Filipino Psychology Filipino Psychology

Concepts and Methods Concepts and Methods

Robert E. Javier Jr., PhD Robert E. Javier Jr., PhD
Associate Professor Associate Professor
Department of Psychology Department of Psychology
De La Salle University De La Salle University - - Manila Manila
hat is Filipino Psychology? hat is Filipino Psychology?
t t is is an an ndigenous ndigenous Psychology Psychology
The The scientific scientific study study of of the the ethnicity, ethnicity, society society and and
culture culture of of a a people people and and the the application application to to
psychological psychological practice practice of of indigenous indigenous knowledge knowledge
rooted rooted in in the the people's people's ethnic ethnic heritage heritage and and
consciousness consciousness..
Virgilio Virgilio GG.. Enriquez Enriquez ( (1994 1994) ).. Pagbabangong Pagbabangong- -Dangal Dangal:: ndigenous ndigenous Psychology Psychology
&& Cultural Cultural Empowerment Empowerment.. Akademya Akademya ng ng Kultura Kultura at at Sikolohiyang Sikolohiyang Pilipino Pilipino::
Lungsod Lungsod ng ng Quezon Quezon..
Distinctions among the forms of Distinctions among the forms of
Psychology in the Philippines Psychology in the Philippines
Sikolohiya Sikolohiya sa sa Pilipinas Pilipinas
Psychology Psychology in in the the Philippines Philippines
Sikolohiya Sikolohiya ng ng mga mga Pilipino Pilipino
Psychology Psychology of of Filipinos Filipinos
Sikolohiyang Sikolohiyang Pilipino Pilipino
Filipino Filipino Psychology Psychology
Virgilio Virgilio GG.. Enriquez Enriquez ( (1976 1976) ) in in Sikolohiyang Sikolohiyang Pilipino Pilipino:: Teorya, Teorya, metodo metodo at at
gamit gamit.. Rogelia Rogelia Pe Pe- -Pua Pua (Ed (Ed..) ) ( (1989 1989) ) University University of of the the Philippines Philippines Press Press::
Quezon Quezon City City..
Sikolohiya sa Pilipinas Sikolohiya sa Pilipinas
Psychology Psychology in in the the Philippines Philippines
refers refers to to a a series series of of events events related related to to the the field field of of
psychology psychology in in the the Philippines Philippines..
(e (e..g g.. number number of of degree degree programs programs and and journals, journals,
the the amount amount of of research research conducted) conducted)
ang ang pinakamalaki pinakamalaki o o kabuuang kabuuang anyo anyo ng ng
sikolohiya sikolohiya sa sa kontekstong kontekstong Pilipino Pilipino..
Sikolohiya ng mga Pilipino Sikolohiya ng mga Pilipino
Psychology Psychology of of Filipinos Filipinos
refers refers to to any any theories theories or or knowledge knowledge of of Filipino Filipino
nature nature regardless regardless of of source, source, estern estern or or local local
palasak palasak na na anyo anyo sapagkat sapagkat pinakakaraniwan pinakakaraniwan o o
madaling madaling makita makita..
Sikolohiyang Pilipino Sikolohiyang Pilipino
Filipino Filipino Psychology Psychology
refers refers to to a a psychology psychology based based on on the the Filipino's Filipino's
true true thoughts, thoughts, feelings, feelings, behaviors behaviors and and must must
derive derive from from indigenous indigenous Filipino Filipino sources, sources,
language, language, and and methods methods..
nilalayong nilalayong anyo, anyo, sikolohiyang sikolohiyang bunga bunga ng ng
karanasan, karanasan, kaisipan kaisipan at at oryentasyong oryentasyong Pilipino Pilipino
Limits of estern Concepts & Methods Limits of estern Concepts & Methods
ssue ssue
Applicability Applicability of of the the estern estern theories theories and and
principles principles taught taught as as well well as as the the research research
concepts concepts and and methods methods used used in in the the
Philippine Philippine setting setting..
Timothy Timothy Church Church ( (1985 1985) ) in in ndigenous ndigenous Psychology Psychology:: AA Book Book of of
Readings Readings.. VV..GG.. Enriquez Enriquez (Ed (Ed..) ) Akademya Akademya ng ng Sikolohiyang Sikolohiyang Pilipino Pilipino::
Quezon Quezon City City..
Limits of estern Concepts & Methods Limits of estern Concepts & Methods
The The limits limits of of estern estern social social research research methods methods in in
rural rural Philippines Philippines:: The The need need for for innovation innovation
Gloria Gloria D D.. Feliciano Feliciano ( (1965 1965) ) in in Sikolohiyang Sikolohiyang Pilipino Pilipino:: Teorya, Teorya, Metodo Metodo at at
Gamit Gamit.. Rogelia Rogelia Pe Pe- -Pua Pua (Ed (Ed..) ) ( (1989 1989) ) University University of of the the Philippines Philippines Press Press::
Quezon Quezon City City..
Limits of estern Concepts & Methods Limits of estern Concepts & Methods
The The limits limits of of applicability applicability of of estern estern concepts, concepts,
values values and and methods methods in in the the social social sciences sciences to to the the
concrete concrete realities realities of of Asian Asian societies societies..
Augusto Augusto C C.. Espiritu Espiritu ( (1968 1968) ) in in ndigenous ndigenous Psychology Psychology:: AA Book Book of of Readings Readings..
VV..GG.. Enriquez Enriquez (Ed (Ed..) ) ( (1990 1990) ) Akademya Akademya ng ng Sikolohiyang Sikolohiyang Pilipino Pilipino:: Quezon Quezon
City City..
Sikolohiyang Pilipino Sikolohiyang Pilipino
from a movement to an academic discipline from a movement to an academic discipline
Principal Principal emphasis emphasis in in psychology psychology
dentity dentity and and national national consciousness consciousness
Social Social awareness awareness and and involvement involvement
Psychology Psychology of of language language and and culture culture
Applications Applications && bases bases of of Filipino Filipino psychology psychology
(health (health practices, practices, agriculture, agriculture, art, art, religion) religion)
Virgilio Virgilio GG.. Enriquez Enriquez ( (1992 1992) ).. From From colonial colonial to to liberation liberation psychology psychology:: The The
Philippine Philippine experience experience.. University University of of the the Philippines Philippines Press Press.. QC QC
Primary areas of protests of Sikolohiyang Primary areas of protests of Sikolohiyang
Pilipino Pilipino
t is against t is against
a a psychology psychology that that perpetuates perpetuates the the colonial colonial status status
of of the the Filipino Filipino mind mind
a a psychology psychology used used for for the the exploitation exploitation of of the the
masses masses
the the imposition imposition of of psychologies psychologies developed developed in in
foreign foreign countries countries
Positions of Sikolohiyang Pilipino Positions of Sikolohiyang Pilipino
On psychological practice On psychological practice
conceptualization conceptualization of of psychological psychological practice practice in in a a
Philippine Philippine context context (industriya (industriya vs vs.. kabuhayan kabuhayan;;
klinika klinika vs vs.. kalusugan) kalusugan)
concerned concerned with with folk folk practices, practices, indigenous indigenous
techniques techniques of of healing, healing, popular popular religio religio- -political political
movements movements
Positions of Sikolohiyang Pilipino Positions of Sikolohiyang Pilipino
On Science On Science Humanism issue Humanism issue
utilizes utilizes scientific scientific methodology methodology in in the the study study of of
psychological psychological phenomena phenomena
concerned concerned not not only only with with the the universal universal validity validity of of
psychological psychological science science but but also also in in utilizing utilizing such such
for for the the purpose purpose of of serving serving the the interest interest of of all all
mankind, mankind, affording affording protection protection to to the the
disadvantaged disadvantaged
Positions of Sikolohiyang Pilipino Positions of Sikolohiyang Pilipino
On Mentalism On Mentalism - - Behaviorism issue Behaviorism issue
uses uses both both phenomenological phenomenological && behavioristic behavioristic
concepts, concepts, but but lesser lesser emphasis emphasis on on individual individual
experience experience and and greater greater emphasis emphasis on on the the
collective collective experience experience
attaches attaches greater greater importance importance to to kamalayan, kamalayan,
subsidiary subsidiary importance importance to to ulirat ulirat
Positions of Sikolohiyang Pilipino Positions of Sikolohiyang Pilipino
On Analysis On Analysis holeness ssue holeness ssue
methodologically leans on the side of analysis methodologically leans on the side of analysis
but interprets the result of analysis with a bias but interprets the result of analysis with a bias
for wholeness for wholeness
(social context, political implications, cultural (social context, political implications, cultural
meaning of the study) meaning of the study)
Sikolohiyang Pilipino is a 'taong Sikolohiyang Pilipino is a 'taong- -bahay' bahay'
Metaphor Metaphor
Sikolohiyang Sikolohiyang Pilipino Pilipino can can be be explained explained through through a a
metaphor metaphor:: (a (a characteristic characteristic way way of of clarifying clarifying
concepts) concepts) difference difference between between tao tao sa sa bahay bahay
(person (person in in the the house) house) and and taong taong- -bahay bahay (house (house
person) person)..
