07 1286

FARM MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK OF KENYA
VOL. II
Natural Conditions and Farm Management Information
2nd Edition
PART C
EAST KENYA
Subpart C1
Eastern Province
2
This project was supported by the German Agency for
Technical Cooperation (GTZ)
3
4
Ministry of Agriculture
FARM MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK OF KENYA
VOL. II
Natural Conditions and Farm Management Information
2nd Edition
PART C
EAST KENYA
Subpart C1
Eastern Province
by
Dr. Ralph Jaetzold
Prof. emeritus of Geography,
University of Trier / Germany
Helmut Schmidt
Former Farm Management Research Ocer
from the former German Agricultural Team of the GTZ
in the Ministry of Agriculture, Nairobi
Dr. Berthold Hornetz
Prof. of Agricultural Geography,
University of Trier / Germany
Dr. Chris Shisanya
Prof. of Agroclimatology,
Dept. of Geography
Kenyatta University, Nairobi
Contributions to the 1
st
Edition by: C.M. Kange & J.G.M. Muasya assessment of farm management data; Dr. Mechthild Kro-
nen soil requirements list; Prof. Dr. H. Kutsch computing of crop-water relations for yield probabilities; F.N. Muchena, B.J.A.
van der Pouw, W. Siderius and W.G. Sombroek basic soil maps; H. Ritz district climate tables; R. Swoboda execution of Small
Farm Survey; C.G. Wenner & S.N. Njoroge soil conservation.
Contributions to the 2
nd
Edition by: G. Awinyo digitizing of soil maps into GIS; T. Buettel support by analyzing remote
sensing data; M. Fiebiger rainfall data analysis, probability calculations, yield probabilities by simulation programs; Heike Hoeer
project coordination in GTZ Nairobi; Ph. Karuri assistance in the Farm Survey; Elizabeth Kimenyi & Anne Njoroge coordi-
nation of farm survey; M. Mueller calculation and diagrams of growing periods, ENSO inuence; Dr. Anne W. Muriuki & J.N.
Qureshi soil and fertiliser recommendation maps and information; Dr. Dorothy Mutisya crops and fodder list; Birgit Schmidt
basics for maintaining and regaining soil fertility; Joshua Shivachi analysing the Farm Survey data using SPSS software; J. Wiec-
zorek computerization of climatic and fertiliser maps, tables and diagrams for GIS and printing; W. Zettelmeyer computing
farm data.
5
Farm Management Handbooks of Kenya
VOL. I Labour Requirement Availability and Costs of Mechanisation
VOL. II Natural Conditions and Farm Management Information
Part II/M General Part (Methodology)
Part II/A WEST KENYA
Subpart A1 Western Province
Subpart A2 Nyanza Province
Part II/B CENTRAL KENYA
Subpart Bl Rift Valley Province, Middle and Southern Part
Subpart B2 Central Province
Part II /C EAST KENYA
Subpart C1 Eastern Province, Middle and Southern Part
Subpart C2 Coast Province
VOL. III Farm Management Information - Annual Publications
Part III/A Agriculture Land, Holdings and Farm Statistics
Part III/B Costs and Prices, Gross Margins, Cash Flows and Farm Models
VOL. IV Production Techniques of Livestock Enterprises
VOL. V Production Techniques and Economics of Horticultural Enterprises
Publisher: Ministry of Agriculture, Kenya, in Cooperation with the German Agency for Technical
Cooperation (GTZ)
VOL. II is supplemented by CD-ROMs with the information and maps in a Geographical
Information System. Additionally there are wall maps of the Agro-Ecological Zones per district group
(= the former large districts) for oces and schools.
Vol. II/C1 Printed in Nairobi 2006
Design & Layout by Jan Wieczorek, Trier, Germany
6
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
for the Support to the First Edition
In compiling this Handbook, we have relied on the support of many ocers from a variety of institutions
too numerous to mention, who made available their data and experience. We would like to thank them for
their invaluable assistance.
I would also like to thank my colleagues, the Research Ocers, the District Land and Farm management
Ocers, for their cooperation, and a special thank you to those who typed the draft edition.
Our particular thanks go to Prof. Dr. Ralph Jaetzold, University of Trier, for his seless support in compil-
ing this handbook and for his assessment of the natural conditions including land and population. His deep
understanding of the needs of agricultural extension ocers and farmers was a great asset. Our thanks also to
Dr. H. Kutsch, University of Trier, who computerized a large and complex amount of information involved
in establishing the AEZs.
Many thanks also to the sta of the Geographical Department of the University of Trier, Germany, for their
major eort in drawing up maps of outstanding quality, the centrepiece of the work.
Helmut Schmidt
Farm Management Research Ocer
Nairobi, May 1982
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
for the Support to the Second Edition
In revising this Handbook, various personalities and institutions were relied upon to provide the necessary
data required to update the previous data sets. In this regard, we would like to sincerely thank them for their
invaluable input in the exercise.
Special thanks go to the Ministry of Agriculture sta who undertook the Farm Surveys to elucidate on the
fundamental changes that have taken place in farming at the household level.
We are indeed very grateful to the people of Germany, who despite their limited nancial resources, have
continued to support Kenya. Of importance here is the German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ)
and the German scientists who have been working for Kenya over the years. Last but not least, thanks to Mr.
Reimund Homann, the PSDA Coordinator, Nairobi, whose oce ably managed the Handbook revision
project.
Chris Shisanya Elizabeth Kimenyi
Prof. of Agroclimatology Assistant Director of Agriculture
Dept. of Geography FMD, MOA
Kenyatta University, Nairobi Kenya
Nairobi, January 2007 Nairobi, January 2007
7
PREFACE to the Second Edition
Institutional memory is of paramount importance for planning and development. For any research or agricultural extension
to be successful, information on the natural farming potential is equally important.
In an eort to consolidate research - extension work of many years, the rst edition of the Farm Management Handbook
(FMHB) of Kenya Vol II (Natural conditions and farm management information), which described the conditions of the
Kenyan farming community at that time, was produced in 1982/83. Te handbook was in three parts i.e.:
A for Western Kenya (Western and Nyanza provinces)
B for Central Kenya (Central and Rift Valley provinces).
C for Eastern Kenya (Eastern and Coast provinces)
For more than two decades, the handbook has proved very valuable to researchers, planners, extensionists, developers etc.
Tis is a document that has been sought for enormously and hence the need to revise it in order to accommodate the changes
that have taken place in our country since the production of the rst edition. Some of these include: changes in the admin-
istrative boundaries, opening up of new farming areas due to population pressure, etc.
Tis second edition has been produced on the basis of Provincial administrative boundaries for the six Provinces i.e. West-
ern, Nyanza, Rift Valley, Central, Eastern and Coast. Te information will be availed in hard copies and in CD ROMS to
facilitate updating any future changes.
It is not possible to acknowledge the contribution of all the individuals who made this edition a reality but I need to men-
tion the following:
Tanks to the Ministry of Agriculture sta, especially the Agribusiness Department formerly Farm Management Division
sta at the headquarters (Mrs. E. W. Kimenyi, Mr. F. N. Nderitu, Mrs. A.W Njoroge, Mrs. A. W. Wanyama and Mr. P. T
Karuri), and the District sta, for their seless contribution; Prof. Chris Shisanya, leader of the revision team, for his tireless
eorts and guidance; Prof. Ralph Jaetzold for his enormous knowledge on the denition of the agroecological zones and his
great contribution to their mapping; Mr. George Awinyo (German Technical Cooperation (GTZ) Private Sector Develop-
ment in Agriculture (PSDA)) for his expertise and contribution in the area of Geographical Information Systems (GIS).
I also wish to thank the GTZ who have facilitated the production of this edition both nancially and by the use of their
personnel, specically the late Prof. Werner von der Ohe who supported the idea of the revision, and Mr. Reimund Ho-
mann (GTZ Programme Manager Private Sector Development in Agriculture PSDA), for supporting and taking up the
task to completion.
Dr. Wilson Songa, OGW
AGRICULTURE SECRETARY
Nairobi, May 2007 7
8
9
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Acknowledgement for the Support to the First Edition 5
Acknowledgement for the Support to the Second Edition 5
Preface to the First Edition 6
Preface to the Second Edition 7
List of Abbreviations 11
Introduction to the Second Edition 12
1. GENERAL PART FOR EASTERN PROVI NCE
1.1 EXPLANATION OF THE EVALUATION OF THE NATURAL POTENTIAL
1.1.1 Te Agro-Ecological Zonation for Kenya
1)
15
Table I: Agro-Ecological Zones of the Tropics in Kenya 16
Table II: Subzones According to Growing Periods for Annual Crops 18
1.1.2 Major Soils in Eastern Province 20
Table III: A Broad Estimate of the Dominant Characteristics of the Major Soil
Classication Units in Kenya 23
1.1.3 Soil Requirements List for Crops in Eastern Province 24
Table IV: Soil Requirements List for Crops in Eastern Province 24
1.2 PRESERVING THE NATURAL POTENTIAL FOR THE FUTURE OF KENYA
1.2.1 Beware of Degrading the Areas of Natural Vegetation in the Agro-Ecological Zones of
Eastern Province to Maintain Water, Firewood and Medicinal Resources as well as the
Grazing Potential! 29
1.2.2 Maintenance, Replenishment and Improvement of Soil Fertility in Eastern Province 30
1.2.3 Physical Soil Conservation 35
2. EASTERN PROVI NCE, Sout he r n Pa r t
2.1 INTRODUCTION 41
Table V: Population Projections for Eastern Province Per District 41
Table VI: Absolute Poor Households and Persons in Eastern Province Per District 42
2.2 THE TEMPERATURE BELTS 42
2.3 RAINFALL AND AGROECOLOGICAL ZONES OF EASTERN PROVINCE 43
2.4 IMPORTANT SUBZONES IN THE DRIER AGROECOLOGICAL ZONES OF EASTERN
PROVINCE 43
2.5 THE POSSIBILITY OF ESTIMATING THE VARIATIONS AND FORECASTING A SEASON
IN THE CRITICAL ZONE 5 OF EASTERN PROVINCE 45
Table VII: How Much Deviation from the Normal is Caused by an ENSO or
Anti-ENSO Season 47
Table VIII: Climatic Yield Potentials of Seasonal Crops in ENSO, Normal and
Anti-ENSO years 48
1)
System Ralph Jaetzold. Method of calculation of growing periods and yield probabilities out of crop-soil water
relations by Horst Kutsch, Berthold Hornetz and Chris Shisanya see General Part (Methodology) of Vol. II/M II/M
10
2.6 RUNOFF-HARVESTING AGRICULTURE TO AVOID FAMINES IN SEMI-ARID LANDS OF EASTERN
PROVINCE 49
Tables IX a & b: Distances for Runo-Harvesting Agriculture for First and Second Rainy Seasons 51
2.7 THE IMPORTANCE OF FERTILISING AND NUTRIENT RECYCLING
IN EASTERN PROVINCE 53
Table X: Te Decrease (%) of pH and Available Nutrients in Eastern Province
(During 5 Years of Maize Cultivation at the FURP Experimental Sites) 54
2.8 POSSIBLE CROPS AND VARIETIES IN EASTERN PROVINCE 55
Table XI: Agro-Climatological Crop List for Eastern Province of Kenya 56
Table XII: Bioclimatologically Suitable Grasses and Other Fodder Crops for the Agro-
Ecological Zones in Eastern Province 74
2.9 POSSIBILITIES FOR AGROFORESTRY IN EASTERN PROVINCE 80
3. DI STRI CT I NFORMATI ON AND STATI STI CS
3.1 GENERAL REMARKS TO THE LAND USE POTENTIALS AND FERTILISER
RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE DISTRICTS 83
3.2 EMBU & MBEERE DISTRICTS GROUP
CONTENTS 85
3.3 MERU CENTRAL & MERU SOUTH DISTRICTS GROUP
TABLE OF CONTENTS 167
3.4 MERU NORTH & THARAKA DISTRICTS GROUP
3.5 MACHAKOS & MAKUENI DISTRICTS GROUP
3.6 KITUI & MWINGI DISTRICTS GROUP
11
List of Abbreviations
AEZ = Agro-Ecological Zone
AEU = Agro-Ecological Unit
add. = additional
a. o. = and others
a.s.l. = above sea level
av. = average
b. = beginning, begin
bl. = black
br = bimodal rainfall
C. = Cooperative
ca. = circa, around
CAZRI =
Central Arid Zone Research Institute
(Jodhpur, India)
CL = Coastal Lowland
comp. = composite
DLC = Dry Land Composite Maize
cv. = cultivar, cultivated variety
e. = end
E
0
= evaporation of a water surface
F. = Farmer, Farmers
FAO =
Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations
f. i. = for instance
For. = Forest
FURP =
Fertiliser Use Recommendation Project
of the GTZ (1986-91)
GIS = Geographical Information System
gr. = growing; with crop name: green
GTZ =
Gesellschaft fr Technische Zusammen-
arbeit (the German Agency for Technical
Cooperation with Developing Countries)
H = Highland; with crop name: hybrid
h. = heavy
ha = hectar
i = intermediate rains
i.e. = item est (latin) = it means
IL = Inner Lowland
IRACC =
Information Research and Communication
Centre
ISFM = Integrated Soil Fertility Management
KARI = Kenya Agriculture Research Institute
KCB = Katumani Composite Maize B
KSS = Kenya Soil Survey
L = Lowland, lower
l = long
LU = Kenyan Livestock unit of 300 kg
M = Midland
m = medium
m. = mid, middle
mat. = maturing
max. = maximum
min. = minimum
MSS = Marketing Support Services
NARS = National Agricultural Research Station
norm. = normally
O. = OIfce
p = permanent
pa = per annum (= per year)
p., per. = period
PET = Potential Evapotranspiration
pl. = planting
pr. = precipitation
PSDA =
Private Sector Development of
Agriculture (recent Project of GTZ)
r. = rains, rainy season
res. = resistant
R. = Reserve
s = short
sec. = secondary
St., Stn. = Station
TA = Tropical Alpine
TCF = Total crop failure
t = temperature; with yields: tons
tr = trimodal rainfall
U = Upper
u = uncertain
ur = unimodal rainfall
v = very
var. = variety
y. = year
< = less than
> = more than
~ = about, nearly, around
& = and
^ = followed by a...
12
INTRODUCTION to the Second Edition
1. In general, the Kenyan farmer is well informed as to the potential of his own land, the labour force of his family
and the production techniques to be used when planting crops cultivated for generations. In the past, this was a
perfectly satisfactory situation, but today, the farmer is called on to feed a rapidly increasing population and earn
a major share of vital foreign currency through exports, i.e. he / she has to shoulder the cost of economic devel-
opment in Kenya, in particular in the urban areas. Terefore the farmer is the most important person for the
basis and the future of the nation. Traditional farming methods are no longer capable of meeting all the demands
made on the farming community; widespread application of scientic methods is required, but knowledge of
these methods is obtained, compiled and stored elsewhere, out of reach of the farmer.
Te Handbook has been compiled primarily to assist the agriculture eld advisor, who often is one of the most
important ocers in rural development. Extension work is organised within political units, i.e. location, di-
vision and district, and therefore information has been compiled according to AEZs per district resp. district
groups, which in some cases has led to repetition. Te layout and approach of the book has to be seen in this
context.
It is important that research is demand driven and not research for the sake of it. Agricultural research must be
geared towards solving agricultural problems faced by the farming community. For agricultural research to have
any impcat, researchers must change tact and start doing research together with farmers.
Information ow from research to the farmer, and vice versa, and among the various institutions involved in
rural development is seriously hampered by the lack of a common source of reference.
Output of agricultural produce could be considerably increased if the knowledge already accumulated in Kenya
is available to the farmer. Te work output of the planning ocer could also be doubled and its quality substan-
tially improved if he had this knowledge on hand, which would go a long way towards improving the welfare of
the rural population.
Te increasing demand for information and communication calls for increased eorts to make the information
accumulated available.
2. Tis transfer of know-how to those who need it is a major task and cannot be achieved by the Ministry of
Agriculture alone - it requires a joint eort. Te Farm Management Division has now made a major eort to
establish and compile information required by the farmers and those who work for the farming community.
Tis information was published in ve volumes of the Farm Management Handbook of Kenya of which Vol.
II Natural Conditions and Farm Management Information
1
is the centrepiece, rst published in 1982/83.
Tough the document is still relevant, but out of print, there is need for updating the document, hence the
present edition.
1
Farm management information which depends largely on nancial facts had to be excluded, like gross margins, cash ows, farm models.
It is published by the FMB occasionally and can be obtained from the Ministry of Agriculture, Kilimo House.
13
3. Te Farm Management Approach is the most reliable method yet developed to assist farming. It is there-
fore very desirable that other institutions try to make use of the system.
However, the information given cannot be blindly applied, but requires assessment for its relevance to
the actual case. Much of it, especially fertilizer recommendations, will be replaced within the next ten to
twenty years. It is important to take note of these replacements.
Te information is given per district and per subzones of the Agro-Ecological Zones, but the diversity of
the farms in any AEZ and the limitations of the data base make it essential to evaluate the data supplied
i. e. it is most important to read the accompanying explanations and to compare each subzone with the
soil pattern to adjust the information to the dierent Agro-Ecological Units.
4.. Te Vol. II of the Farm Management Handbook consists of the following parts:
a) A West, B Central, and C East Kenya, divided in seven smaller, better manageable subparts
by six provinces and a general part
and it is supplemented by
b) Large AEZ maps of the district groups printed in colour (scale mainly 1:250 000) as wall
maps for oces and schools
c) A data bank and CD ROMs with a Geographical Information System (GIS) of all
important agro-ecological information for each spot. All items are kept by the department
charged with Farm Management activities in the Ministry of Agriculture.
5. Te value of these books containing the natural conditions should not be overestimated.Te yield poten-
tials of the Agro-ecological subzones are only a rough guide. First of all the soils of the Agro-ecological
units in the subzones must be carefully considered to evaluate their suitability and ability to improve and
sustain their fertility, resp. Secondly the marked conditions play an important role in the decision on
what is suitable at a certain place at present times. Terefore the agro-economic conditions must always
be considered in analysing the natural potentials of the Agro-Ecological Zones for recommendations or
decisions.
