IILM Institute for Higher Education

Worksheets: Importance of Mathematics

Academic Year: PGP/2011-12

SESSION 1: AVERAGES OVERVIEW Mean (Arithmetic Mean)

X=

Xi
i =1

Sample X 1 + XSize + X n 2 +L

X
i =1

X + X2 +L + XN = 1 N

Population Size

The most common measure of central tendency Affected by extreme values (outliers)

0 1 10

0 1 2 12 14

10

Mean = 5

Mean = 6

Direct method For Individual Observation: Mean = X / n For Grouped Data

Mean = f X / n Short Cut Method For Individual Observation: Mean = A + d / n where d is deviation from assumed mean A . For Grouped Data Mean = A + f d / n Step Deviation Method Mean = A + ( f d / n ) * I where I is length of class Interval.

Median Robust measure of central tendency Not affected by extreme values

0 1 10

Median =5

0 1 2 12 14

10

Median = 5

In an ordered array, the median is the middle number If n or N is odd, the median is the middle number If n or N is even, the median is the average of the two middle numbers

Individual Observation Position of Median = (N + 1 ) / 2 th item Grouped Data Position of median = N / 2 th item Median = L1 + ( N /2 C.f -1 / F med ) * I

Mode measure of central tendency Value that occurs most often Not affected by extreme values Used for either numerical or categorical data There may may be no mode There may be several modes f / 2 f m f m-1 + f m+ 1 ) * I

Mode = L 1 +( f

m-1

WORKSHEET -1 1. The average income of a person on working for the first five days of the week is Rs. 35 per day and if he works for the first six days of the week, his average income per day is Rs. 40. Then, his income for the sixth day is ____________. 2. The median of the series 3, 18, 7, 20, 11, 12, 9, 17, 22 is ____________. 3. The mode of the distribution of values 5,7,9,9,8,5,6,8,7,7,5,7,9,2,7 is ____________. 4. The mean of a set of 10 observations is 4. Another set of 20 observations is added to it which makes the mean of the combined set equal to 6. The mean of second set is ____________. 5. The following table gives the monthly income of 10 employees in an office: Income (Rs) 1780 1100 1810 1760 1050 1690 1950 1750 1840 1920

Calculate the arithmetic mean of incomes by direct method and short-cut method. 6. From the following data of the marks obtained by 60 students of a class calculate the arithmetic mean by direct method and short-cut method: Marks 20 30 40 50 60 70 Marks 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50.60 04 No. of Students 05 10 25 30 20 10 No. of Students 08 12 20 10 06

7. From the following data compute arithmetic mean by direct method and short-cut method:

8. From the following data find the value of median: Income (in Rs.) 1000 Number of persons 24 Marks: 10 Numbers: 8 12 36 Class 0-6 6-12 12-18 18-24 24-30 30-36 35 28 18 9 10. Calculate mode from the following data: Frequency 12 24 36 38 37 06 15 20 25 30 35 40 26 16 20 6 30 9. Calculate the value of mode for the following data: 1500 800 2000 2500 1800

SESSION 2: MEASURES OF DISPERSION OVERVIEW The various measures of central tendencies (averages) alone cannot yield or describe the data, unless all the observations are same .It is necessary to describe the variability in the data. So Averages need to be supported by other tools called as Measures of Dispersion. Dispersion is used to indicate the facts that within a given group , the items differ from one another in size, or in other words there is a lack of uniformity in their sizes. The measures of Dispersion (variation) are classified as: Absolute Measure of Dispersion-are also called an expressed in the same statistical in which the original data is given as rupees, kg, tones etc. Relative Measures of Dispersion-are pure numbers which are independent of any statistical unit and can be used to compare the variability in the two data expressed in different statistical unit. They are also called as coefficient of variation.

Various Measures Of Dispersion 1. RANGE: It is the difference between the largest and smallest value in the distribution. R=L-S (Absolute Measure) Coeff. Of Range = (L-S)/(L+S) (Relative measure) 2. Quartile Deviation: Average amount by which two quartiles differ from the Q.D= (Q3-Q1)/2 (Absolute Measure) Coeff.of Q.D= (Q3-Q1)/ (Q3+Q1) (Relative Measure) 3. Mean Deviation: Average amount of scatter in data from the average , ignoring the sign of deviations M.D = x-mean /N (absolute measure) Coeff.of M.D= M.D./Mean (Relative measure) 3. Standard Deviation: IT is the most popular measure of Dispersion defined as the square root of the median.

arithmetic mean of the squares of the deviations of the observations from their arithmetic mean. It is denoted by sigma. S.D= (x-mean)2 /N Variance= square of S.D. (absolute measure) Coeff of S.D= (/mean)*100 (Relative measure or coeff .of variation)