Sikolohiyang Pilipino is a call Sikolohiyang Pilipino is a call
for for the the exercise exercise of of care care in in the the adoption adoption of of foreign foreign
theories theories.. "uncritical "uncritical rejection rejection is is just just as as
dangerous dangerous as as uncritical uncritical acceptance acceptance of of estern estern
theories theories
for for example example:: psychological psychological problems problems are are the the
same same anywhere anywhere however, however, the the sources sources of of such such
problems problems differ differ greatly greatly
Lines of filiations in Lines of filiations in
Philippine psychological thought Philippine psychological thought
Academic Academic- -scientific scientific psychology psychology:: estern estern
Academic Academic- -philosophical philosophical psychology psychology:: Clergy Clergy
Ethnic Ethnic psychology psychology:: ndigenous ndigenous psychology psychology
Psycho Psycho- -medical medical system system:: Religion Religion - - cohesive cohesive
element element and and explanation explanation..
Zeus Zeus AA.. Salazar Salazar ( (1981 1981) ) in in Sikolohiyang Sikolohiyang Pilipino Pilipino:: syu, syu, pananaw, pananaw, at at
kaalaman kaalaman.. Allen Allen Aganon Aganon at at Ma Ma.. Assumpta Assumpta David David ( (1985 1985) ).. National National
Bookstore, Bookstore, nc nc.: .: Manila Manila..
Psychology: the estern tradition Psychology: the estern tradition
Academic Academic- -scientific scientific psychology psychology::
ilhelm ilhelm undt, undt, the the German German tradition tradition
University University of of the the Philippines Philippines ( (1908 1908) )
and and other other American American traditional traditional schools schools
Academic Academic- -philosophical philosophical psychology psychology::
Thomistic Thomistic philosophy philosophy and and psychology psychology
University University of of Santo Santo Tomas Tomas ( (1611 1611) )
Ethnic psychology Ethnic psychology
Native psychological thought Native psychological thought
ndigenous ndigenous psychology psychology:: kinagisnan kinagisnan and and
katutubong katutubong sikolohiya sikolohiya..
Psychology Psychology of of Filipinos Filipinos - - perceived perceived ethnic ethnic traits, traits,
as as observed observed by by foreigners foreigners or or as as felt felt and and
expressed expressed by by Filipinos Filipinos..
The The practice practice of of psychology psychology by by Filipinos Filipinos
techniques techniques of of enculturation, enculturation, socialization socialization..
Psychology: the Filipino tradition Psychology: the Filipino tradition
Ethnic Ethnic psychology psychology
Kinagisnang Kinagisnang sikolohiya sikolohiya
the the subconscious subconscious psychology psychology imbedded imbedded in in the the
native native language, language, art, art, music, music, culture culture and and religion religion
(one (one has has been been born born into into;; unaware) unaware)..
e e..g g.. kaluluwa kaluluwa at at ginhawa ginhawa
Zeus Zeus AA.. Salazar Salazar ( (1977 1977) ) in in Sikolohiyang Sikolohiyang Pilipino Pilipino:: Teorya, Teorya, metodo, metodo, at at gamit gamit..
Rogelia Rogelia Pe Pe- -Pua Pua (Ed (Ed..) ) ( (1989 1989) ).. University University of of the the Philippines Philippines Press Press:: Quezon Quezon
City City..
Psychology: the Filipino tradition Psychology: the Filipino tradition
Ethnic Ethnic psychology psychology
Katutubong Katutubong sikolohiya sikolohiya
psychology psychology worked worked out out by by Filipinos Filipinos with with
indigenous indigenous elements elements as as basis basis (innate (innate to to the the
Filipino) Filipino) e e..g g.. Kartilya Kartilya of of the the Katipunan, Katipunan, Jose Jose
Rizal, Rizal, Hermano Hermano Pule, Pule, sabelo sabelo de de los los Reyes Reyes..
Katutubong Katutubong sikolohiya sikolohiya and and Kinagisnang Kinagisnang
sikolohiya sikolohiya constitute constitute Katutubong Katutubong sikolohiya sikolohiya
Psychology: the Filipino tradition Psychology: the Filipino tradition
Ethnic Ethnic psychology psychology
Psychology Psychology of of Filipinos Filipinos- - based based on on mainly mainly
estern estern system system of of thought thought e e..g g.. Spanish Spanish::
Pigafetta's Pigafetta's quite quite objective objective observation observation of of the the
Filipinos Filipinos in in the the Visayas Visayas (impressed (impressed by by them) them);;
American American:: orcester's orcester's view view of of the the Filipinos Filipinos as as
distinct distinct ethnic ethnic groups groups different different from from one one another another
as as Christian Christian and and non non- -Christian Christian (pagans (pagans and and
Moros) Moros)..
Psychology: the Filipino tradition Psychology: the Filipino tradition
Ethnic Ethnic psychology psychology
Practice Practice of of psychology psychology by by Filipinos Filipinos::
a a.. indigenous indigenous techniques techniques of of enculturation/ enculturation/
socialization, socialization, e e..g g.. myths myths for for social social control, control, or or as as
affected affected by by Christianity Christianity or or slam slam..
b b.. proto proto- -clinical clinical practice, practice, e e..g g.. tagapayo, tagapayo,
manghuhula, manghuhula, ancient ancient techniques techniques of of group group
therapy therapy that that are are still still present present (alternating (alternating chants chants
during during wakes, wakes, poetry, poetry, consensus) consensus)..
Psychology: the Filipino tradition Psychology: the Filipino tradition
Ethnic Ethnic psychology psychology
Psycho Psycho- -medical medical system system:: religion religion as as cohesive cohesive
element element and and explanation explanation..
( (1565 1565) ) Babaylan Babaylan or or Catalonan Catalonan techniques techniques of of
healing healing;; disease disease theory, theory, causation, causation, therapy therapy..
( (1650 1650) ) Messianic Messianic movements movements
( (1730 1730) ) Herbolaryo Herbolaryo
( (1900 1900) ) Espiritista Espiritista
Filipino psychological knowledge Filipino psychological knowledge
Filipino Filipino Language Language
use use as as a a tool tool for for identifying/rediscovering identifying/rediscovering
indigenous indigenous concepts concepts
e e..g g.. study study of of diwa diwa (psyche), (psyche), refers refers to to the the wealth wealth
of of ideas ideas implied implied by by the the philosophical philosophical concept concept of of
"essence "essence
Filipino Language Filipino Language
"Enriquez "Enriquez does does his his theorizing theorizing in in Filipino Filipino and and
does does his his writing writing in in Pilipino Pilipino;; merely merely as as a a heuristic heuristic
device, device, a a discovery discovery procedure procedure.. returning returning to to the the
'deep 'deep structure' structure' of of the the language language.. Enriquez Enriquez
worked worked in in an an area area where where Filipinos Filipinos are are most most
adept, adept, where where the the language language has has a a rich rich vocabulary vocabulary
of of feeling feeling and and sentiment sentiment..
Andrew Andrew BB.. Gonzales Gonzales ( (1982 1982) ) in in ndigenous ndigenous Psychology Psychology:: AA book book of of readings readings..
VV..GG.. Enriquez Enriquez (Ed (Ed..) ) Akademya Akademya ng ng Sikolohiyang Sikolohiyang Pilipino Pilipino:: Quezon Quezon City City..
Language, a Heuristic Tool Language, a Heuristic Tool
Methods Methods:: Ethnography, Ethnography, Language Language Analysis, Analysis,
Semantics, Semantics, ntrospection ntrospection
Language Language provided provided the the instrument instrument to to refine refine the the
tools tools of of research research so so as as to to discover discover categories categories
and and subcategories subcategories which which would would be be lost lost to to a a
estern estern English English- -speaking speaking researcher researcher..
