VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY Bioprocess principles and calculations 06BT46 Blow up Syllabus Hours / Week: 04 IA Marks: 25 Total Hours: 52

Sl. No Chapter Hours Topics to be covered

Units and Dimensions Basic Chemical Calculations

1 2 3

4 5 6 7

8 9 10 11 12 3 Material Balance without Reaction 13 14 15 16 17 18

Fundamental and derived quantities Inter conversion of units from one system to another (FPS, CGS, MKS, SI) Concept of mole, mole fraction, compositions of mixtures of solids liquids and gaseous, weight percentage, volume percentage and mole percentage and related problems Ideal gas law, Amagats and Daltons law, proof of volume % = Mole % = Pressure % Concept of normality, molality, molarity and related problems Concept of PPM, pH and pK. Buffer calculations and related Problems Definition of material balance, steady state, unsteady state, general material balance equations for steady state and unsteady state with examples Typical steady state material balance for distillation problems Simple material balance for solving absorption problems Simple material balance for solving extraction problems Simple material balance for solving crystallization problems Principles of psychometric, humidity chart with examples Simple material balance for solving drying problems Simple material balance for solving mixing problems Simple material balance for solving evaporation problems Simple material balance for solving bypass problems Simple material balance for solving recycle problems Simple material balance for solving purge problems

Material Balance with Reaction

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

Energy Balance

27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

Bioprocess principles

39 40 41

Process flow sheets

42 43 44 45

Principles of stiochiometry with examples Concept of limiting, excess reacting and inert fractional and percentage conversion Problems on fractional and percentage conversion Fractional yield and percentage yield, selectivity Solving problems on fractional yield and percentage yield Definition of ultimate and proximate analysis of fuels Problems on ultimate and proximate analysis on solid and liquid Problems on gaseous fuels, excess air, air fuel ratio calculations General steady state energy balance Thermo physics, thermo chemistry and laws Heat capacity, estimation of heat capacity for solids, liquids, gases and their mixtures Problems on heat capacity for solids, liquids, gases and their mixtures Enthalpy, standard heat of formation, standard heat of reaction and standard heat of combustion Problems on heat of combustion, enthalpy, heat of formation, heat of reaction and heat of combustion Calorific values and related problems Determination of HR at elevated temperature Problems on determination of HR at elevated temperature Biochemical equilibrium constants and conversions Historical development of bioprocess technology, an overview of traditional bioprocesses. Modern applications of biotechnological processes (Alcohol fermentation, effluent treatment and penicillin) Bioprocess principles and operations (About unit operations) Role of a bioprocess engineer in biotechnology industry Outline an integrated bioprocess and various (Upstream and down stream) unit operations involved Generalized process flow sheets ( Penicillin) Comparison of process flow sheets and unit operations in chemical bioprocess industries Comparison of process flow sheets and unit operations in chemical bioprocess industries General material balance for steady state operations

46 8 Stoichiometry of Microbial growth and Product formation 47 48 49 50 51 52

General material balance for unsteady state operations Introduction, definitions of specific growth rate and yield Problems on specific growth rate and yield Elemental balances and degree of reduction. Reduction and yield coefficients. Stoichiometry of microbial growth Stoichiometry of product formation

Text books (T1) Basic principles and calculations in chemical Engineering by David Himmelblau (T2) Bioprocess engineering by Shuler and kargi Reference books (R1) Stoichiometry by K. A. Gawhane (R2) Stoichiometry Bhatt and Vohra

BIOPROCESS PRINCIPLES & CALCULATIONS MODEL QUESTION PAPER

SUB CODE: 06BT46 TIME: 3 Hrs Instructions to the candidates: Answer any five full questions choosing atleast two questions from each part.

PART A
1. a) Define normality, molarity & molality. (6 marks) b) A chemist is interested in preparing 500ml of 1normal, 1molar and 1 molal solution of H2SO4. Assuming the density of H2SO4 solution to be 1.075gm/cc, calculate the quantities of H2SO4 to be taken to prepare the above solutions. (8marks) c) A mixture of N2 and CO2 at 298K and 101.325KPa has an average molecular weight of 31. Find the mole% of N2 and CO2. Also find the partial pressure of N2. (6 marks) 2. a) Define the following (i) Absolute humidity (iv)Saturation humidity