WORKSHEET-2 1. a) The Jaeger family drove through 6 mid western states on their summer vacation. Gasoline prices
varied from state to state. What is the range of gasoline prices? $1.79, $1.61, $1.96, $2.09, $1.84, $1.75 b) Ms. Kaiser listed the price of share company from Monday to Saturday. Calculate Range and Coeff.of Range. Days : Rs : Mon 55 Tues 54 Wed 52 Thurs 53 Fri 56 Sat 58

2. The following table shows the monthly income of 10 families in a town: Family : Monthly Income (Rs.) : 7800 7600 6900 7500 8400 9200 11000 8100 10,500 9500 Calculate the Range and coeff. of range. 3.Calculate the Range, Quartile deviation and coeff. Of Quartile deviation from the following data: C.I. : 8-12 Freq: 5 12-16 12 16-20 20 20-24 10 24-28 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

4.Calculate the mean deviation from the mean for the following data: Marks: No. of students: 0-10 6 10-20 5 20-30 8 30-40 15 40-50 7 50-60 6 60-70 3

5. A purchasing agent obtained samples of lamps from two suppliers. He had the samples tested in his own laboratory for the length of life with the following results:

Length of life(in hrs) 700-900 900-1100 1100-1300 1300-1500

Samples from Company A 10 16 26 8

Samples from Company B 3 42 12 3

i) Which Companys lamps have greater average life?

Ii) Which Companys lamps are more uniform?

6. After settlement the average weekly wages in a factory increased fromRs.8000 to Rs.12000 and standard deviation had increased from Rs.100 to Rs.150.After settlement the wage has become higher and more uniform. Do you agree?

7. For two firms A and B, the following data are available: A Number of Employees Average Salary Standard deviation of salary Compute the following: i) Which firms pays larger package of salary? ii) Which firm shows greater variability in the distribution of salary? 8. Verify the correctness of the following statement: A Batsmen scored at an average of 60 runs an innings against Pakistan. The standard Deviation of the runs scored by him was 12.A year later against Australia , his average came down to 50 runs an innings and the standard deviation of the runs scored fell down to 9.Therefore ,it is correct to say that his performance was worse against Australia and that there was lesser consistency in his batting against Australia. 9 . Th e att en dance at 4 C ine ma halls on a given day w as 200,500,300 and 1 0 0 0 p eo p l e. 100 1600 16 B 200 1800 18

a) C alcula te the dis pers ion of the number of attende es

b ) Calculate the coefficient of variation

c) . If there w ere 50 attend ees more in each room on the s ame day, wh at eff ec t w o uld it have on the dis pers ion?

1 0 . A marathon race was completed by 5 participants. What is the range of times given in hours below?

2.7 hr, 8.3 hr, 3.5 hr, 5.1 hr, 4.9 hr

SESSION 3: DIAGRAMATIC AND GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF DATA OVERVIEW

Sort raw data in ascending order:

12, 13, 17, 21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32, 35, 37, 38, 41, 43, 44, 46, 53, 58
Find range: 58 - 12 = 46 Select number of classes: 5 (usually between 5 and 15) Compute class interval (width): 10 (46/5 then round up) Determine class boundaries (limits): 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 Compute class midpoints: 15, 25, 35, 45, 55

Count observations & assign to classes Frequency Distributions, Relative Frequency Distributions and Percentage Distributions

Data in ordered array: 12, 13, 17, 21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32, 35, 37, 38, 41, 43, 44, 46, 53, 58 Class 10 but under 20 20 but under 30 30 but under 40 40 but under 50 50 but under 60 total Frequency Relative Frequency 3 6 5 4 2 20 0.15 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.1 1 Percentage 15 30 25 20 10 100

Graphing Numerical Data: Histogram Data in ordered array: 12, 13, 17, 21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32, 35, 37, 38, 41, 43, 44, 46, 53, 58
H istogram 8 y6 c n e4 u q e r2 F 0

6 3 0 5 15 25

4 2 0

36

45

55

M ore

The Frequency Polygon Data in ordered array: 12, 13, 17, 21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32, 35, 37, 38, 41, 43, 44, 46, 53, 58

Frequency 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 5 15 25 36 45 55 More

Tabulating Numerical Data: Cumulative Frequency Data in ordered array: 12, 13, 17, 21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32, 35, 37, 38, 41, 43, 44, 46, 53, 58 Class 10 but under 20 20 but under 30 30 but under 40 40 but under 50 50 but under 60 total Frequency Cumulative Frequency 3 6 5 4 2 20 3 3+6=9 9 + 5 = 14 14 + 4 = 18 18 + 2 = 20 20