Filipino, the Philippine Filipino, the Philippine lingua franca lingua franca
The The issue issue of of national national language language has has long long been been
resolved resolved by by the the Filipino Filipino masses masses through through their their
use use and and propagation propagation of of a a language language based based on on the the
Manila Manila lingua lingua franca, franca, Manila Manila being being the the seat seat of of
government, government, the the business business hub, hub, melting melting pot, pot,
center center of of history history..
Virgilio Virgilio GG.. Enriquez Enriquez && Elizabeth Elizabeth PP.. Marcelino Marcelino ( (1984 1984) ).. Neo Neo- -colonial colonial politics politics
and and language language struggle struggle in in the the Philippines Philippines.. Akademya Akademya ng ng Sikolohiyang Sikolohiyang
Pilipino Pilipino:: Quezon Quezon City City..
Language & Knowledge Language & Knowledge
System System of of communication communication
summing summing- -up up our our lived lived experiences experiences
Social Social interaction interaction
expressing expressing our our thoughts thoughts and and feelings feelings
Spoken Spoken language language
from from bodily bodily gestures gestures to to linguistic linguistic acts acts
specialized specialized speech speech apparatus apparatus
primary primary medium medium of of communication communication
Thinking & Language Thinking & Language
nterdependence nterdependence of of knowledge knowledge && language, language, i i..e e..
the the thinking thinking process process cannot cannot work work independently independently
of of language language
Language Language is is not not a a neutral neutral system system of of signs signs nor nor is is
it it value value- -free, free, i i..e e.. it it is is partisan partisan to to the the values, values,
perspectives, perspectives, and and rules rules of of cognition cognition of of a a
particular particular class class or or society society
Language, history, and Language, history, and
socio socio- -economic economic- -cultural life cultural life
Specific Specific historical historical features features and and socio socio- -economic economic- -
cultural cultural conditions conditions shape shape the the thinking thinking and and
language language of of a a people, people, giving giving distinctive distinctive
meanings meanings and and value value judgments judgments to to their their words words..
ndigenous ndigenous language, language, genuine genuine vehicle vehicle of of the the
innermost innermost thoughts thoughts and and intimate intimate feelings feelings of of a a
people people bound bound by by a a common common historical historical heritage heritage
and and a a specific specific socio socio- -economic economic- -cultural cultural
environment environment..
Psychological concepts and Psychological concepts and
human behavior human behavior
The The formation formation of of psychological psychological concepts concepts is is the the
more more important important stage stage in in the the entire entire process process of of
understanding understanding human human behavior behavior..
These These concepts concepts lay lay the the foundation foundation for for the the
formation formation of of indigenous indigenous psychological psychological theories theories
and and models models of of analysis analysis that that correspond correspond more more
fully fully to to the the realities realities of of the the life life and and culture culture of of a a
society society..
Development of technical terminology in Development of technical terminology in
Filipino Psychology Filipino Psychology
System System of of affixation affixation in in the the Filipino Filipino language language a a
resource resource for for terminology terminology development development
The The meaning meaning changes changes because because of of the the use use of of
affixes affixes (suffixes, (suffixes, prefixes, prefixes, infixes, infixes, postfixes) postfixes)
paki, paki, mang, mang, mapa, mapa, ika, ika, ipang, ipang, ma, ma, ka, ka, maka maka
Zeus Zeus AA.. Salazar Salazar ( (1981 1981) ) in in Sikolohiyang Sikolohiyang Pilipino Pilipino:: syu, syu, pananaw, pananaw, at at
kaalaman kaalaman.. Allen Allen Aganon Aganon at at Ma Ma.. Assumpta Assumpta David David ( (1985 1985) ).. National National
Bookstore, Bookstore, nc nc.: .: Manila Manila
Development of technical terminology in Development of technical terminology in
Filipino Psychology Filipino Psychology
Direct Direct borrowing borrowing (saling (saling- -angkat) angkat)
perception perception (L) (L) persepsyon persepsyon
psicologia psicologia (S) (S) sikolohiya sikolohiya
Surface Surface assimilation assimilation (saling (saling- -paimbabaw) paimbabaw)
reinforcement reinforcement - - reimporsment reimporsment
Grammatical Grammatical translation translation
(saling (saling- -panggramatika) panggramatika)
social social interaction interaction interaksyong interaksyong sosyal sosyal
Development of technical terminology in Development of technical terminology in
Filipino Psychology Filipino Psychology
Loan Loan translation translation (saling (saling- -hiram) hiram)
defense defense mechanism mechanism
mekanismong mekanismong pananggalang pananggalang
ord ord invention invention (salitang (salitang likha) likha)
masturbation masturbation mag mag- -isang isang pagpaparaos pagpaparaos
Abbreviated Abbreviated words words (salitang (salitang daglat) daglat)
STM STM short short term term memory memory
PUP PUP Panukat Panukat ng ng Ugali Ugali at at Pagkatao Pagkatao
Development of technical terminology in Development of technical terminology in
Filipino Psychology Filipino Psychology
Parallel Parallel translation translation (salitang (salitang- -tapat) tapat)
relationship relationship == pakikisalamuha pakikisalamuha
ndigenous ndigenous- -concept concept oriented oriented translation translation
(salitang (salitang taal) taal)
kapwa kapwa:: hindi hindi ibang ibang- -tao, tao, ibang ibang- -tao tao
Amalgamated Amalgamated translation translation (salitang (salitang sanib) sanib)
mahay mahay (Cebuano), (Cebuano), nagmamahay nagmamahay
Development of technical terminology in Development of technical terminology in
Filipino Psychology Filipino Psychology
Categorization Categorization of of words words and and concepts concepts
Foreign Foreign concepts concepts (konseptong (konseptong banyaga) banyaga)
home home for for the the aged aged
Superficial Superficial assimilation assimilation
(paimbabaw (paimbabaw na na asimilasyon) asimilasyon)
reinforcement reinforcement gantimpala, gantimpala, 'may 'may napala' napala'
Labeling Labeling (pagbibinyag) (pagbibinyag)
utang utang- -na na- -loob loob - - reciprocity reciprocity
hiya hiya - - shame shame
pakikisama pakikisama - - comradeship comradeship
Development of technical terminology in Development of technical terminology in
Filipino Psychology Filipino Psychology
Categorization Categorization of of words words and and concepts concepts
Semantic Semantic indigenization indigenization (pag (pag- -aandukha) aandukha)
paniniyansing, paniniyansing, tambayan tambayan (stand (stand by) by)
Semantic Semantic delimitation delimitation (pagtatakda) (pagtatakda)
gunita gunita recall, recall, alaala alaala memory memory
personality personality is is personalidad personalidad not not pagkatao pagkatao
ndigenous ndigenous concepts concepts (katutubong (katutubong konsepto) konsepto)
saling saling- -pusa pusa (informal (informal member) member)
pagka pagka- -pikon pikon (to (to be be peeved) peeved)
Kapwa, a core concept in Kapwa, a core concept in
Filipino Psychology Filipino Psychology
The The Filipino Filipino language language provides provides a a conceptual conceptual
distinction distinction in in several several levels levels and and modes modes of of social social
interaction interaction (antas (antas ng ng pagtutunguhan) pagtutunguhan)..
Eight Eight behaviorally behaviorally recognizable recognizable levels levels under under two two
general general categories categories in in Filipino Filipino were were identified identified
(ibang (ibang- -tao tao;; hindi hindi ibang ibang- -tao) tao)..
Carmen Carmen EE.. Santiago Santiago and and Virgilio Virgilio GG.. Enriquez Enriquez ( (1976 1976) ) in in Sikolohiyang Sikolohiyang
Pilipino Pilipino:: Teorya, Teorya, metodo metodo at at gamit gamit.. Rogelia Rogelia Pe Pe- -Pua Pua (Ed (Ed..) ) ( (1989 1989) ) University University of of
the the Philippines Philippines Press Press:: Quezon Quezon City City..
