending on the intersection type.
402
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Intersection design affects roadway efficiency, safety, capacity, operating cost and operating speed. Well designed intersections reduce the severity of user conflicts while accommodating their varied interests. Intersection design is a cooperative effort between roadway and traffic engineers, based on human factors, traffic considerations, physical elements and economic factors.
403
There are three basic types of at-grade intersections, the three-leg intersection, the fourleg intersection, and the multileg intersection. See Figure 400.01. Factors in determining the type of intersection include, the number of
404.01
Whenever possible, preference should be given to the major traffic movements. This usually requires stopping, funneling, or eliminating minor movements. Controlling measures should conform to natural movement paths and be introduced gradually to promote smooth and efficient operation. 404.02 AREAS OF CONFLICT
Large multilane undivided intersection areas are undesirable because drivers cannot predict the other vehicles movements. By separating traffic movements into definite travel paths channelization reduces these conflicts. Channelization also separates points of conflict within the intersection and clearly defines vehicle pathways. 404.03 INTERSECTION ANGLES
A 90o intersection provides the shortest crossing for intersecting traffic and provides the most favorable condition for drivers to judge the relative position and speed of approaching vehicles. The minimum desirable intersection angle is 75 degrees. Intersection angles less than 60 degrees should be realigned. 404.04 POINTS OF CONFLICT
404
CHANNELIZATION
Channelization is the separation of traffic into definite travel paths using pavement markings or raised islands. Channelization should be used to:
Points of conflict occur when drivers paths cross. The highest number of conflicts occur at intersections. For example, a driver making a left turn on to a roadway must cross right-bound traffic and merge into the left-bound traffic
Part 2 400-2
Traffic islands may be used to divert traffic streams in desired directions and prevent specific undesirable movements. 404.09 EFFECTIVE SIGNAL CONTROL
At intersections with complex turning movements, channelization is required for effective signal control. Channelization enables sorting and storing of approach traffic for orderly movement through the intersection during separate signal phases. Channelization is particularly effective when used with trafficactuated signal controls. 404.10 INSTALLATION OF TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
Speed-change lanes improve intersection safety and efficiency. Entering traffic merges most efficiently with through traffic when the merging angle is less than 15o and speed differentials are at a minimum. Speed change lanes for diverging traffic should permit vehicles to decelerate after leaving the through lanes. 404.06 TURNING MOVEMENTS
Traffic islands enhance the effectiveness of, and provide space for, traffic control devices such as signals and signs. Dimensions and clearances for traffic control devices should be considered when sizing traffic islands. 404.11 GUIDELINES
A separate right turning lane removes turning movements from the intersection area, increasing safety and capacity. Also adding dedicated left turn lanes removes left turn traffic from the thru lanes which also increases safety and capacity. Abrupt changes in alignment or sight distance should be avoided. 404.07 REFUGE AREAS
Striping is preferable to curbed islands, especially adjacent to high-speed traffic where curbing can be an obstruction to outof-control vehicles. Where curbing must be used, first consideration should be given to mountable curbs. Barrier curbs should only be used where pedestrian protection is a primary concern. Avoid complex intersections that present multiple movement options or decisions. Accident records provide a valuable guide to the type of channelization needed. The Standard Drawings include details for a channelized free right turn and typical pavement markings at intersections.
Properly sized traffic islands can provide refuge for vehicles and pedestrians. The shadowing effect of islands provides refuge for vehicles waiting to cross or enter an uncontrolled traffic stream. Channelization can also provide a safer crossing of two or more traffic streams by permitting drivers to select adequate gaps in one traffic stream at a time. Channelization should also provide ample storage for vehicles to make the turning or crossing movements.
Part 2 400-3
DESIGN VEHICLES
OFF TRACKING Approach Sight Triangle - The area bounded by the required sight distances along the intersection legs and the sight line connecting their ends is known as the "sight triangle". See Figure 400.04. Unobstructed sight distance along all intersection approaches and across the included corners must be sufficient to permit operators of approaching vehicles to perceive each other, react and complete an appropriate accelerating, slowing or stopping maneuver. If all corners of the intersection cannot be cleared and maintained to provide unobstructed views in the approach sight triangle, the intersection shall have stop control imposed. Departure Sight Triangle - The departure sight triangle is bounded by the location of the stopped driver, the appropriate sight distance along the intersecting road, and the connecting sight line. See Figure 400.04. The driver must have sufficient sight distance along the intersecting legs to make a safe departure movement. All corners of the intersection shall be constructed to provide a clear line of sight throughout the departing sight triangle. Intersection Controls - The following controls apply to at-grade intersections. No Control - vehicles need sufficient sight distance to adjust their speed. Yield Control - Vehicles on minor roadway yield to vehicles on major roadway. Stop Control - Vehicles on minor roadway stop at major roadway. Signal Control - All legs are controlled by either stop signs or traffic signals. Left-turn Control - Stopped left-turning vehicles on minor roadway must yield to opposing vehicles on major roadway.
A vehicle traveling around a circular curve sweeps a wider path than the width of the vehicle. The difference between the swept width and the vehicle width is called off tracking. On large trucks and buses offtracking can be significant and must be considered in design. 405.02 DESIGN VEHICLES
Intersection geometric design depends on the dimensional and operational characteristics of the vehicles involved. The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials have adopted "design vehicles" representing the various classes of commonly used vehicles. For freeways and expressways, the design vehicle shall be a WB-12 medium tractor semi-trailer combination. For arterials, collectors and sector roads, the design vehicle will be a single unit bus. Design vehicles are as defined in A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, AASHTO, 1994. Dimensions for various design vehicles are shown in Figure 400.02. 405.03 TURNING TEMPLATES
Turning templates are used to locate the turning paths of large vehicles. The template is used to determine corner radii, position island noses, establish clearances and the width of channeled separate turning lanes. Turning templates for the various design vehicles are shown in Figure 400.03. It should be noted that state-of-the-art turning template computer software exists which can be used in-lieu of Figure 400.03.
406
406.01
General - The Driver of a vehicle should have an unobstructed view of the entire intersection. Stopping sight distance shall be the minimum provided throughout all parts of intersections.
No Control - For a given speed, the approach sight triangle is determined from Figure 400.04 and Table 400.01. Departure sight triangles should be commensurate with those provided at stop controlled intersections.
Part 2 400-4
Stop Control - Adequate sight distance must be provided so a driver traveling at the design speed can perceive and safely stop at the stop sign. Once stopped, the driver must have adequate sight distance on the major road to permit safe departure movements. The three basic departure movements are: To travel across the intersecting roadway, clearing oncoming traffic in both directions; To turn left onto the intersecting roadway, clearing oncoming traffic from the left and entering the traffic stream coming from the right; To turn right onto the intersecting roadway by entering the traffic stream coming from the left.
Yield Control - Approach sight triangles should be provided at all intersection corners. Minimum sight distances provided along the legs should be at least stopping sight distance. For departure sight triangles see Stop Control.
Part 2 400-5
Part 2 400-6
Figure 400.03 Minimum Turning Path for P Design Vehicles From AASHTO, 1994, A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets
Part 2 400-7
The solid line curves in Figure 400.05 labeled P, SU and WB-15 are the recommended vehicle time-distance relationships to compute ta. If significant grades are present, ta should be adjusted per Table 400.02. The distance that a crossing vehicle travels to clear a major roadway is: S = D+W+L where: D = distance from near edge-oftravelled way to the front of a stopped vehicle (typically 3.0 m). W = travelled way width along path of crossing vehicle (m) L = overall length of vehicle (m) Figure 400.05 Sight Distance at Intersections Acceleration from Stop. From AASHTO, 1004, A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets
Calculated sight distance shall be checked against stopping sight distance. The larger of the distances shall be used.
Part 2 400-9
The required sight distance to the right is based on the assumption that the mainline vehicle will slow to 85 percent of the design speed and maintain a 2.0 second gap from the turning vehicle. To calculate the necessary sight distance first determine from Figure 400.06 the distance P required for the turning vehicle to reach a speed of 85 percent of the mainline design speed. The sight distance required to the right is calculated from: dR where: dR = = (t+2)(.28)(.95V) - (P-5(.56)(.85V) - Lv) Sight distance required to the right along the major roadway from the intersection (m). time required to travel distance P (Table 400.01). mainline design speed (kph) Vehicle Length (m)
406.02
T V Lv
= = =
Turning Right Onto a Major Roadway - The right-turning-vehicle must have sufficient sight distance to the left to complete its turn and accelerate to a predetermined speed before being Skew also affects the distance a vehicle travels to overtaken by approaching traffic travelling at the cross the intersection. Heavily skewed same predetermined speed. The sight distance intersections should be controlled. Part 2 400-10
Intersection skew has no effect on sight distance requirements since they are measured along the intersecting legs. However, the sight triangle configuration is affected by skew. Care should be taken to verify that the area within the sight triangles can be constructed and maintained to provide a unobstructed view throughout the sight triangle with a 1070 mm eye height on the minor road to a 1300 mm object height on the major road.
Figure 400.06 Acceleration Curves From AASHTO, 1994, A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets Part 2 400-11
Figure 400.07 Intersection Sight Distances For turning onto a major roadway AASHTO, 1994, A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets Part 2 400-12
A vehicle descending a grade requires greater stopping distance than one on level ground. Conversely, a vehicle ascending a grade requires less distance to stop. Grades up to 3 percent have little effect on stopping sight distances. In no case should the grades exceed 6 percent. For Stop Controlled intersections, the time required to cross a roadway is affected by the crossing grade. If the grade is significant, the sight distance should be increased. Where the intersection leg grades are other than flat, corrections should be made to the sight distances using the approximate ratios given in Table 400.02. Table 400.02 ta Adjustment For Grade Sight Triangle Distances Ratio, ta on grade / ta level (Figure 400.05) Crossroad Grade % Design Vehicle P SU WB-15 -4 0.7 0.8 0.8 -2 0.9 0.9 0.9 0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2 1.1 1.1 1.2 4 1.3 1.3 1.7
Use this table to adjust ta values for effect of grade. Based on the likely range of crossing distances. 406.04 LEFT-TURN CHANNELIZATION
General - A left-turn lane expedites through traffic flow, controls turning traffic movement, and improves the intersection safety and capacity. The left-turn lane should be laid out such that the turning vehicle must make a definite move to enter the lane. The desirable length of the left-turn lane is the sum of the required storage length and deceleration length, including the bay taper length. Width - The desirable left-turn lane width should
Refer to the Highway Capacity Manual, Special Report No. 209, Transportation Research Board, 1986 for further discussion.
Part 2 400-13
General - Right-turn lanes improve intersection capacity and safety. As for left-turn lanes, rightturn lanes should be laid out such that a rightturning vehicle must make a definite move to enter the lane. The desirable length of the right-turn lane is the sum of storage requirements and deceleration length, including bay taper.
General - Traffic islands are located between traffic lanes and are commonly designated using paint, raised pavement markers, or curbs. They serve to: confine specific traffic movements into definite channels; separate traffic moving in the same or opposite direction; aid and protect pedestrians crossing the intersection; and, discourage or prohibit undesirable movements.
Design - Traffic islands must be large enough to be seen and to command the attention of the driver. Islands for channelizing should preferably be at least 9.0 m2. Curbed islands for separating traffic streams should not be less than 1.0 m wide and 8.0 m long. Curbed islands should be offset from the through traffic lanes by a minimum shy distance of 0.6 m and 0.9 m is preferable for approach speeds greater than 25 kph. The approach end of a curbed island should be rounded at 0.5 to 1.0 m radius and tapered at 15:1 to guide the driver into the channelization. Where there is an approach shoulder (1.2 m or wider), the curbed island should be offset from the through lane by the width of the shoulder. With an approach shoulder the flared approach is not necessary, except where a deceleration or turning lane has been provided.
Part 2 400-14
407
ROUNDABOUT DESIGN
There are three main types of roundabouts, Normal, Mini and Double. There are other forms of roundabouts but they variations of these basic types. They are Ring Junctions, Grade Separated and Signalized Roundabouts. More information about the use and design of these and other roundabouts can be found in the Geometric Design of Roundabouts. When reading this design manual the designer should be aware that the manual was written for left-hand running traffic and appropriate modifications should be made for when adapting these standards to righthand running traffic patterns. The roundabout is used at intersecting streets with low capacity and low design speed. Roundabouts should be considered when they are cost effective or increase safety over standard intersection designs. Advantages: There are several advantages to roundabout design versus conventional three and four leg intersections. Roundabouts are more efficient than signals on balanced traffic demand intersections. Roundabouts allow for continuous traffic flow. Roundabouts can reduce traffic speeds in existing intersections. Disadvantages: There are several disadvantages to roundabouts that make them less favorable than conventional designs. Driver comprehension to right-of-way with respect to yielding to traffic flow. Roundabouts are prone to large congestion problems when traffic exceeds design capacity. It is difficult to redesign an existing roundabout to increase its capacity. Redesign requires adding more lanes which greatly increases the land required for the intersection. This increase in diameter also increases the design speed through the
Normal Roundabouts: The normal configuration of a roundabout is made up of a one-way road around a circular curbed island 4m or more in diameter. The approaches are usually flared to allow multiple vehicle entries. The number of entries should be limited to three or four arms. The efficiency and driver comprehension decreases as the number of arms is increased. The minimum radius of curvature also increases with additional arms which can raise circulatory speeds. Double roundabouts can be an alternative under these conditions. See Figure 400.08.
Figure 400.08 Normal Roundabout Mini Roundabouts: The mini-roundabout is similar to the normal roundabout except the diameter of the island is less than 4m. Instead of a curbed island a raised, reflectorized dome is used for driver recognition of the high spot. The mini-roundabout is a good alternative for existing roads with extremely low traffic volumes that have high safety and delay problems. Where physical deflection of approaching traffic is not
Part 2 400-15
Double Roundabouts: Double roundabouts are generally used in areas with unique traffic requirements such as: Where intersection improvements are done and the roundabout eliminates the need to realign an approach road. In areas where more than four arms are entering the intersection. At intersections with unusual or asymmetrical configurations. Where single island configurations do not have enough capacity. The joining of parallel roads separated by an existing feature. These unique circumstances should be evaluated by an experienced traffic engineer and the Municipality must be informed on the decision to consider a double roundabout. The double roundabout should only be used after proper consideration and is contingent only with the approval of experienced personnel and the Municipality. See Figure 400.10.
Part 2 400-16
Part 2 500-1
Figure -500.01 Three-Leg Interchanges From AASHTO, 1994," A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets".
Part 2 500-2
Four-leg interchanges include diamond interchanges, full cloverleaves, partial cloverleaves (parclo), and interchanges with direct and semidirect connections. Each basic interchange type is described and discussed in the following sections. Diamond Interchange Diamond interchanges are the most commonly used interchange (Figure 500.02). They consist of four ramps which parallel the main roadway, providing all eight turning movements.
Disadvantages Overall capacity is limited by ramp intersection capacity. Capacity is lowered on the minor road due to left turning movements. Increased accident potential unless signalized. Possibility of wrong-way movements. Turning traffic from the expressway is obliged to stop at the minor road. Storage lane treatment may be required. Little possibility for future expansion. Single Point Diamond Interchange The Single Point Interchange (SPI) is also known as an urban interchange or a single point diamond interchange (Figure 500.03). All four turning movements are controlled by a single traffic signal and opposing left turns cross to the left of each other.
Application - The diamond is used at major/minor roadway crossings with direct high speed exit/entrance ramps on the major roadway and at-grade intersections on the minor roadway. It is adaptable to a wide range of traffic volumes and capacity may be increased by widening the ramps and cross road in the intersection area by providing storage lanes, two-lane left turns, channelization, and traffic signals at the ramp cross road intersections. Advantages High design standard single exits in advance of the structure. High design standard single entrances beyond the structure. Requires relatively little right-of-way. Part 2 500-3
Advantages Left-turn conflicts eliminated Single structure design. Traffic signals are unnecessary. Lends itself to stage construction. Disadvantages Large right-of-way requirements. Weaving may severely limit capacity. Adding weaving lanes on and under structure increase cost. High weave volumes require collector distributor roads. Double exit on the expressway complicates signing. Insufficient deceleration length from expressway speed to control speed of inner loop. Poor safety features. Extra travel distance/time required for left turns. Large trucks may experience problems with tight curves.
Part 2 500-4
Application - Same as for basic cloverleaf except is more suitable for areas with high weaving volumes. Advantages Minimizes weaving conflicts by placing weave on collector distributor road. Minimizes signing difficulties. Provides a single exit and entrance from main roadway. Reduce merging and diverging points on main roadway. Higher volume than basic cloverleaf design.
Part 2 500-5
Figure 500.06 Advantages Entrance ramp loops. Disadvantages Stop condition on minor road and ramps for left turns.
Figure 500.09 Disadvantages Stop condition on minor road and ramps for left turns. Expressway traffic exits onto small radius loop.
Figure 500.07 Advantages Stop for left-turns confined to movements from ramps only. Entrance ramp loops.
Figure 500.10 Advantages Stop condition for left turns confined to movements from minor roadway only. Not conducive to wrong-way movements. Disadvantages Expressway traffic exits onto small radius loop. Directional Interchanges A direct connection is defined as a one-way roadway that does not deviate greatly from -the intended direction of travel. Interchanges that use direct connections for the major left-turn movements are termed directional interchanges (Figure 500.11). Direct connections for one or all left-turn movements would qualify an interchange to be termed directional even if the minor left turn movements are accommodated on loops.