3
One of the dierent samples of reduced economic use of the natural potential of Agro-Ecological Zones
by worsening of the infrastructure is cotton. Mismanagement in the cotton cooperatives and the Cotton
Board caused long delays and sometimes even reduced payments to the cotton farmers. Tis discouraged
the planting of cotton very severely, especially where small farmers had often occurred debts in produc-
tion. So for many years there were large parts of the cotton zone without cotton in Kenya until a new
initiative by the government encouraged cotton planting even beyond the cotton zones. Former cotton
farmers have planted additional maize for market. Te maize price has increased considererably since
1990 due to population increase and famine. It should be kept high by the Government to encourage
farmers to plant enough to ensure national food security.
A general problem is the the continued growing of maize in the sorghum and millet zones instead of
the more drought-resistant sorghum and millet varieties, which require less water. Te end result is crop
failure of maize, which leads to food insecurity and continued dependence on relief food. It is only if the
altitude is above 800 m that maize outyields sorghum and millets and as long as there is at least 250 mm
of well distributed rainfall during the growing season.
Due to social change and mobility, a farmer who feeds on sorghum and millet is considered impover-
2
It was impossible to assess the large amount of statistical data in detail. - Also there was not enough time and money to undertake
a new dierentiated farm survey. Only a few questions, mainly about the possible increase of yields by good farm management
could be placed systematically by the Agriculture Ocers in typical Agro-Ecological Units.
3
Jaetzold, R.: Te Agro-ecological Zones of Kenya and their Agro-economical Dynamics. Materialien zur Ostafrikaforschung, Vol.
6, Geographische Gesellschaft, University Trier 1987.
14
ished in many countries. Due to changing eating habits, maize our is also preferred to sorghum and
millet our, which can be slightly bitter, and the demand and price for these small grains is generally
dropping. Finally the loss by birds is less with maize than with most small grain cereal varieties, and the
children who in former times had to chase the birds away have now to go to school. In a situation where
maize fetches at least 50% more money than sorghum or bulrush millet, the advice of the agro-ecolo-
gists to plant more sorghum and millet is not taken up in the marginal foot plains of the highlands of
East and North East Africa. Terefore maize is planted as a staple food also beyond the economic limits
of maize cultivation in the AEZ 5.
7. In the rst edition of this handbook 1982/83, the main focus was to adjust agriculture to the dierent
climate conditions in an optimal way. Tis goal has been achieved to a great extent. Hower, the gains are
likely to be eroded by the serious problem of decreasing soil fertility and the rapid population growth
rates being experienced in rural Kenya. Urgent measures are therefore needed to address these problems
for sustainable agricultural productivity in Kenya.
8. Farmers who migrate into the arid and semi-arid areas bring along with them inappropriate
agricultural technologies. Tese drylands have fragile ecosystems that require land uses, which
mimic natural ecosystems such as shifting cultivation, agroforestry and nomadic pastoralism.
Tese are land uses that are characterized by temporal and spatial dynamics and have in-built
recovery mechanisms. Now it is necessary in this new edition to demonstrate to farmers the chances
and risks of farming in these drylands, i.e. for chance -cropping.
Our best wishes are with the farmers.
Te editors and the authors.
Nairobi and Trier, January 2005
15
1.1 EXPLANATION OF THE EVALUATION OF THE NATURAL POTENTIAL
1.1.1 METHOD OF THE AGRO-ECOLOGICAL ZONATION by Ralph Jaetzold
Simple agro-ecological zones were established by FAO in 1978
1
. Tey are suited to make decisions in in-
ternational and long term agricultural policy. In order to give advice to farmers in the districts a more dif-
ferentiated system showing yield probabilities and risks as well had to be developed:
1. Te zone groups are temperature belts (Table I) dened according to the maximum temperature limits
within the main crops in Kenya can ourish; cashew and coconuts for the lowlands, sugar cane and
cotton for the lower midlands, Arabica coee for the upper midlands (usually known as Highlands
- the term midlands is used here to denote their central importance), tea for the lower highlands, py-
rethrum for the upper highlands. Te highest zone is high altitude rough grazing i.e. tropical alpine (or
afro-alpine) vegetation. Te threshold values of annual mean temperatures have been established along
similar lines to those of H.M.H. BRAUN
2
but supplemented by limiting factors for many crops e.g.
mean minimum temperatures, frost, etc.
2. Te main zones (Table I) are based on their probability of meeting the temperature and water require-
ments of the main leading crops i.e. climatic yield potential, calculated by computer (see General Part).
Te zones are roughly parallel with Brauns climatic zones of the Precipitation/Evaporation Index,
but there are dierences according to the inuence of the length and intensity of arid periods, a factor
also considered by the computer programme. In a rst order the average annual precipitation is
compared with the average annual evapotranspiration.Te name of the main zones refer to poten-
tially leading crops, many of them can be grown in some other zones, too:
Maize zones: LH 1-3; UM 1-4; LM 1-4 (+5); L 2-4 (+5)
Hybrid maize in zones: LH 1-3; UM 1-3; LM 1-3
Wheat in zones: UH 2-3; LH 2-4
Unirrigated rice in zones: L 1-3; LM 1-2
Irrigated rice in zones: L 1-6; (7); LM 1-6, (7)
Sorghum in zones: UM (1-3), 4-5; LM (1-3), 4-5; L (1-3), 4-5
Finger millet in zones: LH (1-3); UM (1-3), 4; LM (1-3), 4, (5); L (1-3), 4, (5)
Groundnuts in zones: LM (1-2), 3-4; L (2-3), 4
Cotton in zones: LM (2), 3-4; L (2), 3-4
1
FAO (1978): Report on the Agro-ecological Zones Project. Methodology and Results for Africa. (= World Soil Resources Rep.,
48/1), Rome.
2
Kenya Soil Survey, (1982): Exploratory Soil Map and Agro-Climatic Zones Map of Kenya, scale 1:1 000 000, Rep. E 1, Nairobi.
16
17
( ) means that in these zones the crop is normally not competitive to related crops (f.i. dwarf millets to
maize)
Livestock is possible in all zones. Decreasing stocking rates from 1 to 7 (from 0.4 ha up to more than
25 ha per livestock unit of 300 kg)
Te colours assigned to the main zones become lighter at cooler higher zones altitudes (Table I). Addi-
tionally they become more red in the drier climates. Rain starts earlier at higher altitudes. Tis is due to
the fact that with the same amount of water, the production of biomass is still less in cooler altitudinal
climates. Also, the chances to ripe a crop before the end of the rainy seasons become smaller in these
higher belts because of the increasing length of growing periods. Terefore, the Ranching Zone which
covers Zone 6 in the Lowlands occurs already in Zone 5 in the Lower Highlands and even in Zone 4 in
the Upper Highlands.
3. For the necessary information to farmers, these main zones are divided into subzones according to the
yearly distribution and the length of the growing periods on a 60% probability factor i.e. the given
length of the growing period should be reached or surpassed in at least 6 out of 10 years (Table II).
Growing periods are dened as seasons with enough moisture in the soil to grow most crops, starting
with a supply for plants to transpirate more than 0.5 ETo, coming up to > ETo (in the ideal case) during
the time of peak demand, and then falling down in the maturity phase again (calculated by the computer
programme WATBAL)
3
. Te length is normally given in decades (i.e. a ten day period) for medium
soils. Figures are also available for heavy and light soils
4
, and they are also considered in the computer
programmes MARCROP
5
and WOFOST
6
for the yield potential.
Tese programmes compare the water requirements curves of almost all the main crops (as provided
by the FAO 1977
7
and 1979
8
), re-calculated by H. KUTSCH for Kenyan varieties and adapted to the
dierent agro-climates, with the rainfall occurrences in Kenya from 1930 to 1990
9
, in decades (10 day
periods), and their eects on the water supply to the root zone for 3 soil groups and 3 plant population
densities. On this basis, an ecological land use potential has been drawn up for each subzone, showing
climatic yield expectations and chances.
Te length of the growing period is the key to selecting the right varieties of annual crops within an agro-
ecological zone. Te symbols used for the length of the growing periods are straightforward:
vl = very long
l = long
m = medium
s = short
vs = very short
3
WATBAL.MODULE 1. It was developed by H. Kutsch and H.J. Schuh (1983): Simplied computer-based modelling of
water balance in dened crop stands.- In: L. Reiner & H. Geidel (eds.) (1983): Informationsverarbeitung Agrarwissenschaft.
Miinchen.
4
Heavy soil means heavy loam; clay may have less available water for plants. Light soil means loamy sand.
5
=WATBAL.MODULE 2 & 3. Callibrated for Kenya by B. Hornetz (see Hornetz and Shisanya in General Part), based on
the mathematical approach of Kutsch and Schuh , described in the rst edition of the Farm Management Handbook of Kenya
(1982), Vol. II, Part A, p. 17-28.
6
See R. Rotter (1993): Simulation of the biophysical limitations to maize production under rainfed conditions in Kenya: Evalua-
tion and application of the model WOFOST.- (= Materialien zur Ostafrika-Forschung, 12), Geographische Gesellschaft Univer-
sitat Trier.
7
FAO (1977): Crop Water Requirements.- (= Irrigation and Drainage Paper, 24), Rome.
8
FAO (1979): Yield Response to Water.- (= Irrigation and Drainage Paper, 33), Rome.
9
If there were enough completely recorded years, the standard period 1961-90 was used. Recent data were not available in reason-
able quantities or too expensive. Only for important stations they were used.
18
Tese are further dierentiated to give further information for choosing the variety with the most adequate
growing period by the use of combined terms like short to medium, medium to long, etc. (Table II).
If it is not desirable to subdivide the growing period in this way, the letter f for fully occurs before the
symbol for the period.
Te growing period formula is put in brackets if there is a weak performance i.e. although the moisture
content is su cient for growth, the peak demand which is ETo is not satised in the right time.
Where there are two rainy seasons per annum (bimodal rainfall areas), this is shown by a plus sign (+) be-
tween the two growing periods to show the yearly pattern.
If there is no distinct arid period of at least three decades (30 days) between humid growing periods, the sign
A is introduced i.e. both periods are bridged together. Expressed in words, it means ... followed by.
TABLE II: SUBZONES ACCORDING TO GROWING PERIODS FOR ANNUAL CROPS
Formula Cropping seasons
Length of growing periods
1
exceeded in 6 out of 10 yrs.
Samples of combination during
the year in Kenya
p normally permanent more than 364 days
vl very long 285 364 days
vl/l very long to long 235 284
l/vl long to very long 215 234
l long 195 214
l/m long to medium 175 194
m/l medium to long 155 174
m medium 135 154
m/s medium to short 115 134
s/m short to medium 105 114
s short 85 104
s/vs short to very short 75 84
vs/s very short to short 55 74
vs very short 40 54
vu very uncertain min. gr. p. < 6 out of 10 y.
Additional information:
ur = unimodal rainfall,
br = bimodal rainfall,
tr = trimodal r.
i = intermediate rains (at least 5 decades more than 0.25 ET0)
4
( ) = weak performance of growing period (in most decades less rain than ET0)
+ = distinct arid period between growing periods
A = no distinct arid period between growing periods (followed by)
f = full, i.e. no subdivision of growing periods, for inst. fm means 115 - 174 days
1
Growing period = enough moisture for cereals and legumes from seed to physical maturity. Figures show the time in which rain and
stored soil moisture allow evapotranspiration of more than 0.5 ET0 (in medium soils of at least 60 cm depth), enough for most
crops to start growing. During main growing time they need more of course (about full potential evapotranspiration ET0).
2
Lowlands and Lower Midlands, in UM, LH and UH 65 - 74 days
3
Lowlands, in LM 45 - 54 days, in UM 50 - 64 days, in LH and UH 55 - 64 days
4
Tat means moisture conditions are above wilting point for most crops
19
4. Te climatic agro-ecological zones are printed on soil maps, derived from the Kenya Soil Survey Maps
of the Districts in the Fertilizer Use Recomm. Project of the GTZ, to show the mosaic of agro-ecological
units within the zones. In nal maps the soil units were roughly shaded where experiments have shown
which inputs are needed for higher fertility (see maps of Fertiliser Recommendations and Farm Survey
Areas).
Te soil should be considered as closely as possible. Te Fertiliser Use Manual of KARI
10
makes the re-
sults of the FURP applicable for farmers. For many areas special reports from the Kenya Soil Survey also
exist. Te average yield expectations given for the Agro-ecological Zones of a district only show what is
climatically possible (on prevailing soils) when other conditions are optimized.
5. Terefore, many other factors apart from soil and climate have to be considered such as technologically
standard, possibilities of additional irrigation
11
and so on. From the given agro-ecologically land use
potential for each AEZ it has to be chosen carefully what is economically and sociologically reasonable
for the time being
12
.Te agro-ecological zones are illustrated by rainfall and water requirement diagrams.
Te curves in the diagrams are calculated or if proper data are not available they are estimated for
optimum water requirements of crops from seeding to physical maturity. Harvest is later according to
ripening stage, but then the plants need little or even no water.
10
A.W. Muriuki and J.N Qureshi: Fertiliser Use Manual. A comprehensive guide on fertiliser use in Kenya. KARI Nairobi 2001.
11
Articial irrigation possibilities are normally not yet considered in the land use potentials of Agro-ecological Zones, because they
go beyond the climatic natural potential. Nevertheless, we are able to calculate if requested decadically water requirements of ir-
rigated crops for dened sites.
12
R. Jaetzold: Te Agro-Ecological Zones of Kenya and their Agro-Economical Dynamics. (= Materialien zur Ostafrika-For-
schung, 6), Geographische Gesellschaft Universitat Trier 1987.
20
1.1.2 MAJOR SOILS IN EASTERN PROVINCE
According to the international FAO classication
Acrisols
Acrisols are acid soils with a low base status, which are strongly leached but less weathered than Ferralsols.
Tey are developing mainly on basement rocks like granites, but also on colluvium from quarzites. Te base
saturation (BSP) of the B horizon is less than 50 %; thus indicating low fertility.
Te most common type is called orthic, but they also appear as humic (with an umbric A horizon, rich
in humic substances) and ferralo-chromic (with ferralitic properties due to stronger weathering or high
chroma).
Andosols
Andosols are black, well drained, less weathered, mostly shallow soils which have developed on volcanic
ashes of Mt. Kenya, Nyambene and Chyulu Hills. Due to high fertility and sucient rainfall in these areas,
vegetation on these soils is performing well, so that the topsoil is enriched with organic/humic substances;
therefore, they mainly appear as humic and mollic types.
Arenosols
Arenosols are coarse, weakly developed mostly sandy soils with an identiable B horizon and a clay content
of less than 18 %. Tey are developing on colluvial substrates from basement rocks as well as on quarzites.
In Eastern Province Arenosols appear mostly as ferralic types with high sesquioxide contents.
Tey have a low fertility and are exhausted already after a few seasons of cultivation.
Cambisols
Cambisols are brown (forest) soils with cambic B horizons as a major feature; layers are dierentiated and
changing characteristically due to their (relatively) young age. In Eastern Province they are developing
mainly on basement rocks (gneisses are dominating), in particular on and around exposed inselbergs, hills
and scarps; they also occur on other various parent materials like basic igneous rocks. Cambisols are less
weathered than most of the other soils of the humid tropics and contain quite high amounts of clay minerals
with high nutrient reserves (like illites and montmorillonites), minerals (like phosphate, potassium etc.) as
well as juvenile materials.
Usually they appear as chromic types, but also calcic (on calcareous or petrocalcic materials), humic, nito-
humic or nito-chromic (on igneous rocks).
Chernosems
Chernosems are poorly drained, calcareous and clayey soils which have developed on inlls from limestone
and volcanic materials in the bottomlands. Tey occur particularly in the northern and north eastern parts
of the greater Meru District. Due to high contents of montmorillonites with a high Cation Exchange
Capacity (CEC), macro- and micronutrients as well as organic/humic substances in the topsoil they possess
a high fertility.
Te calcic type with a secondary accumulation of >15 % CaCO3 is most common.
Ferralsols
Ferralsols normally are strongly weathered soils of the humid tropics with oxic horizons. Soil fertility is low
to very low due to low mineral contents, kaolinites (as clay minerals) and a low CEC of less than 16 me/100
g of clay. Tey are developing mainly on basement rocks like granites, gneisses and quarzites, but also on
igneous rocks (like trachytes, syenites, phonolites etc.). In the drylands of Eastern Province Ferralsols have
developed in former times under more humid conditions, in particular on the tertiary peneplains, which are
stretching from the highlands of Central Kenya down to the coastal hinterlands.
21
Te most common types here are the orthic and rhodic ones (with red to dusky red oxic B horizons).
Fluvisols
Fluvisols are recent alluvial soils of the oodplains with depositional rather than pedogenetic proles and
mostly a high fertility due to high amounts of organic/humic and mineral substances as well as loamy and
sandy fractions.
Te common eutric type possesses a high base content with a BSP of more than 50 %.
Gleysols
Gleysols are soils of the bottomlands and swamps with hydromorphic properties dominating within the upper
50 cm. Tey develop on igneous as well as basement rocks, but also on alluvial and colluvial deposits.
Most common is the dystric type with a low base status and a BSP less than 50 %. Mollic Gleysols contain
mollic A horizons, the vertic type has typical shrinking and swelling properties.
Histosols
In Eastern Province Histosols are organic (peat) soils of the Afro-/Tropical-Alpine Zones I and II on Mt.
Kenya; they possess a low fertility due to imperfect drainage and a low base saturation of less than 50 %.
Lithosols
Lithosols are shallow soils of less than 10 cm depth developed on hard rocks of dierent origin. Very often
they also appear as a result of strong soil erosion.
Luvisols
Luvisols are strongly leached soils (lessivs), having argillic B horizons with a relatively high base status and
BSP of more than 50 %. In Eastern Province they normally develop on basement rocks (mainly gneisses),
but also on igneous rocks and colluvium; they mainly cover the wetter parts of the peneplains (like on
the footslopes SE of Mt. Kenya). In some parts of the region (like in the Makindu-Kibwezi area) they are
associated with Ferralsols.
Most common are the chromic, ferralo-chromic, but also orthic and nito-ferric types.
Nitosols
Nitosols or Nitisols develop on tertiary and even older basic igneous rocks (like basalts, tus etc.) and
contain emerging argillic horizons with prominent shiny clay skins. Tey are soils with normally high
fertility due to high contents of montmorillonites (as dominating clay minerals), minerals and available soil
water as well as a high Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC).