Kapwa, a core concept in Kapwa, a core concept in
Filipino Psychology Filipino Psychology
bang bang- -tao tao (outsider) (outsider)
pakikitungo pakikitungo (amenities, (amenities, civility) civility)
pakikisalimuha pakikisalimuha ('mixing') ('mixing')
pakikilahok pakikilahok (joining, (joining, participating) participating)
pakikibagay pakikibagay (conforming) (conforming)
pakikisama pakikisama (adjusting) (adjusting)
Hindi Hindi ibang ibang- -tao tao (one (one- -of of- -us) us)
pakikipagpalagayang pakikipagpalagayang- -loob loob (mutual (mutual trust) trust)
pakikisangkot pakikisangkot (getting (getting involved) involved)
pakikiisa pakikiisa (full (full trust, trust, oneness, oneness, fusion) fusion)
Kapwa, the shared inner self Kapwa, the shared inner self
Kapwa Kapwa (English (English:: both, both, fellow fellow being, being, others) others)
others others is is used used in in opposition opposition to to the the 'self' 'self'
implies implies the the recognition recognition of of the the 'self' 'self'
'self' 'self' as as a a separate separate identity identity
Kapwa Kapwa in in Filipino Filipino
a a recognition recognition of of shared shared identity identity
an an inner inner self self shared shared with with others others
the the 'ako' 'ako' (ego) (ego) and and the the 'iba 'iba sa sa akin' akin' (others) (others) are are
one one and and the the same same in in kapwa kapwa psychology psychology
Kapwa, a core concept in Kapwa, a core concept in
Filipino Psychology Filipino Psychology
Pakikitungo, Pakikitungo, pakikipagkapwa pakikipagkapwa are are mutually mutually
replaceable replaceable in in taxonomic taxonomic analysis, analysis, either either
covers covers the the entire entire lexical lexical domain domain..
Pakikipagkapwa, Pakikipagkapwa, more more theoretically theoretically fertile fertile
concept concept when when analyzed analyzed semantically semantically;; much much
deeper deeper and and profound profound in in its its implications implications as as it it
means means accepting accepting and and dealing dealing with with the the other other
person person as as an an equal equal..
Pakikiramdam: Pakikiramdam:
the pivotal aspect of kapwa the pivotal aspect of kapwa
refers to heightened awareness, sensitivity refers to heightened awareness, sensitivity
'feeling for another' 'feeling for another'
a kind of emotional a priori a kind of emotional a priori
an active process involving great care and an active process involving great care and
deliberation manifested in 'hesitation to react, deliberation manifested in 'hesitation to react,
inattention to subtle cues, and non inattention to subtle cues, and non- -verbal verbal
behavior in mental role behavior in mental role- -playing playing
Rita H. Mataragnon (1987) in From colonial to liberation psychology: The Rita H. Mataragnon (1987) in From colonial to liberation psychology: The
Philippine Experience. Virgilio G. Enriquez (Ed) (1992) UP Press. Philippine Experience. Virgilio G. Enriquez (Ed) (1992) UP Press.
Pakikiramdam: Pakikiramdam:
the pivotal aspect of kapwa the pivotal aspect of kapwa
Pakiramdam is necessarily tied to the operation Pakiramdam is necessarily tied to the operation
of all Filipino surface values: of all Filipino surface values:
pakikisama, hiya, utang na loob pakikisama, hiya, utang na loob
The improvisatory character of pakikiramdam is The improvisatory character of pakikiramdam is
operative in bahala na operative in bahala na
lakas ng loob, pakikibaka lakas ng loob, pakikibaka
The centrality of pakiramdam in behavioral and The centrality of pakiramdam in behavioral and
interpersonal domains: interpersonal domains:
biro biro- -lambing lambing- -tampo. tampo.
The Development of The Development of
Sikolohiyang Pilipino Knowledge Sikolohiyang Pilipino Knowledge
Major Major goals goals of of Sikolohiyang Sikolohiyang Pilipino Pilipino
pagsasakatutubo pagsasakatutubo (indigenization) (indigenization)
pagka pagka- -agham agham (science) (science)
pagka pagka- -Pilipino Pilipino (Filipino (Filipino identity) identity)
Mario Mario San San Buenaventura Buenaventura ( (1983 1983) ) in in Sikolohiyang Sikolohiyang Pilipino Pilipino:: syu, syu, pananaw, pananaw, at at
kaalaman kaalaman.. Allen Allen Aganon Aganon at at Ma Ma.. Assumpta Assumpta David David ( (1985 1985) ).. National National
Bookstore, Bookstore, nc nc.: .: Manila Manila
The Development of The Development of
Sikolohiyang Pilipino Knowledge Sikolohiyang Pilipino Knowledge
The The project project of of Sikolohiyang Sikolohiyang Pilipino Pilipino
development development of of indigenous indigenous psychological psychological
concepts concepts
utilization utilization of of indigenous indigenous research research methods methods
creation creation of of authentic authentic and and appropriate appropriate social social
scientific scientific psychology psychology
Steven Steven Rood Rood ( (1985 1985) ) in in Sikolohiyang Sikolohiyang Pilipino Pilipino:: syu, syu, pananaw, pananaw, at at kaalaman kaalaman..
Allen Allen Aganon Aganon at at Ma Ma.. Assumpta Assumpta David David ( (1985 1985) ).. National National Bookstore, Bookstore, nc nc.: .:
Manila Manila
Research Approaches Research Approaches
Experimental Experimental - - adherence adherence to to predetermined predetermined set set
of of procedures procedures
Survey Survey conform conform to to an an informal informal agreement agreement with with
respondents respondents
Participatory Participatory negotiate negotiate issues issues jointly jointly as as they they
arise arise
ndigenous ndigenous seek seek to to enhance enhance awareness awareness as as
one one- -with with- -the the- -other other
ndigenous Research ndigenous Research
Cross Cross- -ndigenous ndigenous Psychology Psychology fuses fuses the the modern modern
and and the the traditional traditional i i..e e.. using using scientific scientific methods methods
and and ensuring ensuring that that they they are are culturally culturally appropriate appropriate..
Sikolohiyang Sikolohiyang Pilipino Pilipino utilizes utilizes and and borrows borrows
concepts concepts from from both both the the modern modern and and traditional traditional
cultural cultural systems systems..
Approaches in the development & utilization Approaches in the development & utilization
of indigenous viewpoints of indigenous viewpoints
ndigenization ndigenization from from within within
basis basis:: the the indigenous indigenous
direction direction:: outwards outwards
culture culture- -as as- -source source
ndigenization ndigenization from from without without
basis basis:: the the exogenous exogenous
direction direction:: inwards inwards
culture culture- -as as- -target target
ndigenization from without ndigenization from without
Content Content indigenization indigenization
translation translation of of imported imported materials materials
Theoretic Theoretic indigenization indigenization
ndigenization ndigenization as as strategy strategy
Culture Culture assimilation assimilation
indigenous indigenous versions versions of of imported imported systems systems
ndigenization from within ndigenization from within
dentification dentification of of indigenous indigenous concepts, concepts, methods, methods,
theories theories
Semantic Semantic elaboration elaboration
ndigenous ndigenous codification codification re re- -codification codification
Systematization/explication Systematization/explication of of implied implied theoretical theoretical
frameworks frameworks
Application/use Application/use
Using the culture as source Using the culture as source
ndigenization ndigenization from from within within
necessarily necessarily implies implies the the need need for for cultural cultural
revalidation revalidation
a a demand demand for for concepts concepts and and methods methods which which are are
culturally culturally appropriate, appropriate, scientifically scientifically valid valid
Traditional Filipino indigenous psychology Traditional Filipino indigenous psychology
and culture and culture
Language Language
ethnolingguistic ethnolingguistic groups, groups, multilingual multilingual people people
Leisure Leisure
laro, laro, laruan, laruan, palaro palaro (patintero, (patintero, sipa, sipa, piko) piko)
Cuisine Cuisine
adobo, adobo, bistik, bistik, dinuguan dinuguan at at puto, puto, halo halo- -halo halo
Law Law
Traditional Filipino indigenous psychology Traditional Filipino indigenous psychology
and culture and culture
Religion Religion
belief belief in in a a supreme supreme being being (Batlaya) (Batlaya)
respect respect for for nature nature (spirits (spirits dwell dwell in in nature) nature)
reverence reverence for for ancestry ancestry (bulol, (bulol, anito, anito, ninuno) ninuno)
Traditional Filipino indigenous psychology Traditional Filipino indigenous psychology
and culture and culture
Religion Religion
underscores underscores the the importance importance of of establishing establishing
close close interpersonal interpersonal relations relations with with one's one's family, family,
relatives relatives and and fellowmen fellowmen (kapwa) (kapwa)
highly highly- -developed developed sense sense of of values values:: courage, courage,
cleanliness, cleanliness, courtesy, courtesy, control control and and the the family family
Traditional Filipino indigenous psychology Traditional Filipino indigenous psychology
and culture and culture
Religion Religion
indigenous indigenous morality morality:: profound profound concept concept of of
pagkamakatao pagkamakatao
babaylan babaylan (priestess), (priestess), dambana dambana (shrine) (shrine)
rituals rituals and and symbols symbols for for good good (benevolent (benevolent diwata) diwata)
and and evil evil (malevolent (malevolent aswang) aswang)
Traditional Filipino indigenous psychology Traditional Filipino indigenous psychology
and culture and culture
Manuscripts, Manuscripts, memories, memories, mummies mummies lost lost
bell bell of of Balangica, Balangica, baybayin baybayin (alibata), (alibata),
burial burial grounds grounds in in Sagada Sagada
Misa, Misa, mesa, mesa, mamimista, mamimista, mamimis mamimis kita kita
Foreign Foreign words words subsumed subsumed in in the the structure structure
of of the the Filipino Filipino language language
Traditional Filipino indigenous psychology Traditional Filipino indigenous psychology
and culture and culture
Names Names:: Sinag Sinag Liwayway Liwayway (T), (T), Dawani Dawani Paros Paros (B), (B),
Janatyan Janatyan Ahaddas Ahaddas (Y), (Y), Hamili Hamili Ayo Ayo (C), (C), Sudi Sudi
Amor Amor () ()
Literature Literature:: Francisco Francisco Balagtas, Balagtas, Ka Ka Amado Amado
Theater Theater and and Film Film:: Fernando Fernando Poe Poe Jr Jr..