Graphing Numerical Data: The Ogive (Cumulative % Polygon)

Ogive
100 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Tabulating and Graphing Categorical Data:Univariate Data

Investment Category Stocks Bonds CD Savings Total

Amount (in thousands $) 46.5 32 15.5 16 110

Percentage 42.27 29.09 14.09 14.55 100

Bar Chart (for an Investors Portfolio)

Investor's Portfolio
Savings CD Bonds Stocks 0 20 40 60 Amount in K$
Pie Chart (for an Investors Portfolio)

Tabulating and Graphing Bivariate Categorical Data Investment Stocks Bonds Investor A 46.5 32 Investor B 55 44 19 Investor C Total Category 27.5 95 129

CD Savings Total

15.5 16 110

20 28 147

13.5 7 67

49 51 324

Comparing Investors
Savings CD Bond s Sto cks 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Investor C

Investor B

Investor A

WORKSHEET 3 Describe briefly the construction of histogram and frequency polygon of a frequency distribution and state their uses: Prepared a Histogram and a Frequency Polygon from the following data: Class : f : 06 4 612 8 1218 15 1824 20 2430 12 3036 6

Marks obtained by 50 students in a History paper of full marks 100 are as follows: 78 25 25 40 30 29 35 42 43 44 20 48 44 43 48 36 46 48 36 60 31 47 33 65 68 73 39 60 20 47 49 51 38 49 35 52 34 76 79 20 16 70 65 39 60 Arrange the data in a frequency distribution table in class intervals of length 5 units histogram to present the above data.

43 47 12 61 45 and draw a

(a)

Represent the following data by Histogram: Weight (Kg.) 3540 4045 4550 No. of Persons 12 30 22

5055 30

5560 18

6065 10

(b) Represent the following frequency distribution by means of a Histogram and superimpose thereon the corresponding frequency polygon and frequency curve: Salary (00 Rs.) No. of Employees Salary (00 Rs.) No. of Employees 300400 20 700800 115 400500 30 800900 100 500600 60 9001000 60 600700 75 10001200 40 (cHow many families can be expected to have monthly income between 3500 and 4250 rupees. 4250 3500 Hint: ------------------ x 309 = 115.88 = 116. 2000 The following table gives the scholastic aptitude scores of the 50 departmental students of a certain department in a certain university: 345 530 556 354 590 395 515 479 494 420 563 444 629 440 485 505 604 490 445 605

402 691 523

406 520 575

730 465 420

506 468 605

516 545 527

472 624 461

475 582 440

610 570 585

586 578 420

523 505 384

Construct a frequency distribution table with appropriate class limits and class boundaries. (Take the length of the class equal to 30 units). Draw histogram to represent the above frequency distribution.

(a)

Draw the less than and more than ogive curves from the data given below: Weekly wages (00 Rs.) 020 2040 4060 6080 80100 No. of wages 10 20 40 20 10

(b) Below is given the frequency distribution of marks in Mathematics obtained by 100 students in a class: Marks 2029 3039 4049 5059 No. of Students 7 11 24 32 Marks 6069 7079 8089 9099 No. of Students 9 14 2 1 Draw the ogive (less than or more than type) for this distribution and use it to determine the median. Age distribution of 200 employees of a firm is given below. Construct a less than ogive curve and hence of otherwise calculate semi-inter-quartile range (Q3Q1)/2 of the distribution. Age in years (less than): No. of employees : 25 10 30 25 35 75 40 130 45 170 50 189 55 200

The following table gives the distribution of the wages of 65 employees in a factory: Wages in Rs. 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 (Equal to or more than) Number of Employees 65 57 47 31 17 7 2 0 Draw a less than ogive curve from the above data, and estimate the number of employees earning at least Rs. 63 but less than Rs. 75.

Construct a frequency table for the following data regarding annual profits, in thousands of rupees in 50 firms, taking 2534, 3544, etc., as class intervals. 28 35 61 29 36 48 57 67 69 50 48 40 47 42 41 37 51 62 63 33

31 32 35 40 38 37 60 51 54 37 46 42 38 61 59 58 44 39 38 44 45 45 47 38 44 47 47 Construct a less than ogive and find: Number of firms having profit between Rs. 37,000 and Rs. 58,000. Profit above which 10% of the firms will have their profits. Middle 50% profit group.