Almost all types of Nitosols are occurring in Eastern Province. Te dystric type has a moderate fertility with
a relatively low base status and a BSP of less than 50 %; the eutric type has a relatively high base status and a
BSP of more than 50 %, but is also moderately fertile. Te mollic and humic types are more fertile and have
a mollic/humic A horizon.
Phaeozems
Phaeozems are well drained, less weathered clayey soils (the clays consist mainly of montmorillonites) with
high contents of organic/humic substances in the topsoil as well as a high CEC and plant-available soil
water; thus possessing a high fertility. In Eastern Province they have developed on tertiary basic igneous
rocks like olivine basalts, phonolites and tus and occur mainly on the drier semihumid to semiarid high-
level savannah plains NW of Mt. Kenya like in the Nanyuki-Timau area (Laikipia Plateau) and NW of the
Nyambene Ranges.
Te luvic type is dominating.
22
Planosols
Planosols are soils with an albic E horizon, hydromorphic properties and a slowly permeable B horizon,
developing on dierent parent materials of the bottomlands.
Tey appear as dystric (with a low base status and BSP of less than 50 %) and eutric types (high base status
and BSP more than 50 %).
Regosols
Regosols are weakly developed soils from unconsolidated materials like igneous and basement rocks, often
associated with Lithosols. In Eastern Province they usually appear on the footslopes of inselbergs, hills and
scarps.
Dystric types with a low base status and BSP less than 50 % are as common as eutric ones with a high base
saturation of more than 50 %.
Solonetz
Solonetz are sodic soils with natric B horizons developed on plio-pleistocene bay/marine sediments of the
Marafa beds and are located from lower Kitui and Mwingi District down to the coastal areas of Kwale and
Kili Districts. Tey are infertile due to poor drainage, surface sealing and high sodicity.
Vertisols
Vertisols (Black Cotton Soils) are dark montmorillonite-rich, poorly drained cracking clays of the
bottomlands with peloturbation processes. Te clay content is higher than 30 %. Tey develop on alluvial
and colluvial materials (so called secondary Vertisols) as well as on basic rocks (like basalts; so called
primary Vertisols). Usually they contain high amounts of CaCO3 and other minerals with a high CEC
due to the montmorillonitic clay minerals.
Te predominant pellic type is characterized by a low chroma of less than 1.5.
Reference:
Landon, J.R. (Ed., 1991): Booker Tropical Soil Manual.-Longman Group, London, New York
23
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24
TABLE IV: SOIL REQUIREMENTS LIST FOR CROPS IN KENYA
Crops Preferred texture pH Drainage Remarks
GRAIN CROPS
Maize
(Zea mays)
light to medium 5.5-8.0
Free draining
soils
Not on very acid soils,
not on water logging soils
at least moderately fertile
soils.
Wheat
(Triticum aestivum)
Moderately well
to well drained
soils
In waterlogging
conditions very poor
yields, moderately to
highly fertile soils.
Durum wheat
(Triticum durum)
Well drained
soils.
Moderately drought
tolerant.
Triticale
(Triticum x secale)
medium to heavy 6.5-8.0 Well drained soils
Tolerates salinity,
moderately drought
tolerant
Barley
(Hordeum vulgare)
medium 6.5-8.0 Well drained soils
Intolerant of
waterlogging, tolerates
salinity (-1%),
moderately fertile soils
Oats
(Avena sativa)
medium 6.5-8.0
Moderately
drained soils
Also on poor soils
Foxtail millet
(Setaria italica)
Quickly growing but not
very drought tolerant
Proso millet
(Panicum miliaceum)
Some varieties drought
tolerant
Bulrush millet
(Pennisetum typhoides)
light to medium 5.0-8.0 Well drained soils
Drought tolerant and
tolerates salinity
Finger millet
(Eleusine coracana)
medium 6.5-8.0
Moderately
drained soils
Turcana varieties drought
tolerant
Sorghum
(Sorghum vulgare)
medium to heavy 4.5-8.5
Moderately well
to well drained
soils
Low to moderately fertile
soils
LEGUMINOUS
CROPS
Tepary beans
(Phasolous acutifolius)
medium 6.0-7.5 Well drained soils Drought tolerant
Cow peas
(Vigna unguiculata)
light 5.0-7.5
Free draining
soils
Drought tolerant
Moth beans
(Vigna aconitifolia)
medium to light 6.0-7.5 Well drained soils Drought tolerant
Green grams
(Vigna aureus)
Black grams
(Vigna mungo)
25
Chick peas = Yellow
grams (Cicer arietinum)
heavy (Black
Cotton soils )
5.0-7.5
Moderately to
well drained soils
Fairly drought tolerant
Beans
(Phaseolus vulgaris)
medium 6.0-7.5
Free draining
soils
Not drought tolerant,
need moist soil
throughout the growing
period.
Bonavist beans=Njahe
(Dolichos lablab)
Very drought tolerant
Trop.lima beans
(Phaseolus lunatus)
various 6.0-7.0 Well drained soils
Grows well also on
infertile soils
Horse beans
(Vicia equine)
medium 5.5-7.5
Moderately to
well drained soils
Drought tolerant
Horse grams
(Dolichos uninorus)
medium 5.5-7.5
Moderately to
well drained soils
Drought tolerant
Groundnuts
(Arachis hypogea)
light 6.2-7.5
Well drained
to somewhat
excessively
drained soils
Until harvesting the
soil must be moist, but
sensitive to impeded
drainage; moderately
fertile soils.
Bambarra groundnuts
(Voandzeia subterranea)
light 6.2-7.5 Well drained soils
Soil aeration must be
adequate, not on heavy
soils with pans; thrive
better than groundnuts on
poor soils.
Garden peas
(Pisum sativum)
medium
5.5-7.5
(see
beans)
Well drained soils Some N good for start
Pigeon peas
(Cajanus cajan)
light
5.0-7.5
No info.
Free draining Fairly drought tolerant
Soya beans
(Glycine max.)
medium
5.5-7.5
(opt.6.0-
6.5)
Moderately well
to well drained
soils
Moderately fertile soils
OIL SEED CROPS
Sunfower
(Helianthus annuus)
medium (heavy) 6.0-8.0
Moderately
drained soils
Very drought tolerant
Linseed
(Linum usitatissium)
medium 5.5-7.5
Moderately
drained soils
Drought tolerant
Rai
(Brassica juncea)
Moderately
drained soils
Drought tolerant
Rapeseed
(Brassica napus)
medium 5.5-7.0
Moderately
drained soils
Not drought tolerant
Simsim (Sesamum
indicum)
Free draining
soils
Moderately drought
tolerant
TABLE IV: Continued
26
SaIfor (Carthamus
tinctorius)
medium 6.0-8.0
Moderately
drained soils
Tolerates salinity,
moderately drought
tolerant
Castor
(Ricinus communis)
medium 6.0-7.5
Free draining
soils
Moderately drought
tolerant, not on saline
soils.
TUBER CROPS
Sweet potatoes
(Ipomea batatas)
various (wide
range; swamps to
eroded areas)
various
Various but
planted on ridges
in swamps
Drought tolerant, need
moderately fertile soils
Potatoes
(Dolanum tuberosum)
Free draining
soils
Not so drought tolerant,
need good supply of
nutrients
Cassava
(Manihot esculenta)
light to medium various
Free draining
soils
Very drought tolerant,
not on very stony or
shallow soils, sensitive to
impeded drainage, thrives
also on less fertile soils
Taro-Cocoyam
(Colocasia antiquorum)
Tolerates
waterlogging
Grows esp. well on
riverbanks, demands a
fertile soil
White Guinea yam
(Dioscorea rotundata)
medium 4.5-7.0
Moderately to
weakly drained
soils
Moderately fertile soils.
Greater yam
(D.alata)

Yellow Guinea yam
(D.cayenensis)

Buffalo gourds
(Cucurbita foetidissima)
light 6.0-7.5 Well drained soils Very drought tolerant
Marama beans
(Tylosema esculenteum)
medium 6.0-7.5 Well drained soils Very drought tolerant
Vigna
(Vigna lobatifolia)
light to medium 6.0-7.5 Well drained soils Very drought tolerant
FIBRE CROPS
Cotton
(Gossypium hirsutum)
Well drained
soils, sensitive to
impeded drainage
Tolerates salinity (0,5-
=0,6%); moderately to
high fertile soils; should
contain bor
Flax
(Linum usitatissimum)
medium 5.5-7.5
Moderately
drained soils
New Zealand fax
(Phormium tenax)
medium 5.5-7.5
Moderately
drained soils
TABLE IV: Continued
27
Sisal (Agave sisalana) medium 5.5-7.5
Well to
moderately
drained soils
On heavy soils it is
necessary to form
cambered beds or to dig
ditches for drainage.
OTHER CASH CROPS AND FRUITS
Avocadoes
(Persea americana)
medium 6.0-7.5 Well drained soils Not on saline soils
Bananas
(Musa paradisiaca)
Well to
moderately well
drained soils.
Best places are fertile
volcanic or alluvialsoils.
Tolerate short foods:
soil aeration must be
adequate, moderately to
highly fertile soils.
Cashew nuts
(Anacardium
occidentale)
light 5.0-7.5
Unimpeded
drainage
On dry and steep slopes
good against soil erosion;
thrive also on poor soils.
Citrus
(Citrus spp.)
light to medium 5.0-7.0 Well drained soils
Soil aeration must be
adequate, sensitive
to impeded drainage,
moderately to highly
fertile soils.
Coconuts
(Cocos nucifera)
light 4.0-7.0
Free draining
soils
Tolerate high salinity (-
1%), soil aeration must
be adequate. In arid
regions ground water
should be available in
1-2,5m depth.
Coffee/Arabica
(Coffea arabica)
medium 5.3-6.0
Free draining
soils
Soils must allow
reasonable water
retention; very sensitive
to CaCO
3
(more than
1oI the fne earth),
and (~0.5 oI the fne
earth)moderately to
highly fertile soils
Coffee/Robusta
(Coffea canephora var.
robusta )
Grows well in a wide
range of various soils if
they are well drained;
sensitive to CaCO
3
and
CaSO
4
like Arabica
coffee.
Deciduous fruit trees
(apples, peaches, pears)
If the soil is deep they
tolerate also lighter or
heavier soils.
Macadamia nuts
(Macadamia spp.)
medium 5.0-6.0
Free draining
soils
TABLE IV: Continued
28
Pyrethrum
(Chrysanthemum
cinerariaefolium)
Sugarcane
(Saccharum spp.)
Moderately well
to well drained
soils
Sensitive to water
logging;groundwater
should be below1m
depth. On heavy soils
cambered beds, ditches or
furrows must be formed
for drainage. Moderately
fertile soils
Tea (Camellia sinensis) medium
4.0-6.0
(4.5-5.5)
Free draining
soils
Soil with good water
retaining capacity is
essential, very sensitive
to CaCO
3
(0%) and
CaS0
4
(0%),grows also
on less fertile soils
Tobacco
(Nicotiana tabacum)
medium
(5.0) 5.5-
6.5
Well drained soils
Not on heavy or/and
saline soils, very sensitive
to CaCO
3
(>1% of the
fne earth) and CaSO
4
(~0.5 oI the fne earth).
Tung Oil
(Aleurites fordii)
Ye-eb nuts
(Cordeauxia edulis)
medium No info. Well drained soils Very drought tolerant
TABLE IV: Continued
29
1.2 PRESERVING THE NATURAL POTENTIAL FOR THE FUTURE OF EASTERN PROVINCE
1.2.1 BEWARE OF DEGRADING THE AREAS OF NATURAL VEGETATION IN THE AGRO-ECO-
LOGICAL ZONES OF EASTERN PROVINCE TO MAINTAIN WATER, FIREWOOD AND ME-
DICINAL RESOURCES AS WELL AS THE GRAZING POTENTIAL!
Te Agro-Ecological Zones 0-3 are originally zones of forest according to the natural vegetation. AEZ 0
corresponds to everwet evergreen rainforest, AEZ 1 to evergreen rainforest, AEZ 2 to seasonal rainforest because
of one or two dry months. AEZ 3 has three to ve dry months, it corresponds to seasonal semi-deciduous
moist forest or a high grass - broad leaved trees savannah which might be caused edaphically on waterlogging
soils (mbugas) or very poor leached senile soils, both unsuitable for most trees; on other soils it might be a
secondary vegetation caused by re. Te grass - tall as a man - is supressing young trees, and if it is set ablaze,
it produces a lot of heat that kills most of the trees.
AEZ 4 corresponds to woodland, it is either deciduous in subzones with unimodal rainfall as in West Kenya
and in Tanzania, or hard-leaved evergreen in bimodal rainfall subzones with two dry seasons as in East Kenya,
where plants by hard or hairy leaves try to avoid loosing them two times a year. Te grass grows to about
1 m tall.
Forests (and woodlands) are necessary also for the agriculture outside, because they minimize quick surface-
runo and store water in their deep, unhardened soils to supply it to wells, creeks and streams during the dry
seasons. Terefore it is imperative that forests be protected. Forest protection is necessary for other reasons
too: Firewood collection (not cutting!), timber, medical plants and genetic resources. A network of forest
reserves is necessary to conserve biodiversity.
A network of protected areas is also a must for the drier Agro-Ecological Zones 4-6.Te corresponding
natural vegetation in AEZ 5 is short grass savannah with small leaved thorny trees and bushes. Tere is more
grass on ne coarse soil of volcanic ashes on the Laikipia Plateau and more bush on red loams or stony soils.
Zone 6 is bushland with very short but still perennial grass and therefore suitable for ranching - if the grass
(the standing hay for the dry season) is not reduced due to overgrazing. In Zone 7, only annual grasses and
herbs grow and can only be used intermittently with a base in Zone 6.
Good management of the remaining natural vegetation by farmers especially herders is important: In AEZ 3
it is necessary to avoid bush burning which kills the regrowth of trees and ecologically valuable bushes. But
the main danger here is overgrazing which threatens the balance between grass and bushes. Bush encroach-
ment can actually reduce the grazing potential. Tis is the same danger in AEZ 4 and 5 but with shrubby
species (e.g. shrub encroachment, thorny species in AEZ 5). In the rst stage, poisonous or bitter herbs not
palatable to livestock thrive abundantly, leading to what can correctly be referred to as some sort of green
degradation.
In AEZ 6 the eradication of grass by overgrazing promotes at rst the dwarf shrubs (e.g. dwarf shrub en-
croachment), then in the favourable subzones thorny low shrubs grow. Te grazing potential here has se-
verely decreased and only goats as browsers remain. In the nal stage, due to overuse and soil denudation,
the shrubs disappear and desertication sets in. Some eorts are being made to practise reseeding in fenced
plots and this has in some instances proved successful. Originally semi-desert indicates Zone 7, full desert
Zone 8.
30
1.2.2 MAINTENANCE, REPLENISHMENT AND IMPROVEMENT OF
SOIL FERTILITY IN KENYA
Soil fertility depletion has been described as the major biophysical root cause of the declining per-capita
food availability in smallholder farms in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), with a decline from 150 to 130 kg per
person over the past 35 years in production
1)
. In the densely populated Western Province it went down to 60
kg for cereals! Emerging evidence attributes this to insucient nutrient inputs relative to exports, primarily
through harvested products, leaching, gaseous losses and soil erosion. Tis results in yields that are about
2-5 times lower than potential. Adequate and better solutions to combat nutrients depletion where known,
are often limited in application because of the dynamics and heterogeneity of the African agro-ecosystems
in terms of biophysical and socio-economic gradients. Tis calls for system-specic or exible recommenda-
tions, rather than monolithic technical solutions such as blanket fertilisation recommendations.
Despite diversity of approaches and solutions and the investment of time and resources by a wide range
of institutions, soil fertility degradation continues to prove to be a substantially intransigent problem, and
as the single most important constraint to food security in the continent
2)
. For example, soil loss through
erosion is estimated to be 10 times greater than the rate of natural formation. Return to investment in
soil fertility has not been commensurate to research outputs
3)
. Farmers are only likely to adopt sound soil
management if they are assured of return on their investment. Integrated soil fertility management (ISFM)
is now regarded as a strategy that helps low resource endowed farmers, mitigate many problems and the
characteristics of poverty and food insecurity by improving the quantity and quality of food, income and
resilience of soil productive capacity.
Essentially, ISFM is the adoption of a systematic conscious participatory and broad knowledge intensive
holistic approach to research on soil fertility and that embraces the full range of driving factors and conse-
quences such as biological, physical, chemical, social, economic and political aspects of soil fertility degra-
dation. Te approach advocates for careful management of soil fertility aspects that optimise production
potential through incorporation of a wide range of adoptable soil management principles, practices and
options for productive and sustainable agroecosystems. It entails the development of soil nutrient manage-
ment technologies for adequate supply and feasible share of organic and inorganic inputs that meet the
farmers production goals and circumstances. Te approach includes other important aspects of the soil
complex; soil life, structure and organic matter content. Te approach integrates the roles of soil and water
conservation; land preparation and tillage; organic and inorganic nutrient sources; nutrient adding and
saving practices; pests and diseases; livestock; rotation and intercropping; multipurpose role legumes and
integrating the dierent research methods and knowledge systems. Te approach also includes a social and
economic dimension.
Te increasing adoption of ISFM as a long-term perspective and holistic approach derives its success from
the emergence of a consensus on its guiding principles. Tis paradigm is closely related to the wider concepts
of Integrated Natural Resources Management (INRM), thereby representing a signicant step beyond the
earlier, narrower concept and approach of nutrient replenishment/recapitalization for soil fertility enhance-
ment
2)
. ISFM thereafter embraces the full range of multiple options (MPOs) and driving factors and conse-
quences (namely: biological, physical, chemical, socio-cultural, economic and political), of soil degradation
in dierent farming systems and land types. Te ISFM MPOs may include:
a) Integrated Nutrient Management (INM), which is the technical backbone of ISFM approach. It
entails integrated use of organics as well as inorganic sources of plant nutrients; as well as the en
tirety of possible combinations of nutrient-adding practices and nutrient saving techniques. Te
latter INM is perceived as the judicious manipulation of nutrient inputs, outputs and internal
ows to achieve productive and sustainable agricultural systems
4)
.
b) Integrating the benecial and deleterious eects of the relationship between abiotic factors (includ-
ing tillage, soil and water management) and biotic stresses (including integrated pest and disease
management; integrated crop management).
c) Integration of crop and livestock production.
31
d) Integration and greater productive use of local and indigenous knowledge, innovations,practices
and resources and science knowledge based-management system.
e) Integration of policy and institutional framework, as well as on-site and o-site (landscape)
eects.