Figure 500.08 Disadvantages Stop condition on minor road and ramps for left turns. Expressway traffic exits onto small radius loop. Entrance/exit loops
Part 2 500-6
Directional interchanges have one or more grade separations with direct or semidirect ramp connections for one or more left turning movements. Free flow is provided for high turning traffic volumes in one or two quadrants comparable in volume to through traffic. When one or more interchange connections are indirect in alignment yet more direct than loops, the interchange is described as semi-directional. All left-turn connections or only those that accommodate major left-turn movements may be semi-direct in alignment. The most widely used type of directional interchange is the four-level layout system shown in Figure 500.11A. A variation of this type is the four-level interchange with two exits from both major roadways, as shown in Figure 500.11B. Chapter X of "A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets," AASHTO, 1994, has additional examples of directional interchanges. Application - Semi-direct or direct connections for one or more left-turning movements are often required at major interchanges in urban areas. Interchanges involving two freeways nearly always call for directional layouts. In such cases turning movements in one or two quadrants often are comparable in volume to through movements. Advantages Reduced travel distance. Increased speed and capacity. Weaving eliminated. Avoids the indirection in driving on a loop. Higher levels of service . Require little right of way.
Figure 500.11 Directional Interchanges Disadvantages High construction costs. Require detailed, time-consuming study.
Part 2 500-7
505
General - Since interchanges are so costly, and a vital element of freeway capacity it is important that a well functioning, economic design be conceived. In general, alternative interchange schemes should be analyzed and several preferred alternatives should be selected based on geometry, capacity, signing, aesthetics, environmental compatibility, overall adaptability, route continuity, route uniformity, maintaining traffic during construction, suitability to stage construction, right-of-way requirements and the effect on the local road and roadway network. From these preferred alternatives, preliminary plans, profiles and cost estimates should be prepared. Include costs for right-of way, construction, maintenance, and other appropriate items. Once this data has been prepared, the best interchange design concept can be selected.
Uniformity - To the extent practicable all interchanges along a freeway should be uniform in geometric layout and general appearance. All entrance and exit ramps shall be on the right. Signing and Marking - Signs, pavement striping, delineators and other markings should conform to the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD). Basic Number of Lanes - Design traffic volumes and a capacity analysis should be used to determine the basic number of roadway lanes and the minimum number of ramp lanes. The basic number of lanes should be established for a substantial length of freeway and should not be changed through pairs of interchanges. Auxiliary Lanes - An auxiliary lane is defined as the portion of the roadway adjoining the travelled way for emergency stopping, speed change, turning, turning storage, weaving, truck climbing, and other purposes supplementary to through-traffic movement. An auxiliary lane may be needed when: interchanges are closely spaced. the distance between the end of the taper on the entrance terminal and the beginning of the taper on the exit terminal is short. local frontage roads do not exist. necessary for lane balance. necessary for capacity requirements. necessary for weaving. An auxiliary lane may be introduced as a single exclusive lane or in conjunction with a two-lane entrance. Auxiliary lanes may be dropped in a single or two-lane exit or carried to the physical gore nose before tapering into the through
506
An interchange consists of the through freeway, the ramps and the cross road. This section deals primarily with the interchange as a whole. Specific designs for ramps are discussed in the sections that follow. Sight Distance - Stopping sight distance shall be the minimum sight distance provided on the respective roadways through an interchange and preferably longer. Decision sight distance shall be provided at exits. Sight distance requirements are discussed in Part 2, Section 300, Geometric Cross Section. For minimum radius curves, the normal lateral clearance may not provide minimum stopping sight distance because piers, abutments and bridge rail limit horizontal sight distance. If a flatter curve cannot be used, the clearances should be increased to obtain the proper sight distance even though it is necessary to increase structure spans or widths. Design Speed Considerations - In the design of interchanges it is important to provide vertical and horizontal alignment standards which are
Part 2 500-8
These speeds do not apply to ramp terminals, which should be designed using the intersecting roadway speed. Profile - A typical ramp profile consists of the ramp body on an appreciable grade, between vertical curves that connect to the intersection legs. The profile at the ramp terminal is generally determined by the cross road. Ramp grades should be as flat as feasible. Down grades should be limited to 3 or 4 percent on ramps with sharp horizontal curvature and significant heavy truck or bus traffic. However, sight distance is more important than a specific gradient control and should be favored in design. As general criteria, it is desirable that ascending gradients on ramps be limited to: Table 500.02 Ramp Grades Ramp Design Speed kph 70-80 60 40-50 30-40 Ramp Gradient % 3-5 4-6 5-7 6-8
Curvature - The factors and assumptions of minimum-turning roadway curves for various speeds apply to ramps and are discussed in Section 200. Sight Distance - The minimum sight distance provided anywhere along the ramp shall be stopping sight distance. See the sections on freeway entrance/exit ramp and ramp terminals for specific requirements at those areas. Shoulder Width - Shoulder widths for ramps shall be as indicated in Part 2, Section 300, Geometric Cross Section.
Part 2 500-9
Figure 500.12 Typical Gore Area From AASHTO, 1994, A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets Part 2 500-10
For ramps having curve radii of 90 m or less with a central angle greater than 60 degrees. Normally, loop ramps are one lane unless capacity warrants additional lanes. Consideration should be given to providing a directional ramp when loop volumes exceed 1500 vehicles per hour. If multiple lanes are provided, normally only the right lane needs to be widened. Loop Ramps - Radii for loop ramps should normally range from 45 m to 60 m. Increasing the radii beyond 60 m is typically not cost effective as the slight increase in design speed is usually outweighed by the increased right of way requirements and the increased travel distance. For roadway design speeds greater than 80 kph the loop design speed should not be less than 40 kph (45 m radius). Extremely tight curves (less than 35 m radii) should be avoided because they lead to increased off-tracking and increase the potential for vehicles to enter the curve with excessive speed. See Table 200.05 for further guidelines on radius versus design speed. Research indicates that trucks often enter loops with excessive speed, either due to inadequate deceleration on exit ramps or due to driver efforts to maintain speed on entrance ramps to
508
General - The ramp entrance/exit is that ramp portion adjacent to the through travelled way, including speed-change lanes, tapers, and islands. All freeway entrances and exits shall connect to the right of through traffic. The following paragraphs discuss various design elements of ramp entrances/exits. Entrance/Exit Sight Distance - Decision sight distance is desirable along the freeway prior to an exit nose and the entire exit terminal should be visible. When an exit must be located where visibility is limited by physical restrictions which cannot be corrected by cut widening or object removal, an auxiliary lane in advance of the exit should be provided. The minimum length of auxiliary lane shall be 300 m desirable, 180 m minimum.
Part 2 500-11
Figure 500.13 Single Lane Freeway Entrances and Exits From Caltrans, 1995, Highway Design Manual Part 2 500-12
Part 2 500-13
Figure 500.14 Two-Lane Entrance and Exit Ramps From Caltrans, 1995, Highway Design Manual Part 2 500-14
Figure 500.15 Diverging Branch Connections From Caltrans, 1995, Highway Design Manual Part 2 500-15
Part 2 500-16
Figure 500.17 Ramp Setback From Caltrans, 1995, Highway Design Manual Part 2 500-17
may be obtained through the Abu Dhabi Municipality Road Section as well as other Municipality and Government Agencies. The geotechnical report is to contain the information shown in Table 600.01 as a minimum.
Table 600.01
The first part of this section is intended to give an overview of what is required in a geotechnical report used for roadway and structural design. It does not cover the specific methods of testing, sampling or analysis required. Standard SI practices and the Municipality Roads Section Guidelines for Subsurface Investigations for Civil Engineering Purposes current revision should be used for guidance in this area. The second part of this section outlines the pavement design procedure.
GEOTECHNICAL REPORT Table of Contents Introduction Location Map Proposed Construction Previous Information and/or Investigations Field Investigation And Laboratory Testing Include Boring Location Plan Site and Subsurface Conditions Climate Significant Geotechnical Features Regional Geology and Seismicity Analysis and Recommendations Retaining Wall Recommendations Excavation and Ground Compaction Factors Expected Settlements Groundwater Observations Allowable Foundation Loads Foundation Recommendations Borrow/Material Source Slope Stability Soil Corrosivity to Buried Structures Subgrade Support for Pavement Design Topsoil Plating Recommendations Treatment for Problem Soils Any Relevant Geotechnical Aspects Affecting Future Performance of the Works Appendices Boring Logs Summary of Test Results Other Pertinent Information
602
GENERAL
The Consultant shall obtain approval from the Road Section, Traffic Police and any other concerned Agencies prior to commencing a geotechnical investigation. Generally a geotechnical investigation is carried out in two phases. The initial phase consists of preliminary drilling and testing to gather enough project specific information to advance the roadway and structure design. The final stage, if required, is performed for design features requiring specific geotechnical recommendations.
603
GEOTECHNICAL REPORT
Once the preliminary horizontal and vertical alignment and structure locations have been defined, the engineer will prepare a preliminary a subsurface exploration and testing program. Providing information such as foundation types, safe slope angles and preliminary pavement thickness allows the initial design to be advanced and refined. The initial program also identifies the type, severity and extent of any geotechnical design problems. The geotechnical report should consist of results and recommendations from the initial drilling and testing program as well as any information from prior investigations. Prior investigations and data
Pertinent information should be included in the appendices. In certain circumstances, such as a major bridge design or other major structure, an additional report may be required to define special geotechnical aspects of foundation design.
Part 2 600-1
ROADWAY DESIGN MANUAL Roads and Bridges 604 STRUCTURAL PAVEMENT SECTION DESIGN
GENERAL Pavement Design Methods The advantage of the phenomenological approach is that one does not need to spend resources on measurement of input variables. The advantage of the analytical approach, however, is that conditions outside the experience of the designer can be designed for by selecting the appropriate input variables. Actual pavement design methods fall somewhere between these two extremes. Field and laboratory investigation of pavement properties and performance over the last 20 to 30 years have led to semi-analytical methods based on observations. The many input variables are introduced either through equations developed by regression or equations developed from first principles. The TRIP pavement design method was based on the interim AASHTO method developed in the late 1970s. The approach to pavement design has advanced considerably since that time. In order to take advantage of these advances several stateof-the art pavement design methods were evaluated against the TRIP method for use in the Municipality. The interim AASHTO method, upon which TRIP was based, was developed from the results of observations of roadway performance on test beds in the midwestern United States. This method was widely regarded as the best compromise between observation and analysis available in the late 1970's. However, because of its origins primarily in the Midwestern United States, the applicability of the method to other climates was questioned. Further, the characterization of the soil support was relatively unsophisticated, and there was no way to directly treat the desired level of confidence in the design. Economic analysis based on life-cycle was not explicitly incorporated. The method included no means for representing the statistical validity of the soil sampling or the traffic design. AASHTO continued researching the performance of pavements in the road test site to correct these problems after 1972. This research primarily consisted of more detailed monitoring of the test road beds, to allow better correlations to be drawn amongst more parameters than were included in the original method.
604.01 604.01.01
Pavement design is a challenging process because the analytical framework for design is so complex. Complexity is introduced both by the number of materials involved and the number of variables required for design. The pavement section itself consists of a surfacing material and several supporting layers. The strengths and moduli of these layers vary through several orders of magnitude, and at least the lowest layer (native subgrade) is best described by non-linear constitutive models. These factors by themselves make development of equations which control even simple material behaviors such as deflection under load extremely non-trivial. The problem is exacerbated by the sheer number of variables which ought to be considered. The pavement is influenced by the soil upon which the pavement is supported, the number of vehicles expected to pass over the pavement, the weight of the vehicles which pass over, the spatial arrangement of the tires which support that weight, the tire pressure, the material properties of the pavement section materials, the temperature and temperature range, the moisture condition of the subgrade, the likelihood of freeze-and-thaw cycles, and probably several more. Many of these variables are extremely difficult to evaluate. The soil conditions under the pavement is evaluated at only a few points, and the weakest points are statistically likely to be missed. Traffic predictions are notoriously complicated and inaccurate. Furthermore, pavement failure is very difficult to define, as there are many possible failure modes. The analytical process underlying each failure mode is different. Generally speaking, there is a spectrum of design approaches which could be taken, ranging from polar extremes of purely analytical methods to purely phenomenological methods.
Part 2 600-2
Part 2 600-3
*Traffic values too far beyond the range of design charts to allow extrapolation. The AASHTO results show a range because of the correlation from CBR to resilient modulus required for the AASHTO method. A design CBR of 10 was used for the TRIP design. In order to correlate CBR to resilient modulus, AASHTO recommends the equation: Mr = 1500(CBR) whereMr = Resilient Modulus (psi) CBR = California Bearing Ratio Equation 1 was used to develop the lower SN's shown in Table 600.02. However, there was considerable scatter in the correlation between the CBR and the resilient modulus, with the conversion factor ranging to as low a value as 750. In the absence of actual measured resilient moduli with which to evaluate the applicability of the AASHTO conversion, a conservative approach was adopted in which the design would be checked with a lower resilient modulus (Eqn. 1)
Calculations were performed using the newest AASHTO method, the ADOT method, and the MOC method and compared with the TRIP method. In order to simplify direct comparison of results, the comparison was based on Structural Numbers (SN) which result from each analysis, rather than on a comparison of the pavement sections themselves. This approach was used because the SN is the most useful design descriptor which results from the procedures, and because it is independent of the individual pavement layer components chosen by a given agency. High traffic, weak soil, or high degrees of conservatism will all yield higher SN values, and this number thereby allows direct comparison of the results of an analysis for similar input variables. For example, if two methods are used that generate vastly different SN values for the
Part 2 600-4
The highest SN shown in each classification for the AASHTO method results from a correlation to resilient modulus using Equation 2. This range should capture the range of results likely to result from actual resilient modulus testing. The ADOT method, which is also based on resilient modulus, was completed using the correlation recommended by AASHTO and presented here as Equation 1. The MOC method was only applicable for the lightest roadway classification, the Sector Road. In every other case, the design equivalent axle loading for the TRIP roadways was well beyond the inference space depicted on the MOC design thickness charts. This result comes about due to the degree of overloading common on TRIP roadways, rather than to an excessive number of vehicles. The MOC method is based on a 16-kip axle load, requiring a large destructive effect factor when considering that up to 27-kip loads were used in the TRIP report. As can be seen from Table 600.02, there is some variation in the results based on the method used. It is readily apparent that the TRIP thickness results are well within the range of modern pavement design methods. The TRIP results are well above the ADOT methods and firmly within the range of new AASHTO SN's. The method is non-conservative compared to the MOC method; however, this comparison is believed to result largely from the large truck overloads leading to huge traffic loadings compared to the 16-kip single axle loadings used for design in the MOC.
Step 1: Develop Equivalent Single Axle Load, W18 Traffic is represented in the 1993 AASHTO method by the equivalent single axle load (ESAL), or the number of 18-kip equivalent single axle loads that will pass over the pavement during its initial service lifetime (typically 20 years). To calculate this value, three components are required: (1) the number of vehicles which will pass over the pavement during its lifetime, and (2) the breakdown of those vehicles by weight classification, and (3) a means of converting the number of vehicles in each class to an 18-kip equivalent single axle load. To estimate the total number of vehicles utilizing a pavement during its design life, existing and projected traffic volumes are needed. To determine the total number of vehicles, use a straight line interpolation between the existing traffic volumes and traffic volumes of the design year. For existing pavement studies, calculate the average rate between the existing traffic volume and the traffic volume of the design year. That average rate is then multiplied by the projected design life of the pavement. For new pavements the number of vehicles would be estimated using the design period.
The conclusion is that the major modifications to the AASHTO methods which have occurred since the original TRIP method was devised have not significantly altered the designs which would be recommended if the same input variables were used to start the design process today. The suitability of the input variables, both standard and road specific, is therefore the most appropriate question for the development of a new method. Of the methods examined, the 1993 AASHTO method is the most appropriate choice. Part 2 600-5
Part 2 600-6
= = = = =
Equivalent Single Axle load, Step 1 Soil Resilient modulus, Step 2 Overall Standard Deviation , Step 3 Standard Normal Deviate, Step 4 Design Serviceability loss, Step 5
Or the solution may be obtained by using the nomograph in Figure 600.01 on page 600.10. Step 7: thickness Determine pavement and base
Once determined from step 6, the structural number is used to determine the thickness of each pavement material layer using the appropriate material coefficients from Table 600.06. Table 600.06 Pavement Material Coefficients Pavement Coefficient Material (per cm) ai Asphaltic Concrete 0.17 Aggregate Base 0.05 Sand-Asphalt Base 0.08 Soil Subbase 0.04
Part 2 600-7
Additionally on layered sections using aggregate base, a minimum thickness of 20 cm shall be used for the base material. Normally, the pavement section which satisfies the structural requirements and represents the least cost would be selected. However, as previously discussed, there may be times when the least cost design would not necessarily be the most appropriate design. The following page contains an example of a typical flexible pavement design.
Part 2 600-8
Step 6 Solve for structural number, SN SN =8.0 Step 7 - Determine Material Thickness Table 600.06 Pavement Material Asphaltic Concrete Aggregate Base Sand-Asphalt Base Soil Subbase Coefficient (per cm) 0.17 0.05 0.08 0.04 Trial SN Thickness Contribution (per cm) 30 5.1 22 1.1 0 0.0 45 1.8 Actual SN = 8.0
Note: Various material combinations can be compared economically to determine the optimum design. Make certain thickness meet Table 600.07.
Part 2 600-9
Part 2 600-10
Figure 600.01
Drainage is an important element of roadway design. The objective of roadway drainage design is to provide the necessary facilities which allow the public the appropriate use of the roadway during times of significant runoff and which minimize the potential for adverse effects on adjacent property and existing drainage patterns. Toward this goal, roadway drainage design is to minimize off-project impacts while maintaining use of the roadway at an acceptable frequency of protection. There has been so much data and so many guidelines written on the hydrologic and hydraulic aspects in roadway design that it is impractical to contain all the references within this manual. A separate manual, ROADWAY DESIGN MANUAL Drainage, has been prepared to provide guidance and direction on the design of the drainage components of roadway facilities. Strict use of that manual does not replace sound engineering judgment. The drainage design must be undertaken by experienced drainage engineers who are in responsible charge.