56 57 64

Represent the following data by means of a time series graph. Year 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Export (Rs. 000) 267 269 263 275 270 280 282 272 265 266 Import (Rs. 000) 307 310 280 260 275 271 280 280 260 265

Present the following hypothetical data graphically. AREA AND PRODUCTION OF RICE IN INDIA Year 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 Area (Million Acres) 174.1 177.3 176.1 177.9 179.3 Production (Million Tonnes) 72.5 77.8 74.8 77.2 78.0

1992 179.1 74.8

Present the following data about India by a suitable graph: PRODUCTION IN MILLION TONS Months Highest Lowest Price Months Highest Lowest Price Price Price (Rs.) (Rs.) (Rs.) (Rs.) January 160.0 152.0 July 175.0 163.2 February 162.2 156.0 August 175.8 160.0 March 165.0 160.3 September 172.2 165.0 April 166.5 162.4 October 178.0 168.0 May 168.2 160.5 November 171.0 165.0 June 170.0 161.9 December 175.5 167.0

(a) Draw a bar chart to represent the following information: Year 1952 1957 1962 No. of women M.P.s 22 27 34

1967 31

1972 22

1977 19

(b) Represent the following data with the help of a bar diagram: Year 1970197119721973197471 72 73 74 75 Notes in 4,221 4,655 5,272 6,159 6,231

197576 6,572

1976-77 7,778

Circulation (Rs. Crores) (c) In a recent study on causes of strikes in mills, an experimenter collected the following data. Causes Economic Personal Political Rivalry Others Occurrences 58 16 10 6 10 (in Percentage) Represent the data by bar chart. (d) Below are data on the number of films made in different regional and / or other languages in India in different years. Year 1947 1951 1961 1970 1971 1972 1973 No. of films 281 229 303 396 433 414 448 Draw a bar chart to represent the above data. (a) Represent the following data by a suitable diagram: Item of Expenditure Family A Food 200 Clothing 100 House Rent 80 Fuel and Light 30 Education 90 Total 500

Family B 250 200 100 40 210 800

(b) Represent the following data by a percentage sub-divided bar-diagram: (cover if possible) Item of Expenditure Family A Family B (Income Rs. 500) (Income Rs. 500) Food 150 150 Clothing 125 60 Education 25 50 Miscellaneous 190 70 Saving or Deficit +10 -30 (c) Draw a suitable diagram to represent the following data on livelihood patterns in India, U.S.A. and U.K. Occupation India U.S.A. U.K. 71% 13% 5% Agriculture and Forestry 15% 46% 55% Manufacture and Commerce 14% 41% 40% Other Industries and Services Total 100% 100% 100% (d) Represent the following data on means of a pie diagram. Tea Cocoa 3,260 tons 1,850 tons production of Tea, Cocoa and Coffee by

Coffee 900 tons

Total 6,010 tons

(a)

Point out the usefulness of diagrammatic the construction of volume and pie diagrams.

representation

of

facts

and

explain

(b) A Rupee spent on Khadi is distributed as follows: Farmer Carder and Spinner Weaver Washer-man, Dyer and Printer Administrative Agency Total Present the data in the form of a pie diagram. (c) Draw a pie diagram for the Sector Outlays: Agriculture and Rural Development Irrigation, etc. Energy Industry and Minerals Transport, Communication, etc. Social Services and Others following data of Sixth Paise 19 35 28 8 10 100

Five-Year

Plan

Public

12.9% 12.5% 27.2% 15.4% 15.9% 16.1%

(a Raw Materials Taxes Manufacturing expenses Employees Other Expenses Depreciation Dividends Retained Income Total

1,689 582 543 470 286 94 75 51 3,790

SESSION 4 :RATIO AND PROPORTION OVERVIEW Ratio If A and B are two similar quantities , then A/B or A : B is called their ratio. A and B are called as the terms of the ratio. A is called the antecedent and B is called the consequent. The ratio remains unchanged by multiplying or dividing the antecedent and consequent by the same number. Example: If A 's Income is Rs 1000 per month and B's income is Rs 1500 per month , then the ratio between the incomes of A and B is 1000 / 1500 = 2/ 3

Proportion A proportion is an equality of two ratios I.e a :b = c : d is a proportion and term a , b , c and d are said to be in proportion and proportionally expressed as a: b : : c : d a and d are called extremes and b and c are called as means.

