Chng 1: MATLAB c bn

1. Khi ng MATLAB 1. Khi ng MATLAB: MATLAB (Matrix laboratory) l phn mm dng gii mt lot cc bi ton k thut, c bit l cc bi ton lin quan n ma trn.MATLAB cung cp cc toolboxes, tc cc hm m rng mi trng MATLAB gii quyt cc vn c bit nh x l tn hiu s, h thng iu khin,mng neuron, fuzzy logic, m phng v.v. khi ng MATLAB ta nhn p vo icon ca n trn mn hnh. 2.nh lnh trong ca s lnh : Khi ta nh lnh vo ca s lnh, n s c thi hnh ngay v kt qu hin ln mn hnh. Nu ta khng mun cho kt qu hin ln mn hnh th sau lnh ta t thm du ; . Nu lnh qu di, khng va mt dng dng c th nh lnh trn nhiu dng v cui mi dng t thm du ... ri xung dng. Khi son tho lnh ta c th dng cc phm tt : ( Ctrl-P gi li lnh trc ( Ctrl-N gi lnh sau ( Ctrl-B li li mt k t ( Ctrl-F tin ln mt k t Ctrl-( Ctrl-R sang phi mt t Ctrl-( Crtl-L sang phi mt t home Ctrl-A v u dng end Ctrl-E v cui dng esc Ctrl-U xo dng del Ctrl-D xo k t ti ch con nhy ng backspace Ctrl-H xo k t trc ch con nhy ng 3. Set path:Khi chy cc chng trnh MATLAB cc th mc khc th mc hin hin hnh ta phi i th mc bng lnh File | Set Path... 4. Help v Demo: Phn nay gip chng ta hiu bit cc hm, cc lnh ca MATLAB v chy th cc chng trnh demo
2. Cc ma trn

1. Cc ton t: MATLAB khng i hi phi khai bo bin trc khi dng. MATLAB phn bit ch hoa v ch thng. MATLAB s dng cc s thp phn. Cc ton t : + , - , * , / , \ (chia tri) , ^ (m) , (chuyn v hay s phc lin hip). x = 2+3 a=5 b=2 a/b a\b Cc ton t quan h :< , <= , > , >= , == , ~= Cc ton t logic : & , | (or) , ~ (not) Cc hng : pi 3.14159265 i s o j tng t i eps sai s 2-52 realmin s thc nh nht 2-1022 realmax s thc ln nht 21023

inf
NaN

v cng ln
Not a number

2. Cc ma trn : a. Nhp ma trn : Ma trn l mt mng cc s liu c m hng v n ct. Trng hp ma trn ch c mt phn t(ma trn 1-1) ta c mt s.Ma trn ch c mt ct c gi l mt vect. Ta c th nhp ma trn vo MATLAB bng nhiu cch: ( nhp mt danh sch cc phn t t bn phm ( np ma trn t file s liu ( to ma trn nh cc hm c sn trong MATLAB ( to ma trn nh hm t to Khi nhp ma trn t bn phm ta phi tun theo cc quy nh sau : ( ngn cch cc phn t ca ma trn bng du , hay du trng ( dng du ; kt thc mt hng ( bao cc phn t ca ma trn bng cp du ngoc vung [ ] V d : Ta nhp mt ma trn A = [ 16 3 2 13 ; 5 10 11 8 ; 9 6 7 12 ; 4 15 14 1] By gi ta nh lnh: sum(A) ans = 34 34 34 34 ngha l n ly tng cc ct v MATLAB c vit l vic vi cc ct. Khi ta khng ch bin cha kt qu th MATLAB dng bin mc nh l ans, vit tt ca answer. Mun ly tng ca cc hng ta cn chuyn v ma trn bng cch nh vo lnh : A ans = 16 5 9 4 3 10 6 15 2 11 7 14 13 8 12 1 v y l chuyn v ca ma trn A. Ma trn a = [] l ma trn rng b. Ch s : Phn t hng i ct j ca ma trn c k hiu l A(i,j). Tuy nhin ta cng c th tham chiu ti phn t ca mng nh mt ch s, v d A(k). Cch ny thng dng tham chiu vec t hng hay ct. Trong trng hp ma trn y th n c xem l ma trn mt ct di to t cc ct ca ma trn ban u. Nh vy vit A(8) c ngha l tham chiu phn t A(4, 2). c. Ton t : : Ton t : l mt ton t quan trng ca MATLAB. N xut hin nhiu dng khc nhau. Biu thc 1:10 l mt vec t hng cha 10 s nguyn t 1 n 10 ans = 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 100:-7:50 to mt dy s t 100 n 51, gim 7 mi ln ans =

100 93 86 79 72 65 58 51 0: pi/4: pi to mt dy s t 0 n pi, cch u nhau pi/4 ans = 0 0.7854 1.5708 2.3562 3.1416 Cc biu thc ch s tham chiu ti mt phn ca ma trn.Vit A(1:k,j) l tham chiu n k phn t u tin ca ct j. Ngoi ra ton t :tham chiu ti tt c cc phn t ca mt hng hay mt ct. A(:,3) ans = 2 11 7 14 v A(3, :) ans = 9 6 7 12 Vit B = A(:, [1 3 2 4]) s to ma trn B t ma trn A bng cch i th t cc ct t [1 2 3 4] thnh [ 1 3 2 4 ] B= 16 2 3 13 5 11 10 8 9 7 6 12 4 14 15 1 V d: Cho cc in tr 104 , 2104 , 3.5104 ,105 , 2105 . in p trn chng ln lt l 120, 80, 110, 220, 350 V. Tm dng in v cng sut tiu tn trn tng in tr r = [ 10000, 20000, 35000, 100000, 200000]; u = [ 120, 80, 110, 200, 350]; i = v./r cs = v.^2/r V d: Mt ngun in c in p u, in tr trong r1 v ti c in tr r2. Tm quan h ca cc in tr cng sut trn ti l max Dng in qua mch l : u i= r1 + r2 Cng sut trn ti l: u 2 r2 2 p = i r2 = ( r1 + r2 ) 2 Mun cng sut a ra ph ti cc i th: r2 k= ( r1 + r2 ) 2 phi t gi tr cc i. Vn l phi chn cc gi tr in tr r1 v r2 cho k max. Gi s ta c cc gi tr c th c ca r2 l 10, 15, 20, 25 v 30 v r1 l 10,15,20 v 25. Do c 5 gi tr ca ti v 4 gi tr ca in tr trong ca ngun nn c ti 20 t hp c th. Ta lp ma trn dng ma trn tnh:

a = [10; 15; 12; 25; 30]; r2 = [a, a, a, a]; b = [10, 15, 20 ,25]; r1 = [b; b; b ;b; b]; k = r2./((r1+r2).^2); Mi ct trong k tng ng vi mt gi tr ca r1. V d gi tr 0.0163 hng 2 ct 3 ca k tng ng vi gi tr th hai ca r1 = 15 v g tr th 3 ca r2 = 20. Nh vy vi gi tr ca r1 = 15 ta c th xem ct tng ng ca k l ct 2 xem gi tr no ca k l max. Gi tr l 0.0167 hng 2 tng ng vi r1 = 15. Ngha l vi r1 = 15 th r2 cng phi 15. MATLAB lm vic ny nh sau: [max,hang] = max(r); max = 0.025 0.0167 0.0125 0.0100 hang = 1 2 3 4 Nh vy ct 1 tng ng hng 1,ct 2 hng 2 v.v. d.To ma trn bng hm c sn : MATLAB cung cp mt s hm to cc ma trn c bn: zeros to ra ma trn m cc phn t u l zeros z = zeros(2, 4) z= 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ones to ra ma trn m cc phn t u l 1 x = ones(2, 3) x= 1 1 1 1 1 1 y = 5*ones(2, 2) y= 5 5 5 5 rand to ra ma trn m cc phn t ngu nhin phn b u d=rand(4, 4) d= 0.9501 0.8913 0.8214 0.9218 0.2311 0.7621 0.4447 0.7382 0.6068 0.4565 0.6154 0.1763 0.4860 0.0185 0.7919 0.4057 randn to ra ma trn m cc phn t ngu nhin phn b trc giao e = randn(3, 3) e= - 0.4326 0.2877 1.1892 - 1.6656 -1.1465 -0.0376 0.1253 1.1909 0.3273

magic(n) to ra ma trn cp n gm cc s nguyn t 1 n n2 vi tng cc hng bng tng cc ct.n phi ln hn hay bng 3. pascal(n) to ra ma trn xc nh dng m cc phn t ly t tam gic Pascal. pascal(4) ans = 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 1 3 6 10 1 4 10 20 eye(n) to ma trn n v eye(3) ans = 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 eye(m,n) to ma trn n v m rng eye(3,4) ans = 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 e. Lnh load: Lnh load dng c mt file d liu. V vy ta c th to mt file cha ma trn v np vo. V d c file mtran.dat cha mt ma trn th ta np ma trn ny nh sau : load mtran.dat Khi dng mt trnh son tho vn bn to ma trn cn ch : - file cha ma trn l mt bng hnh ch nht - mi hng vit trn mt dng - s phn t cc hng phi bng nhau - cc phn t phi cch nhau bng du trng f. M-file : M-file l mt file text cha cc m ca MATLAB. to mt ma trn ta vit mt m-file v cho MATLAB c file ny. V d ta to file solieu.m nh sau A=[ 1 2 3 2 3 4 3 4 5 ] v np vo MATLAB bng cch nh lnh : solieu g. Lp ghp :Ta c th lp ghp(concatenation) cc ma trn c sn thnh mt ma trn mi. V d : a = ones(3, 3) a= 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 b = 5*ones(3, 3) b= 5 5 5

5 5 5 5 5 5 c = [a+2; b] c= 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 h. Xo hng v ct :Ta c th xo hng v ct t ma trn bng dng du []. V d : b= 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 xo ct th 2 ta vit : b(:, 2) = [] b= 5 5 5 5 5 5 Vit x(1:2:5) = [] ngha l ta xo cc phn t bt u t n phn t th 5 v cch 2 ri sp xp li ma trn. 3. Cc lnh x l ma trn : Cng : X= A + B Tr : X= A - B Nhn : X= A * B : X.*A nhn cc phn t tng ng vi nhau Chia : X = A/B lc X*B = A : X = A\B lc A*X = B : X=A./B chia cc phn t tng ng vi nhau Lu tha : X = A^2 : X = A.^ Nghch o : X = inv(A) nh thc : d = det(A) H phng trnh AX = B cho nghim X = A\B Phn tch Cholesky : Phng php Cholesky phn tch ma trn A xc nh dng thnh tch ca hai ma trn A = R*R vi R l ma trn tam gic trn. Mun nhn c ma trn R ta dng hm chol(A). Phn tch LU : Ta phn tch ma trn A= L*U trong L l ma trn tam gic di v U l ma trn tam gic trn. Ta vit [L,U]= lu(A). Phn tch QR: Ta phn tch ma trn A =Q*R vi Q l ma trn trc giao v R l ma trn tam gic trn. S m: Nu c ma trn A vung v s p>0 th A^p l tch p ln ca A : Y= A^2 Gi tr ring v vec t ring: eig(A) [d,r] = eig(A) Quay ma trn: b = rot90(a)

a = [2 1 0;-2 5 -1;3 4 6] a= 2 1 0 -2 5 -1 3 4 6 b = rot90(a) b= 0 -1 6 1 5 4 2 -2 3 o ma trn: fliplr(a) o ma trn t tri sang phi c = fliplr(a) c= 0 1 2 -1 5 -2 6 4 3 flipud(a) o ma trn t trn xung di d = flipud(a) d= 3 4 6 -2 5 -1 2 1 0 reshape(a,m,n) nh dng li ma trn a vi s hng mi m v s ct mi n a = [1 2 3 ;5 6 7;8 9 1]; reshape(a,1,9) ans = 1 5 8 2 6 9 3 7 1 diag(a) ly cc phn t trn ng cho chnh ca ma trn a v lu vo mt vec t diag(a,k) chn ng cho tu theo gi tr ca k k = 0 - chn ng cho chnh k > 0 - chn ng cho th k trn ng cho chnh k < 0 - chn ng cho th k di ng cho chnh a= 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 1 v = diag(a,1) v= 2 7 a = diag(v) nu v l vec t th a l ma trn vung vi v l ng cho chnh b = triu(a) to ra ma trn b cng c vi ma trn a, cha cc phn t ca ma trn a nm trn ng cho chnh v pha trn ng cho chnh. Cc phn t khc bng 0. a = [1 2 3;4 5 6;7 8 9] a= 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