Part 2 700-1
Utilities are an important element of roadway design, especially in an urban environment. There are three categories of utility improvements: Utility Protection- Existing utilities within the project limits that have been determined to be geometrically compatible with the proposed improvements; and are in good condition with an acceptable remaining service life; may remain in place and must be protected from traffic loads and maintenance operations. The traffic loads consist of both construction loading and postconstruction vehicular loading. Utility Relocation- Existing utilities that are incompatible with the roadway geometrics will require relocation, which may extend beyond the limits of the proposed improvement depending on connection requirements. Relocated utilities will be replaced in-kind with the same size or capacity as the existing utility. The existing capacity may be undersized and require an increase in capacity or other utility expansions or improvements may be require. Such an up grade or development work must be requested by the responsible utility agency and approved by the Road Section before the design of the upgraded utility can be included in the roadway project. New Utilities- New service facilities that may be required to support growth within the typical 20year design life of the proposed roadway improvements; may replace redundant or outdated facilities or are major trunk lines routed through the project corridor that serve a broader purpose. Utility planning begins in the preliminary design phase and is a factor in the project scoping process that leads to identification of the final roadway geometrics. A thorough investigation of existing utility location and condition is undertaken as an early final design activity.
The Departments objective is that Roadway and Bridge projects are developed to include all required construction of utility protection, relocation and installation by the Contractor. This provides for single source responsibility for the procurement of materials, and the scheduling of the proposed improvements; while minimizing disruption of services to the public. This concept reduces Contractor delay claims and the time required for advance utility works. The actual timing and responsibility for construction of individual services will be determined on a project by project basis. Although contained in a single set of construction documents, there are normally several Consultants involved in the preparation of individual utility plans, specifications and BOQ. Several Municipality Departments use designated Consultants for the planning and design of their respective services, as further described in Section 804.01. The Roadway/Bridge Consultant is responsible for overall coordination and packaging of the documents into a complete and comprehensive set of tender documents. The parallel development of plans and specifications by multiple Consultants must be continuously monitored to avoid conflict and contradiction.
802
UTILITY PLANNING
The Utilities Section of the Town Planning Department is responsible for master planning and coordination of utility services. Service corridors will be reserved within each project for utilities in accordance with the planning data obtained from the Utilities Section. The corridors are established based on the approved design concept and reflect the anticipated growth and overall needs of the individual utility agencies. The agencies or Municipality department responsible for the individual services are as follows: Water - Water and Electricity Department (WED) Telephone and Telecommunications ETISILAT Drainage - Abu Dhabi Municipality Sanitary Drainage Network Division
Part 2 800-1
803
SERVICE RESERVATIONS
The Utilities Section will provide details on the agency or department responsible for special services such as oil and gas pipelines, 132 KV and national defense systems. Information on existing utilities shall be obtained from the Town Planning Utilities Section, the individual Service (Utility) Departments and/or the designated Consultant at the beginning of design work. This data will include: Current Service Reservation Locations Distribution of Services As-built Drawings Proposed Facility Plans
This information shall be compiled and analyzed to ascertain the status of each individual utility. Utility data should be supplemented by field investigation of the existing facilities including surveys to record structure locations and pipe invert elevations. Manual(by hand) excavation to locate services that are critical to the design should be performed as necessary. The Consultant will arrange coordination meetings with the Service Departments to identify utilities to be protected, relocated to the service reservations and new service requirements. The service authority may also have plans or projects for utility improvements in progress within the project limits. Once the scope of the utility works has been defined, the Consultant will prepare separate cost estimates of the utility works that are required due to conflict with proposed works and new facilities that are proposed for inclusion in the project by the utility agencies. It is important to make a clear distinction between required works and facility upgrades, since this information will be used to determine the extent of the utility works to be included in the project and cost sharing responsibilities. The Department will
The Departments objective is to locate all utility services in designated utility corridors or Service Reservations. This policy applies to all projects including new construction and roadway widening. Service reserves are located for ease of construction and maintenance and to minimize disruption or damage to permanent works caused by future utility installations or maintenance operations. The reserves are generally located outside the roadway pavement in parking or pedestrian areas that are surfaced with removable materials including interlocking tiles and precast tile blocks, and asphalt pavements of reduced thickness. Roadway crossings are perpendicular to the centerline and primarily concentrated at intersection locations. The design standards require construction of ducts for all existing, proposed and future services that cross roadway pavement. The utility corridors are defined in close coordination with the project geometrics and the Town Planning Department. The reserves are established within geometric criteria that is suited to the installation of pipelines and conduits. Alignments are as straight as possible and angle points limited in severity with the degree of deflection ideally corresponding to pipeline fittings (22-1/2, 45 degrees). The Standard Drawings show several different distributions of standard service reservations. Special reserves for any utilities other than those shown on the standard drawings (CCTV, 132 KV, gas, oil.) shall be provided in each project with specific approval from the Town Planning Department. Project design drawings should show a section view of these special service reserves similar to that shown on standard drawings. Deviations from the standard distribution may be warranted to: Accommodate existing utilities that would not otherwise require relocation. Suit the project geometrics. Allow for constructability and/or maintenance of service facilities with excessive width, diameter or depth.
Part 2 800-2
804
UTILITY DESIGN
804.01 GENERAL Utility design requirements will be defined on final determination of the scope of utility works by the Department. The final design of each utility will proceed based on the existing utility information and proposed facility requirements. Refer to the Utilities Procedures Flow Chart, Figure 800.01. In general, rapid development, incomplete as-built information and the harsh soil conditions make it difficult to determine the exact requirements for each service line, especially minor branches and connections, without the benefit of an extensive manual excavation program to locate the utilities. As a result, this effort should be accomplished during the construction phase to enable preparation of detailed shop drawings that will fully define the requirements for each utility. The procedure and specifications for this work are oulined in the Standard Specifications. The tender documents are prepared based on the best available information and may be limited to the major components of a particular service. This procedure varies with the different utilities and generally can be described under three categories: Separate Plans and Specifications Prepared by Agency Designated Consultant- WED(Water) and Sanitary Drainage Network Section use a designated Consultant for the design of facilities. Final design plans, specifications and BOQ are prepared as separate documents and included in the project tender document package. The drawings will indicate the existing facilities anticipated to be protected, relocated or abandoned as well as new pipeline requirements. Based on the results of the manual excavation, the Contractor will prepare detailed shop drawings that include refinements and adjustments to the tender drawings to reflect the conditions encountered in the field. The shop drawings require the approval of the designated Consultant and the WED.
All utilities under the roadway must be protected. This protection will continue under all pavements and extend beyond the back of curb, edge of shoulder or at the duct end wall constructed at the end of the duct by 0.50 meters. The Standard Drawings and General Specifications outline the type of protection to be used for the various utilities consisting of three types: Concrete Slab (Precast or Cast-in-Situ) Concrete Encasement Split Sleeve Concrete Encased
Part 2 800-3
Utility relocation will generally be determined by the individual utility agency and is subject to approval by the Municipality. Each agency will supply their relocation design drawings for inclusion in the Project documents. These drawings will then be reviewed by the Municipality to obtain their approval prior to inclusion in the Tender Documents. No utilities other than lighting, underground cables, and irrigation pipes shall be installed along the central median parallel to the roadway. These lighting cables and irrigation lines in the median shall be as close as possible to the curb to avoid disturbance to the greenery. Quantities, except for relocation work designed by a designated utility consultant, shall be calculated by the primary Consultant. WED(E) and ETISILAT will supply respective relocation quantities. Supply of all the materials required for the relocation works for electrical shall be included in each contract. Removed and salvaged LV, 11 KV and 33 KV cables excluding joints from site can be reused for the relocation works if approved by the WED. Quantities for the supply and salvage items shall be as estimated by the WED for each project. All 132 KV cables required for the relocation work shall be new and shall be supplied under each contract. 804.04 CONTINGENCY DUCTS Contingency ducts are required at roadway crossings for future services to be located in service reserves and at other specific locations established by the utility authority. Ducts are installed where pavements with asphalt or nonremovable pavers cross over the service reserve. These ducts may be designed to accommodate existing or proposed service facilities with spare or reserve capacity for future (contingency) installations. Existing facilities such as cables or
Part 2 800-4
Existing Utility Data Town Planning Utilities Section P L A N N I N G Design Concept Determine Conflicts Geometric Adjustment Define Utility Scope of Work Service Reserve Dwgs. Prepare Cost Estimates Town Planning Approval Department Approval D E S I G N Utility Design Consultant Design Coordination Tender Documents Notice of Intent C O N S T R U C T I O N Manual Excavation As-Built Drawings Existing Utility Shop Drawings Consultant Review Revised Design Drawings - RFC Service Reservations Utility Works Shop Drawings Town Planning Approval Resident Engineer Approval Designated Consultant Construction Record Drawings Agency Approval Agency Review Designated Consultant Tender Drawings Designated Consultant Agency Design Utility Agency Approval New Utility Requirements Utility Agency As-Built Drawings
Part 2 800-5
3. 4. 5.
Freeway weaving analysis. Basic segments capacity and operational analysis. Intersection capacity and operational analysis.
901.01 GENERAL Part 1, Section 200, Design Concept Development, of this manual discusses traffic counts and traffic projection methods suitable for the design concept phase of a project. Part 2, Section 200, Geometric Design Standards, outlines the data required to develop a preliminary parking demand analysis for inclusion in the Design Concept Report. Final design may require refinement of concept data before a final traffic report can be completed. Specific model updating may be necessary to incorporate roadway network changes and revised roadway classifications. Model output shall be calibrated to reflect current traffic trends by comparing the present actual traffic volume to a current model run and applying corrective adjustments to depict the actual conditions. Model output shall be refined, particularly ramp volume and intersection turning volumes, to balance the daily traffic volumes from network link to network link. Directional design hourly volumes shall be derived in a manner similar to the daily volume adjustments. Sub-modeling computer programs should be used to determine the roadway volumes associated with the proposed frontage roads and other roadway characteristics not incorporated in the original model. 901.02 OPERATIONAL ANALYSIS The final traffic report should include an operational analyses utilizing the balanced traffic volumes determined from the traffic forecasts. The analysis will follow procedures and methods of the Highway Capacity Manual, By the Transportation Research Board and will include: 1. 2. Ramp intersection capacity analysis. Ramp merge/diverge analysis.
Signal warrant analysis shall be performed to determine the need for signals at an intersection. The Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) signal warrants shall be used for this purpose. All necessary traffic engineering studies required for signal warrants shall be conducted. Where necessary, intersection simulation analysis shall be performed using a microscopic simulation program that models individual vehicle flow. Optimal phasing/timing and coordination parameters shall be used in the above mentioned operational and capacity analyses. For interchanges, conceptual designs will be assessed and recommendations provided for modification. Interchange operational analyses shall be performed to assess alternative concepts once the general plans of the alternatives have been developed. Lane configurations and the required turn-lane storage shall be designated at all intersections, furthermore, lane requirements of the freeway, mainline, ramps, cross-streets and frontage roads. The designations shall be a direct result of the analyses performed and shall be incorporated into roadway and bridge design drawings.
902
SIGNALIZATION
902.01 TRAFFIC SIGNAL DESIGN Traffic signal phase and phase interval sequence diagrams shall be provided for intersections and interchange ramp terminals. The signal system design shall include the following: Signal pole locations Mast arm orientation and lengths Signal head locations on mast arms and poles Signal face types Conduits (ducts) location, including spares Local Signal Controller and Changeover Switch foundations locations
Part 2 900-1
Phasing information should be used as a guide in determining which phases and interval sequences shall be provided at a specific location. New signals should be synchronized with the existing Arterial Progression System and/or the Central Computer Control System at the Traffic Computer Center. All traffic signals and associated equipment shall be in accordance with the Standard Specifications. Any variance relating to equipment type or performance shall be approved in writing by the Abu Dhabi Municipality. 902.02 SIGNALS, POLES, AND CONTROLLERS Only mast arm signal poles as per the standard drawings shall be utilized. Combination mast arm signal and lighting poles or poles with multiple mast arms will not be used. All signal lenses shall be 30 cm including arrow lenses. All signal heads shall be pole or mast-arm mounted. Span-wire mounted signals will not be used. Pedestrian signals will normally be installed in pedestrian pylons. Where appropriate, pedestrian signals shall be installed on the traffic signal pole, on a street light pole, or on a separate 3.2 m pole. Pedestrian signals will have two signal sections with 30 cm lenses. The graphic symbols for WALK and DONT WALK shall be used. When illuminated, the DONT WALK indication (hand palm) shall be red, and the WALK indication (man walking) shall be green.
Part 2 900-2
903
TRAFFIC SURVEILLANCE
Communication system facilities shall be installed on main roads, expressways and freeways. The system will communicate traffic conditions to a central computer, which will then communicate back with the ramp signals, changeable message signs and TV cameras. Interconnections between signalized intersections surveillance facilities and the central computer will be through concrete encased, 4-way or 8-way 10 cm PVC ducts. CCTV cameras are to be located at intervals of approximately one mile. Typical camera locations will be at interchanges and at midpoint locations between interchanges. To provide for future implementation, 2 stub-outs of 10 cm diameter schedule 40 PVC conduit, 1 m long, will be extended from a pull box nearest the midpoint between interchanges. All conduit shall be securely capped and locations precisely recorded on as-built plans. The locations, numbers of ducts and foundations will be determined from the CCTV Master Plan drawings.
904
SIGNING
General - Discussion in this section is complimentary to the MUTCD and shall be used in conjunction with that document. However, policies presented in the MUTCD reflect general practices which may not always be applicable to Abu Dhabi. Where there are conflicts between
Part 2 900-3
2.
3.
Ground mounted signs are unobtrusive and can provide drivers with the essential information in most instances. They are appropriate for marking all intersections and most interchanges. Typical guide sign treatments at expressway interchanges with main roads are diagrammed in Figure 900.01 and Figure 900.02. Sign post lengths are to be calculated based upon the Standard Drawings and the roadway cross section at the sign locations. Foundations for stubs shall be flush with the ground and stub protrusions of the concrete foundation shall also conform to the Standard Drawings. Signs installed in the median are to be designed for the ultimate roadway section. 904.01.02 Overhead Mounted
Overhead signs may detract from the aesthetic appearance of the roadway and architectural treatment of bridge structures. They also limit the clearances for large trucks and their loads. As a rule, overhead signs should be used sparingly at locations where ground mounted signs cannot provide the essential directions to the motorist. Overhead guide signs are principally applicable for marking free flow traffic movements at interchanges between rural expressways where lane orientation is necessary for directing the motorist, or at locations where lateral space for ground mounted signs is not available. Overhead guide sign use should be limited to:
Part 2 900-4
Regulatory and warning signs inform drivers of traffic regulations and warn of potentially hazardous conditions. Messages are portrayed using standard international symbols. These signs are generally less than one square meter in area. Post types and lengths shall be as per Figure 900.03 and the Standard Drawings. Locations shall be per the Standard Drawings and the MUTCD. 904.03.02 Guide Signs 904.04 FINAL SIGNING PLAN REQUIREMENTS The final signing drawings should include information and details not covered by the Standard Plans or Specifications such as: Site specific sign details Sign Layout Sheets with sign dimensions, character dimensions, sign message, support type and reflective sheeting requirements. Plan sheets showing sign placement. Signing sheets may be combined with striping sheets as long as the plans are legible. Scale shall be such that all signs and markings are clearly depicted.
Guide signs direct drivers to their destinations by informing them of intersecting streets or prominent places along the route. Messages shall be shown in both Arabic and English and vary in length and height. Space for these messages require large sign faces as well as structural supports. The guide signs may be ground mounted on the side of the roadway or mounted overhead above the roadway or shoulder. Guide signs shall be placed and designed per the Standard Drawings, the Standard Specifications and the MUTCD.
Part 2 900-5
Figure 900.01 Guide Sign Treatment Interchanges With Main Roads Part 2 900-6
Figure 900.02 Guide Sign Treatment Major Junctions Between Rural Expressways
Part 2 900-7
POST TYPE A = W6x15 POST TYPE B = W10x22 POST TYPE C = W14x26 SIGN DEPTH (cm) 91,107 122,137 122,137 153,168 153,168 183,198 183,198 213,229 213,229 244,259 244,259 244,259 274,290 274,290 274,290 305,320 305,320 335,351 335,351 366,381 366,381 Note: For signs wider than 600 cm, use 3 posts. SIGN WIDTH (cm) Up to 600 Up to 500 501 to 600 Up to 400 401 to 600 Up to 350 351 to 600 Up to 250 251 to 600 Up to 200 201 to 500 501 to 600 Up to 200 201 to 400 401 to 600 Up to 350 351 to 600 Up to 350 351 to 600 Up to 300 301 to 600 POST TYPE A A B A B A B A B A B C A B C B C B C B C
Guide signs shall be designed in Arabic and English, with the Arabic message above the English translation. To size the signs, the actual width of the Arabic and English messages must be determined. 904.05.02 The Arabic Alphabet
The first letter in the Arabic alphabet is aleph which is a simple downstroke. For the purposes of the Standard Script, aleph is used to proportion the height of the letters. In developing the Standard Script, it has been determined that an aleph height of 30 cm generally corresponds to signing on freeways, while an aleph height of 24 cm corresponds to signing on arterial roads. Figure 900.05 provides spacing criteria for Guide Sign design. Figures 900.06 through 900.17 are template guides for Arabic letters and numerals. When designing guide signs for all Abu Dhabi roadway projects, signs to be read from freeways and expressways will have 30 cm (aleph height) Arabic lettering and 27 cm English lettering. Signs to be read from ramps and main roads will have 24 cm (aleph height) Arabic lettering and 20 cm English lettering. 904.05.03 Use of the Standard Arabic Script
After computing the preliminary sign width (message width, arrow width, and offsets) it shall be rounded to the nearest 5 cm to get the final sign width. Changes to the adjustable base dimensions most likely will have to be made to achieve this. Sign faces shall be detailed as per the theoretical height dimensions for a particular sign. Small variations in the spacing between the legend and the border can be used to increase or decrease the overall sign height to an even 50mm increment. However, any reduction shall be limited to 90% of the original spacing. Changes made to achieve the recommended height and width shall be spread as evenly as possible over the appropriate adjustable dimensions. If the preliminary sign height or width is a halfway between two recommended sign heights or widths, always round to the higher size. Center the smaller lettering with the center of the wider lettering.