WORKSHEET - 4 1. .The ratio of prices of two cows was 23 : 16 . Two years later when the price of the first had risen by Rs 477 and that of second by 10% , the ratio of their prices became 20 : 11. Find the original prices. 2. In mixing tea , 1 kg in every 100 kg is wasted . In what proportion must a dealer mix teas which cost him Rs 24 and Rs 18 per kg respectively so that cost comes to 20 per kg. 3. A consists of three substances whose volumes are in the ratio of 4 : 5 : 7 . The weights of equal volume of substances are in the ratio of 3 : 6 : 7 . Find the ratio of the weights of the substances in the mixture. 4. Divide Rs 6270 among A , B , C so that A receives 3/7 as much as B and C together receive and B receive 2 / 9 of what A and C together receive. 5. 18 liters are withdrawn from vessel full of wine . It is then filled with water . Then 18 liters of mixture are drawn and quantity of wine to that of water in it is 16 : 9 , how much does the vessel hold? 6. Monthly incomes of two persons are in the ratio of 5 : 7 and their monthly expenditure are in the ratio of 7 : 11 . If each saves Rs 150 a month find their monthly incomes. 7. Two casks A and B are filled with two kind of liquids , mixed in cask A in the ratio of 2 : 7 and in the cask B in the ratio of 1 : 5 . What quantity must be taken from each cask to form a mixture which shall consist of 2 liters of one kind and 9 liters of other? 8. A cubic centimeter of two metals A and B weighs 0.57 gm and 0.82 gm respectively . An alloy of the two metal is to be made , in which ratio of A to B is to be in stated proportion. B y mistake the proportion reversed and weight of the cubic centimeter of alloy thus made fall short of the required weight by 0.05 gm . Find the actual proportion of two metals in the alloy both by volume and weight. 9. The proportion of milk and water in three samples is 2 : 1 , 3 : 2 , 5 : 3. A mixture comprising of equal quantities of all 3 sample is made. The proportion of milk and water in the mixture is? 10. A ,B and C enter into a partnership by investing Rs 3600 , Rs 4400 and Rs 2800. A is working partner and gets fourth of the profit for his services and remaining profit is divided amongst the three in rate of their investments. What is the amount of profit B gets if A gets a total of Rs 8000.

SESSION 5: MATRIX OVERVIEW A matrix is an array of numbers arranged in certain numbers of rows and columns . If there are m x n numbers aij ( i = 1 to m , j= 1to n), we can write a matrix with m rows and n columns A1 a11 B= a21 am1 A2 a12 a22 am2 .... A3 a1n a2n a3n I II III

1. A matrix having m rows and n columns is called matrix of order m x n. The individual enetries of the array aij are termed as elements of matrix A. 2. Matrix can b indicated by enclosing an array of numbers by parentheses [ ] or ( ) 3. Matrices are usually denoted by capital letters A, B,C while small letters a,b ,c ...etc used to denote elements of matrix. Representation of data in matrix form Matrices can be used to present a given st of data in compact form. For e.g the following matrix gives transportation cost per unit for each of the three warehouses to each of the four distribution points. Distribution point I I Warehouse II III Types of Matrices I) Rectangular matrix A matrix consisting of m rows and n columns where m = n is called as rectangular matrix. II IIII 25 32 20 IV 19 10 21 15 20 14 12 12 10

For e.g

A = a11 a21

a12 a22

a13 a23

is a recangular matrix of order 2 x 3 II) Square matrix If the number of rows of a matrix is equal to a column of a matrix , the matrix is said to be a square matrix. For eg A = a11 a21 a31 III) Row matrix A matrix having only one row is called a row matrix or ( row vector). For eg [ 4 1 2] is a 1 x 3 matrix ( one row three columns) IV) Column matrix A matrix having only one column is called as a column matrix or ( column vector) 4 1 2 is a 3 x 1 matrix ( three rows one column) V) Identity Matrix A square matrix with each of its diagonal elements equal to unity (1) and no diagonal elements euql to zero is called as identity matrix . The matrix I = 1 0 0 0 VI) Null Matrix A matrix having all its elements equal to zero is called as a null matrix . Transpose of a Matrix The transpose of a matrix is a matrix denoted by A' is obtained by interchange of its rows and columns. Symbolically if A = [ aij ]m xn then A' = [ aji ] n x m If A = 1 2 9 2 4 8 then A ' = 1 2 9 2 4 8 ( Interchange of rows and columns) 0 Diagonal elements is a 3 x 3 identity matrix 1 0 0 1 a12 a22 a32 a13 a23 a33

A is a square matrix as number of rows (3) = number of columns (3)

WORKSHEET - 5 1.Three firms A,B & C supplied 40,35 & 25 truck load of stones and 10,5,8 truck loads of sand respectively to a contractor. If the cost of stone and sand are Rs 1200 and Rs 500 per truck load respectively, find the total amount paid by the contractor to each of those firms, by using matrix method. 2.The annual sale volumes of three products X,Y,Z whose sale prices per unit are Rs 3.50,Rs 2.75,Rs 1.50 respectively, in two different markets 1 and 2 are shown below Market Product X 1 2 6000 12000 Y 9000 6000 Z 13000 17000

3.