Fertiliser is a term used to refer to any inorganic or organic material, natural or synthetic in origin that is
added to soil or other growing media to supply plant nutrients. Inorganic or mineral fertilisers originate
from ores, air, sediments or ashes. Organic fertilisers originate from organic materials such as animal or hu-
man waste and compost. Fertilisers may be in solid, liquid or gaseous forms. Te mineral nutrient content
and solubility of a fertiliser in water determines its eciency. Plant fertiliser use eciency is inuenced by
climate (e.g. temperature and rainfall) and soil factors such as soil pH, mineral content and humus
5
. Gener-
ally, the nutrient content of organic fertilisers is usually lower than that of inorganic fertilisers but it is more
stable and not so much endangered by outwash or insoluble xation (phosphorus to iron).
Most inorganic fertilisers are mined from ores or sedimentary deposits, except for those that contain nitro-
gen (N) which is synthesized with high energy input from the air. Because of the high element concentration
and high solubility of the inorganic fertilisers, their benecial eects on plant growth are quick and easy to
recognise. Tere are two types of mineral fertilisers on the Kenyan market: straight and compound. Straight
fertilisers contain one nutrient while compound fertilisers contain two or more nutrients. Every inorganic
fertiliser has a particular grade. Te fertiliser grade refers to the percent nutrient content of nitrogen, phos-
phorus and potassium. Nitrogen is expressed in % N, phosphorus as % phosphate (P
2
O
5
) and potassium
as % potassium oxide (K
2
O). It is mandatory that this N-P-K (i.e. N-P
2
O
5
-K
2
O) information be displayed
on the outside of each fertiliser bag. For example, the fertiliser 17-17-17 contains 17% nitrogen, 17% P
2
O
5
and 17% K
2
O, the remaining 49% is ller material.. Te remaining 49 kg in the fertiliser is ller material.
Important inorganic fertilisers found in the Kenyan market include: Diammonium phosphate (DAP), com-
pound fertilizers (NPK: 20-20-0), Ammonium sulphate (SA), Calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), Urea,
Single Super Phosphate (SSP), Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Phosphate rock, Muriate of Potash (MOP),
Sulphate of Potash, Lime (calcium carbonate).
Some common organic fertilisers used in replenishing soil fertility in Kenya include bone meal, crop resi-
dues (e.g. maize stover, bean trash, napier grass trash, tree/hedge cuttings) animal manure (e.g. cattle, sheep,
goat, pig, poultry) and compost
6)
. Te nutrient contents in manure vary enormously depending on the
source, method of processing, application and storage. Herbaceous legumes too are commonly used as green
manure in Kenya. Usually, the legume is grown in pure stand and cut just before full bloom (or owering
stage), while the N content is at or near the maximum. After wilting the leaves, the green manure is incorpo-
rated with the soil to facilitate decomposition. Grain legumes can also contribute to a soils nitrogen budget
when included as part of the rotation because of the nitrogen left behind in the roots and residue remaining
after removal of the seed. In addition to herbaceous legumes, several tree species also x nitrogen thereby
substantially increasing the nitrogen capital of the soils. Te most notable ones used for agroforestry are fast
growing and belong to the following genera: Leucaena, Calliandra, Erythrina, Gliricidia and Sesbania. Slow
growing nitrogen xing trees include: Albizia, Inga, Acacia and Faidherbia albida. Some soils need inocula-
tion with the nitrogen xing bacteria which make nodules on the roots of the Leguminosae family. Another
green manure shrub worth mentioning is Tithonia diversifolia. Although not a legume itself, Tithonia is
considered an excellent green manure because of its ability to accumulate plant nutrients quickly, its rapid
decomposition. Green manuring with Tithonia is being promoted vigorously in Western Kenya and Nyanza
provinces to improve soil fertility in nutrient depleted soils and with promising results, particularly in maize
and vegetable production.
Improved fallow systems oer a quick way to regenerate soil fertility because they require shorter fallow pe-
riods than natural fallow and the only investment required is seed. Te plant species of choice should be fast
growing high nitrogen xers. Where soil fertility has declined tremendously, the performance of improved
fallow can be increased by supplying the other limiting nutrients (other than nitrogen e.g. potassium and
phosphorus) to the improved fallow. In Western Kenya, for example, it has been proved scientically that
elds sown to maize and beans in which the improved fallow was Crotolaria gramiana or Tephrosia vogelii
32
was used had higher economic return than where natural fallow was used or the continuous cropped elds
6)
.
Te improved fallow was most benecial when phosphorus (a limiting nutrient in the region) was applied
at the time of planting the fallow. Extending improved fallow systems for soil fertility improvement should
be reasonably easy in Kenya given that many smallholder farmers know the value of leaving land to fallow
naturally. But with small and diminishing acreage per farm in Western Province, for example, there is almost
no land left to regenerate in a fallow period.
Conventional wisdom maintains that food security in Africa and Kenya in particular will be achieved by
presenting smallholder farmers with a basket of crop and land management options from which they may
choose the practices that best suit their site-specic needs and socio-economic conditions
7)
. Several dierent,
and often competing, soil fertility management recommendations for maize-legume intercrops are oered
to farmers in Kenya through a variety of outreach activities.
Tese options include Green Revolution fertiliser technologies (FURP), soil nutrient replenishment
with rock phosphate (PREP), fortied composting (COMP), relay intercropping with Lablab purpureus
(LABLAB), staggered-row intercropping (MBILI) and short-term improved Crotolaria grahamiana fallows
(IMPFAL). Tese management options have been examined in western Kenya along with maize control
receiving no external inputs over three growing seasons
7
. Data were collected on crop yield, input costs, la-
bour requirements and crop returns. Averaged over three seasons, production costs were (PREP = $119/ha)
> (FURP = $101) > (MBILI = $98) > (COMP = $95) > (LABLAB = $74) > (IMPFAL = $67) > (No inputs
= $62). Average maize yield (LSD
0.05
= 0.2) ranged between 1.5 t/ha (No inputs) and 2.8 t/ha (MBILI).
Average legume yields (LSD
0.05
= 27) ranged between 203 kg/ha (No input bean) to 500 kg/ha (MBILI
bean). Overall benet cost ratios (LSD
0.05
= 0.17) were FURP (2.22) = No inputs (2.28) < COMP (2.48)
= LABLAB (2.52) < IMPFAL (3.03) < MBILI (3.44). Clearly all these recommended technologies oer
potential to many farmers in West Kenya, and Kenya at large, but the ability of farmers to provide the neces-
sary input costs and labour remains uncertain. Perhaps it is time we focussed attention upon how farmers
basket of options is lled rather than how full it has become.
NOTES:
1
Nandwa, S.M. (2003): Perspectives on soil fertility in Africa. In: Gichuru et al. (Eds.). Soil fertility Management in Africa: A Re-
gional Perspective. Academy Science Publishers (ASP) & Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility of CIAT (TSBF), Nairobi, pp. 1-50.
2
Sanchez, P.A. and Leaky, R.R.B. (1997): Landuse transformation in Africa: Tree determinants for balancing food security
with natural resource utilization. European Journal of Agronomy, 7: 1-9.
3
African Highlands Initiative (AHI) (1997): Phase 1 Report. ICRAF, Nairobi.
4
Smaling, E.M.A., Fresco, L.O. and De Jager, A. (1996): Classifying, monitoring and improving soil nutrient stocks and ows
in African Agriculture. Ambio, 25: 492-496.
5
Humus can store the given nutrients 25 times better than a senile tropical soil, thus preventing the outwash by heavy rains.
6
Muriuki, A.W. and Qureshi, J.N. (2001): Fertiliser Use Manual: A comprehensive guide on fertiliser use in Kenya. Kenya Agri-
cultural Research Institute (KARI), Nairobi, p. 149.
7
Woomer, P.L. (2004): Cost and return on soil fertility management options in western Kenya. Abstracts of the International
Symposium of the African Network for Soil Biology and Fertility (AfNET) of TSBF institute of CIAT, Yaounde, Cameroon, May
17-21, 2004, pp. 147-148.
33
34
1.2.3 PHYSICAL SOIL CONSERVATION
By C. G. Wenner and S.N. Njoroge
Classication of land
Te land of a farm can be classied as to slope and soil, with the dierent classications needing dierent
considerations:
1) Flatland, sloping less than 2%, can usually be farmed without any special soil conservation mea-
sures except contour farming.
2) On gentle slopes between 2 and 12% terracing is not obligatory according to the present Agricul-
ture Act, but terracing is usually desirable on slopes exceeding 5%. In semi-arid areas and in areas with
erodible soils, even slopes less than 5% (2 5%) usually need to be terraced.
3) On slopes exceeding 12%, but not exceeding 55%, terraces (preferably developed bench terraces)
should be used if the depth of the soil is more than about 0.75m. For very steep slopes modied bench
terraces are recommended, i.e. narrow ledges cut into the slope, suitable for fruit trees, fodder trees, forest
trees and coee.
4) Slopes exceeding approximately 55% should be covered with grass and/or forest. Under certain
conditions it might be permissible to cultivate tea, sugar cane or bananas with a layer of trash on the
ground.
5) Soils which are rocky, stony or shallow, should be used as pasture or for forest or they should have
stone terraces.
Soil conservation in general
The basic protection of soil against erosion is good farm management:
1) Ploughing and planting along the contour
2) Rotation of crop and grass
3) Manure favouring the growth of crops
4) Leaving crop residue on the ground
On slopes, good farm management by itself is not sucient and it has to be combined with terraces.
Terraces
Terraces can be made by machinery or, usually, by hand.
Terraces made by machinery
Mechanised soil conservation can only be used on slopes which are not too steep (preferably 2 12%). Two
types of terraces are used:
1) Te channel terrace
2) Te ridge terrace
Te V-shaped terrace, on one or both sides of a ridge, will usually be lled up by sediment and will thus
develop into a bench terrace. But this could as well have developed from a grass strip.
Terraces made by hand
Terraces can develop from:
1) unploughed strips
2) Grass planted in one or two rows
3) Trash lines laid along the terrace line
In the strips, water ows will be distributed between the grass stems and most of the water will be inltrated
into the ground.
To hasten the formation of a bench terrace you can make a ridge by digging a channel (2 feet wide, 2 -3 feet
deep) and throwing the soil uphill, using the so-called Fanya Juu method.
Bench terraces are usually preferable to channel terraces, as the benches change the degree of slope. Tey also
retain eroded soil, moisture and nutrients.
35
Length of terraces
Terraces should not, if possible, be many hundreds of metres long. More than 400 m should be avoided.
Gradient of terraces
Terraces can be level or graded. Level terraces should be constructed on gentle slopes in permeable soils in
dry areas. For graded terraces the following gradients are recommended: in erosion resistant soils (clay) 1%,
normally 0.5% and in erodible soils (silty, sandy) 0.25%.
36
Vertical interval between terraces
Te vertical interval (V.I) between terraces depends on the slope and has been calculated in three dierent
ways in Kenya:
A/ Te ordinary formula-V.I. (in feet) = ( (% of slope/4) + 2) x 0.3
B/ Te bench formula-V.I. (in feet) = ( (% of slope/8) + 4) x 0.3
C/A constant V.I. of 5-6 or2.5-3 feet (1.5-1.8 or 0.75-0.90m).
Te method selected depends on the slope:
5-12% A, B or C,
but the horizontal interval is preferably not greater than 80 Feet (24m) on erodible soils.
12-35% B or C
35-55% C or modied bench terraces.
As shown above, a constant vertical interval (method C), corresponding to the eye height of a man can be
used on slopes between 5% and 55%. Te vertical interval will vary with the eye height of the person setting
out of the terraces, i.e between 5 and 6 feet (1.5 and 1.8m). Such variation can be disregarded in setting out
terraces. If terraces are needed on slopes between 2% and 5%, see table. Te vertical intervals will then be
less than the height of a person, because the horizontal interval should be a maximum of 24 m (80 feet):
Slope
%
Vertical interval Horizontal interval
in meters in feet in meters in feet
2 0.5 1.7 24 80
3 0.7 2.3 24 80
4 1.0 3.3 24 80
5 1.2 4.0 24 80
Horizontal interval between terraces
Te horizontal interval (H.I.) between terrace edges (grass strips) is calculated as H.I. =(V.I. x 100)/% of
slope
If the V.I. is expressed in feet, the H.I. will be in feet.
If the V.I. is expressed in meters, the H.I. will be in meters.
CUTOFF DRAINS
In general
Large water ows coming from outside a farm have to be diverted from the farm by a cut o drain, e.g.
collecting water from a hillside, or preventing water from a plateau from owing down a terraced slope, or
taking care of water from a roadside ditch .
Cuto drains should be dug only when there is evidence of large water ows which cannot be stopped
through normal terracing. Below the banks of terraces channels can be excavated instead of making cuto
drains.
In the survey of a cuto drain, you should start with the outlet point. If you cannot discharge the water in a
safe way do not dig any cuto drain. Before measuring and setting out the pegs, you should walk along the
proposed cuto drain, checking that the drain is properly sited regarding houses, cultivation, rocky ground
etc.
Do not dig any cut o drain if the farmers do not agree to do terracing below the drain and to maintain the
the channel by removing the soil sedimentation. Special forms should be used.
Length of cuto drains
As in terracing cuto drains should usually not be larger than 400m. If it is dicult to nd a natural wa-
terway within 400m, it might be better to make the cuto drain essentially longer than 400 m instead of
37
digging an expansive articial waterway.
Gradient of cuto drains
Te same as for graded terraces (see previous page)
Intervals between cuto drains
Usually one cuto drain only needed on a slope. Only on very long slopes might an extra cuto drain be
dug in exceptional cases.
Size of cuto drains
For the design of cuto drains and the approximate dimensions of the cuto channel see the gure below
on this page. A cuto drain dug by hand is often 5 feet (1.5 m) wide at the top, 3 feet (0.9 m) wide at the
bottom and 2 feet (0.6 m) deep, giving a cross-section of 0.7 m
2
. A cuto drain constructed by a motor
grader often has a V-shaped cross-section and is made 6-8 feet wide (1.8-2.4 m) and 2.5 feet deep (0.75 m),
giving a cross-section of 0.7-0.9 m
2
.
In semi-arid overgrazed areas cuto drains, especially in silt and sandy soils, are useless without grazing
control and establishment of grass cover on the ground round the gullies.
ARTIFICIAL WATERWAYS
In general
Te water from cuto drains as well as from terraces should be discharged into natural watercources (rivers)
or onto nonerodible areas such as stony ground or permanent pasture with a good grass cover. If it is not
possible to nd such an outlet point within a reasonable distance, the excess water has to be taken down
the slope by an articial waterway, covered with grass. A di culty in constructing waterways is that protec-
tive grass cannot be established in the rst year or two. Consequently it would be reasonable to construct
the articial waterways and plant grass two years before the construction of the cuto drains and terraces.
Another way is to remove the grass before excavating the waterway and afterwards replace the grass as shown
in the gure below on the next page.
38
A waterway should be wide (5 feet at least) and shallow (1 feet deep) to minimize erosion.
Width of waterways
Te width can be varied depending on the size of the catchment area and the steepness of the slope. Te
necessary width in feet of an articial waterway in erodible soils can be read from the table below:
Catchment area of the
waterways in acres
Steepness of the slope
less than 6% 6 - 12% more than 12%
5 5 6 8
10 6 8 10
15 7 11 17
20 8 15 23
30 9 23 34
40 12 30 44
50 16 38 56
In erosion resistant soils such as clay and clay loam, the width as shown in the table can be much less, but
not less than 5 feet. If the central 1/3 of the waterway is covered with stones, the width as shown in the table
can be decreased by about a half.
Experience has shown that farmers hesitate to accept even half of the widths recommended. An alterna-
tive then is to construct check dams as recommended for the oor in gully control (see gure on the next
page).
Depth of waterways
Te depth of a waterway is related to the width in the following way:
Width up to 10 feet 10 - 20 feet more than 20 feet
Depth 1 foot 1 1/4 feet 1 1/2 feet
39
40
41
2. EASTERN PROVINCE, Sout hern Part
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Comprising of six Embu-Meru districts, four Ukambani districts and three Cushitic districts, Eastern Prov-
ince is the most diverse and complex topographic region in Kenya. Extending between 38 15 E and 39
30E as well as 1 N and 3 S Eastern Province is characterized by imposing landscapes, wonderful wilder-
ness, mountains, rivers and peculiar landforms. It is one of the most important touristic destinations in
Kenya. Excluding the three Cushitic districts [entirely pastoral] namely: Moyale, Isiolo and Marsabit, the
main part is covered in the Farm Management Handbook. It contains many agro-ecological zones and sub-
zones. According to the 1999 census Eastern Province had a total of 4,631,779 persons. Te low average
population density of 30 persons/km
2
is partly attributed to its expansiveness and predominant agro-sahel
conditions. However many pockets of high population density exceeding 250 persons/km
2
exist in Embu,
Meru C., Meru N., Meru S. and Machakos districts indicating a likelihood of potential population pressure
which could result into signicant land use changes (availability, accessibility, intensication, etc), (see Table
V). Poverty
1)
is prevalent and persistent throughout the province as shown in Table VI, comprising 47% of
the population.
Farming activities in the southern arable parts of the Province are strongly inuenced by altitude. Below 550
m, it is normally too dry while above 2200 m on the windward side it is too cold and wet. On the leeward
side, cultivation may go up to 2800 m because of more sunshine, as is the case on the northern slopes of
Mt. Kenya.
Te fertility is very contrasting between the young volcanic areas of Mt. Kenya or the Nyambene Ranges,
rich in nutrients, and the poor leached senile soils on the uplifted peneplains of an eroded 600 Mill. years
old folded zone mainly consisting of gneiss. Improved living conditions in this area, i.e. access to water, have
led to more population pressure here. Te soils have become exhausted; droughts are frequent, leading to
crop failures, estimated in between 30 and 50 % of all the seasons in AEZ 5.
Te fertility of the soils in climatically favourable volcanic areas is decreasing rapidly because of recur-
rent permanent use over many years with almost no recycling of nutrients back to the soils (see special
chapter 2.7). Te other volcanic areas in the south have little positive inuence. Te Yatta Plateau is too
young to be deeply weathered, and the area around the Chyulu Hills is too dry, but the volcanic ashes con-
tain valuable nutrients for grasses. Reseeding of grass in fenced plots could be a protable enterprise to raise
livestock as the Kiboko Range Research Station and already many progressive farmers in Zone 5 show.
