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chapter

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(koalinite)
(illite)
(montmorillonite)

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Chapter 1

Name

Cobble

D > 150 mm

Gravel

4.75 mm < D < 150 mm

Coarse Sand

2.00 mm < D < 4.75 mm

Medium Sand

0.425 mm < D < 2.00 mm

Fine Sand

0.075 mm < D < 0.425 mm

Silt

0.002 mm < D < 0.075 mm

Clay

D < 0.002 mm

1.1

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#4
(4.76mm) #200 (0.074mm)

0.074mm
#200

Stoke's Law
v=

18

D2D =

18
s

v s

D
(Turbulent Flow)

(Well Graded)
PSD
(Poorly Graded)
PSD
(Gap Graded)

D
cu = 60
D10
D60 PSD 60%D10

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Chapter 1

PSD 10% cu > 6

cu > 4
cz =

D230
D10 D60

1 < cz < 3

Ss =

m2/m3 m2/g

(nm)

(nm)

(m2/g)

10-100

100-2000

15

5-50

100-500

80

1-5

100-500

800

>

<

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1.2

1.2.1

1.2.2

(Texture System)USDAFAA
(Cohesion)
(b-1)Cohesionless Soil
(b-2)Cohesive Soil

AASHTO
A,1, A-2, A-7, A-8
F #200
(Unified Soil Classification)

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Chapter 1

1.3

1.3.1

VW
sv
wa

Va

Vw

Vv
V

Ww
Va

Vs

Ws

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VS Vv Vw (Vv = Vw + Va )
Va WWs
Ww Wa (Wa = 0)

1.4

1.4.1

(W) (V)
( )
=

W WS S + WWS
=
=
V
VS 1 + e

1+W
G 1+W
= w S
= rd(1 + W)
1+e
1+e

Ww
100%
Ws
V
n = u 100%
V
Vu
e=
Vs
=

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Chapter 1

S=

Vw
100%
Vs
W
rd = s
V
Ws
s=
V
G +e
r
rsat = s
1+e w
rsub = rsat rw

Gs =

s
w

e
e
(k-01) Dd = max
emax emin
emax =
emin =
d
d min
(k-02) Dd = d max

d
d max
d min
( d) max, ( d) min
Terzaghi

0 < Dd < 1/3

0 < Dd < 2/3

2/3 < Dd < 1

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10

1.5
(Vs = 1)

Va

Vw = wGs

Ww = wGs

Vs = 1

Wb = Gs

Wa = 0

Vo = e
w

(Vs = 1)

Vo = e
Vw = wGs = e

Vs = 1

Ww = wGs w = e

Ws = Gs

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11

Chapter 1

e
n
(c-1)e n e =
n =
1 n
1+e
G w
(c-2) d s d = s = s
1+e
1+e
(c-3) d
(c-4)S, e,

1+
, Gs S e =

d=

Gs

d=

Gs w
1+e

e=

d=

n=1

Gs

Ws
V
G
= s s = s = sw
V Vs + Vv 1 + e 1 + e

V V Vs
n= v =
=
V
V

n
1 n
Gs w

e=
d

Gs

=
1

Gs = Se

1+
m= s
1+e
Gs + S e
= w
1+e
e = Gs
Gs + e
sat = w
1+e
Gs + e
=
sat
w
1+e

Gs

Ws
Gs w
=1
V

Gs

Gs

d
d

Ww
SVv
V
Se
= w w =
=
Ws
GsVs Gs
wGsVs

Ww
Ws
Vv
Vs 1 +
Vs
G
+
1+
1+
s Se
= s
= G
=
1+e w s1+e w 1+e

W Ws + Ww
=
=
m=
V
Vs + Vv

Ws 1 +

Gs = S eS = 100%e = Gs
sub = sat

w= w

Gs + e
1+e

w= w

Gs 1
1+e

(S = 100%)

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12

1.6

1.6.1

(Water Content) 24
105
W
Ws
(W Ws )
W Ws
=
100%
Ws

1.6.2

20 W1
Ws

20 W2
Ws
Gs =
W1 + Ws
W2

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Chapter 1

Gs =

Ws
W1 + Ws

W2

13

(W1 ) = 1.734kg

(Ws ) = 0.391kg
(W2 ) = 1.980kg
Ws
= 2.70
1.734 + 0.391 1.980
2.55 2.75
Gs =

2.65

1.6.3

(Sand Cone) (Rubber Ballon Method)

(Nuclear Density Meter)

1.6.4

(Sieve Analysis)
200

(Hydrometer Analysis)
200
200

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14

Stoke's Law

1.6.5

(%)

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10

A
C
B

0
100

10

0.1

0.01

0.001

(mm)

D10 10%

D30 30%
D60 60%

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Chapter 1

Cu Cu =

15

D60
D10

Cc Cc =

D302
D10D60

100
90
80

70
60
50
40

(%)

30
20
10
0
100

10 D60

1 D30

0.1

D10

0.01

0.001

(mm)

Cc = 13Cu > 6Cu > 4

A
B
A B
C

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16

1.1

(mm)

(g)

4.750

30

10

2.000

40

20

0.850

47

40

0.425

129

60

0.250

221

100

0.150

86

200

0.075

40

24

D10D30D60
(coefficient of gradation, Cc)

(mm)

(g)

(%)

(%)

(%)

4.750

30

4.86

4.86

95.14

10

2.000

40

6.48

11.34

88.66

20

0.850

47

7.62

18.96

81.04

40

0.425

129

20.91

39.87

60.13

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Chapter 1

17

60

0.250

221

35.82

75.69

24.31

100

0.150

86

13.94

89.63

10.37

200

0.075

40

6.48

96.11

3.89

24

3.89

100

S617g

S100%

100
90
80

70
60
50
40
30

(%)

20
10
0
10

D60 D30 D10 0.1

0.01

(mm)

D302
0.282
= 1.33
=
D10D60 0.14 0.42
D10 = 0.14mm D30 = 0.28mm D60 = 0.42mm

Cc =

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18

(Stoke's Law)

0.074mm
#200

V = (cm/sec)
rs = (g/cm3)
rw = (g/cm3)
r = (cm)

4 3
r s
3

4 3
r w W'
3
W' =

4 3
r
3

4 3
4 3
r wW' =
r (
3
3

w)

F V
r (Viscosity)
F=6 V r

6
W' = F
4
r3 (
3

w) = 6

V r

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Chapter 1

19

(c-1)
(c-2)

(c-3) s
(c-4)

18

D=

V V
W

z t V =
18
S

z
=K
t

z
K =
t

18
S

z
D =
t

K
W

Gs Wi

Wi Ww + Ws
Ws
=
= V
w+W
V
V
Gs w
V
Ws
G 1
W
Ws
=
= w+ s
+ w
s
V
GsV
Gs
V

ri =

t
t
z
D
t
t z z
D z D = K

D D
D
N = D
t z NWs

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20

i= w+

Gs 1
W
N s
Gs
V

z t

N
N=

Gs 1
V
(

Gs
Ws

w)

t N NWs D
D = K

1.7

1.7.1

(Effective Size)

(A. Hazen) 10%

D10

1.7.2

(Coefficient of Uniformity)

60% D60 Cu =

D60

D10

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. .
, 2011.07

I S B N 978-957-11-6326-0
1.
441.12

100011431

5G26

Soil Mechanics and Foundation design

106 339 4

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