b = triu(a) b= 1 2 3 0 5 6 0 0 9 b = triu(a, k) to ra ma trn b cng c vi ma trn a, cha cc phn t ca ma trn a ngay trn ng cho v pha trn ng cho chnh. Cc phn t khc bng 0. b = tril(a) to ra ma trn b cng c vi ma trn a, cha cc phn t ca ma trn a nm di ng cho chnh. Cc phn t khc bng 0. b = tril(a, k) to ra ma trn b cng c vi ma trn a, cha cc phn t ca ma trn a ngay trn ng cho v pha di ng cho th k. Cc phn t khc bng 0. b = tril(a,-1) b= 0 0 0 4 0 0 7 8 0 5. a thc: Mt a thc c biu din trong MATLAB bng mt vec t hng cha cc h s. P = x3 - 2x2 + x + 1 p = [ 1 -2 1 1] conv nhn a thc deconv chia a thc poly tm a thc c tnh ca mt ma trn polyder o hm a thc polyder(a,b) o hm tch hai a thc a v b V d Cho a thc (3x2 + 6x + 9)(x2 + 2x) a = [3 6 9]; b = [1 2 0]; k = polyder(a, b) k= 12 36 42 18 V d Cho a thc (3x2 + 6x + 9)/(x2 + 2x) a = [3 6 9]; b =[ 1 2 0]; [n, d]=polyder(a,b)% n l t s v d l mu s n= -18 -18 d= 1 4 4 0 0 polyfit xp x bng a thc x = [ 1 2 3 4 5 ]; y = [ 5.5 43.1 128 290.7 498.4 ]; p = polyfit(x,y,3) p= -0.1917 31.5821 -60.3262 35.3400 tnh tr ca a thc tnh tr a thc m cc bin l ma trn tm nghim ca a thc

polyval polyvalm roots

3. Lp trnh trong MATLAB

1. Cc pht biu iu kin: if,else,elseif :C php ca if : if <biu thc iu kin> <pht biu> end Nu <biu thc iu kin> cho kt qu ng th phn lnh trong thn ca if c thc hin. Cc pht biu else v leseif cng tng t. V d: Ta xt chng trinh test1. m on tui nh sau: disp(Xin chao! Han hanh duoc lam quen); x = fix(30*rand); disp(Tuoi toi trong khoang 0 - 30); gu = input(Xin nhap tuoi cua ban: ); if gu < x disp(Ban tre hon toi); elseif gu > x disp(Ban lon hon toi); else disp(Ban bang tuoi toi); end 2. switch : C php ca switch nh sau : switch <biu thc> case n1 : <lnh 1> case n2 : <lnh 2> ............... case nn : <lnh n> otherwise : <lnh n+1> end 3. while : vng lp while dng khi khng bit trc s ln lp. C php ca n nh sau : while <biu thc> <pht biu> end V d: Xt chng trnh in ra chuoi Xin chao ln m hnh vi s ln nhp t bn phm (test3.m) nh sau: disp('xin chao'); gu = input('Nhap so lan in: '); i = 0; while i~=gu disp(['Xin chao' i]); i = i+1 end 4. for : vng lp for dng khi bit trc s ln lp. C php nh sau : for <ch s> = <gi tr u> : <mc tng> : <gi tr cui> V d: Xy dng chng trnh on s (test2.m) x = fix(100*rand); n = 7; t = 1;

for k = 1:7 num = int2str(n); disp(['Ban co quyen du doan ',num,' lan']); disp('So can doan nam trong khoang 0 - 100'); gu = input('Nhap so ma ban doan: '); if gu < x disp('Ban doan nho hon'); elseif gu>x disp('So ban doan lon hon'); else disp('Ban da doan dung.Xin chuc mung'); t = 0; break; end n = n-1; end if t > 0 disp('Ban khong doan ra roi'); numx = int2str(x); disp(['Do la so: ',numx]); end 5. break : pht biu break kt thc vng lp for hay while m khng quan tm n iu kin kt thc vng lp tho mn hay cha.

4. Cc file v hm
1. Script file: Kch bn l M-file n gin nht, khng c i s. N rt c ch khi thi hnh mt lot lnh MATLAB theo mt trnh t nht nh. Ta xt v d hm fibno to ra cc s Fibonnaci. f=[1 1]; i=1; while(f(i)+f(i+1))<1000 f(i+2)=f(i)+f(i+1) i=i+1; end plot(f) thc hin cc m cha trong file fibno.m t ca s lnh ta nhp fibno v nhn enter. 2. File hm: Hm l M-file c cha cc i s. Ta c mt v d v hm : function y=tb(x) %Tinh tri trung binh cua cac phan tu [m,n]=size(x); if m==1 m=n; end y=sum(x)/m; T v d trn ta thy mt hm M-file gm cc phn c bn sau : Mt dng nh ngha hm gm: function y = tb(x) gm t kho function, i s tr v y, tn hm tb v i s vo x.

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 Mt dng h1 l dng tr gip u tin.V y l dng vn bn nn n phi t sau %. N xut hin ta nhp lnh lookfor <tn hm> Phn vn bn tr gip gip ngi dng hiu tc dng ca hm. Thn hm cha m MATLAB Cc li gii thch dng cho chng trnh sng r. N c t sau du %. Cn ch l tn hm phi bt u bng k t v cng tn vi file cha hm. T ca s MATLAB ta nh lnh: z = 1:99; tb(z) Ghi ch:tn hm l tb th tn file cng l tb.m Cc bin khai bo trong mt hm ca MATLAB l bin a phng. Cc hm khc khng nhn thy v s dng c bin ny. Mun cc hm khc dng c bin no ca hm ta cn khai bo n l global. V d ta cn gii h phng trnh : & y1 = y1 y1 y 2 & y 2 = y 2 + y1 y 2 Ta to ra M-file tn l lotka.m function yp=lotka(t,y) global alpha beta yp=[y(1)-alpha*y(1)*y(2);-y(2)+beta*y(1)*y(2)]; v sau t dng lnh ta nhp cc lnh sau : global alpha beta alpha = 0.01; beta = 0.02; [t.y] = ode23(lotka,[0 10],[1 1]); plot(t,y) Mt bin c th nh ngha l persistent gi tr ca n khng thay i t ln gi ny sang ln gi khc.Cc bin persistent ch c th khai bo trong hm. Chng tn ti trong b nh cho n khi hm b xo hay thay i. 3. iu khin vo v ra: Cc lnh sau dng s liu a vo v ra disp(a) hin th ni dung ca mng a hay vn bn a=[1 2 3]; disp(a) t='Xin chao'; disp(t) format iu khin khun dng s Lnh format format short format long format short e format long e format short g format long g format hex format bank format rat format + Kt qu Default. Same as short. 5 digit scaled fixed point 15 digit scaled fixed point 5 digit floating point 15 digit floating point Best of 5 digit fixed or floating Best of 15 digit fixed or floating Hexadecimal Fixed dollars and cents Ratio of small integers +,-, blank V d 3.1416 3.14159265358979 3.1416e+00 3.141592653589793e+00 3.1416 3.14159265358979 400921fb54442d18 3.14 355/113 +