A1 2 A= 8 14

A2 4 10 16

A3 6 12 18 I II III

A1 4 B= 10 16

A2 6 12 18

A3 8 14 20 I II III

A1

A2

A3

2 C= 8 10

10 12 24

8 16 38

I II III

Matrix A shows the stock of 3 types of items I,II,III in three shops A1,A2,A3. Matrix B shows the number of items delivered to the three shops at the beginning of a week. Matrix C shows the number of items sold during that week. Using matrix algebra, find The number of items imediately after the delivery. The number of items at the end of the week. 4.the cost vector for three materials cement, wood and steel is given by [700 amount of materials needed to construct a house is given by the vector [100 Proper vector notations,find the vector representing the total cost of material. 5.find the adjoint of the matrix 1 A= -1 0 4 2 0 0 2 2 100 50 1000] and the 20].Using

6.Find Adj.A and verify the Theorem A(adj.A)=(Adj.A)A=IAI I3 for the matrix 1 A= 1 1 2 3 4 3 4 3

7. A company is manufacturing two types of auto cycles for gents and ledies separately,which are assembled and finished in two workshops W1 and W2.Each type takes 15 hours and 10 hours for assembly and 5 hrs and 2 hrs for finishing in the respective shops.If total no of hours available are 400 and 120 in work shops W1 and W2 respectively, calculate the number of units of autocycles produced using matrix method. 8. A manufacturer is manufacturing two types of products A and B.L1 and L2 are two machines which

are used for manufacturing these two types of products.The time taken both by A and B on machines is given below Machine L1 Product A 20 hrs Product B 10 hrs If 600 hrs is the time available on each machine, calculate manufactured using matrix method. 9.The prices of three commodities P,Q and R are Rs.X,Y and Z per unit respectively. A purchases 4 units of R and sells 3 units of P and 5 units of Q;B purchases 3 units of Q and sells 2 units if P and 1 unit of R;C purchases I unit of P and sells 4 units of Q and 6 units of R.In the process A,B and C earn Rs.6000,Rs.5000,Rs.13000 respectively. find the prices per unit of P,Q and R. 10.The daily cost of operating a hospital is C,a linear finction of the number of in-patients I,and outpatients P,plus a cost a,i.e,C=a+bP+dI. Given the following data from three days,find the values of a,b and d by setting up a linear system of equations and using the matrix inverse. Days 1 2 3 Cost in Rs 6956 6725 7100 No of In-Patients I 40 35 40 No of Out-patients P 10 9 12 Machine L2 10 Hrs 20 hrs the number of units of each type

SESSION 6: PERMUTATION AND COMBINATION OVERVIEW

Permutation: means arrangement of things. The word arrangement is used, if order of things is considered. Let n be the positive integer and r be the positive integer less than equal to n . The number of different arrangements of r things taken out of n dissimilar things is denoted by nP r . Each such arrangement is called as permutation of n things taken r at a time. For e.g. all the arrangements of two letters chosen out of [ a, b , c ] are given by ab , ba , ac , ca , bc , cb Thus given by 3P2 = 6 Combination: means selection of things. The word selection is used, when the order of things has no importance. Thus if a, b, c are given set of objects and two objections are to be chosen. The different combinations are given by {a, b}, {b, c} and {c, a}. In combination, the order in which the elements are selected does not matter. Combination is denoted by C. For e.g. 10C5 Concept of Factorial In order to solve permutation and combination problems we have to use concept of factorial. The product of all consecutive integers starting from 1 to t is denoted by t! and read t factorial. Thus 4! = 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 For e.g find value of 6P4 = 6! / 6 4! = 6! / 2! = 6 x 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x1 / 2 x 1 = 360

WORKSHEET- 6 1. How many different words can we make using the letters A, B, E and L ?

2. How many 2 digit numbers can you make using the digits 1, 2, 3 and 4 without repeating the digits? 3. How many 3 letter words can we make with the letters in the word LOVE? 4. How many lines can you draw using 3 non collinear (not in a single line) points A, B and C on a plane? 5. We need to form a 5 a side team in a class of 12 students. How many different teams can be formed? 6. A committee including 3 boys and 4 girls is to be formed from a group of 10 boys and 12 girls. How many different committee can be formed from the group? 7. In a certain country, the car number plate is formed by 4 digits from the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 followed by 3 letters from the alphabet. How many number plates can be formed? 8. If a university student has to choose 2 science classes from 5 available science classes and 3 other classes from a total of 7 other classes available, how many different groups of classes there? 9. In how many ways 12 persons may be divided into two groups of 6 persons each? 10. Find the number of arrangement that can be made out of letters of the word ASSASINATION?