The shape of each letter and number in the Standard Script is shown on a five-millimeter grid in Figures 900.06 through 900.17. To get the actual width of a word on the guide sign, find the width of each letter shape in the Standard Script. Then multiply that width by the proportion of the aleph height in the final guide sign to the aleph height shown in the Script. Finally, add the width of each letter shape, taking into account the spacing rules for unconnected letters to obtain the total message width. Arabic lettering is aligned on a baseline, just as in English. The location of the baseline for each letter is indicated by an arrow (V) adjacent to that letter in the Standard Script. Some letters extend
Part 2 900-10
Proportion:
24 cm = 4.8 5 cm page 6; connected on left: Page 3; connected on right from Table A, 1-1/2 squares: page 5; unconnected: from Table A, overlap by 1-1/2 squares: page 9; end of word: 6 squares: page 3; unconnected: from Table A, 1-1/2 squares: page 11; connected on left: page 10; connected both sides: page 12; connected on right: from Table A, no space: page 5, unconnected: from Table A, overlap by 2 squares: page 11, connected on left: page 12, connected both sides: page 6, end of word: 55 mm x 4.8 10 mm x 4.8 7.5 mm x 4.8 30 mm x 4.8 7.5 mm x 4.8 53 mm x 4.8 30mm x 4.8 8 mm x 4.8 7.5 mm x 4.8 22 mm x 4.8 50mm x 4.8 45mm x 4.8 30mm x 4.8 -10 mm x 4.8 22 mm x 4.8 27 mm x 4.8 80 mm x 4.8 = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 26.40 cm 4.80 cm 3.60 cm 14.40 cm -3.60 cm 25.44 cm 14.40 cm 3.84 cm 3.60 cm 10.56 cm 24.00 cm 21.60 cm 0.00 cm 14.40 cm -4.80 cm 10.56 cm 12.96 cm 38.40 cm 220.56 cm
First letter: Second letter: Space: Third letter: Space: Fourth letter: Space between words: First letter: Space: Second letter: Third letter: Fourth letter: Space: Fifth letter: Space: sixth letter: Seventh letter: Eighth letter:
For multiple message guide signs, the rules and base dimensions for a single message guide shall apply, with a few additions and exceptions. Guide sign width shall be determined by the widest message (message width, arrow width and offsets), measured as if it was a single message guide sign. To achieve a recommended height, changes in he adjustable dimensions should be spread as evenly as possible throughout all messages. The multiple sign should be shown with a similar dimensional breakdown as the single message sign (Example 900-02). The following paragraphs provide guides for use with messages containing arrows. Separate guide arrows for each message: The smaller message shall not be centered with the larger message, but placed with the same offsets from the guide arrow side of the sign as if they were a single message sign. A single white stripe of 3 cm or 5 cm shall be placed between all messages that use separate guide arrows. English and Arabic lettering shall be offset from this line as from the border stripes in a single message guide sign. It is preferable to place the guide arrows on opposite sides of the guide sign.
Separate guide arrows for each message (multiple messages): The smaller messages shall not be centered with largest message, but placed with the same offsets from the guide arrow side of the sign as if they were a single message sign. A single white stripe of 3 or 5 cm shall be placed between all messages that use separate guide arrows. English and Arabic lettering shall be offset from this line as from the border stripes in a single message guide sign. It is preferable to place the guide arrows on opposite sides of the guide sign.
Same guide arrow for multiple messages: These multiple messages shall be centered with the center of the largest message. The dimension between two messages shall be the same as between the Arabic lettering and the upper border stripe on a single message guide sign. The guide arrow shall be vertically centered. It will also be horizontally offset from the largest message as in a single message sign.
Part 2 900-12
24 cm A B* C D E F* G* H* J K 3 20 20 (See Note A) 24 24 35 30
30 cm 5 27 27 30 30 40 40
(A) 10 cm + largest distance an Arabic letter in the message goes below the baseline. (B) From the edge of the wider message, Arabic or English. (C) See Standard Drawings for arrow dimensions. (D) (Height of sign - arrow height) * 2, use whole numbers.
These dimensions may be adjusted to comply with recommended heights and widths.
Part 2 900-14
Part 2 900-15
Part 2 900-16
905.02.01
In urban areas, markings separating traffic lanes in the same direction shall be comprised of type CR and type NR pavement markers spaced as shown on the Standard Drawings. Markings separating exclusive turning lanes from through traffic lanes shall be type NR pavement markers spaced as shown on the Standard Drawings from the stop bar to the end of the taper. In instances where two parallel and adjacent longitudinal lines are placed, they shall be 10 cm apart. For lane marking standards not shown in the Standard Drawings see Figure 900.18.
905
PAVEMENT MARKINGS
905.01 GENERAL Pavement markings shall be used for regulating, warning, and guiding road users. Discussion in this section is complimentary to the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) and shall be used in conjunction with that document. However, policies presenting in the MUTCD
Part 2 900-29
Pavement edges shall be marked only when there is no curb. The marking shall be a 10 cm wide continuous white line on the outside edge and a yellow line on the inside edge with corresponding type CR or YR pavement markings at 16.0 m intervals as shown on the Standard Drawings. 905.02.06 Parking Space Markings
Parking space markings shall be used wherever parking is allowed. They shall be 10 cm wide solid lines showing the borders of each parking space. 905.02.07 Pavement Symbols (Arrows and Letters)
Arrows shall be used, as necessary, to indicate the types of movements, that can be made from the lanes where arrows are placed. They shall be solid, elongated, and 5.0 m long. The shape shall be as specified by international standards. Letters, whenever used, shall be solid, elongated, and 3.0 m long. The shape shall be as specified by international standards. Letter messages shall be both in Arabic and English.
Stop line markings shall be continuous from curb to curb and shall be 30 cm wide as shown on the standard drawings. 905.02.03 Pedestrian Crossing Markings
906
MAINTENANCE OF TRAFFIC
Pedestrian crossings shall be marked by longitudinal stripes through the width of the pedestrian crossing which shall be 4.0 m. Stripes shall be 50 cm wide, with a 50 cm gap between adjacent stripes. The distance between the upstream edge of the pedestrian crossing and the beginning of the adjacent stop line shall be 1.0 m. 905.02.04 Channelization Markings
During Construction, existing traffic flow will be maintained on paved, lighted detour roads. In general, detours will have two through lanes in each direction. 906.01 CONSTRUCTION STAGING Construction will be staged so as to avoid disruption of traffic flow as much as possible. When required and possible, pedestrian movements will be maintained by temporary sidewalks. Temporary pavement shall be used for all detours. Temporary lighting shall be provided during all stages of construction, including temporary detours.
All channelization markings, except those mentioned above, shall be 20 cm wide solid lines. Dead areas created by channelization will have chevrons which shall be comprised of 20 cm continuous line.
Part 2 900-30
A work phase plan shall be established by construction phases or sequence, indicating the duration of each phase or sequence. The plan shall include but not be limited to: maintenance of traffic circulation during construction, traffic control methods that need to be implemented, construction detours, Work areas per stage, temporary barrier locations and details, temporary signing and striping locations and details, temporary construction quantities.
Part 2 900-31
lighting enhances traffic safety through high visibility, the need for fewer poles, and greater flexibility in their location. Arterials and Frontage Roads Arterials serve moderately high volumes of traffic at lower speeds than freeways and expressways. Although their primary function is to move and maintain uninterrupted traffic flow, they frequently have busy at-grade intersections requiring traffic control devices. These at-grade intersections require greater visibility for traffic signals, signs and the resulting crossing and turning conflicts. Also, increased commercial development along arterials means increased pedestrian movements and possibly the need to accommodate public transportation (taxicabs and buses). Adequate lighting for pedestrian movements and public transportations frequent stopping, loading and unloading of passengers is vital to safety along arterials. Arterial lighting must also blend with commercial development lighting to avoid combinations which detract from the overall lighting or result in poor visibility. Sector Roads A sector roads primary function is to provide direct access to adjacent properties. Although traffic speed is low, traffic volume can be heavy and frequently interrupted especially in residential and commercially developed areas. Because of increased access to commercial and private property, sector roads, compared to arterials, must accommodate an even heavier volume of pedestrian movement. Lighting considerations are much the same as for arterials. Intersections and Pedestrian Crossings Lighting intersection and pedestrian crossings is of particular concern and must be adequate for traffic and pedestrian security, as well as meeting environmental objectives. If necessary for traffic safety, pedestrian security, or to enhance appearance, the lighting color should be varied to define the various elements more clearly. Generally, the illumination level at an intersection of two at-grade roadways is the sum of the illumination of the two roadways.
The main function of roadway lighting is to improve driver visibility. A well illuminated roadway increases safety by allowing drivers to identify potential hazards or conflicts. Well designed lighting allows the driver to quickly recognize roadway features such as alignment, delineation, intersections, ramps, traffic signs, traffic signals, and pedestrian crossings. The improved driving environment in turn improves traffic operations, capacity and safety. Lighting continuity is recommended for esthetic and functional reasons. Lighting continuity helps drivers identify roadway facilities and acts as a unifying design element. Lighting design responsibility generally encompasses entire roadways within the project limits. However, at the time of concept planning, the design responsibility may be reduced or expanded by the Municipality. The designer should consult the Road Section as to any variation in the design requirements. 1001.02 LIGHTING DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Freeways and Expressways Because freeways and expressways are wide and have higher traffic speeds, general street lighting requirements are inadequate for freeway and expressway lighting. High lumen lamps in conjunction with high mast poles are used to illuminate large roadway areas and reduce glare. Interchanges High mast lighting is ideal for illuminating interchanges and other large areas, because the illumination pattern is not confined to the basic driving lanes. High mast lights illuminate the entire interchange, creating the same overall view of the area as that perceived in daylight. High mast poles can be installed in suitably wide medians on multiple-lane roadways. This type of
Part 2 1000-1
Roadway
Freeways & Expressways Interchanges Main Roads/ Arterials Sector Roads /Ramps Crosswalks Ramp Terminals &Traffic Conflict Areas Parking Areas
Table 1000.01 Illumination Requirements Minimum Uniformity Light Lantern Illumination Ratio Source (Lux) 22 2:1 HPS Cut-off Type III 22 22 15* 33 40** 2:1 2:1 3:1 2:1 2:1 HPS HPS or MH HPS or MH HPS or MH Match Road HPS, or MH HPS Cut-off Type V Rectilinear, Sharp Cut-off Rectilinear, Sharp Cut-off Rectilinear, Sharp Cut-off Cut-off Type
Pole Height (m) 30.5 30.5 *** 14 10 *** 10-14 30.5 *** or 14 10 4.6
15
3:1 3:1
Sidewalks Away 10* From Road HPS - High Pressure Sodium MH - Metal Halide
Notes: 1. Lamps for sign lighting should be a different color from roadway. Mercury vapor lamps for sign lights will provide good contrast and easy differentiation from high pressure sodium roadway lighting. 2. Recommended illumination level indictates the minimum allowable. Individual designs shall specify lighting levels as advised by the Municipality/WED at the design phase. * ** *** On high volume roads, lighting will be upgraded to suit conditions. Areas of traffic conflict would have high levels of illumination equal to the sum of values recommended for each of the intersecting roads. Use high mast with HPS on ramps wherever possible.
Rural Lighting Rural roadway lighting is generally warranted only at decision points such as interchanges or intersections. However, accident records should be examined to determine if poor visibility was a recurring factor. Continuous lighting on rural roadways may be considered early in the design process.
1001.03
ILLUMINATION REQUIREMENTS
Table 1000.01 summarizes the illumination requirements for various roadways. Illumination Illumination levels stated in Table 1000.01 represent the lowest average maintained levels considered appropriate for each kind of roadway or walkway in the various areas. Illumination
Part 2 1000-2
The function of light sources in parking areas is to give an overall view of the parking area and provide a measure of security. Lighting is also critical for vehicle maneuvers such as backing. 1002.02 ILLUMINATION REQUIREMENTS
Light source shall be high pressure sodium or metal halide selected to blend with the surroundings per Table 1000.01.
Part 2 1000-3
Ten meter high poles shall be used for all parking lot areas. Lantern configuration and light distribution shall be selected to suit the parking area geometry. 1002.04 LANTERN SELECTION
These items provide required electrical connections and controls to all roadway lighting, decorative lighting and street furniture lighting items (i.e. bus shelters, telephone booths and sidewalk lights). 1004.02 LIGHTING CONTROLLER REQUIREMENTS
Sidewalk lighting provides visually pleasant and decorative illumination to sidewalks adjacent to buildings, to buildings themselves and to the other pedestrian walkways. 1003.02 ILLUMINATION REQUIREMENTS
Light source will be high pressure sodium per Table 1000.01 unless otherwise directed by the Municipality. Sidewalk lights will be provided only for the areas specifically advised by the Municipality. 1003.03 LANTERN MOUNTING HEIGHT
Control cabinets should be located in the median where feasible. The maximum voltage drop in the outgoing circuits beginning at the control cabinet shall be four percent. Branching of underground cable circuits from all lighting units except 4.6 m poles will be allowed. There shall not be any intermediate joints in the lighting cable circuitry except the terminations in the lighting units or in the junction boxes.
Sidewalk light poles shall generally be 4.6 meters high with 2-100 watt high pressure sodium lanterns. However, special pole heights and lantern types may be required to meet special situations. The Project Design Manager should consult the Municipality as to the exact nature of the requirements at the time of concept planning. 1003.04 LANTERN SELECTION
Ornamental lighting of proper height for the pedestrian is proposed for sidewalks along buildings and in parks and landscaped areas. Low-level ground lights would be used to illuminate vegetation.
Part 2 1000-4
Part 2 1000-5
The Agricultural Section will determine if a reservoir is required on a project. They will, also determine its location and size. However, final approval for including this work in a project must come from the Road Section. 1102.01 IRRIGATION DUCTS
All irrigation facility crossings of all roadways shall be accommodated within a duct. Duct details are included on the Miscellaneous Utility Detail Standard Drawings. Duct crossings should be located within allocated service reservation corridors. Guidelines for providing the irrigation ducts and appurtenances are: 1. Ducts for irrigation lines may be Glass Reinforced Plastic (GRP) or Polyvinylchloride (PVC) pipe conforming to the Standard Specifications. 2. Generally, ducts will be provided under the roadway at intersection crossings. Additional contingency ducts shall be located at spacing of approximately 250 to 300 meters between interchanges. Specific contingency duct requirements for each project must be coordinated with the Agriculture Department. Ducts under the roadway pavement must be aligned with each other in the median, both horizontally and vertically. 3. Ducts should normally have one meter of cover, however, one-half meter of cover is acceptable where positioning is due to conflicts with existing or proposed utilities. In superelevated sections, the ducts should have approximately the same degree of cross slope as the highway. All ducts should have a nominal (1%) slope for drainage. 4. The end of ducts must extend 0.5 meters (minimum) past back face of curbs or sidewalks when in curbed situations. 5. The end of the ducts should extend into the verge area in an un-curbed condition. The intent is to maintain the cover from the
1102 IRRIGATION
It may be required to design an irrigation reservoir with electrical and water services. In general, it will include the reservoir, pump-house structure and the incoming services, but will not include the interior piping, wiring or pumping systems.
Part 2 1100-1
1103 FENCING
The Designer and Abu Dhabi Road Section shall review fence requirements on a project specific basis.
Details of street furniture have been designed and shown on the Standard Street Furniture Detail drawings and in the Standard Specifications. These details do not have to be revised from one contract to the other unless there is a projectspecific requirement. 1106.03 BENCHES
Benches provide resting facilities for pedestrians, much needed in Abu Dhabi in view of the warm climate. There are three types of benches designed for the Abu Dhabi Roadway Section projects, Type A, Type B and Type C. 1106.03.01 Type A bench This type of bench is comprised of two precast concrete ends and wood slats (over aluminum tubes), and does not have a backrest. The Type A bench is always used in combination with the Type B bench, except when it is used at taxi stops. 1106.03.02 Type B bench This type of bench includes a back rest, a planter and a waste receptacle. Basic elements of the bench itself are the same as the Type A bench,
Street furniture to be provided as part of the Abu Dhabi Roadway Section projects includes benches, bus shelters, telephone booths and sidewalk lighting. The purpose is to provide pedestrian amenities and to enhance the urban environment with street furniture that has a
Part 2 1100-2
Foundations for telephone booths will be provided in road projects, the telephone booth and operating equipment are the responsibility of Etisalat. Etisalat determines locations and quantity of telephone booths to be included in each Contract as approved by the Road Section.
Bus shelters are placed on bus stop sidewalks to provide shade and seating for bus passengers.