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format compact format loose

Suppresses excess line feeds Adds line feeds

input nhp d liu x = input('Cho tri cua bien x :') Cho tri cua bien x :4 x= 4 4. Cc hm ton hc c bn: exp(x) ex sqrt(x) cn bc hai ca x log(x) logarit t nhin log10(x) logarit c s 10 abs(x) modun ca s phc x angle(x) argument ca s phc a conj(x) s phc lin hp ca x imag(x) phn o ca x real(x) phn thc ca x sign(x) du ca x cos(x) sin(x) tan(x) acos(x) asin(x) atan(x) cosh(x) coth(x) sinh(x) tanh(x) acosh(x) acoth(x) asinh(x) atanh(x) 5. Cc php ton trn hm: a. Biu din hm:MATLAB biu din cc hm ton hc bng cch dng cc biu thc t trong M-file. V d kho st hm : 1 1 f ( x) = + 6 2 ( x 0.3) + 0.01 ( x 0.9) 2 + 0.04 ta to ra mt file, t tn l humps.m c ni dung : function y = humps(x) y = 1./((x-0.3).^2+0.01)+1./((x-0.9).^2+0.04)-6 ; Cch th hai biu din mt hm ton hc trn dng lnh l to ra mt i tng inline t mt biu thc chui. V d ta c th nhp t dng lnh hm nh sau : f = inline(1./((x-0.3).^2+0.01)+1./((x-0.9).^2+0.04)-6); ta c th tnh tr ca hm ti x= 2 nh sau : f(2) v c kt qu l -4.8552 b. V th ca hm:Hm fplot v th hm ton hc gia cc gi tr cho. V d : fplot(humps,[-5 5 ])

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grid on c. Tm cc tiu ca hm: Cho mt hm ton hc mt bin, a c th dng hm fminbnd ca MATLAB tm cc tiu a phng ca hm trong khong cho. V d : f = inline('1./((x-0.3).^2+0.01)+1./((x-0.9).^2+0.04)-6 '); x=fminbnd(f,0.3,1) x= 0.6370 Hm fminsearch tng t hm fminbnd dng tm cc tiu a phng ca hm nhiu bin. V d : ta c file three_var.m c ni dung: function b = three_var(v) x = v(1); y = v(2); z = v(3); b = x.^2+2.5*sin(y)-z^2*x^2*y^2; v by gi tm cc tiu i vi vi hm ny ti x = -0.6 , y= -1.2 v z = 0.135 v = [-0.6 -1.2 0.135]; a = fminsearch('three_var',v) a= 0.0000 -1.5708 0.1803 d. Tm im zero : Hm fzero dng tm im zero ca hm mt bin. V d tm gi tr khng ca hm ln cn gi tr -0.2 ta vit : f = inline('1./((x-0.3).^2+0.01)+1./((x-0.9).^2+0.04)-6 '); a = fzero(f,-0.2) Zero found in the interval: [-0.10949, -0.264]. a= -0.1316 5. ho 1. Cc lnh v : MATLAB cung cp mt lot hm v biu din cc vec t s liu cng nh gii thch v in cc ng cong ny. plot ha 2-D vi s liu 2 trc v hng v tuyn tnh plot3 ha 3-D vi s liu 2 trc v hng v tuyn tnh loglog ho vi cc trc logarit semilogx ho vi trc x logarit v trc y tuyn tnh semilogy ho vi trc y logarit v trc x tuyn tnh plotyy ho vi trc y c nhn bn tri v bn phi 2. To hnh v : Hm plot c cc dng khc nhau ph thuc vo cc i s a vo. V d nu y l mt vec t th plot(y) to ra mt ng thng quan h gia cc gi tr ca y v ch s ca n. Nu ta c 2 vec t x v y th plot(x,y) to ra th quan h gia x v y. V d : t = [0:pi/100:2*pi] y = sin(t); plot(t,y) grid on 3. c t kiu ng v :Ta c th dng cc kiu ng v khc nhau khi v hnh. Mun th ta chuyn kiu ng thng cho hm plot

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t = [0:pi/100:2*pi] y = sin(t); plot(t,y,. ) % v bng ng chm chm grid on 4.c t mu v kch thc ng v : c t mu v kch thc ng v ta dng cc tham s sau: LineWidth rng ng thng,tnh bng s im MarkerEdgeColor mu ca cc cnh ca khi nh du MarkerFaceColor mu ca khi nh du MarkerSize kch thc ca khi nh du Mu c xc nh bng cc tham s: M r g b c Mu red green blue cyan M m y k w Mu magenta yellow black white

Cc dng ng thng xc nh bng: M -: -. Kiu ng ng lin ng t nt ng chm chm ng chm gch

Cc dng im nh du xc nh bng: M + o * d ^ > p Kiu nh du du cng vng trn du sao ht kim cng im tam gic hng ln tam gic sang phi ng gic M . x s v < h Kiu nh du im ch thp hnh vung im tam gic hng xung tam gic sang tri lc gic

V d : x = -pi : pi/10 : pi; y = tan(sin(x)) - sin(tan(x)); plot(x,y,'--rs,'LineWidth',2,'MarkerEdgeColor','k',... 'MarkerFaceColor','g','MarkerSize',10) s v ng cong y = f(x) c cc c t sau : - ng v l ng t nt(--) - khi nh du hnh vung (s), ng v mu (r) - ng v rng 2 point - cc cnh ca khi nh mu en - khi nh du mu green - kch thc khi nh du 10 point