(ii)Molal humidity (iii)Relative humidity (v)Dry bulb and wet bulb temperature. (10 marks) b) The feed to a continuous fractionating column contains 28% by weight of benzene and 72% toluene. The distillate contains 52% benzene by weight and the residue contains 5% benzene by weight. Calculate the weight or amount of distillate and residue per 1000 kg of feed per hour. Also calculate the percentage recovery of benzene. (10marks) 3.a) A multiple effect evaporator system has a capacity of processing 1000 kg of solid caustic soda when it concentrates week liquor from 4% to 25%(both on weight basis). When the same plant is fed with 10% weak liquor and if it is concentrated to 50% (both on weight basis), find the capacity of the plant in terms of solids caustic soda, assuming that the water evaporating capacity is same for both cases. (10 marks) b) The waste acid from a nitrating process contains 30% H2SO4, 35%HNO3 and 35% H2O by weight. The desired acid is to be concentrated to contain 39% H2SO4 and 42%HNO3 by addition of concentrated H2SO4 of 98% and concentrated HNO3 of 72% by weight. Calculate the amounts of three acids i.e. waste acid, concentrated H2SO4 and concentrated HNO3 to be mixed to get 1000Kg of desired mixed acid. (10 marks) 4. a) Define the following terms with an example. i) Limiting reactant ii) Excess reactant iii) Yield and Selectivity (6 marks)

b) Chlorobenzene is nitrated using a mixture of nitric acid and sulphuric acid. During the pilot plant studies, a charge consisted of 100Kg of chlorobenzene (CB), 106.5Kg, 65.5%(by mass) nitric acid, 108.0Kg,93.6%(by mass) sulphuric acid. After two hours of operation, the final mixture was analysed to contain 2% unreacted chlorobenzene. Also the product distribution was found to be 66% P-nitrobenzene (P-NCB) and 34% orthonitrobenzene (O-NCB). Calculate: i) The analysis of charge ii) The percentage conversion of chlorobenzene iii) The composition of product mixture (14 marks)

PART B
5. a) Define the following with an example. i) Heat of reaction iii) Heat of combustion ii) Heat of formation iv) Hesss law of constant heat summation (8 marks) b) A stream flowing at a rate of 15000mol/hr containing 25mol% N2 and75mol% H2 is to be heated from 298K to 473K. Calculate the heat that must be transferred using Cpo data given below: Cpo = a +bT+ cT2+ dT3, kJ/kmol.K Gas a bx103 cx106 dx109 N2 29.5909 -5.41 13.1829 -4.968 H2 28.6105 1.0194 -0.1476 0.769 (12 marks) 6. a)Calculate the heat of formation of benzoic acid crystals C7H6O2 at 298K using the following data: CO2(g) H1 = -393.5 kJ/mol i) C(s) + O2(g) ii) H2(g) + 1/2O2(g) H2O(l) H2 = -285.8 kJ/mol iii) C7H6O2(c) +15/2 O2(g) 7CO2(g) + 3H2O(l) Hco = -3226.9 kJ/mol C7H6O2(c) Hfo C7H6O2(c) = ? iv) 7C(s) + 3H2(g) + O2(g) (4 marks) b) In the production of sulphuric acid from anhydride, the gypsum is roasted with clay to obtain sulphur dioxide and cement clinker. The reaction proceeds as follows: CaSO4(s) + SiO2(s) 3CaO. SiO2(g) + SO2(g) + O2(g) Calculate the heat of reaction at 298.15K Thermodynamic data: Component Hfo at 298K, kJ/mol CaSO4 -1432.7 SiO2 -903.5 3CaO. SiO2 -2879.0 SO2 -296.81 O2 0.0 (4 marks)

c) Obtain an emperical equation for calculating the heat of reaction at any temperature T (in K) for the following reaction: CH4(g) + C2H4(g) C3H8(g) 0 Data: HR =HT = 298K-82.66 kJ / mol = -82660 J/mol Cpo = a +bT+ cT2+ dT3, kJ/kmol.K Component a bx103 cx106 dx109 CH 4(g) 19.2494 52.1135 11.973 -11.3173 C2h4(g) 4.1261 155.0213 -81.5455 16.9755 C3h8(g) -4.2227 306.264 -158.6283 32.1455 (12 marks) 7. a) What is the role of bioprocess engineer in a biotech industry? (6 marks) b) With a neat flow sheet, explain the manufacture of penicillin and define various unit operations involved. (14 marks) 8) Assume that experimental measurements for a certain organism have shown that cells can convert two-thirds (wt/wt) of the substrate carbon (alkane or glucose) to biomass. i) Calculate the stoichiometric coefficients for the following biological reactions: Hexadecane: C16 H34 +aO2+ bNH3 Glucose: C6H12O6 +aO2 + bNH3 c (C4.4 H7.3N0.86 O1.2) +dH2O +eCO2 c (C4.4 H7.3 N0.86 O.1.2) +dH2O +eCO2

ii) Calculate the yield coefficients Y X/S (g dw cell/g substrate), YX/O (g dw cell/g substrate) for both reactions. (20 marks)

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