Part 2 1100-3
AASHTOAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges, 15th Edition -1992, including all Interim Specifications to date. ApprovalApproval as obtained from the Abu Dhabi Roads Section Project Manager. Drainage ReportThe Drainage Report as produced by the Bridge Drainage Section or, when applicable, by a consultant. Geotechnical ReportThe Geotechnical Report including the Foundation Design Report as produced by the Geotechnical Section or by a consultant. Special ProvisionsThe Special Provisions to the Standard Project Specifications as specifically written for each individual project. Standard SpecificationsThe Standard Project Specifications AASHTO Specifications for Structural SupportsThe AASHTO Standard Specifications for Structural Supports for Highway Signs, Luminaries and Traffic Signals, latest Edition. 101.03 BRIDGE TYPES
GENERAL
PURPOSE
The purpose of this section is to provide Bridge Design Criteria in order to establish a uniform project design and construction policy that will aid the Consultant in the preparation of final design, plans and specifications, and insure safe and uniform structural capacity throughout the project. Structures shall be designed in accordance with the latest edition, including revisions, of the Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges published by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) and the Structural Design Standards included herewith in Part 3 of this Roadway Design Manual. The design shall be based on the latest edition of the AASHTO specifications as existing on the date of the design contract. The Structural Design Standards presented hereunder shall govern over the AASHTO Specifications wherever the are At Variance With or In Addition To the AASHTO Specifications. These criteria set forth minimum standards. The Consultant may propose more conservative criteria if, in his judgment, such criteria are required. However, all deviations from the criteria must be justified and receive prior approval from the Abu Dhabi Roads Section Project Manager. 101.02 DEFINITIONS
Bridge DefinitionA Bridge is defined as a structure including supports erected over a depression or an obstruction, as water, highway or railway and having a track or passageway for carrying traffic or other moving loads and having an opening measured along the center of the roadway of more than 6.00 meters between undercopings of abutments or springlines of arches or extreme ends of openings for multiple boxes; it may include multiple pipes, where the clear distance between openings is less than half of the smaller contiguous opening. BridgeThe term bridge is usually reserved for structures over water courses or canyons. OverpassA structure carrying the principal route over a highway street or railroad.
The following definitions and abbreviations are provided to clarify usage of terms and to avoid the need for excessive verbiage.
Part 3 100-1
The design vertical clearance to structures passing over Freeways, Highways and all Rural and Urban Arterials shall be at least 6.00 meters over the entire roadway width, including auxiliary lanes and shoulders. An allowance of 150 millimeters is included to accommodate future resurfacing. This allowance may be waived if the roadway under the structure is surfaced with portland cement concrete. The design vertical clearance to structures passing over all other highways and streets shall be at least 5.50 meters over the entire roadway width, including auxiliary lanes and shoulders. An allowance of 150 millimeters is included to accommodate future resurfacing. This allowance may be waived if the roadway under the structure is surfaced with portland cement concrete. Certain routes have been designated as truck routes. On these routes, larger vertical clearance must be maintained. For future projects, these routes will be identified by the Abu Dhabi Roads Section Project Manager during the concept stage. 102.03.02 Pedestrian Overpasses
102
102.01
DESIGN FEATURES
GENERAL
The general features of design shall be as specified in Section 2 of AASHTO except as clarified or modified in this manual. 102.02 DESIGN METHODS
ALL BRIDGE MEMBERS ARE TO BE DESIGNED IN ACCORDANCE WITH AASHTO AND THE REQUIREMENTS OF THIS MANUAL. (Other standards may be allowed with Department approval.) 102.03 VERTICAL CLEARANCE AT STRUCTURES (AASHTO 2.2.3)
Because of their lesser resistance to impacts, the minimum design vertical clearance to pedestrian overpasses shall be 6.00 meters regardless of the highway system classification. An allowance of 150 millimeters is included to accommodate future resurfacing. 102.03.03 Railroad Overpasses
The following are minimum vertical clearance standards for highway traffic structures, pedestrian overpasses, railroad overpasses, tunnels and sign structures. Lesser clearances may be used only under very restrictive conditions, upon individual analysis and with the approval of the Abu Dhabi Roads Section Project Manager.
Structures over railways shall provide a minimum clearance of 7.00 meters above top of rail, except that overhead clearance greater than 7.00 meters may be approved when justified on the basis of railroad electrification. No additional allowance shall be provided for future track adjustments.
Part 3 100-2
The minimum design vertical clearance for tunnels shall be at least 6.00 meters for freeways and arterials and at least 5.50 meters for all other highways and streets. 102.03.05 Sign Structures
Because of their lesser resistance to impacts, the minimum design vertical clearance to sign structures shall be 6.00 meters regardless of the highway system classification. An allowance of 150 millimeters is included to accommodate future resurfacing. 102.03.06 Width (AASHTO 2.3.1)
Concrete approach slabs shall be used on all structures. Approach slabs serve a dual purpose of providing a transition structure from the bridge to the approach roadway should the roadway embankment settle and of eliminating the live load surcharge of the abutment backwall when the conditions specified in AASHTO 3.20.4 are satisfied. Approach slabs are to be designed using the Service Load Design Method and shall cover the entire roadway width including the shoulders, from wingwall to wingwall. 102.07 ANCHOR SLABS
The horizontal clear width for rural bridges where approach guardrail is used shall provide an additional width on each side of the approach roadway width to allow the bridge rail to line up with the approach guardrail. The horizontal clear width for urban bridges, in which curb and gutter and/or sidewalks are used, shall equal the approach roadway width. 102.04 RAILINGS (AASHTO 2.7)
When approach roadways are paved with portland cement concrete pavement (PCCP), adequate means shall be provided to prevent pavement growth from causing damage to the bridge. Use of a properly designed anchor slab is one means of providing such protection 102.08 DECK DRAINAGE
In general, concrete barrier should be used as a vehicular railing. For situations requiring a different barrier type, only FHWA crash test approved bridge rails are allowable alternatives. Bridge rails shall be constructed vertical. Concrete barriers shall not be slipformed. For cast-in-place, post-tensioned concrete bridges, barriers shall be cast after post-tensioning and may be cast before falsework removal. 102.05 CONCRETE BARRIER TRANSITIONS
On grade separation structures, roadway drains shall not discharge water onto unprotected embankment slopes or within five meters of the traveled roadway below, nor shall drains be located less than 1.5 meters from the centerlines of abutments or piers. In urban areas collection of deck drainage in a pipe system may be required, with down drains in or on pier columns discharging into storm drainage collector systems. Consideration should always be given to provide collector drains and discharge systems on the approach roadway gutter rather than on the bridge. For bridges with sidewalks, expansion joints shall be turned up at the curb line to prevent roadway water from entering sidewalk areas. Appropriate means shall be taken to ensure that sidewalk drainage does not pond and that the water does not escape around the wing walls and erode the embankment. For deck drainage design criteria, refer to the ROADWAY DESIGN MANUAL - Drainage.
Transitions from bridge concrete barrier to approach guardrail should, when practical, be located on the bridge, approach slab or wingwalls.
Part 3 100-3
Wing walls shall extend 1.50 meters beyond the catch point, where catch point is defined as the intersection of the fill slope in front of the abutment with the finished approach grade at the outside face of the wing wall. The bottom of the wing walls shall be embedded a minimum of 1 meter into the approach fill at the end of the wing walls. 102.10 LIGHTING
Maximum flexural crack width at the tensile face of a reinforced concrete section shall not exceed 0.25mm for normal conditions of exposure and 0.20mm for marine and unfavorable conditions of exposure (such as alternate wetting and drying, humid atmosphere, direct contact with soil, etc.). The allowable crack width can be increased by 25% under earthquake/wind/temporary construction conditions. 102.13 CORROSION PROTECTION (AASHTO 8.22)
Consideration shall be given to special lighting above and below the structure. This lighting shall serve as ornamental lighting to enhance the aesthetics and also to enhance safety. This lighting is in additional to the normal roadway lighting. Refer to the lighting section of this manual for roadway lighting criteria. Coordination of all structure lighting with existing and/or planned lighting of connecting and adjacent roads must be considered. 102.11 BRIDGE DECK ELEVATIONS
Due to the adverse corrosive environment, all reinforced concrete structures shall use epoxy coated rebar unless otherwise directed by the Project Manager.
103
ARCHITECTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
PROCEDURE
103.01
The project design group shall prepare either computer plotted contours at 0.1 meter intervals at a 1:50 scale or tabulate elevations at 3.0 meter intervals along the profile grade line, with additional elevation points on each perpendicular (radial) such that the bridge can be completely covered with 0.1 meter contours. The number of elevation points on each perpendicular must be such that the lowest, or the highest, point is outside the bridge for use by the construction supervision staff to help check the contractors geometric layout.
Following the approval of the civil and basic structural concepts for an interchange, including configuration, alignment, profile and pier locations, the Project Design Manager will meet with the Structural, Architectural, and Graphics Design Managers to develop basic alternatives and set architectural design parameters. Environmental constraints and influences will be established. The Concept Design Team will determine the number of structural concepts and architectural options to be studied. The purpose of these studies will be do develop applicable concepts and options in the form of presentation displays, to be used as a basis for the Abu Dhabi Roads Section review and decision making. The approved displays are submitted to the Abu Dhabi Roads Section for review and selection of the desired alternative. The approved scheme the will progress to the preliminary and final design phases.
Part 3 100-4
Every effort should be made in the treatment of structures to respect the Islamic design and culture. Design concepts should be easily implemented. Construction considerations are also taken into account in the architectural treatment concepts. Architectural elements should be functional, durable and easily maintained. Each structure should have individuality; however, a totally different design is not required for each structure. It is desirable to maintain a sense of continuity throughout the whole program. Architectural treatment should be continuous through an interchange. In the downtown area, underpasses spanning a given roadway should have similar treatment to establish continuity. Decorative and median lighting should be similar on overpasses along a given route.
Part 3 100-5
201.06
STRUCTURE LOADINGS
LOAD TYPES
GENERAL
Loads shall be as specified in Section 3 of AASHTO except as clarified or modified in this manual. 201.02 DEAD LOADS (AASHTO 3.3.1)
Utility loads shall be included as applicable. 201.07 201.03 FUTURE WEARING SURFACE (AASHTO 3.3.3)
All new structures shall be designed to carry an additional dead load of 120 kg/m2 from curb to curb of roadway to allow for a future wearing surface. This load is in addition to any wearing surface which may be applied at the time of construction. The weight of the future wearing surface shall be excluded from the dead load for deflection calculations. 201.04 WEARING SURFACE (AASHTO 3.3.5)
Friction forces due to elastomeric bearing pads or TFE surfaces shall be based on the Manufacturers data for the bearing used. 201.08 THERMAL FORCES (AASHTO 3.16)
1. Temperature Range: 70C. 2. Temperature Fall: 30C to 0C = 30C. 3. Temperature Rise: 30C to 70C = 40C. 4. The temperature gradient between the top
slab and bottom slab of concrete box girder bridges is 20C. 201.09 STREAM FORCES (AASHTO 3.18.1)
The top 15 millimeters of the deck shall be considered as a wearing surface. The weight of the wearing surface shall be included in the dead load but the 15 millimeter shall not be included in the depth of the structural section for all strength calculations including the deck, superstructure and the pier cap, where appropriate. 201.05 HIGHWAY LOADS (AASHTO 3.7.1.1)
P Loads (permit design live loads) are special vehicular loads that will be applied only to specific structures, such as interchange ramps, and at the direction of the Abu Dhabi Roads Section.
A Drainage Report shall be produced by Bridge Drainage Section or a consultant, when appropriate, for all stream and/or channel crossings. The designer should review the Drainage Report for a full understanding of waterway considerations. The report should contain as a minimum, the following information for both the critical flow and superflood conditions: High water elevation Mean Velocity Scour Elevations (General and Local) Angle of attack Required bank protection Special drainage considerations Horizontal and Vertical Clearances
Part 3 200-1
For design for the most critical flow and the superflood condition, the following criteria shall be used unless more severe criteria is recommended in the Drainage Report. Design calculations of stream forces on piers over natural water courses shall assume a 0.6 meter increase in pier width per side due to blockage by debris with a shape factor k = 1.40 for the first 3.5 meters of depth. For flows with depths greater than 3.5 meters, only the top 3.5 meters shall be assumed blocked by debris with lower sections using the actual pier width and a shape factor in accordance with AASHTO. For uncased drilled shafts, a 20% increase in diameter should be assumed to account for possible oversizing of the hole and any irregular shape. The force distribution on the pier shall be assumed to vary linearly from the value at the water surface to zero at the bottom of the scour hole as described in AASHTO. When the clear distance between columns or shafts is 5.00 meters or greater, each column or shaft shall be treated as an independent unit for stream forces and debris. When the clear distance is less than 5.00 meters the greater of the two following criteria shall be used: 1) Each column or shaft acting as an independent unit or 2) All columns or shafts acting as one totally clogged unit with 0.6 meters of debris normal to the flow added on each end. The average main channel velocity for the appropriate flow condition shall be used in calculating the stream forces. The water surface elevation shall be the high water elevation for the appropriate flow condition. A minimum angle of attack of 15 degrees shall be assumed. Scour may be categorized into two main types: general and local. General scour is the permanent loss of soil due to degradation or mining while local scour is the temporary loss of soil during a peak flow. Local scour may consist of two types: contraction scour and local pier or abutment scour. Contraction scour occurs uniformly across
Part 3 200-2
201.10
Roads Section Project Manager, a minimum differential settlement of 25mm may be used in the design. Differential settlement, if required, shall be considered the same as temperature and shrinkage forces and included in Group IV, V and VI load combinations. 201.12 EARTHQUAKES (AASHTO 3.21)
For backfills compacted in conformance with the Standard Specifications, active pressure for unrestrained walls should be calculated using an internal angle of friction of 33 degrees unless recommended otherwise in the Geotechnical Report. 201.11 DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT (AASHTO 3.3.2.1)
Differential settlement shall be considered in the design when indicated in the Geotechnical Report. The Geotechnical Report should provide the magnitude of differential settlement to be used in the design. If not addressed in the Geotechnical Report, and at the direction of the
Earthquake criteria will only be considered in the design process at the direction of the Road Section Project Manager. If so directed, reference is made to AASHTO Division 1-A.
Part 3 200-3
Loads shall be distributed as specified in Section 3 of AASHTO except as clarified or modified in this manual. 202.01 SUPERIMPOSED DEADLOAD DISTRIBUTION (AASHTO 3.23.2.3.1.1)
The weight of curbs, barriers and sidewalks for an I-Girder bridge with composite concrete deck shall be distributed as follows:
In calculating the number of lanes of live load on the superstructure, the entire cross section of the superstructure shall be considered as one unit with the number of lanes of live load equal to the out-to-out width of the deck in meters divided by 4.27. Do not reduce this number for multiple lanes as specified in AASHTO 3.12.1 nor round to a whole number as specified in AASHTO 3.6.3. 202.03 PRESTRESSED VOIDED SLABS (AASHTO 3.23.4.3)
The equations for distribution of live load contained in the Fifteenth Edition (1992) including the 1993 and 1994 Interims shall not be used. The new distribution factors in the latest edition, initially changed in the Fourteenth Edition (1989), are based on tests on T-beams and are not deemed appropriate for voided slabs or box beams. Instead, the equations in the Thirteenth Edition (1983) as repeated below shall be used to distribute live loads:
202.04
The equations for distribution of live load contained in the Fifteenth Edition (1992) including the 1993 and 1994 Interims, shall not be used. Refer to Distribution of Loads in Section 202.02 of this manual for criteria on distribution of loads.
Part 3 200-4
2. (Beta) Factor In designing the superstructure, the live load distribution factors shall not be reduced for multiple lanes as specified in AASHTO 3.12.1 or rounded to a whole number as specified in AASHTO 3.6.3. These two reductions apply to substructure design only. The second factor, (beta), is a measure of the accuracy with which we can predict various kinds of loads. It also reflects the probability of one loads simultaneous application with others in a combination. It applies separately, with different magnitudes, to different loads in a combination. For example, it is usually 1.0 for dead load. It varies from 1.0 to 1.67 for live loads and impact. Due regard has been given to sign in assigning values to beta factors, as one type of loading may produce effects of opposite sense to that produced by another type. The load combinations with D=0.75 are specifically included for the case where a higher dead load reduces the effects of other loads.
203
LOAD FACTORS
An essential feature of Load Factor Design (LFD) requires raw design loads or related internal moments and forces to be modified by specified load factors (, gamma and , beta), and computed material strengths to be reduced by specified reduction factor (, phi). These are safety factors which ensure certain margins for variation. The three different kinds of factors are each set up for a distinct purpose, each independent of the other two. In this way, any one of them may be refined in the future without disturbing the other two.
Part 3 200-5
Part 3 200-6
301.03
Reinforced concrete design criteria shall be as specified in Section 8 of AASHTO except as clarified or modified in this manual. 301.01 CONCRETE (AASHTO 8.2)
In accordance with the applicable provisions of AASHTO, the Strength Design Method (LFD) shall be used for the design of all reinforced concrete members except where such members are to be below grade or intended for water retention, then the Service Load Design Method shall be used. 301.04 REINFORCEMENT (AASHTO 8.15.2.2)
Concrete for highway structures shall have the following minimum cylinder strengths, unless otherwise directed by the Project Manager: Decks except barriers Abutments Piers except footings Drilled Shafts All other f c = 280 kg/cm2 f c = 210 kg/cm2 f c = 280 kg/cm2 f c = 280 kg/cm2 f c = 210 kg/cm2
Concrete shall be reinforced only with fusion bonded epoxy coated reinforcement steel conforming to AASHTO M 31M (ASTM A615M) Grade 400 as follows:
Deformed Round Steel Bar Reinforcement, AASHTO M 31M Grade 400 fy = 4 080 kg/cm2 fu = 6 120 kg/cm2 fs = 1 680 kg/cm2 T or C in beams Es = 2 039 470 kg/cm2
Class K 250 Concrete Design Parameters f c = 210 kg/cm2 fc = 80 kg/cm2 Ec = 220 000 kg/cm2
Spiral Reinforcement and Welded Wire Fabric Steel Bars used as Spirals, AASHTO M 31M Grade 400 Steel Wire used as Spirals, AASHTO M 32 Welded Wire Fabric used as reinforcement in concrete and mortar, AASHTO M 55
Class K 335 Concrete Design Parameters f c = 280 kg/cm2 fc = 110 kg/cm2 Ec = 255 000 kg/cm2
Class K 415 Concrete Design Parameters f c = 350 kg/cm2 fc = 140 kg/cm2 Ec = 283 000 kg/cm2
302
SLAB DESIGN
301.02
Slabs shall be designed in accordance with the criteria specified in Section 3 of AASHTO except as clarified or modified below. All reinforcing bars are to be epoxy coated bars. All reinforcing bars shall be straight bars top and bottom. The use of truss bars will not be permitted.