Tagalog Tagalog movies movies shown shown in in theaters theaters from from Batanes Batanes
to to Jolo Jolo
Traditional Filipino indigenous psychology Traditional Filipino indigenous psychology
and culture and culture
Medicine Medicine
lason lason vs vs.. gamot, gamot, synthetic synthetic pesticides pesticides have have gone gone
semantic semantic transformation transformation- - result result of of massive massive
promotion promotion during during the the Marcos' Marcos' Green Green Revolution Revolution
project project
herbal herbal medicine, medicine, medicinal medicinal plants, plants, hilot, hilot,
concepts concepts attributing attributing illness illness to to displaced displaced organs organs
that that have have to to be be massaged massaged back back into into its its correct correct
position position
Traditional Filipino indigenous psychology Traditional Filipino indigenous psychology
and culture and culture
Music Music and and Arts Arts:: Sarong Sarong Banggi Banggi (B), (B), Ati Ati Cu Cu Pung Pung
Singsing Singsing (P), (P), Pamulinawen Pamulinawen (), (), Pobreng Pobreng
Alindahaw Alindahaw (C), (C), Dandansoy Dandansoy (H), (H), Salidumay Salidumay (S) (S);;
Kulilal Kulilal Ensemble Ensemble of of Palawan, Palawan, Kutyapi Kutyapi Artists Artists of of
Maguindanao Maguindanao
Rituals Rituals and and Ceremonies Ceremonies:: agimat agimat (talisman), (talisman),
mutya mutya (charm), (charm), gayuma gayuma (spell), (spell), anting anting- -anting anting
(amulet) (amulet);; bulong bulong (whisper) (whisper);; sapi sapi (spirit (spirit
possession) possession)
Traditional Filipino indigenous psychology Traditional Filipino indigenous psychology
and culture and culture
Methods Methods:: doing doing diagnosis diagnosis
psychodiagnostician psychodiagnostician determine determine culturally culturally- -defined defined
cause cause of of affliction affliction through through patawas, patawas,
pagbatbat/pag pagbatbat/pag- -usisa, usisa, pagpakot, pagpakot, pamulso pamulso..
beliefs beliefs in in sapi, sapi, matanda, matanda, nuno, nuno, dwende dwende..
Traditional Filipino indigenous psychology Traditional Filipino indigenous psychology
and culture and culture
Meanings Meanings::
Hiyang Hiyang (compatible, (compatible, suited) suited) in in indigenous indigenous
medical medical practice, practice, it it means means compatibility compatibility of of the the
treatment treatment and and medicine medicine with with the the individual individual..
Lagnat Lagnat laki laki ('growing ('growing- -up' up' fever) fever);; Lugaw Lugaw is is
perceived perceived as as 'food 'food for for the the sick' sick'
Traditional Filipino indigenous psychology Traditional Filipino indigenous psychology
and culture and culture
Genetic Genetic diversity diversity of of indigenous indigenous plants plants
e e..g g.. varieties varieties of of rice rice grains grains nurtured nurtured through through
centuries centuries by by indigenous indigenous people people
Herbal Herbal knowledge knowledge
e e..g g.. pito pito- -pito, pito, herbal herbal tea tea from from seven seven leaves leaves::
bayabas, bayabas, banaba, banaba, alagao, alagao, kulantro, kulantro, mango, mango,
pandan pandan use use to to detoxify detoxify the the body body..
Philippine cultural studies Philippine cultural studies
Perspectival Perspectival and and nterpretive nterpretive Models Models
absolutist absolutist position position - - assumes assumes the the basic basic
congruence congruence of of psychological psychological phenomena phenomena across across
humankind humankind
relativist relativist position position assumes assumes differences differences across across
cultures, cultures, if if not not the the uniqueness uniqueness of of each each one one
Philippine cultural studies Philippine cultural studies
pangkami pangkami (reactive (reactive relativist), relativist), assumes assumes the the utility utility
of of an an alien alien frame frame of of reference reference
pantayong pantayong pananaw pananaw (ethnocentric), (ethnocentric), assumes assumes
the the absolutist absolutist indigenous indigenous perspective perspective
universalist universalist position position implied implied by by the the kapwa kapwa and and
cross cross indigenous indigenous orientation orientation of of Sikolohiyang Sikolohiyang
Pilipino Pilipino
Philippine cultural studies Philippine cultural studies
Universalist Universalist position position
assumes assumes that that basic basic psychological psychological processes processes are are
likely likely to to be be common common features features of of human human life life
everywhere, everywhere, yet yet their their manifestations manifestations are are likely likely to to
be be influenced influenced by by culture culture
Philippine cultural studies Philippine cultural studies
Emic Emic approach approach (phonemic) (phonemic)
the the need need to to understand understand a a culture culture from from its its own own
perspective perspective (using (using natural natural taxonomies) taxonomies)
Etic Etic approach approach (phonetic) (phonetic)
the the discovery discovery of of psychological psychological universal universal
Filipino intellectual tradition Filipino intellectual tradition
Philosophical Philosophical traditions traditions and and paradigms paradigms of of
science science as as neither neither Eastern Eastern nor nor estern estern
The The est est does does not not have have a a monopoly monopoly of of scientific scientific
standards, standards, in in fact fact science science evolved evolved from from Eastern Eastern
intellectual intellectual traditions traditions
Filipino Filipino intellectual intellectual traditions traditions:: the the Ma'aram, Ma'aram, si si
Pilosopong Pilosopong Tasyo Tasyo
Filipino intellectual tradition Filipino intellectual tradition
Filipino Filipino philosophy philosophy of of science science incorporates incorporates the the
demands demands of of empirical empirical validation validation from from reliability reliability
and and validity validity to to affirmability affirmability and and authenticity authenticity..
Levels Levels of of validity validity && scientific scientific standards standards
katatagan katatagan (replicability, (replicability, reliability) reliability)
katapatan katapatan (multiple (multiple operationism, operationism, validity) validity)
patibay patibay (certification) (certification)
patotoo patotoo (affirmability, (affirmability, attestability) attestability)
patunay patunay (authenticity) (authenticity)
Filipino indigenous theories Filipino indigenous theories
Filipino Filipino concepts concepts and and models models of of personality personality
The The five five elements elements of of the the Ma'aram Ma'aram concept concept of of
pagkatawo pagkatawo (personhood) (personhood)::
ginhawa ginhawa (vital (vital principle) principle)
buot buot (perception) (perception)
isip isip (mind) (mind)
dungan dungan (sleep (sleep spirit) spirit)
kalag kalag (life (life spirit) spirit)
Filipino indigenous theories Filipino indigenous theories
Filipino Filipino concepts concepts and and models models of of personality personality
Three Three elements elements in in Baltazar's Baltazar's model model::
bait bait (sanity) (sanity)
muni muni (reflection) (reflection)
hatol hatol (judgment) (judgment)
Filipino indigenous theories Filipino indigenous theories
Filipino Filipino concepts concepts and and models models of of personality personality
The The four four elements elements in in Covar's Covar's concept concept of of Filipino Filipino
personhood personhood::
kaluluwa kaluluwa (spirit) (spirit)
budhi budhi (conscience) (conscience)
katauhang katauhang panlabas, panlabas, external external appearance appearance
katauhang katauhang panloob panloob (innermost (innermost being) being)
Filipino indigenous theories Filipino indigenous theories
Filipino Filipino social social interaction interaction theory theory
Levels Levels and and modes modes of of social social interaction interaction rooted rooted in in
Filipino Filipino collectivist collectivist culture culture which which have have been been
identified identified using using ethnoscientific ethnoscientific field field methods methods..