TABLE V: POPULATION PROJECTIONS FOR EASTERN PROVINCE PER DISTRICT
(Source: CBS, Analytical Report on Population Projections Vol. VII. p.32)
DISTRICT 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
EMBU 289,965 292,672 295,210 297,574 299,759 301,761 303,313 304,802 306,224 307,579 308,865
ISIOLO 106,719 109,625 112,514 115,381 118,222 121,032 123,699 126,374 129,055 131,740 134,429
KITUI 539,443 547,138 554,582 561,762 568,663 575,273 581,080 586,811 592,462 598,028 603,505
MAKUENI 811,035 826,824 842,338 857,548 872,427 886,947 900,310 913,628 926,893 940,096 953,227
MACHAKOS 953,049 971,603 989,832 1,007,705 1,025,190 1,042,252 1,057,955 1,073,605 1,089,193 1,104,707 1,120,137
MARSABIT 127,696 130,182 132,624 135,019 137,362 139,648 1,417,52 143,849 145,937 148,016 150,083
MBEERE 179,075 181,814 184,474 187,051 189,539 191,934 194,065 196,173 198,258 200,317 202,350
MERU CENTRAL 522,581 530,575 538,339 545,858 553,119 560,108 566,325 572,478 578,561 584,571 590,503
MOYALE 56,020 56,877 57,709 58,515 59,293 60,042 60,709 61,368 62,021 62,665 63,301
MWINGI 318,325 323,268 328,073 332,731 337,233 341,571 345,440 349,270 353,060 356,805 360,504
MERU NORTH 636,040 649,698 663,170 676,433 689,463 702,236 714,115 725,981 737,826 749,641 761,419
THARAKA 106,340 108,624 110,876 113,094 115,272 117,408 119,394 121,378 123,358 125,334 127,303
NITHI (MERU S.) 213,012 213,644 214,121 214,439 214,597 214,595 214,247 213,829 213,342 212,784 212,155
EASTERN 4,859,300 4,942,544 5,023,862 5,103,110 5,180,139 5,254,807 5,322,404 5,389,546 5,456,190 5,522,283 5,587,781
42
TABLE VI: ABSOLUTE POOR HOUSEHOLDS AND PERSONS IN EASTERN PROVINCE
PER DISTRICT (Source: Modifed aIter CBS (2001) Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper, p. 16
District Households below poverty
1)
line 1999 Individuals below poverty
1)
line 1999
EMBU 25,489 136,963
MBEERE 9,009 49,656
MERU CENTRAL 38,775 253,755
MERU SOUTH 57,574 379,850
MERU NORTH 74,320 446,363
THARAKA 11,968 59,811
MACHAKOS 14,775 84,164
MAKUENI 47,978 245,611
KITUI 4,112 26,329
MWINGI 23,482 149,582
MOYALE 47,738 297,388
ISIOLO 8,074 49,721
MARSABIT 18,743 101,148
EASTERN 382,037 2,280,341
1)
According to Participatory Poverty Assessment report oI 2001 defned poverty ' as the inability |Ior households and/ or individuals| to
meet their basic needs including land, employment, food, shelter, education, health etc cited from Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
(September, 2001) p.13, CBS.
2.2 THE TEMPERATURE BELTS
Te annual mean temperature in the Lowland Zone has remarkably increased due to the global warming
during the period since the rst edition of the Farm Management Handbook in 1983. Te 0.5C increase
counts for approximately 100 m of rise from the limits of this thermal belt. Te Lowland Zone has extended
considerably in Mbeere, Taraka, Mwingi, Kitui and Makueni districts. Tis fact endangers the cultivation
of the Makueni Dryland Composite Maize here by increase in heat and favours the lowland varieties. Even
date palms may grow here at present.
Te increase in the Lower Midland Zones is a bit less due to the frequent presence of overcast clouds. It is
0.35C as measurements at Makindu Meteorological Station demonstrate: Te annual mean temp. 1937-68
was 22.58C, 1981-2000 22.93C. Tis means that the upper limit for cotton here has gone up by about
60 m and the old lower limit for coee in the Upper Midland Zone is faced with more diseases and quality
problems.
Te temperature in the Highland and Upper Midland Zone has not changed signicantly. Te mean maxi-
ma rose 0.2C, but this was almost compensated by a decrease of the minimum temperatures.
It has to be kept in mind, however, that the threshold mean temperature of 18C for the upper boundary
of the coee zones is a conventional gure for the climatological system only. In fact due to local condi-
tions and new coee varieties, coee may grow at higher altitudes. Additionally, it has to be considered that
microclimatic eects are aecting the zonal temperatures. Te vicinity of forests can decrease the mean
maxima through shade and the evaporative consumption of calories by the trees. Te night time down ow
of heavy cold air from Mt. Kenya may accumulate in a hole and decrease the mean minimum temperature
by almost 3C as a comparison of the June gures of Embu Met. Station and Mariene Coee Research
Substation shows: 13.3C to 10.5C, even though both stations have approximately the same altitude. In
addition, the temperatures of the Meru Met. Station are too low for the belt with an average of 18C at
1555 m . Te actual limit of the Coee Zone here is about 150 m higher according to the mean minimum
temperatures of 12.6C.
43
2.3 RAINFALL AND AGRO-ECOLOGICAL ZONES OF EASTERN PROVINCE
Te average annual rainfall increases from less than 400 mm in the low eastern plains to more than 2200
mm at the southeastern windward side of Mt. Kenya in 2200 2700 m, the main altitude for condensation
and rain from the clouds of the SE Trade winds.
Te distribution of rainfall is typically bimodal with two distinct rainy seasons, the rst one with its peak in
April and the second with the peak in November; the intervening dry season is distinct, except in the misty
and cloudy altitudes above 1800 m, and northwest of Mt. Kenya where middle rains induced from Western
Kenya occur.
Te March-May (rst rainy season) is more intense and reliable around Mt. Kenya and the Nyambene
Rangess. To the South of the Province, the October-December (second rainy season) is longer than the rst
one. Terefore we avoid here the common terms long and short rains (because the short rains are the long
ones) and say rst and second rainy season to avoid confusion.
Te pattern of the Agro-Ecological Zones is typical for the Eastern part of the Kenyan Highlands. It starts
on Mt. Kenya with the Tropical Alpine Zones TA I and II. Tey are National Park now but some parts of
TA I could possibly be opened up for seasonal grazing stock from the over-populated zones below the
forest. Te forest reserves are mainly situated in steep wet areas unsuitable for agricultural use (UH 0 and
LH0). Te Agro-Ecological Zones LH1, UM1-4, LM3-5 and IL 5-6 occur at descending altitudes towards
the footplains.
Tere is a more complicated situation at the northwestern side of Mt. Kenya: Te two growing periods are
connected by the western middle rains, but here they are already weak, therefore called intermediate rains
only, and their occurrence is unreliable. Tat may cause severe dry spells, especially when the growing maize
needs most water during its tasseling stage.
A problem in the zone 5 is the low, unreliable rainfall, supporting a growing period only for a very short
time (see special diagrams). To a certain extent a drought or a chance of better rainfall are predictable here
due to the El Nino-Southern Oscillation System (see chapter Te Possibility of Estimating the Variations
and Forecasting a Season in the Critical Zone 5).
2.4 IMPORTANT SUBZONES IN THE DRIER AGRO-ECOLOGICAL ZONES
OF EASTERN PROVINCE
Te drier the climate is, the more subzones become more important than the main zones. Tis is because the
length and intensity of the cereal growing period are the predominant factors for the agricultural produc-
tion. Terefore, in the transitional AEZ 4 and the semi-arid AEZ 5, names are given to the Agro-Ecological
Subzones, announcing the main staple food crops cultivable by the natural conditions.
Te climatic growing periods shown by the subzones are very important as a key for choosing the right va-
rieties according to the length of the growing period. For the Agro-Ecological Units it is possible to deliver
the growing periods more exactly by regarding the local plant available water storage capacity of the soils.
Tis information will be provided in a GIS.
Some important typical samples: Te Zone UM4 vl = Upper Midland Maize-Sunower Zone with a very long
growing period is in the unimodal rainfall regime west of the Rift the main maize subzone, rich in yields. In
East Kenya there is the bimodal UM4 s+s = Upper Midland Maize-Sunower Zone with two short growing pe-
riods. It may be called the two seasons early maturing maize subzone well suitable for Katumani Composite.
LM4 s/vs + s/vs = Marginal Cotton Zone with two short to very short growing periods which may be called two
44
seasons very early maturing maize subzone well suitable for Dryland Composite maize which needs 75 days to
physical maturity, and s/vs means there are at least 75 84 days growing period in 6 out of 10 years.
LM 5 vs + vs/s = Livestock-Millet Zone with a very short and a very short to short growing period could be
named second season marginal very early maturing maize subzone because in the warmer second rainy season,
the growth of maize is quicker than in the rst one, therefore Dryland Composite may reach its physical
maturity already in less than 75 days.
LM5 vu + vs = Livestock-Millet Zone with a very uncertain and a very short growing period. Tis subzone could
be named second season minor millets subzone and is the driest one in Eastern Province. It forms the marginal
belt of rainfed agriculture in the Southeast. Very uncertain warns that in less than 6 out of 10 seasons there is
enough rain for a minimum growing period of 40 days, necessary to get at least anything to eat; it means in
50 % or more of the seasons occur crop failures even with the lowest demanding crops like hog millet.
Other subzones can be named in a similar way according to their growing periods.Tere is a more com-
plicated situation at the northwestern side of Mt. Kenya: Te two growing periods are connected by the
western middle rains, but here they are already weak, therefore called intermediate rains only, and there
occurrence is unreliable. Tat may cause bad dry spells, especially when the growing maize need most water
during its tusseling stage.
A problem in the zone 5 is the low, unreliable rainfall, supporting a growing period only for a very short
time (see special diagrams). To a certain extend a drought or a chance of better rainfall are predictable here
due to the El Nino-Southern Oscillation System (see chapter Te Possibility of Estimating the Variations
and Forecasting a Season in the Critical Zone 5).
45
2.5 THE POSSIBILITY OF ESTIMATING THE VARIATIONS AND FORECASTING A
SEASON IN THE CRITICAL ZONE 5
Te variability of rainfall becomes a serious problem towards the semi-arid Eastern midlands and lowlands
due to the increasing population pressure. To show the farmers clearly the risks and chances for well adjusted
ways of land use, new diagrams of growing periods were developed by Martin Mueller, Berthold Hornetz
and Ralph Jaetzold (Fig. 2.5.1). Tey also give the Government and NGOs a guideline on how often support
could be necessary. Although they show the conditions in the past years, they give a picture and a quantica-
tion (Tables VII & VIII) of the probable conditions in the coming years
1)
because the cycles repeat more or
less periodically due to the El Nio Southern Oscillation System (ENSO). Tis is especially the case in the
Mwingi, Kitui and Makueni districts, therefore we have used examples mainly from these districts.
Te new research results about the inuence of this ENSO System open the possibility to forecast in East
Kenya the intensity of many rainy seasons before they start, due to the air pressure dierences between the
eastern and western parts of the Pacic ocean (Tahiti and Darwin/Australia). One or two months before the
onset of a rainy season a small dierence (Southern Oscillation Index SOI < 1.05) is already indicating an
ENSO-season with more rain, a big dierence (SOI > 2.33) an Anti-ENSO season with less rain, especially
for the 2
nd
rainy season (although not always, see Table VII). Tis enables farmers and policy makers to
make informed decisions based on the expected weather patterns as Prof. Shisanya, Prof. Hornetz and their
students have shown.
2)
It is the responsibility of the Government to disseminate this vital information from
the Met. Department to the media that is available to the local authorities and farmers well in advance in
order for the advice given in the Farm Management Handbook to be eciently utilised.
Te analysis of the typical sample Makindu (Fig. 2.5.1 & Tables VII &VIII) shows some general aspects
of the inuence of the El Nio-Southern Oscillation system: Te frequency of the mainly good ENSO
years has signicantly increased during the last 4 decades of the 20
th
century, probably a positive eect of
the global warming. Fortunately the frequency of the mainly drier Anti-ENSO years has not signicantly
increased.
1)
Te global climatic change is not so important here. It concerns mainly the increase of temperature, the rainfalls increase a bit and the variability
to a certain extent (see text).
2)
Shisanya, C.A. (1996): Chances and Risks of Maize and Bean Growing in the Semi-arid Areas of South-East Kenya during expected decient,
normal and above normal rainfall of the Short Rainy Seasons. (= Mat. zur Ostafrika-Forschung 14), Geographische Gesellschaft University of
Trier, p. 137 and 240.
46
Fig. 2.5.1: RISKS AND CHANCES IN SUBZONE LM 5 vu + vs/s ( with a very uncertain frst
growing period and a very short to short second one). Sample MAKINDU
47
TABLE VII: HOW MUCH DEVIATION FROM THE NORMAL IS CAUSED BY AN ENSO OR AN
ANTI ENSO SEASON at Makindu, a typical station in southeast Kenya
First Rainy Season Second Rainy Season
Normal ENSO Anti-ENSO Normal ENSO Anti-ENSO
Occuring
1930 - 2000 2000
32 out of 71
= 45 %
20 out of 71
= 28 %
19 out of 71
= 27 %
30 out of 70
= 43 %
17 out of 70
= 24 %
18 out of 70
= 26 %
Occuring
1961 - 2000 2000
13 out of 40
= 32 %
15 out of 40
= 38 %
12 out of 40
= 30 %
13 out of 40
= 32 %
15 out of 40
= 38 %
12 out of 40
= 30 %
Median rainfall
in growing period
168 mm 155 mm
1)
100 mm 265 mm 285 mm 190 mm
Median length of
growing period
50 days 50 days 35 days 60 days 72 days 50 days
1)
Less than in normal seasons but better distributed.
In the rst rainy season, the eect of an ENSO year is almost nothing because then the inuence is already
coming to its end after starting in August. It brings no more rainfall than in the normal season (in the sample
it is accidentally even a bit less), and also the length of the agro-humid growing period is the same. Terefore
also the percentage of crop failures is almost similar too, only a bit lower.
But the inuence of an Anti-ENSO year is in the rst rainy season much more evident and important, even
dangerous: Te median rainfall and the length of the growing period drop at Makindu in 3 out of 4 seasons
below the minimum for the least demanding crops (minor millets). Te percentage of crop failures raises
from 44 % in normal seasons to 72 %! 13 of the 18 Anti-ENSO seasons got less rainfall than the normal
ones. An indicated Anti-ENSO season almost doubles the danger of a coming hunger problem! It is wise
too to sell a part of the livestock before many animals starve and die.
In the second rainy season the positive eect of an ENSO situation is visible here: Although the increase of
the median rainfall is small (8 %) and just 11 out of 17 seasons got more than the median of the normal
ones, the length of the growing period is 20 % longer, here 72 instead of 60 days. Tis is an important dier-
ence in the Livestock-Millet Zone 5, because then maize (DLC) has a good chance, it is the higher yielding
and more preferred food crop. Only one out of 17 ENSO seasons suered a total crop failure, a low prob-
ability of 6 % (instead of 37 % in the normal seasons).
Te negative inuence of an Anti-ENSO situation is less signicant than in the rst rainy season. Te me-
dian rainfall drops at our typical sample to 190 mm only and the length of growing period to 50 days (min.
in 10 out of 15 seasons). But according to the probability it is better to plant minor millet then instead of
expecting a crop failure with maize.
Similar observations were made with dierent leguminous crops like drought-resistant tepary beans and
green grams as well as drought-susceptible mwezi moja beans at NRRC Kiboko near Makindu (AEZ:
LM5- 6
3)
): Calculations with the crop simulation model MARCROP from 1959 till 1991 showed that
total crop failures (TCF) for the fast growing tepary beans occurred in 13-14 % of the second rainy seasons
under normal and Anti-ENSO conditions, but none in ENSO seasons; for green grams this risk is about
21 % under normal, 38 % under Anti-ENSO and only 11 % under ENSO conditions. For the high yield-
ing and fast growing mwezi moja beans there is a risk for TCF of about 57 % under normal and 62 % under
Anti-ENSO conditions however, only 22 % in ENSO seasons.
3)
HORNETZ, B., SHISANYA, C.A. and N.M. GITONGA (2001): Crop water relationships and thermal adaption of
Kathika beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and green grams (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) with special reference to
temporal patterns of potential growth in the drylands of SE Kenya.- Journal of Arid Environments, 48, 591-601.
48
TABLE VIII: CLIMATIC YIELD POTENTIALS OF SEASONAL CROPS
1)
IN ENSO,
NORMAL AND ANTI-ENSO YEARS (SECOND RAINY SEASON)
2)
LM5 (vu) + vs/s (calc. for station 9237000 Makindu Met. St. with different soils
3)
)
Crop Variety Soil
Total crop failures
out of 10 years
Estimated average yield
(in kg/ha)
ENSO Normal
Anti-
ENSO
ENSO Normal
Anti
ENSO
Maize Ferralsol 0 0 0 1580 1380 1050
(Dryland Comp.) Luvi-/Acrisol 0 1 1 1130 1100 700
Bulrush millet Ferralsol 1 1 1960 1920 1320
(Serere Comp. ll) Luvi-/Acrisol 1 2 3 1720 1640 1080
Sorghum Ferralsol 0 0 0 1670 1640 1050
(KARI/Mtama-1) Luvi-/Acrisol 0 1 1 1470 1430 920
Tepary beans Ferralsol 1 1 1 780 670 560
Luvi-/Acrisol 1 2 3 750 550 400
Beans Ferralsol 2 4 5 720 540 470
(Rosecoco) Luvi-/Acrisol 3 4 7 530 340 230
Cowpeas Ferralsol 1 2 4 1060 900 590
(K 80) Luvi-/Acrisols 1 3 4 880 650 520
Soyabeans Ferralsol 0 1 1 1680 1500 1030
(Nyala) Luvi-/Acrisol 1 2 2 1330 1250 900
Groundnuts Ferralsol 1 4 5 750 750 500
(Makulu Red) Luvi-/Acrisol 3 4 6 620 680 460
1)
Crops listed acc.to yield calculations with MARCROP model of HORNETZ (2001; see Method. in Vol. II/M).
2)
15 ENSO seasons, 10 Normal seasons and 10 Anti-ENSO were calculated and confgured Irom 1961 till 1997.
3)
Well manured, fertilized and protected. Water loss as surface runoff is stopped by contour ridges calculated
with MARCROP.