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5. Thm ng v vo th c : lm iu ny ta dng lnh hold. Khi ta nh lnh hold on th MATLAB khng xo th ang c. N thm s liu vo th mi ny. Nu phm vi gi tr ca th mi vt qu cc gi tr ca trc to c th n s nh li t l xch. 6.Ch v cc im s liu : v cc im nh du m khng ni chng li vi nhau ta dng c t ni rng khng c cc ng ni gia cc im ta gi hm plot ch vi c t mu v im nh du. x = -pi : pi/10 : pi; y = tan(sin(x)) - sin(tan(x)); plot(x,y,'s','MarkerEdgeColor','k') 7.V cc im v ng: v c cc im nh du v ng ni gia chng ta cn m t kiu ng v kiu im. V d : x = 0:pi/15:4*pi; y = exp(2*sin(x)); plot(x,y,'-r',x,y,'ok') v ng cong y = f(x). ng ni lin, mu . im nh du ch o c mu en. 8.V vi hai trc y :Lnh plotyy cho php to mt th c hai trc y. Ta cng c th dng plotyy cho gi tr trn hai trc y c kiu khc nhau nhm tin so snh. V d : t = 0:900; A = 1000; b = 0.005; a = 0.005; z2 = sin(b*t); z1 = A*exp(-a*t); [haxes,hline1,hline2] = plotyy(t,z1,t,z2,'semilogy','plot') 9.V ng cong vi s liu 3-D : Nu x,y,z l 3 vec t c cng di th plot3 s v ng cong 3D. V d : t = 0:pi/50:10*pi; plot3(sin(t),cos(t),t) axis square; grid on 10. t cc thng s cho trc :Khi ta to mt hnh v, MATLAB t ng chn cc gii hn trn trc to v khong cch nh du da trn s liu dng v. Tuy nhin ta c th m t li phm vi gi tr trn trc v khong cch nh du theo ring. Ta c th dng cc lnh sau : axis t li cc gi tr trn trc to axes to mt trc to mi vi cc c tnh c m t get v set cho php xc nh v t cc thuc tnh ca trc to ang c gca tr v trc to c a. Gii hn ca trc v chia vch trn trc :MATLAB chn cc gii hn trn trc to v khong cch nh du da trn s liu dng v. Dng lnh axis c th t li gii hn ny. C php ca lnh : axis[ xmin , xmax , ymin , ymax] V d : x = 0:0.025:pi/2; plot(x,tan(x),'-ro')

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axis([0 pi/2 0 5]) MATLAB chia vch trn trc da trn phm vi d liu v chia u. Ta c th m t cch chia nh thng s xtick v ytick bng mt vec t tng dn. V d: x = -pi:.1:pi; y = sin(x); plot(x,y) set(gca,'xtick',-pi:pi/2:pi)%gca-get current axis set(gca,'xticklabel',{'-pi','-pi/2','0','pi/2','pi'}) 8. Ghi nhn ln cc trc to : MATLAB cung cp cc lnh ghi nhn ln ho gm : title thm nhn vo ho xlabel thm nhn vo trc x ylabel thm nhn vo trc y zlabel thm nhn vo trc z legend thm ch gii vo th text hin th chui vn bn v tr nht nh gtext t vn bn ln ho nh chut \bf - bold font \it - italics font \sl - oblique font (rarely available) \rm - normal font Cc k t c bit xem trong Text properties. Ta dng cc lnh xlabel , ylabel , zlabel thm nhn vo cc trc to . V d : x = -pi:.1:pi; y = sin(x); plot(x,y) xlabel('t = 0 to 2\pi','Fontsize',16) ylabel('sin(t)','Fontsize',16) title('\it{Gia tri cua sin tu zero n 2 pi}','Fontsize',16) 9. Thm vn bn vo ho : Ta c th thm vn bn vo bt k ch no trn hnh v nh hm text . V d text(3*pi/4,sin(3*pi/4),'\leftarrowsin(t)=0.707','FontSize',12) 10. nh v vn bn trn hnh v: Ta c th s dng i tng vn bn ghi ch cc trc v tr bt k. MATLAB nh v vn bn theo n v d liu trn trc. V d v hm y = Aet vi A = 0.25 , t = 0 n 900 v = 0.005 ta vit : V d : t = 0:900; plot(t,0.25*exp(-0.005*t)) thm ghi ch ti im t = 300 ta vit : text(300,.25*exp(-.005*300),\bullet\leftarrow\fontname{times}0.25{\itt}} att {\itt}=300,FontSize,14) Tham s HorizontalAlignment v VerticalAlignment nh v vn bn so vi cc to x, y, z cho. 11. ho c bit: a. Khi v vng: ho khi v vng biu din s liu l vec t hay ma trn. MATLAB cung cp cc hm ho khi v vng : bar hin th cc ct ca ma trn m*n nh l m nhm, mi nhm c n bar

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barh hin th cc ct ca ma trn m*n nh l m nhm, mi nhm c n bar nm ngang bar3 hin th cc ct ca ma trn m*n nh l m nhm, mi nhm c n bar dng 3D bar3h hin th cc ct ca ma trn m*n nh l m nhm, mi nhm c n bar dng 3D nm ngang Mc nh, mi phn t ca ma trn c biu din bng mt bar. V d : y = [5 2 1 6 7 3 8 6 3 5 5 5 1 5 8]; bar(y) b. M t d liu trn trc : Ta dng cc hm xlabel v ylabel mt cc d liu trn trc. V d : nhdo = [29 23 27 25 20 23 23 27]; ngay = 0:5:35; bar(ngay,nhdo) xlabel('ngay') ylabel('Nhiet do (^{o}C)') Mc nh,phm vi gi tr ca trc y l t 0 n 30. xem nhit trong khong t 15 n 30 ta thay i phm vi gi tr ca trc y set(gca,'YLim',[15 30],'Layer','top') c.Xp chng th :Ta c th xp chng s liu trn th thanh bng cch to ra mt trc khc trn cng mt v tr v nh vy ta c mt trc y c lp vi b s liu khc. V d : TCE = [515 420 370 250 135 120 60 20]; temp = [29 23 27 25 20 23 23 27]; days = 0:5:35; bar(days,temp) xlabel('Day') ylabel('Temperature (^{o}C)') d.Xp chng ng thng trn th thanh: xp chng mt s liu ln mt th thanh, c trc th 2 cng v tr nh trc th nht ta vit : h1 = gca; v to trc th 2 v tr trc th nht trc nht v b s liu th 2 h2 = axes('Position',get(h1,'Position')); plot(days,TCE,'LineWidth',3) trc th 2 khng gy tr ngi cho trc th nht ta vit : set(h2,'YAxisLocation','right','Color','none','XTickLabel',[]) set(h2,'XLim',get(h1,'XLim'),'Layer','top') ghi ch ln th ta vit text(11,380,'Concentration','Rotation',--55,'FontSize',16) ylabel('TCE Concentration (PPM)') title('Bioremediation','FontSize',16)