Kapwa, Kapwa, a a core core concept concept in in Filipino Filipino social social
psychology psychology.. Pakikipagkapwa Pakikipagkapwa is is accepting, accepting,
dealing dealing with with the the other other person person as as an an equal equal..
Filipino indigenous concepts Filipino indigenous concepts
Filipino Filipino concept concept of of justice justice
Tagalog, Tagalog, longos, longos, Cebuanos, Cebuanos, Pampangos Pampangos use use a a
common common word word for for justice, justice, katarungan, katarungan, derived derived
from from the the Visayan Visayan root root tarong tarong means means straight, straight,
upright, upright, appropriate, appropriate, correct, correct, and and for for right, right, we we
use use karapatan, karapatan, whose whose root root is is dapat dapat signifying signifying
fitting, fitting, appropriate, appropriate, correct correct i i..e e.. justice justice is is related related
to to right right
Jose Jose .. Diokno Diokno ( (1983 1983) ) in in Sikolohiyang Sikolohiyang Pilipino Pilipino:: syu, syu, pananaw, pananaw, at at
kaalaman kaalaman.. Allen Allen Aganon Aganon at at Ma Ma.. Assumpta Assumpta David David ( (1985 1985) ).. National National
Bookstore, Bookstore, nc nc.: .: Manila Manila
Research Models Research Models
Models Models of of data data collection collection
Self Self- -orientation orientation
Experimenter Experimenter- -orientation orientation
Reactive Reactive- -orientation orientation
Mutual Mutual- -orientation orientation
Linda Linda L L.. Viney Viney ( (1988 1988) ) in in Pagbabangong Pagbabangong- -dangal dangal:: ndigenous ndigenous psychology psychology and and
cultural cultural empowerment empowerment.. Virgilo Virgilo GG.. Enriquez Enriquez (Ed (Ed..) ) 1994 1994.. Akademya Akademya ng ng
Sikolohiyang Sikolohiyang Pilipino Pilipino.. Quezon Quezon City City..
Research Models Research Models
Models Models of of data data collection collection
Self Self- -orientation orientation Model Model::
the the data data collector collector and and contributors contributors relate relate to to the the
other other only only to to the the extent extent of of waiting waiting until until the the other other
stops stops responding, responding, e e..g g.. laboratory laboratory- -based based studies studies
of of memory memory.. Communication Communication is is not not taking taking place place
between between them them through through socially socially shared shared
interpretations interpretations or or common common constructs constructs..
Research Models Research Models
Models Models of of data data collection collection
Experimenter Experimenter- -orientation orientation Model Model::
the the data data collectors collectors appear appear to to influence influence while while only only
the the data data contributors contributors appear appear to to be be influenced, influenced,
e e..g g.. Asch's Asch's person person perception perception study study;; an an
imbalance imbalance of of power power in in favor favor of of data data collectors collectors
who who appear appear to to define define the the experimental experimental situation situation..
Research Models Research Models
Models Models of of data data collection collection
Reactive Reactive- -orientation orientation Model Model::
the the participants participants in in the the data data collection collection are are
reacting reacting to to what what is is currently currently taking taking place place
between between them, them, e e..g g.. verbal verbal conditioning conditioning research research;;
yet yet the the capacities capacities of of both both data data contributors contributors and and
collectors collectors to to construe construe are are assumed assumed to to be be
unimportant unimportant and and are are ignored ignored..
Research Models Research Models
Models Models of of data data collection collection
Mutual Mutual- -orientation orientation Model Model::
the the data data collector collector and and contributor contributor give give something something
to, to, and and gain gain something something from from the the data data collection, collection,
e e..g g.. Piaget's Piaget's early early research research on on conservation conservation..
ndigenous ndigenous psychology psychology research research uses uses this this model model
as as the the cultural cultural researcher researcher is is a a culture culture bearer bearer
himself himself..
Research Models Research Models
Researcher Researcher- -Researchee Researchee Relationship Relationship Model Model
Scale Scale of of the the Researcher Researcher
skala skala ng ng Mananaliksik Mananaliksik
Scale Scale of of the the Relationship Relationship or or nteraction nteraction between between
the the Researcher Researcher and and the the Researchee Researchee
skala skala ng ng Pagtutunguhan Pagtutunguhan ng ng Mananaliksik Mananaliksik at at
Kalahok Kalahok
Carmen Carmen EE.. Santiago Santiago && Virgilio Virgilio GG.. Enriquez Enriquez ( (1975 1975) ) in in Sikolohiyang Sikolohiyang Pilipino Pilipino::
Teorya, Teorya, metodo, metodo, at at gamit gamit.. Rogelia Rogelia EE.. Pe Pe- -Pua Pua (Ed (Ed..) ).. UP UP Press Press..
Santiago Santiago- -Enriquez Research Model Enriquez Research Model
Researcher Researcher- -Researchee Researchee Relationship Relationship Model Model
Scale Scale of of the the Researcher Researcher
skala skala ng ng Mananaliksik Mananaliksik
These These are are methods methods used used by by the the researcher researcher in in
generating generating data data that that are are tried tried and and tested tested and and are are
culturally culturally sensitive sensitive and and appropriate appropriate in in doing doing
research research with with Filipinos Filipinos..
Santiago Santiago- -Enriquez Research Model Enriquez Research Model
Researcher Researcher- -Researchee Researchee Relationship Relationship Model Model
Scale Scale of of the the Relationship Relationship or or nteraction nteraction between between
the the Researcher Researcher and and the the Researchee Researchee
skala skala ng ng Pagtutunguhan Pagtutunguhan ng ng Mananaliksik Mananaliksik at at
Kalahok Kalahok
The The level level of of interaction interaction between between the the researcher researcher
and and the the researchee researchee significantly significantly determines determines the the
quality quality of of data data obtained obtained..
Santiago Santiago- -Enriquez Research Model Enriquez Research Model
Researcher Researcher- -Researchee Researchee Relationship Relationship Model Model
Levels Levels of of Relationship Relationship
There There are are eight eight levels levels of of interaction interaction which which range range
from from the the relatively relatively uninvolved uninvolved civility civility of of
pakikitungo pakikitungo to to the the total total sense sense of of identification identification in in
pakikiisa pakikiisa.. These These eight eight levels levels of of interaction interaction can can
be be divided divided into into two two categories categories:: the the ibang ibang- -tao tao
(outsider) (outsider) and and the the hindi hindi ibang ibang- -tao tao (one (one- -of of- -us) us)..
Santiago Santiago- -Enriquez Research Model Enriquez Research Model
Researcher Researcher- -Researchee Researchee Relationship Relationship Model Model
Levels Levels of of Relationship Relationship
bang bang- -tao tao category category (outsider) (outsider)
pakikitungo pakikitungo (amenities, (amenities, civility) civility)
pakikisalimuha pakikisalimuha (interaction) (interaction)
pakikilahok pakikilahok (participation, (participation, joining) joining)
pakikibagay pakikibagay (conforming) (conforming)
pakikisama pakikisama (adjusting, (adjusting, being being along along with) with)
Santiago Santiago- -Enriquez Research Model Enriquez Research Model
Researcher Researcher- -Researchee Researchee Relationship Relationship Model Model
Levels Levels of of Relationship Relationship
Hindi Hindi ibang ibang- -tao tao category category (one (one- -of of- -us) us)
pakikipagpalagayang pakikipagpalagayang- -loob loob (mutual (mutual trust) trust)
pakikisangkot pakikisangkot (active (active involvement) involvement)
pakikiisa pakikiisa (full (full trust) trust)
Filipino indigenous research methods Filipino indigenous research methods
Collective Collective indigenous indigenous method method
partakes partakes of of the the characteristics characteristics of of::
a a community community dialogue dialogue
focused focused group group discussion discussion
natural natural cluster cluster interview interview
group group attestation attestation
puts puts premium premium on on::
cultural cultural appropriateness appropriateness
an an ordinary ordinary get get- -together together
Filipino indigenous research methods Filipino indigenous research methods
Approaches Approaches && Techniques Techniques
Pakapa Pakapa- -kapa kapa ('groping,' ('groping,' a a field field method) method)
Pagtatanong Pagtatanong- -tanong tanong (asking (asking questions) questions)
Pakikiramdam Pakikiramdam (shared (shared sensitivities) sensitivities)
Pakikialam Pakikialam (concerned (concerned interference) interference)
Pakikilahok Pakikilahok (participation) (participation)
Pakikisangkot Pakikisangkot (integral (integral involvement) involvement)
Pagdalaw Pagdalaw- -dalaw dalaw (casual (casual but but repeated repeated visits) visits)
Sikolohiyang Pilipino research approaches Sikolohiyang Pilipino research approaches
and techniques and techniques
Pakapa Pakapa- -kapa kapa
an an approach approach characterized characterized by by groping, groping,
searching, searching, probing probing into into an an unsystematized unsystematized mass mass
of of social social and and cultural cultural data data to to be be able able to to obtain obtain
order, order, meaning, meaning, and and directions directions for for research research..