Reinforced concrete box girder diaphragm criteria shall be the same as for post-tensioned box girders as specified under Diaphragms in Section 402.06 of this manual.
Part 3 300-1
Use of steel stay-in-place forms should be considered during design for steel girder or precast girder bridges for special conditions only. Some circumstances which warrant such investigation include: bridges over heavily traveled roads, bridges over live streams and bridges over deep canyons. A discussion on their use shall be made in the Design Concept Report. If use of steel stay-in-place forms is not recommended during design, they will not be allowed during construction due to the extra dead load. Contractor requests for usage during construction will not be approved. 302.01 SPAN LENGTHS (AASHTO 3.24.1.2)
The minimum clearance for top reinforcing in new decks shall be 50 millimeters with 50 millimeter Asphaltic wearing surface and the minimum specified concrete strength (f c) shall be 280 kg/cm2. 302.04 DISTRIBUTION METHOD (AASHTO 3.24.3)
Use the AASHTO method for load distribution on slabs except for unusual loads or unusual structures such as single cell boxes. 302.05 RAILING LOADS (AASHTO 3.24.5.2)
The deck slab span length for AASHTO girders shall be the clear distance between the top flanges plus one-half the flange width. 302.02 SLAB THICKNESS (AASHTO 8.11.1)
When barriers are located at the deck edge, the deck shall be designed to resist both the axial force and the bending moments due to all dead loads and horizontal rail load or due to all dead loads plus vertical wheel loads, whichever is critical.
The thickness of new deck slabs shall be designed in 10 millimeter increments with the minimum thickness as shown below, unless otherwise directed by the Project Manager. Slab Thickness S(m) Up to 1.801 to 2.101 to 2.401 to 2.701 to 3.001 to 3.301 to 3.601 to 1.800 2.100 2.400 2.700 3.000 3.300 3.600 3.900
Where S = Design span as defined in AASHTO 3.24.1 and above. t = Minimum thickness of deck slab.
Part 3 300-2
401.02
DESIGN CRITERIA
GENERAL
The maximum allowable tensile stresses in a precompressed tensile zone at service load after losses have occurred shall be in accordance with AASHTO except as modified below: Tension Load Condition Stress Girder DL + Prestress Total Service Load
Prestressed design criteria shall be as specified in Section 9 of AASHTO except as clarified or modified in this manual. Members shall be designed to meet both Service Load Design and Strength Design (Load Factor Design) criteria as specified in AASHTO. Prestressing steel for precast prestressed members and cast-in-place post-tensioned members shall be 12.50 millimeter diameter "Uncoated Seven-wire High Tensile Cold Drawn Low Relaxation Strand for Prestressed Concrete" as specified in ASTM A416, Grade 270 with f c = 18 360 kg/cm2 and Eps = 2 039 470 kg/cm2. Use of 15.20 millimeter diameter strand is allowed for cast-in-place post-tensioned members only. The yield point stress of prestressing steel, f*y, may be assumed equal to 0.90 f c for low relaxation strand. Prestress losses shall be calculated in accordance with AASHTO Article 9.16.2.1. The estimated losses contained in Table 9.16.2.2 and Article 9.16.2.2 shall not be used. Section properties shall be based on gross area of members. Use of the transformed area of bonded reinforcement shall only be used for unusual structures and only when approved. Web reinforcement for shear shall consist of rebars; not welded wire fabric. The minimum top cover for slab reinforcement specified in AASHTO Article 9.25.1.2.1 shall be 50 millimeters with 50 millimeter Asphaltic wearing surface. Expansion and contraction design criteria shall be as specified in Part 3, Section 600 of this manual.
401.03
Shear design shall be in accordance with Ultimate Strength Design Method contained in the latest AASHTO Specifications. Prestressed concrete members shall be reinforced for diagonal tension stresses. Shear reinforcement shall be placed perpendicular to the axis of the member with spacing not-toexceed three-fourths the depth of the member. The critical sections for shear in simply supported beams will usually not be near the ends of the span where the shear is a maximum, but at some point away from the ends in a region of high moment. For the design of web reinforcement in simply supported members carrying moving loads, it is recommended that shear be investigated only in the middle half of the span length. The web reinforcement required at the quarter points should be used throughout the outer quarters of the span if the critical shear section is included within the design section. For continuous bridges whose individual spans consist of precast prestressed girders, web reinforcement shall be designed for the full length of interior spans and for the interior three-quarters of the exterior span and based on the critical shear design section.
Part 3 400-1
normal to girder for sloping exterior webs). Interior webs shall be constructed vertical. 402.06 DIAPHRAGMS (AASHTO 9.10)
Post-Tensioned Box Girder Bridges shall be designed in accordance with AASHTO specifications. Girders shall be designed by Working Stress Method and checked by the Ultimate Strength Method (Load Factor Design). The deck slab is to be designed by the Working Stress Method. 402.02 CONCRETE (AASHTO 9.2 AND 9.22)
The following concrete strengths are the desired strengths to be used. Higher strengths may be used if approved by the Abu Dhabi Roads Section Project Manager. Initial Final f c = 290 kg/cm minimum.
2
A single 250 millimeter thick intermediate diaphragm shall be placed at the midspan for all bridges. Special consideration for additional diaphragms should be given to box girders with large skews, curved boxes and boxes over 2 meters in depth. Diaphragms shall be placed parallel to abutments and piers for skews less than or equal to 20 degrees and normal to girders and staggered for skews over 20 degrees. Diaphragms shall be cast integral with girder webs. 402.07 DEFLECTIONS (AASHTO 9.11)
402.03
Allow an extra 80mm movement per 100 meters of girder length for long-term creep and shortening due to post-tensioning. 402.04 CREEP AND SHRINKAGE (AASHTO 9.4)
The deflection shall be calculated using dead load including barriers, but not the future wearing surface, gross section properties and calculated final losses. The additional long term deflection shall be calculated by multiplying the deflection by two. An additional parabolic shaped deflection with a peak equal to 30 millimeters per 100 meters should be added to the total deflection for simple spans. The final long term deflection shall be the sum of the deflection, the additional long term deflection and the additional deflection for simple spans. The camber shown on the plans shall be the final long term deflection. 402.08 ALLOWABLE STRESSES PRESTRESSING STEEL (AASHTO 9.15.1)
For restrained members in continuous bridges where shortening due to post-tensioning induces moments and shears, a shrinkage and creep coefficient of 1.5 shall be used for design of substructure elements with the total movement equal to 1.5 times the initial shortening. For superstructure elements, no creep factor should be applied except for long term deflection considerations. 402.05 FLANGE AND WEB THICKNESS - BOX GIRDERS (AASHTO 9.9)
In calculating the stress in the prestressing steel after seating, the friction and anchor set losses only should be included. For post-tensioned members, overstressing for short periods of time to offset seating and friction losses is permitted but the maximum allowable jacking stress for low relaxation strand shall be limited to 0.78 f s. 402.09 ALLOWABLE STRESSESCONCRETE (AASHTO 9.15.2)
Minimum top slab thickness shall be 200 millimeters. Minimum bottom slab thickness shall be 150 millimeters. Minimum web thickness shall be 300 millimeters (measured
In calculating the temporary stress in the concrete before losses due to creep and shrinkage, the friction, anchor set and elastic shortening losses should be included.
Part 3 400-2
For multi-span bridges, the cable path should have its low point at the midspan. Design should be based on usage of galvanized rigid ducts with K = 0.00000066 and = 0.25. Anchor set losses should be based on 16 millimeter set. For creep of concrete, the variable fcds should be calculated using the total dead load applied after prestressing, including the 120 kg/m2 future wearing surface. 402.11 FLEXURAL STRENGTH (AASHTO 9.17)
Reinforcing in the bottom slab of box girders shall conform to the provisions of AASHTO 8.17.2.3 except that the minimum distributed reinforcing in the bottom flanges parallel to the girders as specified in AASHTO 8.17.2.3.1 shall be modified to be 0.30 percent of the flange area. 402.14 METHOD OF ANALYSIS
The superstructure may be designed using the system as described below: 1) The bottom slab, in the vicinity of the intermediate support, may be flared to increase its thickness at the face of the support when the required concrete strength exceeds 320 kg/cm2. When thickened, the bottom slab thickness should be increased by a minimum of 50 percent. The length of the flare should be at least one-tenth of the span length (measured from the center of the support) unless design computations indicate that a longer flare is required. 2) Section properties at the face of the support should be used throughout the support; i.e. the solid cap properties should not be included in the model. 3) Negative moments should be reduced to reflect the effect of the width of the integral support. 4) Dead load forces should not produce any tension in the extreme fibers of the superstructure. 5) The superstructure should be designed as a unit with the number of live loads applied in accordance with Section 202.02 of this manual. For box girders with severe sloping webs or boxes over 2 meter deep, transverse flange forces induced by laterally inclined longitudinal post-tensioning shall be considered in the design.
In determining the negative ultimate moment capacity, the top layer of temperature and shrinkage and bottom layer of distribution reinforcing may be used. In determining the positive ultimate moment capacity, the longitudinal flange reinforcing (AASHTO 9.24) may be used. 402.12 SHEAR (AASHTO 9.20)
Girder webs will be designed for shear using the Ultimate Strength Method according to the 1979 Interim AASHTO Standard Specifications. The maximum girder web stirrup spacing will be 300 mm within 6 meters from the front face of the abutment diaphragms. This will eliminate the need for re-spacing the web stirrups at the point of web flare if the post-tensioning system requires flaring. The value of "d" to be used in shear calculations shall be the larger of the calculated "d" value or 0.8 times the overall effective depth. Horizontal shear shall be investigated in accordance with the provisions of AASHTO 9.20.4.
Part 3 400-3
Concrete for highway structures shall have a minimum specified initial and final concrete strengths as shown below. Higher strength concrete may only be used when required by design and when approved. Initial f ci = 290 kg/cm2 Min f ci = 320 kg/cm2 Max f c = 360 kg/cm2 Min f c = 420 kg/cm2 Max DEFLECTIONS (AASHTO 9.11)
Final
403.02
The Release, Initial and Final Deflections shall be shown on the plans. Deflections shall be shown in centimeters at the tenth points.
For pretensioned members, overstressing the prestressing steel above the initial stressing limit for short periods of time to offset seating losses is not permitted.
Part 3 400-4
In calculating the temporary stress in concrete before losses due to creep and shrinkage, the steel relaxation prior to release and the elastic shortening should be included. 403.05 LOSS OF PRESTRESS (AASHTO 9.16)
For creep of concrete, the variable fcds, should be calculated using the total dead load applied after prestressing including the 120 kg/m2 future wearing surface. For girders with required concrete release strengths of 320 kg/cm2 or less, the time of release may be assumed to be 18 hours. For specified strengths over 320 kg/cm2 the time of release should be increased accordingly. For precast girders, the final losses shall include release losses. The value of relative humidity to be used in calculating shrinkage losses, shall be the value of relative humidity at the bridge site. 403.06 SHEAR (AASHTO 9.20)
Precast Prestressed I-Girder Bridges shall be designed in accordance with AASHTO specifications. Girders shall be designed by Working Stress Method and checked by the Ultimate Strength Method (Load Factor Design). The deck slab is to be designed by the Working Stress Method using a maximum allowable stress of Fc = 110 kg/cm, Class K 335. The slab and diaphragm dead load is to be supported by the girders only. The Girders are to be designed as a compositesection, simply-supported beams for Live Load and Impact and all superimposed dead loads. Negative moment reinforcement is to be designed over the intermediate supports considering span continuity and all loads. Continuity designs will include shrinkage and creep moments as required by AASHTO Article 9.7.2.1. 404.02 CONCRETE
The value of "d" to be used in shear calculations shall equal the depth of the beam plus the effective depth of the slab with a minimum d = 0.80 times the overall depth. The shear shall be calculated assuming full continuity for composite dead load and live load plus impact. For single span structures, use the shear design spacing at the 1/4 point for sections from the end of the beam to the 1/4 point. For continuous multi-span structures, use the shear design spacing required from the 1/4 point to the pier for the section from the 1/4 point to the abutment end to obtain a symmetrical reinforcing pattern for all girders. 403.07 METHOD OF ANALYSIS
The following concrete strengths are the desired strengths to be used. Higher strengths may be used if approved by the Abu Dhabi Roads Section Project Manager. Initial f ci = 280 kg/cm minimum. f ci = 350 kg/cm maximum.
The dead load shall be assumed to be unsupported and carried by the girders only. Use of masked strands for debonding shall not be allowed.
Note: 350 kg/cm release strengths can be usually obtained within 18 hours, but require 4 to 6 additional hours for each additional 7 kg/cm required above 350 kg/cm. Permission is required from the Abu Dhabi Roads Section Project Manager for release strengths above 350 kg/cm and final strengths above 420 kg/cm. Final f c = 350 kg/cm minimum f c = 420 kg/cm maximum
Part 3 400-5
The maximum allowable stresses are to be in accordance with AASHTO except as modified below:
Allow an extra 40 mm movement per 100 meters of girder length for long-term creep and shortening due to prestressing. Elastomeric bearing pads will be a maximum width of 50 mm less than the normal width of the bottom flange to accommodate the 20 mm side chamfer and should be set back 50 mm from the end of the girder to avoid spalling of the girder ends. 404.07 CREEP FACTOR
Tension Load Condition Stress Girder DL + Prestress Total Service Load 404.03
The effective flange width will be as specified by AASHTO except for Type V and standard and modified type VI girders where the requirement of 12 times the slab thickness plus web thickness will be increased by 430 mm. 404.04 SHEAR
Use a creep factor of 3 when calculating long term deflections. 404.08 FRAMES AND CONTINUOUS CONSTRUCTION (AASHTO 9.7.2)
Girders will be designed for shear using the latest AASHTO Standard Specifications. The depth to be used in the calculation of shear will be the depth of the beam plus the depth of the of the slab. If composite action is fully developed, the shear will be calculated assuming full continuity for composite dead load and live load plus impact. 404.05 INTERMEDIATE DIAPHRAGMS (AASHTO 9.10)
A single 300 millimeter thick intermediate diaphragm shall be placed at the midspan for all spans over 12 meters. For skews less than or equal to 10, place the diaphragms parallel to the skew. For skews greater than 10, the diaphragms shall be staggered and placed normal to the girders. 404.06 BEARING PADS
Girders shall be designed as composite section, simple supported beams for live load plus impact and composite dead load. The superstructure shall be constructed continuous with the negative moment reinforcing designed considering continuity over intermediate supports for live load plus impact and composite dead loads. The positive moment connection may be designed using the method described in the PCA publication "Design of Continuous Highway Bridges with Precast, Prestressed Concrete Girders". In determining the positive restraint moment, use 30 days as the length, of time between casting the girders and deck closure. The development length of the strands may be based on the criteria contained in Report No. FHWARD-77-14, "End Connections of Pretensioned IBeam Bridges" November 1974. In determining the number and pattern of strands extended, preference shall be given to limiting the number of strands by increasing the extension length and alternating the pattern to increase constructability.
Laminated neoprene bearing pads should be used for relatively light reactions and moderate superstructure movements. Pot type bearings should be used for heavy reactions, large superstructure movements and superstructure on horizontal curve alignment. Part 3 400-6
406
406.01
Differential shrinkage should be considered in the design when the effects become significant and when approved by the Project Manager. 404.10 METHOD OF ANALYSIS
AASHTO Type V and Type VI modified girders should be used in place of Type V and Type VI regular girders whenever possible. The theoretical build-up depth shall be ignored for calculation of composite section properties.
END BLOCKS 450 MILLIMETERS LONG SHALL BE PROVIDED AT EACH END AND SUFFICIENT STEEL SHALL BE PROVIDED IN THE END BLOCKS TO RESIST THE TENSILE FORCES DUE TO THE PRESTRESSING LOADS. 406.02 DIAPHRAGM
Diaphragms, cast within the beam, shall be provided at the midspan for spans up to 15 meters, at the third points for spans from 15 to 22 meters and at quarter points for spans over 22 meters. 406.03 LATERAL TIES
End Blocks should be 380 millimeters long with sufficient steel provided to resist the tensile forces due to concentrated prestressing loads. 405.02 DIAPHRAGMS
Diaphragms shall be cast within the slab at midspan for spans up to 12 meters and at third points for spans over 12 meters. 405.03 LATERAL TIES
One lateral tie shall be provided through each diaphragm located at the mid-depth of the section. However, for the 990 millimeter and 1065 millimeter deep sections, when adjacent units are tied in pairs for skewed bridges, in lieu of continuous ties, two ties shall be provided, located at the third points of the section depth. 406.04 SHEAR KEYS
One lateral tie shall be provided through each diaphragm located at the mid-depth of the section. 405.04 SHEAR KEYS
After shear keys have been filled with an approved non-shrink, low slump mortar, lateral ties shall be placed and tightened.
After shear keys have been filled with an approved non-shrink mortar, lateral ties shall be placed and tightened. 405.05 BARRIERS
Barriers shall have a 6 millimeter open joint at the midspan to prevent the barrier from acting as an edge beam and causing long term differential deflection of the exterior beam.
Part 3 400-7
501.05
DESIGN CRITERIA
GENERAL
The stress cycle case to be used in AASHTO Table 10.3.2A shall be Case I. 501.06 CHARPY V-NOTCH IMPACT REQUIREMENTS (AASHTO 10.3.3)
Structural steel design criteria shall be as specified in Section 10 of AASHTO except as clarified or modified in this manual. 501.02 DESIGN METHODS
The Service Load Design Method (Allowable Stress Design) shall be used except that the Strength Design Method (Load Factor Design) may be used for major or unusual structures when approved. 501.03 MATERIALS (AASHTO 10.2)
Where applicable, the Charpy V-Notch impact requirements for structural steel shall be for Temperature Zone 1 at elevations less than 1800 meters and Temperature Zone 2 at elevations 1800 meters and higher, unless otherwise directed by the Project Manager. Intermediate stiffeners shall be placed only on the inside face of exterior girders. The number and location of girder shop and field splices shall be determined so as to minimize fabricated and erected cost of the girders. All connections except field connections shall be welded. ASTM A325M high strength bolts shall be used for field connections.