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e. ho vng:Hm area hin th ng cong to t mt vec t hay t mt ct ca ma trn. N v cc gi tr ca mt ct ca ma trn thnh mt ng cong ring v t y vng khng gian gia cc ng cong v trc x. V d : Y = [5 1 2 837 968 555 4 2 3]; area(Y) hin th th c 3 vng, mi vng mt ct. cao ca mi th vng l tng cc phn t trong mt hng. Mi ng cong sau s dng ng cong trc lm c s. hin th ng chia li ta dng lnh: set(gca,'Layer','top') set(gca,'XTick',1:5) f. th pie : th pie hin th theo t l phn trm ca mt phn t ca mt vec t hay mt ma trn so vi tng cc phn t . pie v pie3 to ra th 2D v 3D. V d : X = [19.3 22.1 51.6; 34.2 70.3 82.4; 61.4 82.9 90.8; 50.5 54.9 59.1; 29.4 36.3 47.0]; x = sum(X); explode = zeros(size(x)); [c,offset] = max(x); explode(offset) = 1; h = pie(x,explode) Khi tng cc phn t trong i s th nht bng hay ln hn 1, pie v pie3 chun ho cc gi tr. Nh vy cho vec t x,mi phn c din tch x i/sum(x i) vi x i l mt phn t ca x. Gi tr c chun ho m t phn nguyn ca mi vng. Khi tng cc phn t trong i s th nht nh hn 1, pie v pie3 khng chun ho cc phn t ca vec t x. Chng v mt phn pie. V d ; x = [.19 .22 .41]; pie(x) g.Lm hnh chuyn ng :Ta c th to ra hnh chuyn ng bng 2 cch : to v lu nhiu hnh khc nhau v ln lt hin th chng v v xo lin tc mt i tng trn mn hnh,mi ln v li c s thay i. Vi cch th nht ta thc hin hnh chuyn ng qua 3 bc: dng hm moviein dnh b nh cho mt ma trn ln nhm lu cc khung hnh. dng hm getframes to cc khung hnh. dng hm movie hin th cc khung hnh. Sau y l v d s dng movie quan st hm fft(eye(n)).Ta to hm moviem.m nh sau : axis equal M=moviein(16,gcf); set(gca,'NextPlot','replacechildren')

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h=uicontrol('style','slider','position',[100 10 500 20],'Min',1,'Max',16) for j=1:16 plot(fft(eye(j+16))) set(h,'Value',j) M(:,j)=getframe(gcf); end clf; axes('Position',[0 0 1 1]); movie(M,30) Bc u tin to hnh nh chuyn ng l khi gn ma trn. Tuy nhin trc khi gi hm moviein, ta cn to ra cc trc to c cng kch thc vi kch thc m ta mun hin th hnh. Do trong v d ny ta hin th cc s liu cch u trn vng trn n v nn ta dng lnh axis equal xc nh t l cc trc. Hm moviein to ra ma trn ln cha 16 khung hnh. Pht biu : set(gca,'NextPlot','replacechildren') ngn hm plot a t l cc trc v axis normal mi khi n c gi. Hm getframe khng i s tr li cc im nh ca trc hin hnh hnh hin c. Mi khung hnh gm cc s liu trong mt vec t ct. Hm getframe(gcf) chp ton b phn trong ca mt ca s hin hnh. Sau khi to ra hnh nh ta c th chy chng mt s ln nht nh v d 30 ln nh hm movie(M,30) . Mt phng php na to hnh chuyn ng l v v xo, ngha l v mt i tng ho ri thay i v tr ca n bng cch thay i to x,y v z mt lng nh nh mt vng lp. Ta c th to ra cc hiu ng khc nhau nh cc cch xo hnh khc nhau. Chng gm: none MATLAB khng xo i tng khi n di chuyn background MATLAB xo i tng bng cch v n c mu nn xor MATLAB ch xo i tng V d : Ta to ra M-file c tn l moviem2.m nh sau : A = [ -8/3 0 0; 0 -10 10; 0 28 -1 ]; y = [35 -10 -7]'; h = 0.01; p = plot3(y(1),y(2),y(3),'.', ... 'EraseMode','none','MarkerSize',5); % Set EraseMode to none axis([0 50 -25 25 -25 25]) hold on for i=1:4000 A(1,3) = y(2); A(3,1) = -y(2); ydot = A*y; y = y + h*ydot; set(p,'XData',y(1),'YData',y(2),'ZData',y(3)) % Change coordinates drawnow i = i+1; end 12. ho 3D: a.Cc lnh c bn :Lnh mesh v surf to ra mt 3D t ma trn s liu. Gi ma trn s liu l z m mi phn t ca n z(i,j) xc nh tung ca mt th mesh(z) to ra mt li c mu th hin mt z cn surf(z) to ra mt mt c mu z. b. th cc hm hai bin: Bc th nht th hin hm 2 bin z = f(x,y)