SESSION 7 :LINEAR EQUATIONS OVERVIEW

E qu ation .
An equation is a statement of equality between two expressions which is not true for all values of the variables involved in it. Identity: An identity is a statement of equality between two expressions which is true for all values of the variables involved. Roots or solution of an equation: The root is a value of the variable for which the equation is satisfied or its both sides are equal to each other. Degree of an equation: The highest power of unknown variable with a non zero coefficient is called the degree of the equation eg. In 2x2 +3x = 0 the highest power of x is 2 so the degree of equation is 2. Linear equations: The linear equations are simplest of all the equations and their standard form is ax +b = 0.expression of the form ax = b or ax +b = 0 are linear equations in variable x or equations of first degree in x. Simultaneous linear equations: When an equation is having more than one variable its called simultaneous linear equation in provided number of variables like equations ax +by +c and ax +by +cz are linear equations in two and three variables respectively provided (a0,b0) for two variable case and (a0,b0,c0 ) for three variable case. As the number of variables increases in an equation the no. of equations will also increase in to the system .The linear simultaneous equations can be solved by various methods like substitution ,elimination, cross multiplication etc.

Quadratic equation. Quadratic equation: An equation of the form ax2+bx+c =0 is called a quadratic equation.A quadratic equation can also be solved by various methods loke factirzattion, formula(shree dharacharya) etc.

WORKSHEET - 7 Q.1 Solve the problem x/6 x/5 =x/15-x/3 +7 Q.2 x+4-[2+{x-(2+x)}] = 1/2 Q.3 2x +3y =8 ; 3x + y =5 Q.4 x-2y =3 ; 7y-2x =3 Q.5 3x-7y =20 4x-2y=3 Q.5 y = 3(x+1) ; 4x = y+1 Q 6 x/6 +y/15 =4 ; x/3 y/12 =19/4 Q.7. 3/x +2/y =13 ; 5/x -3/y = 9 Q.8 2/x +y = -3 ; 1/2x -2y/3 = 1/6. Q.9 (3x/5 +x/2 ) = (5x/4 -3). Q.10 (3/(x-6)) + (7/(x-2)) = (10/(x-4)). Q.11 Monthly income of two persons is in the ratio of 4:5 and their monthly expenditure are in the ratio of 7:9.If each saves Rs. 50 per month find the monthly income of both the persons. Q.12 For a certain commodity the demand is (D) in kg for a price p in Rs. Is given by D= 100(10-p).The supply equation giving the supply (S) in kg. for a price (p) in Rs. Is S = 75(p-3).the market is such that the demand equals supply.find the market price and the quantity that will be bought and sold. Q.13 Let the speed of a boat in still water be 10 km per hour.If it can travel 24 km. down stream and 14 km upstream,indicate the speed of the flow of stream.

SESSION 8 : DERIVATIVES OVERVIEW In calculus , a branch of mathematics , the derivative is a measure of how a function changes as its input changes. The process of finding a derivative is called as differentiation. Differentiation is a method to compute the rate at which a dependent output y changes with respect to change in input x. The functional relationship is denoted by y = f(x) where, y dependent variable ( The variable which is predicted on the basis of another variable is called as dependent variable) x - independent variable ( The variable which is used to predict another variable is called independent variable) For eg. When sales are predicted on the basis of advertising expenditure , sales is dependent variable (y) and advertising expenditure is independent variable (x) Differentiation helps us to find out the average rate of change in the dependent variable with respect to change in the independent variable. For e.g two variables are sales (y) and advertising expenditure (x) such that y is a function of x . Therefore differential coefficient dy / dx represents rate of change in y with respect to x. Basic formula of differentiation Function f(x) xn c, a constant Derivative f ' (x) nxn-1 n , is a real number 0

For e.g f(x) = x2 + 4x + 6 f '(x) = 2x2-1 + 4 x 1-1 + 0 ( as 6 is a constant) = 2x + 4 ( as x0 = 1)

Applications of Derivatives in Business Cost Function Total cost has two parts Variable cost and fixed cost. If C (x) denotes cost of producing x units of a product then C(x) = V(x) + F(x) If C(x) = - x2 + 10 x + 40 Then F(x) = 40 V(x) = - x2 + 10 x Marginal cost = If C (x) is the total cost of producing x units then increase in cost in producing one more unit is called marginal cost at an output level of x units and is given as dC/ dx. For the above example dC/dx = -2x + 10. Revenue Function Revenue R(x), gives the total money obtained by selling x units of a product . If x units are sold at Rs p per unit , then R(x) = p.x Marginal Revenue : It is the rate of change in revenue per unit change in output. If R is the revenue and X is the output then MR = dR/ dx Profit Function Profit P(x) is the difference between total revenue R (x) and total cost C(x) P(x) = R(x) C(x) Marginal Profit : Marginal Profit is the rate of change in profit per unit change in output I.e dP/dx Elasticity Function Price elasticity of demand : If price of the commodity increases by 1 percent by what percentage amount of demand has changed. This can be answered by using the concept of elasticity of demand. The price elasticity of demand is defined as the rate of proportional change in quantity demanded x to the change in price per unit p. Ed = -dx.p / dp .x

