ALTERNATING CURRENT

Basic Principles

Induced Voltage inside Armature

Equation V(t)=A.sin( ) = .t , where =2 f A=Max value , f is frequency

Frequency ?

Peak , RMS

Derivation of RMS
Power dissipated in a resistor Pinstantaneous = Ri2 = R Io2 (sinwt)2

The r.m.s. value is effectively a d.c. current which gives the same heating effect as the a.c. current. Using r.m.s. current we may predict r.m.s. voltage.

The r.m.s. 240 V, 50 Hz mains electricity supply is connected in series with a 1 kW heater. Find the rms and instantaneous values of the p.d. across the heater, and the current in the circuit, and the power dissipated in the heater.

AC Voltage , Current in Resistive Load

Current Flow in Inductor

Self-Induction

V,I across an Inductor in AC Circuit

V,I across a Capacitor in DC Circuit

AC across a Capacitor

Capacitor in AC Circuit

V,I across a Capacitor in AC Circuit

Power in Resistive Circuit

Power in Inductive Circuit

Power in Capacitive Circuit

Power in RL Circuit

Capacitor
Parallel plate capacitor stores charge Alternating current flows in capacitive circuit, where direct current would not flow. The charge Q stored on the plates = CV, where V is the applied voltage Q = CVo sin wt I = dQ/dt = d/dt (CVo sin wt) = wCVo cos wt Io = wCVo

What happens to Capacitor

- Charge accumulate - Voltage increases - Current flows

Property of Capacitor

Power dissipation within capacitor

Coils in DC circuits
Changing current in a coil produces changing magnetic field and e.m.f. is induced, which opposes the current change: self induction. In DC circuits coils retard current growth and prolong current decay.

AC inside LCR Circuit

Definition of circuit impedance, Z

when XL = XC, Z = R and the circuit is in resonance

Power Factor

Noisy Supply Damages Equipments

kW , kVAR, kVA ?