49
2.6 RUNOFF-WATER HARVESTING IN AGRICULTURE TO AVOID FAMINES
IN SEMI-ARID LANDS
If the eld is a bit slopy, the runo can be caught by ridges (matutas) which are made parallel to the contour
lines. Tey have to be about 25 cm high and 50 cm wide. According to the expected rainfall and to the water
requirement of the crop, the distance between the ridged rows has to be wider the lower the rainfall is and
the higher the water requirement , which has to be fullled by the harvested water from the runo surface
(Table IXa & IXb). It is at the average about 30 % of the rainfall. Dierent shapes are suitable for dierent
areas and purposes (Fig.2.6.1 & 2.6.2).
Tis widened matuta system protects also from soil denudation. Tie-ridging with short blocking ridges rect-
angular to the rows might be necessary to avoid water-concentration at the lowest point of a long ridge
which might cause a break through of the water, causing an erosion channel. Holes for higher demanding
crops like bananas (Fig. 2.6.1) collect higher amounts of water, and ridges like half moons (Fig. 2.6.2) avoid
too long ridges.
Fig. 2.6.1: Runoff-water harvesting agriculture
50
Te rotting crop residues have a mulching and composting eect to help maintaining the fertility. Fertilizer
will not be washed away.
Te system can also be used for fodder plants and grass. It is most necessary in Zone 5 and may go even in
Zone 6, especially for fodder and grass but even for some subsistence crops. Unfortunately most of the very
eastern parts are at and sandy, it means this system cannot work there. It functions best if the slopes are
gentle and a compact subsoil has a slow inltration rate for the rain water. At these places it is helpful to soil
and water conservation.
Fig. 2.6.2: Runoff -water harvesting agriculture
Te runo-catching system should not be applied when an El Nio season is announced (see previous chap-
ter) because heavy rains are then expected which may break the ridges and cause erosion.
51
TABLE IXa: DISTANCES FOR RUNOFF-WATER HARVESTING AGRICULTURE
FIRST RAINY SEASON (start normally end of March)
AEZ & Subzone Maize variety
a)
Suggested
intercrop
b)
Distance of ridged
rows
c)
Plant distance in
row
c)
UM3-4 H 511, 5.. or EMCO 92 SR - 83 cm (2 feet) 30 cm (1 foot)
UM4
s + s Katumani comp. B Early mat. beans 75 cm (2 feet) 30 cm (1 foot)
s/vs + s/vs Katumani comp. B
Very early mat.
beans
83 cm (2 feet) 30 cm (1 foot)
LM 4
s/vs + s Katumani comp. B Dolichos beans 90 cm (3 feet) 30 cm (1 foot)
s/vs + vs/s Katumani comp. B Dolichos beans 90 cm (3 feet) 30 cm (1 foot)
vs/s + s/vs Dryland composite Cowpeas 105 cm (3 feet) 30 cm (1 foot)
vs + s/vs
Dryland comp. or dwarf
sorghum
Black grams 125 cm (4 feet) 30 cm (1 foot)
vu + s/vs
In 1
st
rainy season only
suited for dwarf sorghum
- 120 cm (4 feet) 20 cm (2/3 foot)
LM5
vs + vs/s
sorghum
Green grams 125 cm (4 feet) 30 cm (1 foot)
vs + vs
sorghum
vu + /vs/s
In 1
st
rainy season only
suited for millets
- Depends on kind of millet and variety
d)
vs + vu
sorghum
vu + vs
In 1
st
rainy season only
suited for millets
e)
L5
vs + vu
sorghum
Chick peas or
Tepary beans
vu + vs
In 1
st
rainy season only
suited for millets
e)
a)
Practice dry planting, or if late, the seeds should be soaked in water about 20 hours before planting, especially
where the growing period is very short.
b)
If the April rains are below normal, the intercrops should be uprooted and used as a spinach. Complete
mulching of unshaded interrows from mid May onward is important.
c)
Farmers should also try the next closer and wider spacing of the resp. AEZ to meet rainfall variability. In wet
years the wide spaced plots give less yields but in dry years more than the normal spaced ones. This helps to
avoid Iamine. Farmers in the wetter zones 3 and 4 should also have normal felds Ior higher yields in normal
and wet years. Ridging ploughs are very helpIul Ior preparing the runoII-catching felds.
d)
Bulrush millet (if possible awned var.) 120 x 20 cm, very early mat. foxtail or Proso millet 45 x 10 cm
e)
52
TABLE IXb: DISTANCES FOR RUNOFF-WATER HARVESTING AGRICULTURE
SECOND RAINY SEASON (start normally end of October)
AEZ & Subzone Maize variety
a)
Suggested
intercrop
b)
Distance of ridged
rows
c)
Plant distance in
row
c)
UM3-4 H 511, 5.. or EMCO 92 SR - 83 cm (2 feet) 30 cm (1 foot)
UM 4
s + s Katumani comp. B Early mat. beans 75 cm (2 feet) 30 cm (1 foot)
s/vs + s/vs Katumani comp. B
Very early mat.
beans
LM4
s/vs + s Katumani comp. B E. mat. beans 75 cm (2 feet) 30 cm (1 foot)
s/vs + vs/s Dryland composite Cowpeas 105 cm (3 feet) 30 cm (1 foot)
vs/s + s/vs Katumani comp. B Cowpeas 90 cm (3 feet) 30 cm (1 foot)
vs + s/vs Dryland composite Cowpeas 90 cm (3 feet) 30 cm (1 foot)
vu +s/vs Dryland composite Cowpeas 90 cm (3 feet) 30 cm (1 foot)
LM 5
vs + vs/s Dryland comp. Cowpeas 105 cm (3 feet) 30 cm (1 foot)
vs + vs
sorghum
vu + vs/s Dryland comp. Green grams 105 cm (3 feet) 30 cm (1 foot)
vs + vu
In 2
nd
rainy season only
suited for millets
d)
vu + vs
sorghum
- 150 cm (5 feet) 45 cm (1 foot)
L5
vs + vu
In 2
nd
rainy season only
suited for millets
Chick peas or
Tepary beans
Depends on kind of millet and variety
d)
vu + vs
sorghum
- 150 cm (5 feet) 45 cm (1 foot)
a)
Practice dry planting, or if late, the seeds should be soaked in water about 20 hours before planting, especially
where the growing period is very short.
b)
If the April rains are below normal, the intercrops should be uprooted and used as a spinach. Complete
mulching of unshaded interrows from mid May onward is important.
c)
Farmers should also try the next closer and wider spacing of the resp. AEZ to meet rainfall variability. In wet
years the wide spaced plots give less yields but in dry years more than the normal spaced ones. This helps to
avoid Iamine. Farmers in the wetter zones 3 and 4 should also have normal felds Ior higher yields in normal
and wet years. Ridging ploughs are very helpIul Ior preparing the runoII-catching felds.
d)
53
2.7 THE IMPORTANCE OF FERTILISING AND NUTRIENT RECYCLING IN
EASTERN PROVINCE
Soils in the Eastern Province of Kenya are highly variable due to the geological conditions of the area. In
the northwestern and southwestern parts of the province soils on volcanic deposits, mainly basaltic lava, are
dominating due to tectonic activities associated with the uplifting and rifting of the Rift Valley system dur-
ing tertiary, pleistocene and recent times. On and around Mt. Kenya, Nyambene Ranges and Chyulu Hills
Nitosols, Andosols and Phaeozems are developing on those volcanic layers. Due to their high contents of
nutrients, primary minerals and montmorillonitic clay minerals these juvenile soils (in most areas combined
with favourable rainfall conditions) possess a high fertility. Population density within the rural areas is very
high. Terefore, cultivation of cash and food crops is very intensive outside the protected areas (Forest and
Game Reserves, National Parks). Permanent cropping and lack of resources for replenishing soil nutrients is
leading to serious soil degradation particularly in the smallholder farming areas.
Te pedological situation outside the volcanic areas is dierent, because here strongly weathered soils like
Ferralsols, Acrisols and Luvisols are dominating on basement rocks (like in the Machakos and Kitui Hills)
and on the tertiary peneplains of the eastern and southeastern drylands. In the climatically favoured hilly/
mountainous areas population density was increasing rapidly from the beginning of the colonial era, initi-
ated also by the reservation politicy. Tis led to continuous cultivation, nally strong degradation, nutrient
depletion and soil erosion in the hilly areas. As a consequence many people were forced to migrate to the
semiarid and arid plateaus where they started permanent cultivation and grazing, thus leading again to soil
degradation.
Inorganic fertilizers can increase the yields of food crops considerably, as the Fertilizer Use Recommendation
Project (FURP, 1987-1992) and the Fertilizer Extension Project (FEP, 1993-1994) have shown. But for sus-
tainable farm management it is necessary to combine it with nutrient recycling by any kind of farm manure,
biomass from hedges/trees, crop residues, even human excrements (under hygienic control!) and ashes of
cooking res. Te addition of cost-eective microbiological substrates like EM (Eective Microorganisms),
rhizobia and mycorrhizae to farm manure or soils directly is delivering reasonable results to soil fertility (see
e.g. Hornetz/Shisanya/Gitonga, 2000)
1)
.
Te gures in Table 2.3 (and also others from the FURP experiments) demonstrate that continuous cultiva-
tion even on fertile Nitosols is depressing the pool of macro- and micronutrients like potassium in the soil.
PH-gures are lowered too by the exhaustion of calcium, magnesium and other micronutrients by crop
roots. Similar observations were made on Ferralsols at NRRC Kiboko (on-station-experiments), where po-
tassium was decreased by as much as 50 % within four cropping seasons (Hornetz, 1997)
2)
.
Articial fertilizers seem to accelerate the decrease of pH as well as the diminishing of the other nutrients
because of the intensication of crop growth (Table 2.3). During the FURP experiments at Embu A.R.S.
the loss of potassium, for instance, was up to four times higher with NP fertilizer than without (see Con-
trol). Potassium could be given articially too (if payable by the smallholders), but the vanished micronu-
trients normally cannot be added because most of them are not yet known or measured consequently. Al-
together the permanent cultivation without nutrient recycling means depletion of vital natural resources by
agromining.
Additional farm yard manure in some cases increases the loss of nutrients due to its high N content, which
favours crop growth. In any case manuring must be supplemented as much as possible with other organic
materials and ashes for eective recycling of nutrients.
54
TABLE X: THE DECREASE (%) OF PH AND AVAILABLE NUTRIENTS IN EASTERN KENYA
(during 5 years of maize cultivation at the FURP experimental sites)
Treatment FURP Site Soil AEZ pH K Ca Mg
Control
Embu A. R. S.
(Embu Distr.)
-----------------
Tunyai
(Tharaka D.)
Humic
Nitosols
---------
Ferral-
sols
UM2
---------
LM4
-1.6 %
----------
-11.3 %
-13.2 %
----------
-45.0 %
-30.7 %
-----------
-32.0 %
-8.1 %
----------
-31.4 %
P: 0 kg/ha
N: 75 kg/ha
Embu A. R. S.
(Embu Distr.)
-----------------
Tunyai
(Tharaka D.)
Humic
Nitosols
----------
Ferral-
sols
UM2
---------
LM4
-9.1 %
----------
-9.4 %
-17.7 %
----------
-40.4 %
-48.4 %
-----------
-42.1 %
-27.9 %
----------
-36.1 %
P: 75 kg/ha
N: 0 kg/ha
Embu A. R. S.
(Embu Distr.)
-----------------
Tunyai
(Tharaka D.)
Humic
Nitosols
----------
Ferral-
sols
UM2
---------
LM4
-5.7 %
---------
-11.1 %
-31.6 %
---------
-44.9 %
-29.4 %
----------
-15.8 %
-13.9 %
----------
-2.9 %
P: 75 kg/ha
N: 75 kg/ha
Embu A. R. S.
(Embu Distr.)
-----------------
Tunyai
(Tharaka D.)
Humic
Nitosols
----------
Ferral-
sols
UM2
---------
LM4
-2.6 %
----------
-6.3 %
-48.9 %
----------
-35.0 %
-24.1 %
-----------
-9.1 %
-12.1 %
----------
-11.8 %
Meanwhile a lot of research has been done on the management of soil fertility in the Kenyan highlands. A
number of studies describes the positive impact of the use of biomass from mucuna, crotalaria, tithonia,
calliandra and leucaena hedges/trees as well as manure for soil fertility improvement (e.g. MUGENDI et al.,
1999; MUTUO et al., 2000; all cited in: MUCHERU et al., 2003)
3)
. In on-station-/o-farm-experiments
on humic Nitosols at Chuka, Meru South District (UM 2), MUCHERU et al. (2003)
3)
found out, that
grain yields of maize H 513 were increased up to three times (compared to the control) when using cattle
manure or the pruning materials of the mentioned plants solely or in combination with small amounts (30
kg/ha) of inorganic N fertilizer; best results were obtained over four seasons by tithonia and tithonia plus 30
kg/ha of inorganic N (4.7 t/ha and 4.8 t/ha, respectively.). Te hedges were also decreasing the rate of soil
erosion. After introducing the new technologies in farmers eld days similar experiments were performed
by farmers. Te results demonstrate that yields of maize H 513 generally improved as a result of using the
introduced fertilizing measures; however, the improvements of grain yields varied signicantly with the dif-
ferences in the day-to-day management of the materials by the farmers (e.g. requirement of labour).
Other technologies to prevent soil erosion were introduced into the smallholder farming systems several
years ago like Fanya Juu terraces, Matuta ridges, contour ploughing and strip farming. Tose soil and water
conserving measures are practised widely in Eastern Kenya and are working very eectively particularly in
the hilly/mountainous areas. Tey can be combined with techniques of organic and inorganic fertilizing in
order to maintain soil fertility as a whole.
1)
HORNETZ, B., SHISANYA, C.A. and N.M. GITONGA (2000): Studies on the ecophysiology of locally suitable
cultivars of food crops and soil fertility monitoring in the semi-arid areas of Southeast Kenya .- (= Materialien
zur Ostafrika-Forschung, Heft 23), Trier, 133pp.
2)
HORNETZ, B. (1997): Ressourcenschutz und Ernhrungssicherung in den semiariden Gebieten Kenyas.- Reimer
Verlag, Berlin, 301pp.
3)
MUCHERU, M., MUGENDI, D., KANGAI, R., MUGWE, K.J. and A. MICHENI (2003): Organic resources for soil
fertility management in Eastern Kenya.- In: SAVALA, C.E.N. et al. (Eds., 2003): Organic resource management
in Kenya: Perspectives and guidelines.- FORMAT Nairobi, 184pp.
55
2.8 POSSIBLE CROPS AND VARIETIES IN EASTERN PROVINCE
To have the right seed at the right time on the right place is the basis of agriculture development. Terefore
many crops and varieties are listed here. Most of them are commercially available, although this means they
are very dicult to get for the poor farmers in areas far from big centers. Many seed centers with credit
facilities are necessary.
In the Table XI the dierentiation of the growing period to physical maturity and harvest was only made
for the main food crop maize because for other crops the data are unknown or scattered resp. not so impor-
tant.
Te chapter includes additionally a Table XII with fodder crops. As natural grazing becomes scarce (and the
rest is destroyed by overuse), planting of grasses, legumes, fodder trees and shrubs is an esseential task for
survival.
Several listed varieties are in experimental stage, not yet available. Others are mentioned here as possibilities
for the future. Tey are either already successful in other countries or have a promising potential so that
experiments with them should be done or repeated. One of these are the bualo gourds (Cucurbita foetidis-
sima) from Arizona. Te tubers and seeds are a native food for the Indians living in the semi-desert there.
Because of its mentioning already in the rst edition of the Farm Management Handbook, the bualo
gourd was planted 1983 in the Makueni Kampi ya Mawe Station. Te trial was soon neglected because this
subtropical plant did not ower under tropical seasonal constant daylight duration. But digging it out in
August 1984, it had already produced remarkable tubers. Tey would increase season by season until they
are needed in a drought when other crops fail. Te starchy tubers are bitter but this bitterness can be washed
out by salty water. Research is going on at the Department of Agriculture, University of Tucson, Arizona.
Another native tuber crop are the Marama beans (Tylosema esculentum) of the Kalahari which have also
edible seeds.
Very early maturing foxtail and hog millets and moth beans are bred in the Central Arid Zone Research Insti-
tute (CAZRI) in Jodhpur, India, as well as rai (Brassica juncea), an oil seed crop related to rapeseed. Tese
are crops for the fringe of the semi-desert, growing with 150 180 mm in two months or less. Te yield
potential cannot be high with such a short vegetative cycle, but they are security crops if the rainy seasons
become too short.
In the AEZ-potentials for the districts of Kenya, all the crops that have yet to be established are denoted in
italics to indicate that there is still room for their introduction.
56
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74
TABLE XII: BIOCLIMATOLOGICALLY SUITABLE GRASSES AND OTHER FODDER CROPS FOR
THE AGRO- ECOLOGICAL ZONES IN EASTERN PROVINCE
UPPER HIGHLAND ZONES (norm. above 2300 m a.s.l.)
Grasses:
Kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) UH 1,(2)
Rye grass (Lolium perenne), except in wheat areas (dangerous weed) UH 1,2,3,(4)
Cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata) UH 1,2,3,4
Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) UH 1,2,3,4
Blue grass (Andropogon gayanus) UH 1,2,3
Cereals:
Oats (Avena sativa) UH 1,(2)
Fodder barley (Hordeum vulgare)/m.mat. var.B 106 UH 2
Fodder barley (Hordeum vulgare)/e.mat. var.Amani UH 3,4
Legumes:
Lucerne (Medicago sativa)
cv. Hunter river UH 1,2,3
cv. Trifecta UH 1,2,3
cv. Hunterfeld UH 1,2,3
Kenya white clover (Trifolium semipilosum) cv. Safari UH 1,2,3 Safari UH 1,2,3
White clover (Trifolium repens) UH1,2,3
Alsike clover (Trifolium hybridum) UH 1,2,3
Tarwi (Lupinus mutabilis) UH 1,2,3
Subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) UH 3,4
Purple vetch (Vicia benghalensis) UH 1,2,3
Calopo (Calopogonium mucunoides) UH 1,2,3
Glycine (Neonotonia wightii)
cv. Cooper UH 1,2,3
cv. Tinaroo UH 1,2,3
Shrubby stylo (Stylosanthes scabra)
cv. Seca UH 1,2,3
cv. Fitzroy UH 1,2,3
Common stylo (Stylosanthes guianensis)
cv. Alupe Composite UH 1,2,3
cv. Cook UH 1,2,3
Trees and Shrubs:
Calliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus) UH 2,3
Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala)
cv. K8 UH 1,2,3
cv. Peru UH 1,2,3
cv. Cunningham UH 1,2,3
LOWER HIGHLAND ZONES (norm. between 1 800 and 2 300 m a.s.l.)