Carmen Carmen EE.. Santiago Santiago ( (1975 1975) ) in in Sikolohiyang Sikolohiyang Pilipino Pilipino:: Teorya, Teorya, metodo, metodo, at at
gamit gamit.. Rogelia Rogelia R R.. Pe Pe- -Pua Pua (Ed (Ed..) ) ( (1989 1989) ) UP UP Press Press
Amaryllis Amaryllis TT.. Torres Torres in in Sikolohiyang Sikolohiyang Pilipino Pilipino:: Teorya, Teorya, metodo, metodo, at at gamit gamit..
Rogelia Rogelia R R.. Pe Pe- -Pua Pua (Ed (Ed..) ) ( (1989 1989) ) UP UP Press Press
Sikolohiyang Pilipino research approaches Sikolohiyang Pilipino research approaches
and techniques and techniques
Pakapa Pakapa- -kapa kapa
implies implies an an exploration exploration into into cultural, cultural, social social or or
psychological psychological data data without without the the chains chains of of
overriding overriding theoretical theoretical framework framework borrowed borrowed from from
observations observations outside outside the the focus focus of of investigation investigation..
can can be be related related to to unobtrusive unobtrusive techniques techniques
because because the the actual actual procedures procedures for for collecting collecting
information information may may range range from from observation, observation,
documentation, documentation, intervention, intervention, participation participation..
Sikolohiyang Pilipino research approaches Sikolohiyang Pilipino research approaches
and techniques and techniques
Panunuluyan Panunuluyan approach approach
interaction interaction techniques, techniques, levels levels of of relationship relationship
mula mula paninimbang paninimbang hanggang hanggang malalimang malalimang
pakikipagpalagayang pakikipagpalagayang- -loob loob..
Erlinda Erlinda Nicdao Nicdao- -Henson Henson ( (1977 1977) ) in in Sikolohiyang Sikolohiyang Pilipino Pilipino:: Teorya, Teorya, metodo, metodo, at at
gamit gamit.. Rogelia Rogelia R R.. Pe Pe- -Pua Pua (Ed (Ed..) ) ( (1989 1989) ).. UP UP Press Press:: QC QC..
Josefina Josefina BB.. San San Juan Juan && Resurrecion Resurrecion Soriaga Soriaga ( (1985 1985) ) in in Sikolohiyang Sikolohiyang
Pilipino Pilipino:: syu, syu, pananaw, pananaw, at at kaalaman kaalaman.. Allen Allen Aganon Aganon && Ma Ma.. Assumpta Assumpta David David
(Ed (Ed..) ) ( (1985 1985) ) National National Bookstore Bookstore nc nc.: .: Manila Manila..
Sikolohiyang Pilipino research approaches Sikolohiyang Pilipino research approaches
and techniques and techniques
Panunuluyan Panunuluyan approach approach
Panunuluyan Panunuluyan:: ang ang kontekstong kontekstong pisikal pisikal at at
teknolohikal teknolohikal..
Pakikipagkapwa Pakikipagkapwa:: ang ang batayang batayang panlipunan panlipunan ng ng
pakikipanuluyan pakikipanuluyan..
Sikolohiyang Pilipino research approaches Sikolohiyang Pilipino research approaches
and techniques and techniques
Panunuluyan Panunuluyan approach approach
Makataong Makataong pakikipag pakikipag- -ugnayan ugnayan:: pagdalaw, pagdalaw,
paninirahan, paninirahan, pananahanan, pananahanan, pakikisuno pakikisuno..
Pakikibagay Pakikibagay:: pakikitulog pakikitulog at at pakikikain pakikikain..
Pakikiramdam Pakikiramdam at at paninimbang paninimbang:: paraan paraan at at
batayan batayan ng ng pakikipagpalagayang pakikipagpalagayang- -loob loob..
Sikolohiyang Pilipino research approaches Sikolohiyang Pilipino research approaches
and techniques and techniques
Panunuluyan Panunuluyan approach approach
Pakikiramdam, Pakikiramdam, paggamit paggamit ng ng damdamin, damdamin, mata mata at at
pandinig pandinig upang upang maintindihan maintindihan o o mabasa mabasa ang ang ibig ibig
ipahiwatig ipahiwatig ng ng kausap kausap na na ipinahahayag ipinahahayag sa sa
pamamagitan pamamagitan ng ng kilos, kilos, parinig parinig at at matalinhagang matalinhagang
salita salita (talas (talas ng ng pakiramdam) pakiramdam)..
Sikolohiyang Pilipino research approaches Sikolohiyang Pilipino research approaches
and techniques and techniques
Panunuluyan Panunuluyan approach approach
Pakikiramdam Pakikiramdam could could serve serve as as a a personality personality
disposition, disposition, as as a a situational situational behavior, behavior, as as a a
coping coping mechanism mechanism;; closely closely related related to to many many
general general psychological psychological concepts concepts such such as as
empathy empathy and and sensitivity sensitivity..
Rita Rita Mataragnon Mataragnon ( (1982 1982) ) in in Sikolohiyang Sikolohiyang Pilipino Pilipino:: syu, syu, pananaw, pananaw, at at
kaalaman kaalaman.. Allen Allen Aganon Aganon and and Ma Ma.. Assumpta Assumpta David David (Ed (Ed..) ) ( (1985 1985) ).. National National
Bookstore Bookstore nc nc.: .: Manila Manila
Sikolohiyang Pilipino research approaches Sikolohiyang Pilipino research approaches
and techniques and techniques
Panunuluyan Panunuluyan approach approach
Paninimbang Paninimbang:: damdamin damdamin at at isipan isipan (sentido (sentido
komon) komon) ang ang pinaiiral pinaiiral dito dito at at anuman anuman ang ang
namasid, namasid, nadama, nadama, o o napakiramdaman napakiramdaman ay ay
aangkupan aangkupan ng ng tugong tugong- -kilos, kilos, subalit subalit iniisip iniisip ang ang
kahalagahan kahalagahan at at kabutihang kabutihang maidudulot maidudulot ng ng
katugunang katugunang ito ito (pagtutumbas) (pagtutumbas)..
Sikolohiyang Pilipino research approaches Sikolohiyang Pilipino research approaches
and techniques and techniques
Panunuluyan Panunuluyan approach approach
Pamamaraan Pamamaraan
panimulang panimulang pagsasanay pagsasanay
paglalakbay paglalakbay at at pakikisuno pakikisuno
paghimpil paghimpil sa sa pook pook
pagtingin pagtingin- -tingin tingin sa sa maaaring maaaring panuluyan panuluyan
paghanap paghanap ng ng tulay tulay
pagdalaw pagdalaw sa sa pakikipanuluyan pakikipanuluyan
Sikolohiyang Pilipino research approaches Sikolohiyang Pilipino research approaches
and techniques and techniques
Panunuluyan Panunuluyan approach approach
Pagsasakatuparan Pagsasakatuparan
pagbati pagbati at at pagpapakilala pagpapakilala
pag pag- -aayos aayos ng ng mga mga dala dala- -dalahan dalahan
pakikipagpalagayan pakikipagpalagayan
pagtulong pagtulong- -tulong tulong
pagpalit pagpalit- -palitang palitang paggamit paggamit ng ng mga mga metodo metodo
paggawa paggawa ng ng pananaliksik pananaliksik
pamamaalam pamamaalam at at pasasalamat pasasalamat
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Panunuluyan approach Panunuluyan approach
Suliraning etikal Suliraning etikal
pagsasabi ng layunin ng pagsasabi ng layunin ng pananaliksik pananaliksik
pagkasangkapan sa pagkakaibigan pagkasangkapan sa pagkakaibigan
pagsasabi sa kinalabasan ng pananaliksik pagsasabi sa kinalabasan ng pananaliksik
paghingi ng pahintulot paghingi ng pahintulot
pagtanaw ng utang na loob/pamemerwisyo pagtanaw ng utang na loob/pamemerwisyo
pagbubunyag ng natuklasang katiwalian pagbubunyag ng natuklasang katiwalian
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Pagtatanong Pagtatanong- -tanong tanong Method Method
Pagtatanong Pagtatanong- -tanong, tanong, Filipino Filipino word word for for "asking "asking
questions, questions, the the repetition repetition of of 'tanong' 'tanong' to to 'tanong 'tanong- -
tanong' tanong' indicates indicates seriousness seriousness of of purpose, purpose, one one is is
truly truly determined determined to to get get answers answers to to ones ones
questions questions..