WORKSHEET - 8 1. A company estimates that the total cost of producing x units of a certain product is given by C(x) = 400 + 0.02x + 0.0001x2 Find I) Average cost ii) the marginal average cost. 2. If C(x) = 0.01 x + 5 + (500 /x) is a manufacturer's average cost equation , find the marginal cost function. What is the marginal cost when 100 units are produced ? Interpret the result. 3. If Demand function is x = 20 / p + 1 where p is the price per unit for x units , find the marginal revenue function. 4. When the price p = 25 , find the elasticity of demand if the demand function q = 100 - 2p. 5. If p = (100 / q + 2 ) - 2 represents the demand function for a product , where p is the price per unit for q units .Find the marginal revenue. 6. A company has x items produced the total cost C and total revenue R given by the equations a. C = 100 + 0.015x2 and R = 3x . Find the equation for profit ,marginal cost , marginal revenue and marginal profit. 7. The total cost of a firm is given by 0.01x3 2x2 + 400 x, find i. MC function ii. AC function iii. value of x 8. Find the elasticity of demand of the function x = 100 5p at p = 10 9. Find elasticity of a demand function p = -2x2 + 3x + 150 at x = 8 10. If the consumption function is given by C = 8 + 9I3/2 , where I is income of the consumer. Find the marginal consumption function.

SESSION 9 : Maxima and Minima Overview Steps to calculate maxima and minima for Function f (x) Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Conditions Find f ' (x) Solve f ' (x) = 0 to get value of x , Let x = c be one of the values of x Find f '' (x) and then put x = c to get f '' (c) If f'' ( c ) < 0 x = c is the point of maxima If f '' ( c ) > 0 x = c is the point of minima If f '' ( c) = 0 its neither a point of maxima or minima - Inflection point

Sample Solution f(x) = x3 - 12 x Step 1 : f ' (x) = 3x2 12 Step 2 : putting f ' (x ) = 0 3x2 12 = 0 3x2 = 12 x =+-2 Step 3 : f '' (x) = Differentiating f ' (x) I.e 3x2 12 = 6x f '' (+ 2) = 6 x 2 = 12 which is positive f '' ( - 2) = 6 x 2 = -12 which is negative f '' ( 2) > 0 , function f(x) is minimum at x = 2 f '' ( -2 ) < 0 , function f(x) is maximum at x = -2 Maximum value = f ( - 2) = (-2)3 12( -2) = 16 Minimum value = f (2) = (2)3 12( 2 ) = - 16

WORKSHEET - 9 1.The total profit y in rupees of a company from manufacturing from the manufacturer and sale of x bottles is given by y = -x2 / 400 + 2x 80 a) How many bottles must the company sell to achieve maximum profit. b) What is the profit per bottle when maximum profit is achieved. 2.A firm has revenue function given by R = 8 D where R is gross revenue and D is quantity sold . The production cost is given by C = 1 , 50 ,000 + 60 ( D / 900)2 Find the total profit function and the number of units to be sold to get maximum profit. 3.A television company charges Rs 6000 per unit for an order of 50 sets or less sets. The charge is reduced by Rs 75 per set for each order in excess of 50 . Find the largest size order the company should allow us as to receive maximum revenue. 4. A manufacturer can sell x items per day at a price p rupees each where p = 125 - 5x / 3. The cost of production for x items is 500 + 13 x + 0.2 x2 . Find how much he should produce to have a maximum profit , assuming that all items produced can be sold? What is maximum profit. 5.A manufacturer determines his total cost function is c = q3 / 3 + 2q + 300 , where q is the number of units produced. At what level of output will average cost per unit be minimum. 6.The cost function of a good produced by a firm is given by the relation C = 65 + 0.025 q 2 and it can sell goods at Rs 5 per unit . Find the maximum profit and the number of units purchased at maximum profit. 7.A tour operator charges Rs 136 per passenger for 100 passengers with discount of Rs 4 for each 10 passengers in excess of Rs 100. Determine the number of passengers that will maximize the amount received from each passenger. 8.Total cost of daily output of q tons of coal is Rs ( 1/10 q 3 - 3q2 + 50q ) , what is the value of q

when average cost is minimum ? Verify that this level average cost = marginal cost . 9.The total cost c of output q is given by c = 300q 10q2 - 1/3q3. . Find the output level at which the marginal cost and the average cost receive their minima. 10.The market demand law of a firm is given by 4p + q -16 = 0. Find the output level when the revenue is maximum. Also find the maximum revenue.