Materials shall conform with the requirements of AASHTO Article 10.2 with the selection based on stress requirements and overall economy. The preferred maximum thickness of tension flanges is 50 millimeters. Tension flanges thicker than 50 millimeters shall be normalized. 501.04 ALLOWABLE FATIGUE STRESS (AASHTO 10.3.1)
Splices, stiffeners, shear connectors and bracing details shall be designed using categories A through C details in order to limit the fatigue stress. Category E details shall not be used.
Part 3 500-1
MOVEMENT CRITERIA
MOVEMENT RATING
To allow for the effects of long term creep and shrinkage in post-tensioned box girder bridges, the following additional shortening shall be included: Joints: Bearings: 40 mm per 100 meters. 80 mm per 100 meters.
Provisions shall be made in the design of structures to resist induced stresses or to provide for movements resulting from variations in temperature and anticipated shortening due to creep, shrinkage or prestressing. Accommodation of thermal and shortening movements will entail consideration of deck expansion joints, bearing systems, restraining devices and the interaction of these three items. The main purpose of the deck joint is to seal the joint opening to obtain a watertight joint while allowing for vertical, horizontal and/or rotational movement. The bearings are required to transmit the vertical and lateral loads from the superstructure to the substructure units and to allow for movement in the unrestrained directions. Restraining devices are required to limit the displacement in the restrained directions. Improper design or construction of any of these devices could adversely affect the operation of the other devices. The required movement rating is equal to the total anticipated movement (i.e. the difference between the widest and the narrowest opening of a joint). The calculated movements used in determining the required movement rating shall be as specified in AASHTO except as modified below: Mean temperature and temperature ranges shall be as specified in Section 201.08 of this manual. To allow for the effects of long term creep and shrinkage in precast prestressed concrete members, the following additional shortening shall be considered: Joints: 20 mm per 100 meters. Bearings: 40 mm per 100 meters.
602
602.01
DECK JOINTS
GENERAL
The movement rating for joints for steel structures shall be based primarily on the thermal expansion and contraction characteristics of the superstructure, while for concrete structures the effects of shortening due to creep and shrinkage and where applicable, prestressing shall also be added. Movement ratings shall be based on temperature variations as measured from the assumed mean temperature. Published movement ratings are usually based on the difference between the maximum and minimum openings without consideration to the required minimum installation width. In determining the movement rating, consideration must be given to the installation width required to install the seal element. Other factors which should be considered in determining the required movement rating include consideration of the effects of any skew, anticipated settlement and rotations due to live loads and dead loads, where appropriate. Items requiring attention include: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) The type of anchorage system to be used. The method of joint termination at the ends. The method of running joints through barriers, sidewalks and/or medians. Physical limitation on size of joints. Susceptibility of joint to leakage. Possible interference with post-tensioning anchorages. Selection of appropriate modular proprietary systems that meet design requirements. Forces applied to the surrounding concrete by the joint.
8)
Part 3 600-1
The compression seal element should have a shape factor of 1:1 (width to height) to minimize side wall pressure. The size of the compression seal shall be specified on the plans. Effective movement ratings for this type of joint range up to 50 millimeters. Advantages for this type of joint include its low cost, proven performance and acceptance for use on pedestrian walkways. However, this type of joint can not be unbolted and easily raised, generates pressure and is not good for high skews or horizontal directional changes. 602.03 STRIP SEALS
2)
Strip seals should generally conform to the details shown in the structure detail drawing titled "Strip Seal Joint". Proprietary alternates to this detail other than those shown on the detail drawing will not be allowed. Effective movement ratings for this type of joint range up to 100 millimeters. This type of joint is best used when the movement rating is beyond the capacity of compression seals and for large skews. Strip seal joints will require cover plates for pedestrian walkways. 602.04 MODULAR JOINTS
3) 4) 5)
6)
The following features of joints should be specified in the specifications: 1) For modular joints, the joint style, gland type, steel edge beam material, and the name of a representative manufacturer. Method of measurement (by linear meter from face to face of barrier).
Modular joints are very complex joint systems. Effective movement ratings range from 100 millimeters up to 750 millimeters. Modular joints are the best choice for movement ratings over 100 millimeters.
603
603.01
BEARINGS
GENERAL
2)
A general discussion of joint types follows. However, for modular joints the actual selection of the specific alternates should be made from the
Unlike joints, where the opening can be adjusted if the ambient temperature at the time of construction is different than the assumed mean temperature, bearings must be designed to be installed at temperatures other than the mean temperature. For this reason, the movement
Part 3 600-2
Calculation of the movement rating shall include thermal movement and anticipated shortening due to creep, shrinkage and prestressed shortening. For cast-in-place post-tensioned concrete box girder bridges both the elastic and long term prestress shortening effects shall be considered. An initial offset of the top sliding surface from the centerline of bearing should be calculated and shown on the plans so that the top sliding surface will be centered over the bottom sliding surface and the centerline of bearing after all shrinkage, creep and post-tensioning shortening has taken place in the sperstructure. Permissible bearing types include neoprene strips, elastomeric bearing pads, steel bearings, sliding elastomeric bearings and high-load multirotational bearings (pot, disc or spherical). Neoprene strips, elastomeric bearing pads and steel bearings are generic and shall be detailed on the plans and/or covered in the standard specifications and special provisions. High-load multi-rotational bearings are proprietary bearing types and require that the designer include a Bearing Schedule in the plans. It is the responsibility of the designer to review the Stored Specification to ensure that the bearings are properly specified and compatible with the design requirements. Sliding elastomeric bearings are both generic and proprietary in that a generic bearing should be designed and detailed on the plans with proprietary alternates allowed. All bearings types except elastomeric bearing pads shall be designed for impact. 603.02 NEOPRENE STRIPS
Elastomeric bearing pads shall conform to the requirements of Section 14 of AASHTO. Bearing pads shall be designed to be constructed using either steel or fiberglass laminates, with the controlling case determining the size. The following data should be shown on the plans: Length, width and thickness of pad Durometer Hardness Design Method (A or B) Design Load Low Temperature Zone (A, B or C) Elastomer Grade (0, 2 or 3) Shear Modulus Generally, bearing pads shall be Durometer 60 Elastormer with steel reinforcement. Normally Design Method A will be used in design, however, where only steel reinforced pads will work Design Method B may be used provided the special testing is performed. The following should be used as a guide for determining low temperature zones: Elevation (meters) Below 900 900-1800 1800 and above Zone A B C
Neoprene strips consist of a sliding plate on a continuous neoprene pad. Where appropriate, neoprene strips are the preferred bearing type for post-tensioned box girder bridges. However, neoprene strips are not appropriate for the following applications: curved bridges, skews greater than 20 degrees, contributing spans greater than 50 meters, where initial shortening
Pads shall have a minimum thickness of 25 millimeters and be designated in 10 millimeter increments. The use of elastomeric bearing pads should generally be limited to a thickness not greater than 100 millimeters. Holes will not be allowed in the pads. Width and length dimensions shall be detailed in even 50 millimeter increments. When used with prestressed I-girders, pads shall be sized a minimum width of 50 millimeters less than the nominal width of the girder base to accommodate the 20 millimeter side chamfer and shall be set
Part 3 600-3
603.06.01
Steel bearings may consist of rockers or fixed or expansion assemblies which conform to the requirements specified in Section 10 of AASHTO. Steel bearings are not a preferred bearing type and their use should normally be limited to situations where new bearings are to match the existing bearing type on bridge widening projects. 603.05 SLIDING ELASTOMERIC BEARINGS
High-load multi-rotational fixed bearings consist of a rotational element of the Pot-type, Disc-type or Spherical-type. High-load multi-rotational expansion bearings consist of a rotational element of the Pot-type, Disc-type or Spherical-type, sliding surfaces to accommodate translation and guide bars to limit movement in specified directions when required. Pot bearings consist of a rotational element comprised of an elastomeric disc totally confined within a steel cylinder. Disc bearings consist of a rotational element comprised of a polyether urethane disc confined by upper and lower steel bearing plates and restricted from horizontal movement by limiting rings and a shear restriction mechanism. Spherical bearings consist of a rotational element comprised of a spherical bottom convex plate and mating spherical top concave plate. These design criteria were prepared for the broad range of normal applications and the specified limits of loads, forces and movements. The design and manufacture of multi-rotational bearings relies heavily on the principles of engineering mechanics and extensive practical experience in bearing design and manufacture. Therefore, in special cases where structural requirements fall outside the normal limits, a bearing manufacturer should be consulted.
Sliding elastomeric bearings consist of an upper steel bearing plate anchored to the superstructure, a stainless steel undersurface and an elastomeric pad with a teflon coated upper surface. The teflon surface shall be attached to a 10 millimeter minimum thick plate which is vulcanized to the elastomeric pad. The bearing accommodates horizontal movement through the teflon sliding surface and rotation through the elastomeric bearing with the thickness of the elastomeric bearing determined by the rotational and friction force requirements. Keepers may be used for horizontal restraint of the pads. Vertical restraint may be provided by anchor bolts with slotted keeper plates or individual vertical restrainers as
Part 3 600-4
The rotational requirements of these bearings is treated in a new way. Rotational requirements of the bearings, Rb, are determined by: Rb = where Rb = Rs = Rotation capacity designed into the bearing. Anticipated rotation of the structure in service. (includes live loads and rotations induced by construction/erection sequences). Rotation induced in the bearing by construction tolerances, 0.02 radians maximum (see Design Criteria 14). Use Rs + Rc
10. Large movements are anticipated. 11. Economical, long life, or low maintenance bearings are desirable. 12. Regular elastomeric bearing pads would exceed 100 millimeters in height. 603.06.04 Design Criteria
Rc =
Since special details are required to allow for access for inspection, repair or replacement of the bearings, the respacing of joints to eliminate the need for use of these bearing types should be considered. Some structural considerations in use of multirotational bearings are listed below. Reference to "this specification" refers to the design criteria below. 1. Vertical and horizontal loads shall be assumed to occur simultaneously. All loads are service loads. Minimum vertical loads are for dead loads and superimposed dead loads excluding the future wearing surface. Maximum vertical loads are for dead loads, superimposed dead loads including the future wearing surface, and live loads and impact. The total recommended clearance between all guiding and guided sliding surfaces is 1.5 millimeters in order to limit edge stress on guiding interfaces. Avoid specifying total spacing of more than 1.5 millimeters between guides and guided components where possible. In specifying the horizontal force capacity of bearings, it is recommended only one fixed or guided expansion bearing shall be assumed to resist the sum of all the horizontal forces at each abutment, bent, column, hinge or pier.
603.06.03
Use of multi-rotational bearings is especially indicated where: 1. Low profile, high load bearings are required. Long span, curved, or skewed bridges and other similar structures of complex design are required. Long slender columns or light frames and members exhibit minimum stiffness or rigidity. The direction of rotation varies. The direction of rotation cannot be precisely determined. Settlement of the substructure is anticipated. Self aligning capabilities are required. Load and rotation eccentricity does not significantly alter the net distribution of stress through the bearing and into the substructure and superstructure.
2.
3.
2.
4. 5.
3.
6.
7. 8.
4.
Part 3 600-5
13. The minimum Structure Rotational, Rs, of bearings covered in the specification is 0.01 radians. Rs comprises live loads and rotations induced by construction/erection sequences. 14. The maximum Construction Rotation, Rc (rotation induced by construction tolerances), is 0.02 radians. The designer may elect to specify a smaller Rc than 0.02 radians but is cautioned to investigate the cost and practicality of the changes contemplated. 15. Recommended coefficients of friction for structure design follows: Unfilled sheet or woven fiber PTFE/stainless steel 0.04 Filled PTFE sheet/stainless 0.08 The above coefficients of friction are based on the average stress and limits of edge stress of PTFE in this specification. Out of level installations within the limits of this specification and normal in service oxidation of the stainless steel mating surface. Service conditions, where exceptional corrosion of the stainless steel mating surface may occur, will require special assessment of the long term coefficient of friction. 16. Pot, disc and spherical multi-rotational bearings should not be mixed at the same expansion joint or bent. The differing deflection characteristics and differing rotation characteristics may result in damage to the bearings and/or structure. 17. Contract drawings and documents should contain a Bearing Schedule (See Section 603.07, Bearing Schedule). 18. Some bearing tests are very costly to perform. Other bearing tests cannot be performed because of the unavailability of test equipment. The following test
6.
7.
8.
9.
10. The installed alignment of bearing guiding systems relative to the anticipated movement direction of the structure should be carefully considered to avoid bearing guide system failure. Special studies or designs may be required on curved or skewed structures to ensure correct installation. 11. The substructure and superstructure should be designed so as to remain rigid under all service conditions in areas around and in contact with the bearings, paying particular attention to the use of stiffeners at extreme points of movements. 12. The substructure and superstructure design should permit bearings to be removed for inspection or rehabilitation by minimum jacking of the structure. Jacking points shall be provided in the structural design. Part 3 600-6
604
RESTRAINING DEVICES
Restraining devices are meant to prohibit movement in a specified direction. Restraining devices shall be designed to resist the imposed loads including earthquake as specified in AASHTO and as modified in Section 200 of this manual. Restraining devices could include concrete shear keys or end blocks, horizontal or vertical cable restrainers or mechanical restraining devices which could be an integral part of a bearing or a separate system. Restraining devices to prohibit vertical displacement at expansion ends, shall be designed to allow for inspection and future replacement of bearings. Allowable restraining devices include, but are not limited to the following: Vertical Fixed Restrainers, Vertical Expansion Restrainers, External Shear Keys, Internal Shear Keys and Keyed Hinges. 604.02 VERTICAL FIXED RESTRAINERS
Vertical fixed restrainers consist of cable and appropriate hardware and are designed to allow
Part 3 600-7
A keyed hinge is a restraining device which limits displacements in both horizontal directions while allowing rotation. For a typical expansion seat abutment where restraining devices are required, the restraining devices will consist of vertical expansion restrainers and external shear keys. For a typical pinned seat abutment for a posttensioned box girder bridge, restraining devices will consist of vertical fixed restrainers and external shear keys. For a typical pinned seat abutment for a prestressed girder bridge, restraining devices will consist of vertical fixed restrainers and external or internal shear keys. For a typical expansion pier, restraining devices will consist of vertical expansion restrainers and internal shear keys. For a typical pinned pier, restraining devices will consist of vertical fixed restrainers and internal shear keys or a keyed hinge.
Vertical expansion restrainers consist of cable and appropriate hardware and are designed to allow rotation and longitudinal translation but no transverse translation. Some limited vertical displacement is allowed to permit replacement of bearings if required. 604.04 EXTERNAL SHEAR KEYS
External shear keys are reinforced concrete blocks designed to limit transverse displacement while allowing longitudinal and rotational movements. External shear keys are preferred to internal shear keys since they are more accessible for repairs and easier to construct. 604.05 INTERNAL SHEAR KEYS
Internal shear keys are reinforced concrete blocks designed to limit transverse displacement while allowing longitudinal and rotational movements.
Part 3 600-8
701.02
SPREAD FOOTINGS
FOUNDATIONS
GENERAL
The main purpose of this section is to document bridge design criteria as related to bridge foundation geotechnical issues. Since problems requiring geotechnical and structural expertise often result in confusion concerning the responsibilities of each, another purpose of this section is to define the role of the geotechnical engineer and the bridge engineer in design problems involving both fields. The usual procedure for designing bridge foundation substructure units is as follows: The bridge design group preliminary location plan. will develop a
Where good soil materials exist near the surface, shallow foundations in the form of spread footings will normally be the recommended foundation type. For foundation units situated in a stream, spread footings shall only be used when they can be placed on non-erodible rock. Spread footings are normally not placed on embankment material. When spread footings are the recommended foundation type, the Geotechnical Report shall contain the allowable bearing pressure, the elevation of the bottom of the footing and the estimated total settlement, differential settlement and time rate of settlement, if applicable. The bridge design group shall size the footing to ensure that the allowable bearing pressure is not exceeded for any AASHTO Group Loading and that the footing is properly sized and reinforced to resist the maximum applied moments and shears. The bottom elevations of spread footings shall be set at the recommended depth. The minimum top cover over the top of footings shall be 500 millimeters. If the possibility for differential settlement is identified, the bridge designer shall ensure that the entire structure is capable of structurally resisting the forces induced by the differential settlement. 701.03 PILE FOUNDATIONS
The Geotechnical Engineer will conduct a site investigation, identify borehole locations, drill and log borings, perform soil testing as appropriate, plot the boring logs and summarize the results in a Geotechnical Report. The Geotechnical Report will include a Foundation Design Report which identifies the type of foundation recommended for each substructure unit including the allowable loads and required depths. The Geotechnical Engineer is responsible for preparing the boring logs on construction plans. They also prepare necessary special provisions for construction of the foundation elements. During construction of the bridge foundations, the Geotechnical Engineer oversees geotechnical testing, spread footing excavations and piling and drilled shaft construction. They work closely with bridge design group to jointly resolve problems requiring redesign because of changed site conditions. The bridge design group is responsible for producing the structural design and construction documents for the substructure units as part of the bridge plans.
When good foundation material is not located near the surface, when settlement is a problem, or for foundation units located in streams where scour is a problem, deep foundations will usually be recommended. One type of deep foundation is a driven pile. Driven piles may be either steel H piles, steel pipe piles or prestressed concrete piles. The other type of deep foundation is a bored pile.