Grasses:
Kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) LH 1,2
Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) in lower places (up to 2000m)
cv. Clone 13 LH 1,2
cv. Bana LH 1,2,3
Nandi setaria ( Setaria sphacelata) LH 1,2,3
Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) in lower places up to 2000 m
cv. Elmba Rhodes and Boma Rhodes LH 1,2,(3)
75
Congo grass (Brachiara ruziziensis) LH 2,3
Signal grass (Brachiaria decumbens) cv. Basilisk LH 1,2,3 Basilisk LH 1,2,3
Urochloa (Urochloa mossambicensis) LH 1,2,3
Paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum) LH 1,2,3
Andropogon (Andropogon gayanus) LH 2,3
Rye grass (Lolium perenne), not in wheat areas (weed) LH 1,2,3,(4)
Root crops:
Sweet potato vines (Ipomea batatas) LH 1, 2,3
Fodder beets (Beta vulgaris)/cv. alba DC LH 1,2
Fodder radish (Raphanus sativus) LH 1,2
Yam bean (Pachyrhizus tuberosus), up to 2000 m LH 1,2,3
Yam bean/var. with short veg.cycle LH 3,(4)
Legumes:
Common stylo (Stylosanthes guianensis), lower places
cv. Alupe Composite LH 1,2,3
cv. Cook LH 1,2,3
cv. Seca LH 1,2,3
cv. Fitzroy LH 1,2,3
Green leaf desmodium (Desmodium intortum) LH 1,2
Silver leaf desmodium (Desmodium uncinatum) LH 1,2,(3)
cv. Cooper LH 2,3,(4)
cv. Tinaroo LH 2,3,(4)
Caribean stylo (Stylosanthes hamata) cv. Verano LH 1,2,3 Verano LH 1,2,3
Subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) LH 3,4
Calopo (Calopogonium mucunoides) LH 3
Lucerne (Medicago sativa)
cv. Hunter river LH 1,2
cv. Hunter feld LH 3
cv. Trifecta LH 1,2
Purple vetch (Vicia benghalensis) LH 2,3
Alsike clover (Trifolium hybridum) LH 1,2,3
Tropical kudzu (Pueraria phaseoloides) LH 2,3,4
Velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens) LH 3,4
Lablab bean (Lablab purpureus)
cv. Rongai LH 3,4
cv. K1002 LH 3,4
Jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis) LH 3,4
Sunhemp (Crotalaria ochroleuca) LH 3,4
Lupins (Lupinus albus) cv. Ultra LH 1,2 Ultra LH 1,2
Lupins (Lupinus angustifolia) LH 1,2
Trees and shrubs:
Calliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus) LH 2,3
1)
cv. K8 LH 1,2,3
cv. Peru LH 1,2,3
cv. Cunningham LH 1,2,3
Leucaena tricandria LH 1,2,3
Mexican wild fower (Tithonia diversiIolia) LH 2,3
1)
Leucaena leucocephala is attacked by the psyllid, Leucaena tricandria is resistant to it.
76
UPPER MIDLAND ZONES (E of the Rift Valley between 1 300 and 1 800 m)
Grasses:
Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum)
cv. Bana UM 1,2,3,(4)
cv. Bajra UM 1,2,3,(4)
Nandi setaria ( Setaria sphacelata) in higher places UM 1,2,3,4
Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) in higher places
cv. Pokot Rhodes UM 1,(2)
cv. Mbarara Rhodes UM 1,2,(3)
cv. Masaba Rhodes UM 1,2,(3)
cv. Elmba Rhodes UM2,3,(4)
cv. Boma Rhodes UM2,3,(4)
Star grass (Cynodon dactylon) UM 1,2,3
Maaai love grass (Eragrostis superba) UM 3,4
Congo grass (Brachiaria ruziziensis) UM2,3
Signal Grass (Brachiaria decumens) cv. Basilisk UM2,3
Giant panicum (Panicum maximum)/var. Makueni UM 3,(4)
Guinea grass (Panicum maximum) UM 1,2,3
Coloured guinea grass (Panicum coloratum) UM2,3
Buffel grass, African Foxtail (Cenchrus ciliaris) UM4,(5)
Andropogon (Andropogon gaianus) UM 3,4,5
Rye grass (Lolium perenne) UM2,3,4,(5)
Columbus grass (Sorghum halepense) UM 1,2, 3,
Enteropogon (Enteropogon macrostachyus) UM4,5
Plume chloris (Chloris roxburghiana) UM4,5
Root crops:
Sweet potato vines (Ipomea batatas) UM 1, 2,3,4
Flemingia ( Flemingia vestita or congesta)
2)
UM 1,2,3
Yam bean (Pachyrhizus tuberosus) UM 1,2,3,(4)
Psoralea patens/P.cinerea UM 3,4
Legumes:
Siratro (Macroptilium atropurpureum) UM2,3,4
Common stylo (Stylosanthes guianensis) UM 1,2
Desmodium species UM 1,2
cv. Cooper UM2,3,(4)
cv. Tinaroo UM2,3,(4)
Butterfy pea (Clitoria ternatea) UM 1,2
Townsville lucerne (Stylosanthes humilis) UM2,3
Barrel medic (Medicago truncatula) UM 3,4,(5)
Moth bean (Vigna aconitifolia) UM4,5
Tropical kudzu (Pueraria phaseoloides) UM 1,2,3
cv. Fitzroy UM2,3,4,(5)
cv. Seca UM2,3,4,(5)
cv. fruticosa 41219A UM4
Carribean stylo (Stylosanthes hamata) cv. Verano UM3,4 Verano UM 3,4
Lablab bean (lablab purpureus)
cv. Rongai UM 3,4
cv. K1002 UM 3,4
Archer axillaris (Macrotyloma axillare) cv. Archer UM 1,2,3
2)
Suitable cover legume between coee rows.
77
Velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens) UM 1,2,3,4
Calopo (Calopogonium mucunoides) UM 3,4
Purple vetch (Vicia benglanesis) UM 3,4
Lupins (Lupinus albus) cv. Ultra UM 1,2,3
Lupins (Lupinus angustifolia) UM 1,2,3
Centro (Centrosema pascuorum)
cv. cavalcade UM4
cv. virginianum UM4
Aeschynomene americana cv.Glenn UM4
Macrotyloma (Macrotyloma africanum) UM 3,4,5
Alysicarpus rugosus cv. CPI 14384 UM 3,4
Jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis) UM 3,4
Sunhemp (Crotalaria ochroleuca) UM 3,4
Desmanthus virgatus cv. CPI 144576 UM 3,4
Trees and shrubs:
1)
, cv. Peru, K 8, Cunningham UM2,3,4
Leucaena tricandria UM2,3,4
Saltbush (Atriplex nummularia) UM4,5,(6)
Gao tree (Acacia albida) UM4,5,(6)
Mesquite (Prosopis iulifora) UM 5,6
Algarrobo (Prosopis chilensis) UM5,6
Sesbania (Sesbania sesban) UM 1,2,3,4
Mulberry (Morus alba) UM 1,2,3,4
Calliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus) UM 1,2,3
Cassia (Chamaecrista rotundifolia cv.Wynn) UM 3,4
Mexican wild fower (Tithonia diversiIolia) UM 2,3
L0WER MIDLAND ZONES (norm. between 800 and 1300/1500 m a.s.l)
Grasses:
Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum)
cv. Bana LM 1,2,3,(4)
cv. Bajra LM 1,2,3,(4)
Maasai love grass (Eragrostis superba) LM 3,4
Guinea grass (Panicum maximum) LM2,(3)
Guinea grass (Panicum maximum)/cv. Makueni LM 3,(4)
Buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) LM 3,4,(5)
Plume Chloris (Chloris roxburghiana) cv. horse tail grass LM 3,4,5,6
Columbus grass (Sorghum halepense) LM2,3,4
Enteropogon (Enteropogon macrostachyus) LM5,6
Root crops:
Sweet potato vines (Ipomea batatas) LM2,3,4
Psoralea patens/P.cinerea LM 3,4,(5)
Legumes:
Common stylo (Stylosanthes guianensis)
cv. Alupe Composite LM 1,2
cv. Cook LM 1,2
Townsville stylo (Stylosanthes humilis) LM2,3
Butterfy pea (Clitoria ternatea) LM 1,2,3,(4)
Siratro (Macroptilium atropurpureum) LM2,3,(4)
Glycine (Neonotonia wightii) LM2,3,(4)
cv. Cooper LM2,3,(4)
cv. Tinaroo LM2,3,(4)
78
Centro (Centrosema pubescens) LM2,3,4
Moth bean (Vigna aconitifolia) LM4,5
Sunhemp (Crotalaria ochroleuca) LM2,3
Velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens) LM2,3,4
Lablab (Lablab purpureus)
cv. Rongai LM2,3,4
cv. K1002 LM2,3,4
Lupins (Lupinus albus) cv. Ultra LM2,3
Jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis) LM2,3,4
Stylo (Stylosanthes guinanensis) cv. seca LM4,5
Shrubby stylo (Stylosanthes scabra) cv. ftroy LM 4,5
cv. fruticosa 41219A LM4,5
Desmanthus virgatus cv. CPI 144576 (under experiment) LM4,5
Centro (Centrosema pascuorum) cv. cavalcade LM4,5
Centro (Centrosema pascuorum) cv. virginianum LM4,5
Macrotyloma (Macrotyloma africanum) LM4,5
Trees and shrubs:
1)
cv. Peru LM 3,4
cv. K8 LM 3,4
cv. Cunningham LM 3,4
Leucaena diversifolia LM2,3,4
Leucaena tricandria LM 3,4
Saltbush (Atriplex nummularia) LM4,5,(6)
Gao tree (Acacia albida) LM4,5,(6)
Mesquite (Prosopis iulifora) LM 5,6
Algarrobo (Prosopis chilensis) LM5,6
Mexican wild fower (Tithonia diversiIolia) LM 1,2,3
Sesbania (Sesbania sesban, improves the soil) LM 1,2,3,4
Cassia (Chamaecrista cassia rotundifolia) cv Wynn LM4,5
Cassia siamea LM2,3,4
Gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium, improves the soil) LM2,3,4
INNER LOWLAND ZONES (norm. between 100 and 800 m a.s.l.)
3)
Grasses:
Maasai love grass (Eragrostis superba) and other Eragrostis species IL 4,(5)
Buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) IL 4,(5)
Ex-Tozi (Rhodes grass) IL 5,6
Root crops:
Sweet potato vines (Ipomea batatas) L 2,3,4
Vigna lanceolata L 2,3
Winged beans (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) L 2,3
Psoralea patens/P.cinerea L 3,(4)
Legumes:
Common stylo (Stylosanthes guianensis) L 1,2
Calopo (Calopogonium mucunoides) L 1,2,3
Butterfy pea (Clitoria ternatea) L 1,2,3,(4)
Archer axillaris (Macrotyloma axillare) cv Archer L 1,2,3,4
Siratro (Macroptilium atropurpureum) L 2,3,(4)
3)
Only those plants suitablefor the Inner Lowland Zones 5 and 6 are mentioned, because these are only zones of this hot belt oc-
curing in Eastern Province
79
Glycine (Neonotonia wightii) esp. on heavy soils L 1,2,3
Townsville stylo (Stylosanthes humilis) L 2,3
Marama beans (Tylosema esculentum) IL 2,3,4,5
Mauritius beans ( Mucuna aterrima) L 4,5
Moth bean vines (Vigna aconitifolia) L 4,5
Trees and shrubs:
Saltbush (Atriplex nummularia) IL 4,5,6
Gao tree (Acacia albida) IL 4,5,(6)
Mesquite (Prosopis iulifora) IL 5,6
Algarrobo (Prosopis chilensis) IL 5,6
Cassia siamea L 2, 3,4
Sources: Kenya National Crop Variety List, Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate Service (KEPHIS) 2003;
Kenya Agricultural Research Institutes Annual Reports.
80
2.9 POTENTIAL FOR AGROFORESTRY IN EASTERN PROVINCE
Planting of trees, bushes and shrubs by the farmers is a system, which has six benets: Firewood, timber,
fodder, fruits or nuts, green manure and medicine. In the Agro-Ecological Zones 13 it can replace partly
the forest ecosystem, which was the natural climax vegetation. But in agroforestry, one has to carefully
consider if the accompanying crops require optimal light conditions or shade. Maize, for example, requires
more light, and, therefore shading trees or bushes must be planted some distance from the maize rows. On
the contrary, many vegetables and legumes require less light and can easily be grown in the shade and mixed
with higher plants. Another problem is the competition for water and nutrients or suppression by other
plants. For instance, some eucalyptus trees are very demanding in water and nutrients and their leaves dont
give a good humus layer because they contain inhibitors for soil life and other plants. It is better to plant
macadamia nuts (in UM2-3), mangoes (in LM34) or other useful agroforestry trees (e.g. Grevillea robusta
and Melia volkensii).
Important are the bushes for green manuring which can be planted as hedges. Best results, which almost
tripled the maize yields in experiments, were obtained with twigs and leaves of the Mexican tithonia (Ti-
thonia diversifolia) incorporated into the soil through biomass transfer technology (tested in Zone UM 2
near Chuka, but it grows in LH 23, UM 3 and LM 13 too)
1
. One major advantage of tithonia is that it
produces large quantities of biomass and tolerates regular pruning, which is a favourable characteristic for
its use for biomass transfer. Compared to many other plants, the biomass contains high levels of nutrients as
shown in Table 1. Tough tithonia is mainly found on the roadside, a lot of labour is required for collecting
it. To reduce the labour, farmers can plant their own tithonia on their farms. Suitable places to grow tithonia
on the farm include external boundaries and along soil erosion control structures where they will also be
useful for controlling soil erosion especially if the land is sloping. It is advisable to plant it as near as possible
to places where crops will be planted in order to reduce labour for carrying the biomass.
Te biomass transfer of leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala and Leucaena tricandria, in LH 13, UM 24,
LM3-4) and calliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus, in LH 23, UM13) also results in an impressive increase
in maize yield
2
. Leucaena tricandria is generally a new species in Kenya, which was recently identied to be
resistant to leucaena psyllid insect pest (Heterophylla cubana) by researchers at Embu. Farmers are familiar
with Leucaena leucocephala that had been brought into the country earlier but was attacked by the psyllid
and is no longer a very useful species in most areas of Kenya. Te leaves of L. tricandria are rich in nutrients
and contain on average 3.7% nitrogen, 3.3% potassium, 0.26% phosphorus, 1.2% calcium and 0.3% mag-
nesium
3
. Te leaves decompose faster than those of calliandra due to its lower tannin content.
TABLE XIII: NUTRIENT COMPOSITION OF VARIOUS BIOMASS
Species Nitrogen (%) Phosphorus (%) Potassium (%)
Tithonia diversifolia 3.6 0.3 4.3
Grevillea robusta 1.4 < 0.1 0.6
Maize stover 0.9 0.1 0.4
Bean stover 0.7 0.1 1.4
Source: Mugendi, D. et.al. (2004: 49)
Calliandra is a small leguminous tree belonging to the family Mimosoideae that originated from Central
America. Prunings harvested from calliandra contain substantial amounts of nutrients in the leaves averag-
ing: 3.5% Nitrogen, 1.6% Potassium, 0.21% Phosphorus, 0.6% Calcium, and 0.24% Magnesium
3
. Be-
cause of its high tannin content, it decomposes slower than either tithonia or leucaena. Its response in terms
of improving crop production has been observed to be slower and usually good response is obtained after
the second season of incorporation.
For medicine purposes, for instance, the neem tree (Azadirachta indica) or locally referred to as Marobaini,
is the best example. It provides a biopesticide and helps in protection against malaria and about 40 other
81
diseases
4
. Local doctors know many indigenous trees with medical value. It is therefore called the health
maker tree. For farming purposes, the neem oil, cake and powder can be used as insecticides, fungicides and
veterinary medicines
5
. Te cake is obtained from pressing seed oil or crashing wood and bark. It is mixed
with shells to use as an organic fertiliser
4
.
As fodder, there are many trees, bushes and shrubs suited for each Agro-Ecological Zone (see list in the
general part). Here below, we give only a few important examples:
Leucaena (L. leucocephala, tricandria and diversifolia), tithonia and calliandra are typical for the humid and
semi-humid zones as described above. For farmers with livestock, it is possible to feed prunings to animals
and as a result get increased milk. Calliandra and leucaena is highly palatable fodder, rich in crude protein,
which is desirable for high milk production. Research has shown that 3 kg of fresh prunings of calliandra or
leucaena give the same milk response as 1 kg of dairy meal
3
. Because on average farmers feed 2 kg of dairy
meal per day, it has been recommended that 6 kg of fresh biomass of calliandra or leucaena can be used to
substitute for 2 kg of dairy meal. While feeding this amount, a farmer would need about 500 trees to feed
one cow for one year. To improve soil fertility, manure from animals should be recycled to the farms. Tis
is advantageous because the farmer will benet from increased milk yields and improved manure quality.
Sesbania (Sesbania sesban) and mulberry (Morus alba) are useful and grow well in the transitional Zone 4.
For the semi-arid zones, the most suitable trees are the Gao tree (Acacia albida, in UM, LM and IL 4, 5, (6)
), the saltbush (Atriplex nummularia, in UM, LM and IL 4-6), the algarrobo (Prosopis chilensis) and the
mesquite (Prosopis juliora, both in UM, LM and L 5 &6). Te competition with crops for the limited rain
water has to be put into consideration.
Te above mentioned Australian saltbush is very suitable for the productivity restoration of denuded places.
It thrives well even in semi-deserts. Livestock do not usually like eating much of it and hence it grows until
a point in time when another drought is in place and no apparent forage is available, except its leaves. Tis
is the time when livestock have no choice but to browse the leaves of the saltbush for survival. Te yeheb
(Cordeauxia edulis) is an evergreen shrub from the semi-deserts of Somalia and Ethiopia. It grows already
with 300mm average annual rainfall and gives a yield of 2000 kg nutritious nuts per ha which increases with
higher rainfall up to 20000 kg/ha at 1500 mm/year.