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l to ma trn x v y cha cc to trong min xc nh ca hm. Hm meshgrid s bin i vng xc nh bi 2 vec t x v y thnh ma trn x v y. Sau ta dng ma trn ny nh gi hm. V d : ta kho st hm sin(r)/r. tnh hm trong khong -8 v 8 theo x v y ta ch cn chuyn mt vec t i s cho meshgrid : [x,y] = meshgrid(-8:.5:8); r = sqrt(x.^2+y.^2)+0.005; ma trn r cha khong cch t tm ca ma trn. Tip theo ta dng hm mesh v hm. z = sin(r)./r; mesh(z) c. th ng ng mc: Cc hm contour to, hin th v ghi ch cc ng ng mc ca mt hay nhiu ma trn. Chng gm : clabel to cc nhn s dng ma trn contour v hin th nhn contour hin th cc ng ng mc to bi mt gi tr cho trc ca ma trn Z. contour3 hin th cc mt ng mc to bi mt gi tr cho trc ca ma trn Z. contourf hin th th contour 2D v t mu vng gia 2 cc ng contourc hm cp thp tnh ma trn contour Hm meshc hin th contour v li v surfc hin th mt contour. V d : [X,Y,Z] = peaks; contour(X,Y,Z,20) Mi contour c mt gi tr gn vi n. Hm clabel dng gi tr ny hin th nhn ng ng mc 2D. Ma trn contour cha gi tr clabel dng cho cc ng contour 2D. Ma trn ny c xc nh bi contour,contour3 v contourf. V d : hin th 10 ng ng mc ca hm peak ta vit : Z = peaks; [C,h] = contour(Z,10); clabel(C,h) title({'Contour Labeled Using','clabel(C,h)'}) Hm contourf hin th th ng ng mc trn mt mt phng v t mu vng cn li gia cc ng ng mc. kim sot mu t ta dng hm caxis. V d : Z = peaks; [C,h] = contourf(Z,10); caxis([-20 20]) title({'Filled Contour Plot Using','contourf(Z,10)'}) Cc hm contour(z,n) v contour(z,v) cho php ta ch r s lng mc contour hay mt mc contour cn v no vi z l ma trn s liu, n l s ng contour v v l vec t cc mc contour. MATLAB khng phn bit gia i lng vec t mt phn t hay i lng v hng. Nh vy nu v l vec t mt phn t m t mt contour n mt mc hm contour s coi n l s lng ng contour ch khng phi l mc contour. Nh vy,contour(z,v) cng nh contour(z,n). hin th mt ng ng mc ta cn cho v l mt vec t c 2 phn t vi c hai phn t bng mc mong mun.V d to ra mt ng ng mc 3D ca hm peaks V d : xrange = -3:.125:3; yrange = xrange; [X,Y] = meshgrid(xrange,yrange);

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Z = peaks(X,Y); contour3(X,Y,Z) hin th mt mc Z = 1, ta cho v l [1 1] v = [1 1] contour3(X,Y,Z,v) Hm ginput cho php ta dng chut hay cc phm mi tn chn cc im v. N tr v to ca v tr con tr. V d sau s minh ho cc dng hm ginput v hm spline to ra ng cong ni suy hai bin. V d : Ta to mt M-file c tn contourm.m nh sau : disp('Left mouse button picks points') disp('Right mouse button picks last points') axis([0 10 0 10]) hold on x=[]; y=[]; n=0; but=1; while but==1 [xi,yi,but]=ginput(1); plot(xi,yi,'go') n=n+1; x(n,1)=xi; y(n,1)=yi; end t=1:n; ts=1:0.1:n; xs=spline(t,x,ts); ys=spline(t,y,ts); plot(xs,ys,'c-'); hold off 6. Cc phng trnh i s tuyn tnh 1. H phng trnh y :Ta xt h phng trnh Ax = B. tm nghim ca h ta dng lnh MATLAB: x= inv(A)*B hay: x = A\B 2. H phng trnh c t phng trnh hn s n(underdetermined): Khi gii h trn ta dng nghch o ma trn. Nh vy ta ch nhn c kt qu khi ma trn A vung(s phng trnh bng s n s v nh thc ca A phi khc khng). H c s phng trnh t hn s n hay nh thc ca ma trn A ca h y bng 0 gi l h underdetermined. Mt h nh vy c th c v s nghim vi mt hay nhiu bin ph thuc vo cc bin cn li. Vi mt h nh vy phng php Cramer hay phng php ma trn nghch o khng dng c. Khi s phng trnh nhiu hn s n phng php chia tri cng cho nghim vi mt vi n s c cho bng 0. Mt v d n gin l phng trnh x + 3y = 6. Phng trnh ny c rt nhiu nghim trong c mt nghim l x = 6 v y = 0: a = [ 1 3]; b = 6;

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x = a\b x= 6 0 S nghim v hn c th tn ti ngay c khi s phng trnh bng s n. iu ny xy ra khi | A | = 0. Vi h ny ta khng dng c phng php Cramer v phng php ma trn nghch o v phng php chia tri cho thng bo l ma trn A suy bin. Trong trng hp nh vy ta c th dng phng php gi nghch o tm c mt nghim gi l nghim chun minimum. V d: Cho h phng trnh x + 2y + z = 8 0x + y + 0z = 2 x+y+z=6 Khi dng php chia tri ta nhn c: y=a\b Warning: Matrix is singular to working precision. y= Inf Inf Inf Nu ta dng phng php gi nghch o th c: a = [1 2 1;0 1 0;1 1 1] b = [8;2;6] x = pinv(a)*b x= 2.00000000000000 2.00000000000000 2.00000000000000 Mt h cng c th c v s nghim khi c s phng trnh. V d ta c h: 2x - 4y + 5z = -4 -4x -2y +3z = 4 2x + 6y -8z = 0 Trong h ny phng trnh th 3 l tng ca hai phng trnh trn nn h tht s ch c 2 phng trnh. Tm li mt h mun c nghim duy nht phi c cc phng trnh c lp. Vic xc nh cc phng trnh trong h c c lp hay khng kh kh, nht l i vi h c nhiu phng trnh. Ta a ra mt phng php cho php xc nh h phng trnh c nghim v liu nghim c duy nht hay khng. Phng php ny i hi s hiu bit v hng ca ma trn. Ta xem xt nh thc ca ma trn sau: 3 4 1 6 10 2 9 7 3 Nu ta loi tr mt hng v mt ct ca ma trn chng ta cn li ma trn 22. Tu theo hng v ct b loi ta c 9 ma trn con. nh thc ca cc ma trn ny gi l nh thc con. V d nu ta b hng 1 v ct 1 ta c: 10 2 = 44 7 3

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Cc nh thc con c th dng xc nh hng ca ma trn. Hng ca ma trn c nh ngha nh sau: Mt ma trn A mn c hng r 1 nu v ch nu nh thc ca A cha mt nh thc r r v mi nh thc con vung c r+1 hng hay hn bng 0. xc nh hng ca ma trn ta c lnh rank V d: a = [ 3 -4 1;6 10 2;9 -7 3]; rank(a) ans = 2 H phng trnh Ax = B c m phng trnh v n n c nghim nu v ch nu rank(A) = rank([A B]). Gi hng ca A l r, nu r = n th nghim l duy nht. Nu r<n th h c v s nghim v r n c th biu din nh l t hp tuyn tnh ca n-r n cn li m gi tr c th chn bt k. V d: Gii h phng trnh 3x - 2y + 8z = 48 -6x + 5y + z = -12 9x + 4y + 2z = 24 Ta vit: a = [ 3 -2 8;-6 5 1;9 4 2]; b = [ 48;-12;24]; rank(a) ans = 3 rank([a b]) ans = 3 Vy h c nghim duy nht: x = a\b x= 2 -1 5 V d: Gii h 2x - 4y + 5z = -4 -6x - 2y + 3z = 4 2x + 6y - 8z = 0 Ta vit: a = [ 2 -4 5;-6 -2 3;2 6 -8]; b = [ -4;4;0]; rank(a) ans = 2 rank([a b]) ans = 2 Vy h c v s nghim. Mt trong cc nghim l: x=pinv(a)*b x=