Part 3 700-1
The Geotechnical Engineer is responsible for recommending when driven piles are to be used, The type of driven pile to be used, the allowable capacity of the pile, the estimated pile tip elevation and any special requirements necessary to drive the piles. When steel piles are used, the corrosive life of the pile will be reported in the Geotechnical Report. The Geotechnical Engineer is also responsible for running the WEAP87 wave equation computer program to determine the driveability of the specified piles and to develop charts or other guidelines to be used by construction personnel to control the pile driving process. The bridge design group is responsible for ensuring that the allowable axial capacity is not exceeded for any AASHTO Group Loading and that the pile can withstand the applied lateral loads. 701.05 BORED PILES
A bored pile foundation consists of excavating a round hole by machine, installing a metal casing or liner, placing a reinforcing cage in the casing or liner and then filling the casing or liner with concrete. The Geotechnical Engineer is responsible for recommending the minimum diameter of bored pile to be used and providing the necessary information for determining the minimum required embedment below a specified elevation to develop the required axial load. The Geotechnical Engineer is also responsible for determining the soil properties in each layer to be used in analyzing lateral loads and whether slurry methods of construction may be utilized. If necessary, methods of testing the pile after concreting will be specified in the Geotechnical Report.
Part 3 700-2
801.02
POLICY
DESIGN CRITERIA
GENERAL
The following policy shall apply to retaining wall design: 1. Walls up to 6 meters high: The Consultant shall prepare drawings for cast-in-place concrete retaining walls utilizing the Abu Dhabi Roads Section Standards and Specifications. 2. Walls over 6 meters high: The Consultant shall evaluate the applicability of mechanically stabilized wall systems and confirm their site-specific suitability. If the Consultant determines that a mechanically stabilized wall system is not appropriate due to soils conditions or other site specific conditions, a complete cast-in-place concrete retaining wall design must be prepared for inclusion into the bid documents. 801.03 RESPONSIBILITIES
Retaining walls are used when normal fill or cut slopes extend beyond acceptable limits. Walls may be classified in the following classes: Gravity Walls Bin Crib Wire basket Mass concrete Cantilever Walls Concrete Braced Walls Anchored Walls Soldier pile and lagging Tangent cylinder piles Mechanically Stabilized Walls Reinforced Earth VSL Retained Earth Hilfiker-Reinforced Soil embankment Walls shall be designed for a minimum factor of safety of 1.5 against sliding and 2.0 against overturning. The wall selection process includes identification of types of walls appropriate for the site, evaluation of geotechnical behavior and properties affecting wall behavior and selection of wall systems which fit all site constraints. Identification of alternate designs may be appropriate. In determining the types of retaining walls capable of fitting a particular site the following should be considered: Availability of materials Service life, maintenance, future use Deflection tolerance Ease of construction Environmental/visual considerations Special loading requirements Settlement tolerance Availability of space
The design of a retaining wall will usually involve the efforts of three sections: Roadway Design Section, Geotechnical Section, and the Bridge Design Section. 801.03.01 Roadway Design Section
Roadway Design Section is responsible for identifying the need for and limits of the retaining walls. They will be responsible for providing a profile adjacent to the top of the wall and the soil profile line along the front face of the wall. Roadway Design is also responsible for identifying the acceptable limit of excavation required to maintain traffic and to design any detours when required.
Part 3 800-1
The Geotechnical Section is responsible for investigating the site, drilling exploratory holes as required, determining the external stability of the site and determining the material properties of the existing soil and backfill. The Geotechnical Section will also recommend soil strength parameters and groundwater elevations for computing design lateral earth pressure. They are also responsible for determining the maximum safe slopes allowed during excavation. The Geotechnical Section also is responsible for determining the type of foundation required to support the wall loads, the allowable bearing pressure of the soil and the minimum required depths of the foundation units. This Section determines the soil properties to be used in determining the lateral loads to be applied to the wall and determines the amount of settlement, differential settlement and the time rate of settlement for walls on compressible foundation soils. The Geotechnical Section prepares appropriate Special Provisions for construction of the retaining walls and monitors construction of the foundation elements, assisting the resident engineer as requested concerning geotechnical issues. The Section works closely with the Bridge Design Section on any structural design changes needed during construction because of changed site conditions. 801.03.03 Bridge Design Section
When a proprietary retaining wall is chosen as an acceptable alternate, the special provisions will specify the pre-approved wall systems which are acceptable for the particular application and site. The proprietary wall type is to be chosen from a pre-approved list of wall types. The contractor will be required to identify the alternate in his bid, with bid shopping after the award of the contract not allowed. The Roadway Design Section will prepare plans showing the location and extent of the walls and the profile along the top of the wall and the soil profile along the front face of the wall. The plans should also show any restrictions regarding excavation which may exist and requirements for appurtenant features such as traffic barrier, handrail or other attachments. Blockouts for lighting, signing, utilities and drainage structures will also be detailed on the plans or identified to be included with the proprietary plan submittals. The Geotechnical Section will prepare special provisions containing the design criteria to be used in evaluating the proprietary wall. As a minimum the following should be included: 1. The minimum factor of safety against overturning 2. The minimum factor of safety against sliding 3. Maximum coefficient of friction against sliding 4. Phi angle of the backfill 5. Allowable bearing pressure 6. Minimum design life 7. Water table level 8. Elevation of footing bottom 9. Maximum tolerable deflection
The Bridge Design Section is responsible for the design of the structural elements of the wall, the length of the wall and for producing the required construction plans, when requested by others, for any non-proprietary wall requiring structural analysis. The Bridge Design Section is also responsible for determining whether shoring will be required during construction based on the acceptable limits of excavation provided by Roadway Design and the safe excavation slopes provided by Geotechnical. The Bridge Design Section also selects walls which will handle differential settlement, when present, and provides
Part 3 800-2
structures will not be permitted. Trenching in the vicinity of existing piers or abutments shall be kept a sufficient distance from footings to prevent undercutting of existing footings or to prevent disturbing foundation soils for future foundations. Where other locations prove to be extremely difficult and very costly, utility lines except natural gas may be allowed in the structures. Natural gas encroachments will be evaluated under the following policy: A. Cases where gas line attachments to structures will not be considered under any condition: 1. 2. 3. Grade separation structures carrying vehicular traffic on or over freeways. Inside closed cell-type box girder bridges. High pressure transmission lines over 4 kg/cm2 and/or distribution lines of over 150 millimeters in diameter. Gas lines over minor waterway crossings where burial is feasible.
901.01
Luminaires, traffic signals and sign supports shall be designed using the AASHTO Specifications for Structural Supports except as clarified or modified in this manual. 901.02 WIND SPEED
Major structural supports shall be designed for the wind frequency of 160 kph. 901.03 ALLOWABLE STRESSES
The, L /45.7 limitation on dead load deflection contained in Article 1.9.1(A) need not be satisfied since there is no scientific basis to support this limitation. For high mast light poles, the maximum deflection shall be limited to 15% of the pole height under wind load. The maximum allowable yield strength for design purposes shall be 4590 kg/cm2. For all other applications, for steel with a yield strength greater than 3360 kg/cm2, the allowable stresses for design shall be limited to a yield This limitation strength of 3360 kg/cm2. indirectly places a limit on allowable deflections in an attempt to satisfy the criteria of Article 1.9.1. This limitation also reduces the stresses in any high strength welds which are more brittle and subject to cracking due to fatigue from vibrations.
4.
B. Gas line attachments on structures will be considered under the following cases or conditions: 1. Each case will be judged on its own merit with the utilities providing complete justification as to why alternative locations are not feasible. 2. Economics will not be a significant factor considered in the feasibility issue. 3. Open girder type structures across major rivers. 4. Pedestrian or utility bridges where proper vented casings and other safety systems are used. 5. All lines are protected by casements. Provision for accommodation of relocated and future utilities on structures should follow the following General Policy.
902
902.01
UTILITIES IN STRUCTURES
GENERAL
Where utility conflicts exist; water, power, telephone, cable TV and gas lines will be relocated as required for construction of the project. Where it is feasible and reasonable to locate utility lines elsewhere, attachment to
Part 3 900-1
Support bracket details and attachments for all utilities will require Bridge Group approval. All approved utilities shall have individual sleeved casings, conduits or ducts as appropriate. All utilities carrying liquids shall be placed inside casings through the entire length of the structure. The casing shall be designed to carry full service pressure so as to provide a satisfactory containment in case the utility is damaged or leaks. Water lines, telephone conduits, power lines, cable TV lines, supports or other related items will not be permitted to be suspended below or attached to the exterior of any new or existing structure. Product lines for transmitting volatile fluids will not be permitted to be attached to or suspended from or placed within any new or existing structure. 902.03 UTILITY AGENCY RESPONSIBILITY
The Bridge Group shall be responsible for and have final approval authority for the following aspects of the design: 1. Determination of how many lines, if any, the structure can accommodate. 2. Determination of where such lines should be located within a structure. 3. Determination of the size of the access openings and design of the required reinforcing. 4. Determination of construction problems related to required sequencing of project. 5. Tracking man-hours associated with utility relocations for cost recovery. Usually utilities will be accommodated by providing individual access openings for casings and sleeves to pass through. Access openings should be 50 millimeters larger than the diameter of the casings or sleeves and spaced as required by structural considerations. For box girder bridges, access openings should be located as low as possible but no lower than 250 millimeters above the top of the bottom slab to allow for support brackets to be supported from the bottom slab. Where possible all utilities shall be supported from the bottom slab for box girder bridges. For girder bridges, the utilities shall not be placed in the exterior girder bay and shall be supported from the deck slab.
The utility agency is responsible for obtaining necessary information regarding the proposed construction schedule for the project. The agency shall submit a request including justification for attaching to the structure and preliminary relocation plans including line mass and support spacing as early as possible but no later than the completion of preliminary structural plans. The utility agency shall be responsible for the design of all conduits, pipes, sleeves, casings, expansion devices, supports and other related items including the following information: 1. Number and size of conduits for power, telephone and cable TV lines. 2. Size and schedule of carrier pipe for water lines.
Part 3 900-2
ROADWAY DESIGN MANUAL Roads and Bridges 903 FALSEWORK POLICY FOR BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION
903.01 FALSEWORK REQUIREMENTS 903.03 FALSEWORK CLEARANCES
To ensure that traffic handling is given proper consideration in the early design stages, it is necessary to identify traffic handling and falsework assumptions in the Bridge Selection Report. If falsework is to be used, the horizontal and vertical clearances shall be shown on the General Plan. Usually, one of the following listed conditions will prevail: 1. Traffic will be routed around construction site. 2. Traffic will pass through construction site. A. No falsework allowed over traffic. This restriction would require precast concrete or steel superstructure with field splices located clear of traffic. B. Stage construction required. Stage construction must be detailed on the plans. Construction joints or hinges would be required. C. Falsework openings required. The size and number of openings must be shown. General discussions and a table of falsework openings are covered under "Falsework Clearances". 903.02 FALSEWORK USE
For cast-in-place structures, the preferred method of construction is to route traffic around the construction site and to use earth fills for falsework. This provides an economical solution, a safe working area and eliminates possible problems associated with the design, approval, construction and performance of falsework including the possible effect of excessive deflections of falsework on the structure. When the street or highway must be kept open and detours are not feasible, falsework shall be used with openings through which traffic may pass. Because the width of traffic openings through falsework can significantly affect costs, special care should be given to minimizing opening widths consistent with traffic and safety considerations. The following should be considered: 1. Staging and traffic handling requirements. 2. The width of approach roadway that will exist at the time the bridge is constructed. 3. Traffic volumes and percentage of trucks. 4. Vehicular design speed. 5. Desires of local agencies. 6. Controls in the form of existing facilities. 7. The practical problems of falsework construction. 8. Consideration of pedestrian requirements. The minimum width of traffic openings through falsework for various lane and shoulder requirements shall be as shown in Table 900.01. The resulting falsework span shown in Table 900.01 is the minimum span. When temporary concrete barrier is used, 0.6 meters of safety margin per side is allowed for deflection. When blocked-out "W" beam is used, 1.2 meters of safety margin per side is allowed for deflection. The normal spans may be reduced or increased if other forms of protection are used depending on the required space for installation and deflection. The actual width of traffic openings through falsework and the resulting falsework span to be used in design shall be determined by the Abu
When traffic must pass through the construction site, three possible conditions exist. Condition 2.A. is limited to sites which can be spanned by precast members or where steel is competitive in cost. The staged construction option of Condition 2.B. is not always feasible while the presence of a hinge is a permanent disadvantage. Condition 2.C. is used for all other cases when it is necessary to route traffic through the construction site. The elimination of permanent obstructions by using longer spans and eliminating shoulder piers will usually outweigh objections to the temporary inconvenience of falsework during construction.
Part 3 900-3
Table 900.01 FALSEWORK SPAN REQUIREMENTS Facility to be spanned Freeway & Non-Freeway Detour No. Lanes 1 2 3 4 Roadway Shoulder Widths (meters) 0.6 & 0.6 0.6 & 0.6 0.6 & 0.6 0.6 & 0.6 Minimum Width Resulting Falsework Span (1) of Traffic Temporary Blocked-out Opening (1) Conc. Barrier "W" beam (meters) (meters) (meters) 4.8 7.2 8.4 8.4 10.8 12.0 12.0 14.4 15.6 15.6 18.0 19.2
NOTES: (1)
Traffic Opening and Falsework Span are measured normal to detour centerline.
Falsework Opening (meters) Minimum Required Falsework Depth(mm) Max 3365 kg/m 485 per girder line 3365 - 4580 kg/m 510 per girder line NOTES:
Table 900.02 FALSEWORK DEPTH REQUIREMENTS 7.2 8.4 10.8 12.0 14.4 15.6
18.0
19.2
510 560
585 815
815 890
915 1070
1070 1120
1095 1145
1145 1170
1. DL based on 2550 kg/m3 concrete. 2. Table 900.02 is based on the superstructure concrete being designed for zero tensile stress at the falsework openings. Superstructures designed with concrete tensile stresses can significantly increase the required falsework depths shown in the table and amount of falsework required. 3. Structures with greater than 4580 kg/m Dead Load per girder line will require special considerations for required falsework depths.
Part 3 900-4
ROADWAY DESIGN MANUAL Roads and Bridges 904 CONSTRUCTION JOINT GUIDELINES FOR BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION
GENERAL 5. The Contractor shall submit drawings showing the placement sequence, construction joint locations, directions of the concrete placement and any other pertinent data to the Engineer for his review. The drawing shall be submitted at least four weeks prior to the date of deck placement. Construction joints shall be placed in the locations shown on the project plans or as approved by the Engineer. All construction joints shall be perpendicular to the principal lines of stress and in general located at points of minimum shear and moment. LONGITUDINAL CONSTRUCTION JOINTS
904.01
The type of structure and method of construction, combined with sound engineering judgment, should be used in determining the number and location of superstructure construction joints. The use of construction joints should be minimized for ease of construction and subsequent cost savings. Some items which should be considered are: 1. Method of construction - earthen fill falsework, conventional falsework or girder bridge without falsework. 2. Phase construction because of physical constraints such as traffic handling. 3. Span length and estimated rotation and deflection. 4. Degree of fixity at abutments and piers. 5. Effects of locating a construction joint in a region of negative moment. 6. Volume of concrete to be poured without a joint. 7. Consequences of continuous pour, including adverse effects caused by a breakdown during the pour. Some important requirements regarding construction joints contained in the Standard Specifications are as follows: 1. The sequence of concrete placement shall be as shown on the project plans or as approved by the Engineer when not shown on the project plans. The rate of concrete placement and consolidation shall be such that the formation of cold joints within monolithic sections of any structure will not occur. The rate of concrete placement for major structures shall not be less than 27 cubic meters per hour unless otherwise specified or approved in writing by the Engineer. Placement of the deck concrete shall be in accordance with the placing sequence shown on the project plans.
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904.02
Longitudinal construction joints in bridge decks and/or superstructures should be identified as optional unless required by construction phasing. The optional deck joints should be placed on lane lines or at center of structure. All longitudinal construction joints should be keyed. 904.03 PRECAST CONCRETE GIRDER BRIDGES Precast concrete girder bridges made continuous over supports shall have transverse construction joints placed so that the girders undergo their positive moment deflections prior to the final pour over the negative moment areas of the fixed piers or abutments. There shall be no horizontal construction joint between fixed pier diaphragm or abutment diaphragm and the deck. Girder bridges will usually require details on the plans showing a plan view with joint locations, deck pour sequence and direction of pour, if required. There should be a minimum of 12 hours between adjacent pours. A continuous pour from abutment to abutment will not be allowed. Construction joints where required should be parallel to the centerline of the pier. Their location will be near the point of minimum dead load plus live load moment and shear. This distance is generally one-quarter of the span length from the pier if the adjacent spans are approximately equal length.
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Part 3 900-5
The effects of uplift and allowing a continuous pour should be considered when developing deck pour schedules for multi-span continuous steel girder bridges. The required rate of pour should be compared to the quantity of concrete to be placed and the potential for poured sections to set up and develop tensile stresses from pours in adjacent spans shall be considered when determining the need for construction joints. Consideration must be given to the potential for negative moment stresses in the deck due to placement of positive moment pours in adjacent spans. Girder bridges will usually require details on the plans showing a plan view with joint locations, deck pour sequence and direction of pour, if required. Except where otherwise required, there should be a minimum of 12 hours between adjacent pours. Construction joints, where required, should be parallel to the centerline of
Box girder bridges made continuous over supports shall have transverse construction joints placed so that the webs undergo their positive moment falsework deflections prior to the final pour over the negative moment areas of the fixed piers or abutments if the superstructure formwork is supported on conventional falsework. The transverse construction joints may be omitted if the superstructure formwork is supported on earthen fill. The webs and all diaphragms should be poured concurrently with the bottom slab. Transverse construction joints where required should be parallel to the centerline of the pier. Their location near the inflection point is generally one-quarter of the span length from the pier if the adjacent spans are approximately equal length.
Part 3 900-6