Rogelia Rogelia R R.. Pe Pe- -Pua Pua ( (1989 1989) ).. nternational nternational Journal Journal of of ntercultural ntercultural Relations, Relations,
Vol Vol.. 13 13,, pp pp 147 147- -163 163.. Pergamon Pergamon Press Press:: USA USA
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Pagtatanong Pagtatanong- -tanong tanong Method Method
Major Major Characteristics Characteristics
Participatory Participatory in in nature nature
Equality Equality of of status status
Appropriate Appropriate and and adaptive adaptive
ntegrated ntegrated with with other other indigenous indigenous methods methods
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Pagtatanong Pagtatanong- -tanong tanong Method Method
Preparation Preparation:: pagtatanong pagtatanong- -tanong tanong is is part part of of
everyday everyday casual casual interaction, interaction, researcher researcher must must
plan plan very very well well for for certain certain conditions, conditions, consider consider
convenience convenience and and comfort comfort of of informants, informants, their their
language, language, norms, norms, values, values, and and background background
(history, (history, within/between within/between group group differences, differences,
activities, activities, policies) policies)..
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Procedure Procedure of of pagtatanong pagtatanong- -tanong tanong
Get Get to to know know the the people, people, place, place, lifestyle lifestyle
Greet Greet informants, informants, give give credentials credentials (name (name the the go go- -
between) between)
Go Go tell tell them them the the purpose purpose of of the the study study
Give Give an an estimate estimate of of the the expected expected length length of of the the
session session
Guide Guide questions questions are are used used when when necessary necessary
Goodbye Goodbye and and thank thank you you is is not not abrupt abrupt
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Principles Principles of of pagtatanong pagtatanong- -tanong tanong
The The level level of of the the relationship relationship that that exists exists between between
the the researcher researcher and and the the informant informant significantly significantly
influences influences the the quality quality of of data data obtained obtained
(Santiago (Santiago- -Enriquez Enriquez Model) Model)..
The The language language of of the the respondent respondent is is used used in in the the
conduct conduct of of pagtatanong pagtatanong- -tanong tanong..
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Principles Principles of of pagtatanong pagtatanong- -tanong tanong
The The use use of of pakikiramdam pakikiramdam as as 'feeling 'feeling for for another' another'
(cultural (cultural sensitivity), sensitivity), through through this this the the researcher researcher
knows knows when when to to ask ask or or avoid avoid questions, questions, interprets interprets
a a 'yes' 'yes' for for a a 'no' 'no'..
The The equality equality of of status status is is maintained, maintained, as as it it is is a a
dialogue dialogue (informant (informant is is a a kausap kausap or or person person
spoken spoken with) with) not not an an interview interview..
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Principles Principles of of pagtatanong pagtatanong- -tanong tanong
The The issue issue of of reliability reliability:: consistency consistency of of response response
can can be be checked checked by by repeating repeating the the question question in in a a
different different way way..
The The problem problem of of investigator investigator bias bias and and data data
contamination contamination can can be be solved solved by by having having more more
than than one one person person do do the the pagtatanong pagtatanong- -tanong tanong..
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Principles Principles of of pagtatanong pagtatanong- -tanong tanong
Repeated Repeated sampling sampling from from as as many many informants informants as as
possible possible can can produce produce commonalities commonalities of of lexical lexical
domain domain which which can can then then constitute constitute a a 'construct 'construct..' '
Familiarity Familiarity with with the the language, language, values, values, cultural cultural
norms, norms, will will optimize optimize accuracy accuracy and and relevance relevance of of
interpretations interpretations..
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Pakikipagkwentuhan Pakikipagkwentuhan Method Method
Kuwentuhan Kuwentuhan is is an an occasion occasion for for exchange exchange of of
information, information, ideas, ideas, insights, insights, and and opinions opinions also also it it
is is a a sharing sharing of of beliefs, beliefs, thoughts, thoughts, and and
experiences experiences..
Roberto Roberto EE.. Javier Javier Jr Jr.. ( (2004 2004) ).. Methodological Methodological Properties Properties of of
Pakikipagkwentuhan Pakikipagkwentuhan.. DLSU DLSU- -URCO URCO Research Research Project Project Report Report..
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Pakikipagkwentuhan Pakikipagkwentuhan Method Method
Oral Oral (pasalita) (pasalita)
ritten ritten (pasulat) (pasulat)
Transmitted Transmitted (pasalin (pasalin- -salin) salin) through through time time
Request Request (paki (paki paghingi paghingi ng ng pahintulot) pahintulot)
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Pakikipagkwentuhan Pakikipagkwentuhan Method Method
Pakikipagkwentuhan Pakikipagkwentuhan is is an an informal, informal, free, free, as as well well
as as a a social social process process of of exchanging exchanging information, information,
thoughts, thoughts, and and knowledge knowledge that that is is part part of of human human
daily daily activities activities..
Grace Grace OO.. Oteza Oteza ( (1997 1997) ).. Pakikipagkwentuhan Pakikipagkwentuhan:: sang sang pamamaraan pamamaraan ng ng sama sama- -
samang samang pananaliksik, pananaliksik, pagpapatotoo, pagpapatotoo, at at pagtulong pagtulong sa sa Sikolohiyang Sikolohiyang Pilipino Pilipino..
PPRTH PPRTH Occasional Occasional Papers Papers Series Series 1997 1997,, No No.. 1 1..
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Procedure of pakikipagkwentuhan Procedure of pakikipagkwentuhan
initially initially make make visits visits (padalaw (padalaw- -dalaw) dalaw) before before
living living- -in in the the community community (panunuluyan) (panunuluyan)
introduce introduce yourself yourself to to the the community community
invite invite yourself yourself to to community community gatherings gatherings
initiate initiate a a conversation conversation when when in in a a natural natural
cluster cluster
invest invest time time in in story story sharing sharing sessions sessions
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Principles of pakikipagkwentuhan Principles of pakikipagkwentuhan
may pakikipagkapwa sa kwentuhan may pakikipagkapwa sa kwentuhan
may 'paki' ang kalahok sa kwento may 'paki' ang kalahok sa kwento
may pakinabang sa kwentuhan may pakinabang sa kwentuhan
libangan libangan
linangan ng kaalaman linangan ng kaalaman
lunas sa karamdaman lunas sa karamdaman
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Principles of pakikipagkwentuhan Principles of pakikipagkwentuhan
collective orientation collective orientation
(pananaliksik na sama (pananaliksik na sama- -sama) sama)
contains the process of validation contains the process of validation
(pagpapatotoo) (pagpapatotoo)
construction of social reality (pagbubuo) construction of social reality (pagbubuo)
cluster as unit of analysis cluster as unit of analysis
(pagsali sa likas na umpukan) (pagsali sa likas na umpukan)
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Principles of pakikipagkwentuhan Principles of pakikipagkwentuhan
with a topic to talk about but without a theme with a topic to talk about but without a theme
(may pakay pero walang paksa) (may pakay pero walang paksa)
worth or value of story produced from the worth or value of story produced from the
kwentuhan session (kwenta ng kwento) kwentuhan session (kwenta ng kwento)
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Principles of pakikipagkwentuhan Principles of pakikipagkwentuhan
Validity: trustworthiness not truth Validity: trustworthiness not truth
(mapagkakatiwalaan kaysa makatotohanan) (mapagkakatiwalaan kaysa makatotohanan)
Reliability: certification not consistency Reliability: certification not consistency
(process of pakikipagkwentuhan (process of pakikipagkwentuhan- -indicator) indicator)
(pagpapatotoo, pagpapatibay) (pagpapatotoo, pagpapatibay)
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Ginabayang Ginabayang Talakayan Talakayan Method Method
collective collective discussion discussion technique technique
'sama 'sama- -sama' sama' orientation orientation
Roberto Roberto Galvez Galvez