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-1.21481481481481 0.20740740740741 -0.14814814814815 3. H phng trnh overdetermined: H phng trnh trong s phng trnh c lp nhiu hn s n gi l h overdetermined. i vi h ny phng php Cramer v phng php nghch o ma trn khng dng c. Tuy nhin mt s h cho nghim ng xc nh bng php chia tri. i vi cc h khc khng c nghim chnh xc. Khi r = rank(a) = rank([a b]) h c nghim v nu r = n nghim l duy nht. Khi rank(a) rank([a b]) h khng c nghim. V d: Gii mch in gm 3 nhnh ni song song: nhnh 1 c tng tr Z1 = 5+2j v ngun e = 100 sin(314t + 300), nhnh 2 c tng tr Z2 = 3+4j v nhnh 3 c tng tr 5+6j. Ta vit phng trnh ca mch in theo dng nhnh. Sau rt ra ma trn A v B. Cc lnh MATLAB: a = [1 1 1;5+2*i 3+4*i 0;0 -(3+4*i) 5+6*i] e =100*exp(i*(30*pi/180)) b=[0;e;0]; i=a\b i= 25.25569272231586 +19.27124163998603i -15.63482777750950 -11.44276084484129i -9.62086494480636 - 7.82848079514474i 7. Ni suy 1. Ni suy hm 1 bin:MATLAB dng hm interp1(x,y,xi,< phng php>)vi x, l gi tr ca hm ti nhng im cho v xi l gi tr m ti ta cn ni suy ra gi tr yi.<phng php> c th l mt trong cc gi tr sau : nearest- phng php ny t gi tr ni suy vo gi tr cho gn nht, Phng php ny nhanh nhng kt qu km chnh xc nht V d : x = [ 1 2 3 4 5 ]; y = [ 5.5 43.1 128 290.7 498.4 ]; yi = interp1(x,y,1.6,'nearest') yi = 43.1000 linear- phng php ny coi ng cong i qua 2 im cho trc l ng thng. V d : yi = interp1(x,y,1.6,'linear') yi = 28.0600 spline- dng phng php ni suy spline V d : yi = interp1(x,y,1.6,'spline') yi = 24.9782 cubic- phng php ny coi ng cong qua 2 im l ng cong bc 3 V d : yi = interp1(x,y,1.6,'cubic') yi =

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22.3840 2. Ni suy hm hai bin: Hm interp2 thc hin ni suy hm 2 bin. Dng hm tng qut : ZI = interp2(X,Y,Z,XI,YI,<phng php>) Z - ma trn ch nht cha gi tr ca hm 2 bin X,Y - mng c cng kch thc,cha gi tr x,y cho XI,YI- mng cha gi tr cn ni suy Cc <phng php> gm : nearest,linear,cubic 3. Ni suy mng nhiu chiu: interp3 ni suy hm 3 bin interpn ni suy hm nhiu bin 8. Tch phn v phng trnh vi phn 1. Tch phn: tnh tch phn ta dng hm quad(tnh tch phn theo phng php Simpson) v hm quad8(tnh tch phn bng phng php Newton-Cotes). V d : f = inline('1./((x-0.3).^2+0.01)+1./((x-0.9).^2+0.04)-6 '); q = quad(f,0,1) q= 29.8583 r = quad8(f,0,1) r= 29.8583 V d y = sin(x) quad(sin,0,pi) ans = 2.00001659104794 quad8('sin',0,pi) ans = 1.99999999999989 Ta cng c th dng phng php hnh thanh tnh tch phn: V d y = sin(x) x = [0:pi/100:pi]]; y=sin(x); trapz(x,y) ans = 1.99983550388744 2. Vi phn s: tnh vi phn ta dng diff V d a = [ 1 4 2 5 7 4 8]; diff(a) ans = 3 -2 3 2 -3 4 3. Phng trnh vi phn: Phng trnh vi phn cp cao y(n) = f(t,y,y, . . , y(n-1)) c th a v h phng trnh vi phn cp 1 bng cch t y1 = y ; y2 = y , . . , yn = y(n-1). Nh vy

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 y1 = y 2 y = y 3 2 .... y = f ( t, y1 , y 2 ,.., y n ) n l h c n phng trnh vi phn cp 1. V d : y - 3y - yy = 0 vi y(0) = 0 y(0) = 1 y = -1 c bin i thnh y1 = y 2 y = y 3 2

y = 3y 3 + y 2 y1 3 vi iu kin u : y1(0) = 0 y2(0) = 1 y3(0) = -1 nhp phng trnh ny vo MATLAB ta dng M-file f.m nh sau : function dy = f(t,y); dy = [ y(2) ; y(3) ; 3*y(3)+y(3)*y(1)]; v gii phng trnh bng lnh : [ t , f] = solver (file,tspan,y0) vi file l M-file cha ODE tspan l vec t [ t0 tfinal] xac nh khong tm nghim y0 l vec t gi tr iu kin u. solver l cch gii, thng dng phng php Runge-Kutta bc 2/3(ode23) hay 4/5(ode45) [ t , y] = ode45[f,[ 0 1],[0 ; 1 ; -1]) Mi hng trong vec t nghim tng ng vi mt thi im trong vec t ct t. Nh vy trong v d trn, y(:,1) l nghim, y(:,1) l o hm bc nht ca nghim v y(:,2) l o hm bc hai ca nghim. V d: Tm dng qua khi ng mch RC ni tip vo ngun mt chiu bit tch s RC = 0.1, in p ngun l 10V v in p ban u trn t l 2V. Phng trnh ca mch l: du e(t) = RC C + u C dt Thay s vo ta c: 0.1u + u = 10 u = -10u + 100 Ta c cc lnh MATLAB: function uc=rc(t,u) uc=-10*u+100; [t,u]=ode45('rc',[0 4],2); plot(t,u,'-o')

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