For further information please contact:
World Agroforestry Centre, P.O. Box 30677, Nairobi. Email: icraf@cgiar.org,
Website: http://www.cgiar.org/icraf .
Saroneem Biopesticides Ltd., P.O.Box 64373, Nairobi. Email: drocco@icipe.org
(Involved in the promotion of the neem tree in agriculture)
1
Mucheru, M., Mugendi, D. et al. 2003: Organic Resources for Soil Fertility Management in Eastern Kenya. In:
Organic Resource Management in Kenya: Perspectives and Guidelines. Edited by Savala, C.E.N., Omare, M.N. &
Woomer, P.L. - FORMAT, Nairobi, p. 2633.
2
Murithi, F.M. et al.1994: Report of a Survey on Agroforestry Technologies Used for Fodder Production and Soil
Fertility Improvement in Meru District, Kenya. National Agroforestry Regional Project, Regional Research Centre,
Embu, Kenya.
3
Mugendi, N., Mucheru-Muna, M., & Mugwe, J. (EDS.) (2004): Soil Fertility Extension Manual (Draft). Nairobi,
90pp.
4
Rocco, D.M. 2003: Production and Use of Products from the Neem Tree. In: Organic Resource Management in
Kenya: Perspectives and Guidelines. Edited by Savala, C.E.N., Omare, M.N. & Woomer, P.L. FORMAT, Nairobi,
p. 8993.
5
International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), 1995: Te Neem Tree. An Aordable, Ecient and
Environmentally-Friendly Source of Pest Control Products. International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology,
Nairobi, Kenya.
82
83
3. DISTRICT INFORMATION AND STATISTICS
3.1 GENERAL REMARKS TO THE LAND USE POTENTIALS AND FERTI LI SER REC-
OMMENDATIONS OF THE DISTRICTS
Te land use potentials given in the following pages are climatically based. Good husbandry, crop protection
and rotation are also essential, especially for combating diseases (for instance fungus in the wet climates)
1)
and insect pests. Te yield expectations given in the AEZ are only valid if these farm management standards
are optimal and the soils are suitable and well manured resp. fertilised.
It must be remembered that the classication of yield potentials in > 80 % = very good, 6080 % = good,
40-60 % = fair and 20-40 % of the optimum = poor (under eld conditions) is still a rough calculation
or even only an estimate (for these crops for which exact water requirements are not yet available). Mainly
those crop varieties are listed who give the highest quantities of yields compared to a low risk (see Tables 5a,
b,...). A fair potential of a high yielding maize variety can produce more than a good potential of an early
maturing , more safe, but naturally less yielding one.
Te growing seasons and yield potentials are calculated for medium textured soils, if not otherwise stated.
For heavy soils they are roughly 1-2 decades longer (if the agro-humid period is not weak), on light soils
about one decade shorter.
2)
Tere are very good volcanic soils in this region but also very poor ones which
need considerable improvement. Te soil maps and descriptions are derived from the district soil maps of the
Kenya Soil Survey in the Fertiliser Use Recommendation Project of the GTZ. Te symbols are simplied to
make it easier for non-specialists to use them. An introduction is given to the soils of each district group.
Te crop potentials are basically calculated by the computer program MARCROP (name from MARginal
CROPs) of Berthold Hornetz
3)
. Te annual crops in the potentials are listed in the following order: cereals;
pulses; tubers; oil seed; real cash crops; fruits and vegetables
4)
. Te perennial crops are listed more or less
according to their importance. Te diagrams of the growing periods and the detailed tables of the yield
expectations are prepared only for the marginal and semiarid zones near the fringe of rainfed cultivation
(because of limited funds, space and time). Tey are included as an appendix after the driest AEZs (to which
they belong) to visualise the risks and chances there. Te calculation could not include cotton because there
exists no specic water requirement prole for the bimodal variety. Te calculation of the growing periods
for the subzones and diagrams is done by the more basically, related program WATBAL (name from WATer
BALance) of B. Hornetz and H. Kutsch. As a more zonal climatic program, it does not consider the deep
rooting of specic crops. Terefore it can be possible, that even with a too short growing period a specic
crop can yield something due to deep roots still reaching moisture. Tis is the reason that the potentials
in the text and yield tables are better than in the small tables below the diagrams of the growing periods.
Explanations of both programs see Vol. II/M Methodology.
Some new crops are recommended, e.g. the early and very early maturing varieties of the cereals foxtail and
proso millet, or the perennial drought resistant crops bualo gourds and Marama beans
5)
. Te information
available about them is still limited but they may be suitable for drier areas beyond the limits of reliable
maize cultivation. Although these new crops may not t into the present nutrition patterns, customs will
change due the population pressure on food supplies. In the potentials they are printed in italics to indicate
that they are not yet commonly available.
Very little information exists about pasture and forage apart from real rangeland (Pratt and Gwynne 1977)
6)
.
Te recommendations given are therefore only a very rough guide, and fodder cultivation depends on many
factors besides climate and soil. Te main problems outside the largescale farming area and Maasailand
are overgrazing and soil erosion, which are destroying the means of livelihood of coming generations. Te
livestock unit (LU) in our estimated stocking rates is 300 kg liveweight (a local bull or nine sheep or eleven
goats). Tis is for smallholders with partly indigenous cattle a more realistic gure nowadays than the
84
Standard Stock Unit (SSU) of 1000 lb (450 kg) introduced by the British. Te LU corresponds to the
Tropical Livestock Unit (TLU) which means a local cow of the Tropics (250 kg, a bull has 300 kg).
Some remarks to the Fertiliser Recommendation Tables: Te increase of yield by the two fertilising elements
Nitrogenium and Phosphorus is not sustainable. For such a productivity, for instance, every 1,000 kg of
maize need a replacement
7)
of 25 kg N (partly naturally: H
2
NO
3
synthesis by lightning, N xing nodulation
of rhizobias on beanroots), 4 kg P and 24 kg Potassium (K
2
CO
3
), additionally Calcium, Magnesium, and
Micronutrients like Bor, Copper, Cobalt, Molybdenium and others. If in the tables these elements are
not marked, it means they were not yet in decit during the years of the experiments of the Fertiliser
Use Recommendation Project of the GTZ and KSS 1987-92. But since this time, continuous cultivation
without sucient fertilising and manuring may have caused deciencies.
Cassava which is now gaining prominence and grown on infertile soils still needs some amount of fertilizer
for sustainability of yields per 10,000 kg
7)
30 kg N, 10 kg P, 70 kg K, 20 kg Ca and 10 kg Mg. Groundnuts
are a demanding crop, 1,000 kg of unpeeled nuts need 60-70 kg N, 5-6 kg P, 40-50 kg K, 20-30 kg Ca and
8-17 kg Mg plus micronutrients.Te yield potentials given are for non-eroded and non-depleted soils. Te
yields on eroded soils go down to a third
8)
, on depleted soils they are even lower.
Higher fertiliser rates as recommended may become uneconomic, at least after some years, because enforced
production by two fertilisers only brings the others more quickly to the yield limiting minimum content in
the soil. Recycling of taken nutrients by any way (even excrements) is the nal answer to achieve sustainable
soil fertility for coming generations.
1)
Phytosanitary aspects could not be considered here, see special handbooks like that from IRACC mentioned below or the Crop
Protection Handbook.
2)
Heavy soil means heavy loam, clay may have less available water for plants.
3)
Details see Hornetz, B., Shisanya, Chr. & Gitonga, N.: Crop water relationships and thermal adaptation of kathika beans
(Phaseolus vulgaris) and green grams (Vigna radiata) with special regard to temporal patterns of potential growth in the drylands
of SE-Kenya.- Journal of Arid Environments 48, 2001,
4)
It was impossible to list all vegetables which may be grown in each AEZ. Information about vegetables not mentioned may
be found in Vol. V of the Handbook, or obtained from IRACC: Small Holder Farming. Handbook for Self Employment.-
Marketing Support Services Ltd., Nairobi 1997.
5)
Bualo gourds and Marama beans produce big tubers after some seasons. Bitter substances may be washed out by salty water.
Seeds contain protein and oil but there is little or no owering in the Inner Tropics. Marama beans see Nat. Academy of
Sciences: Tropical Legumes. Washington, D.C. 1979; Bualo gourds see Nat. Academy of Science: Underexploited Plants with
Promising Economic Value. Washington 1975. New information is obtainable in the internet. Seeds may be ordered from the
experimental stations: Very early mat. millet from Central Arid Zone Research Institute (C.A.Z.R.I.) in Jodhpur, India; bualo
gourds from University of Tuscon, USA; Marama beans from Botanical Garden in Windhoek, Namibia.
6)
Pratt, D.J. and Gwynne, M.D. (Eds.): Rangeland Management and Ecology in East Africa. London 1977.
7)
Figures by chemical analyzis of the crop, averages printed in international handbooks. Tey are approximates, depending on
varieties too.
8)
Okoba, O.: Farmers indicators for soil erosion mapping and crop yield estimation in central highlands of Kenya. - Trop.
Resource Man. Papers 62, Wageningen University 2005, T. 8 p. 88.
84
85
3.2 EMBU AND MBEERE DISTRICTS GROUP
TABLE OF CONTENTS District Page
3.2.1 Natural Potential 3
Introduction 3
Annual Rainfall Map 4
Table 1: Annual Rainfall 5
Table 2: Temperature 6
Table 3: Potential Evapotranspiration 6
Seasonal Rainfall Maps 7
Table 4: Climate in the Agro-Ecological Zones 9
Agro-Ecological Zones Map 10
Agro-Ecological Zones and Subzones (=Legend to the AEZ Map), with Land Use
Potentials and Water Availability &Requirement Diagrams 11
Tables 5 a-b: Climatic Yield Potentials in Marginal and Semiarid Zones 19
Soil Map 21
Soil Distribution, Fertility and Major Characteristics with Legend to the Soil Map 22
3.2.2 Population and Land 25
Embu District
Table 6: Population in Embu District 26
Table 7: Composition of Households in Embu District 7: Composition of Households in Embu District 7: Composition of Households in Embu District 27
Table 8: Available Land Area in Embu District per AEZ and Household 29
Mbeere District
Table 9: Population in Mbeere District 30
Table 10: Composition of Households in Mbeere District 31
Table 11: Available Land Area in Mbeere District per AEZ and Household 32
3.2.3 Agricultural Statistics 33
Development and Trends of Major Cash Crops in Embu District 33
Table 12: Tea 33
Table 13: Coee 34
Table 14: Pyrethrum 34
Development and Trends of Major Cash Crops in Mbeere District 35
Table 15: Cotton 35
Table 16: Tobacco 35
Distribution of Farming Activities During the Year 36
Tables 17 a-m: Farming Activities in the Agro-Ecological Zones 36
EMBU & MBEERE 1
86
3.2.4 Farm Survey 45
Table 18: Farm Survey Sites Representative of the Dominating
Agro-Ecological Subzones and Units 45
Farm Survey Areas and Fertiliser Recommendations Map 46
Tables 19 a-f: Assets, Land Use, Farming Intensity and Inputs 47
Tables 20 a-f: Cropping Pattern 53
3.2.5 Introduction to the Actual Land Use Systems and to the Potential Intensication
by Better Farm Management in Dominating Agro-Ecological Subzones 60
UM1 i m of the Tea and Coee Zone 60
Tables 21 a-f: Increase of Yields by Better Farm Management 61-71
UM2 m i s/m of the Main Coee Zone 62
UM3 m/s + s of the Marginal Coee Zone 64
LM3 s + s of the Cotton Zone 66
LM4 s/vs + vs/s of the Marginal Cotton Zone 68
LM5 vs/s + vs of the Livestock-Millet Zone 70
3.2.6 Fertiliser and Manure Recommendations for Important Agro-Ecological Units 72
Map of Important Agro-Ecological Units 73
Tables 22 a-h: Fertiliser and Manure Recommendations: 74-81
LH1 l/vl^m, MV2 and RB1 of the Tea Zone 74
UM1 i m, RB1 of the Tea and Coee Zone 75
UM2 m i s/m & m/s i s, RB2 of the Main Coee Zone 76
UM3 m/s + s, RB2 and RB3 of the Marginal Coee Zone 77
LM3 s + s, LB1 of the Cotton Zone 78
LM3 s + s, UU1 of the Cotton Zone 79
LM4 s + s/vs & s/vs + s/vs, LB1 of the Marginal Cotton Zone 80
LM4 s/vs + vs/s, UU1 and UQ1 of the Marginal Cotton Zone 80
EMBU & MBEERE 2
87
EMBU & MBEERE
3.1.1 NATURAL POTENTIAL
INTRODUCTION
Embu and Mbeere Districts show the typical agro-ecological prole of the windward side of Mt. Kenya,
from his cold and wet upper zones to the hot and dry lower zones in the Tana River Basin. Te average
annual rainfall reects this contrast: from more than 2200 mm at 2500 m to less than 600 mm near the
Tana River at 700 m. Te variation is mainly due to the mountain but also to the water recycling eect
of the forest by evapotranspiration. Above 2500 m, rainfall decreases due to the lower moisture content of
the colder air and the stronger inuence of the trade wind system, but nevertheless the area is still very wet.
Some herbaceous parts of the Tropical Alpine Zone (TA I) are in demand to open for seasonal grazing of
livestock for the farmers living below the forest, due to the demands of increasing land pressure. But the po-
tential of this moorlands is low and the ecosystem fragile. Terefore it is better it remains a National Park.
Te Upper Highlands are so wet and steep that forest is the best land use (UH 0). Te same is true for the
upper and northeastern parts of the Lower Highland Zones (LH 0). Even in the Tea-Dairy Zone LH 1
precipitation is still 1800 mm per year on average. Compared to the Livestock-Millet Zones LM 5 and IL 5
with 600-800 mm, it would seem that the potential there is about a half or a third of that of the Tea-Dairy
Zone LH 1 or the Coee-Tea Zone UM 1, but in fact, the climatic potential is already less than a tenth,
and if the poor soils are considered, then the potential is even lower. Te reason for this low potential is the
rapidly decreasing rainfall expectation during the agro-humid periods (i.e. the growing periods for annual
crops) which also decrease very quickly in length from permanent cropping possibilities at LH 1 and UM 1
to less than 40 days in the 1st rainy season and about 50 days in the 2nd rainy season at the driest subzone
of IL 5. Rainfall expectation of the rst rainy season in 10 years out of 15 exceeds 900 mm in LH 1 but
drops to only 150 mm in zones LM and IL 5, in the second rainy season the amounts drop from 670 to 150
mm respectively. Very early maturing crops as proso millet and green grams should therefore be favoured in
Zone 5.
A transitional strip exists between zones LM 4 and LM 5 in western Mbeere District by pedological reasons:
On the good black soils found there, the maize of zone 4 can still be successfully cultivated unless they are
waterlogged where chick peas can be grown. On the red soils of the soil catena there, less demanding crops
like millet or sorghum should be chosen.
Te poor soils outside of the volcanic area are an increasing problem. For soil and land use see detailed
studies and maps 1:50,000 of R.F. VAN DE WEG and J.P. MBUVI (eds.): Soils of the Kindaruma Area.
Kenya Soil Survey R 1, Nairobi 1975. Recent land use studies have been carried out in Mbeere District to
deal with the problems caused by low, uncertain rainfall and low, decreasing fertility. Te reports are in the
agricultural oces.
Te colours in the seasonal rainfall maps give a rst rough optical association of the possible land use. 250
mm are the limit of a reasonable composite maize cultivation, 500 mm of a protable hybrid maize cultiva-
tion, more than 1000 mm in a season becomes too wet for maize. For detailed information see the AEZ
map, potentials, and the soil maps.
3
88
EMBU & MBEERE 4
89
EMBU & MBEERE
TABLE 1: RAINFALL FIGURES FROM SELECTED STATIONS HAVING AT
LEAST 15 YEARS OF RECORDS
No. and
altitude
Name of Station
Agro Ecol.
Zone &
Subzone
Kind of
records
Annual
rainfall
mm
Monthly rainfall in mm
J F M A M J J A S O N D
9037008 Embu District UM3 Average 1065 24 25 98 277 163 31 24 30 23 123 192 55
1433 m OIfce (-77) m/s + s 66% rel.
1
930 8 6 79 215 98 16 12 21 11 101 176 31
9037039 Kiritiri LM 4 Av. 896 36 24 144, 231 67 5 3 4 9 82 206 86
1143 m ChieIs Camp s/vs + vs/s 66% 823 6 4 158 198 57 0 0 0 0 60 127 36
9037050 Embu Prov. Agr. UM 2 Av. 1230 25 27 90 300 225 28 44 43 42 145 202 60
1494 m Tr. College (-80) m/s i s 66% 909 10 7 78 237 122 15 36 30 20 123 195 36
9037053 Kevote Prim. UM 2 Av. 1561 28 30 121 385 263 36 48 66 46 186 270 85
1524 m School (-80) m i s/m 66% 1312 18 15 78 320 120 19 45 38 12 125 243 45
9037077 Embu LH 1 Av. 1894 36 38 126 378 322 77 145 113 71 236 271 82
1936 m Forest Station l/vl ^ m 66% 1375 13 12 47 313 225 50 115 80 34 201 240 45
9037103 Murinduko UM 4 Av. 1030 22 27 88 257 150 17 20 19 19 138 203 69
1352 m Exp. Farm s/m + s 66%
2
895 7 6 70 200 90 10 10 12 10 112 180 40
9037122 Runyenjes UM 2 Av. 1395 24 35 121 358 167 29 38 37 24 208 291 63
1478 m D.O.s OIfce m i s/m 66% 1160 6 1 70 341 110 8 30 33 10 112 235 37
9037133 Kanyuambora LM3 Av. 1149 34 40 126 340 100 7 3 7 13 104 297 78
1265 m s + s 66%
2
950 11 10 95 250 60 1 0 4 6 85 235 40
9037134 Kairuri UM1 Av. 1677 16 41 97 402 290 68 87 77 58 235 246 62
1650 m Ngandori Loc. f l i m 66%
4
9037135 Kiambere LM 4 Av. 818 29 23 82 216 59 13 9 2 10 77 221 74
1189 m Market s/vs + vs/s 66% 688 14 3 51 143 28 0 0 0 0 28 129 50
9037140 Embu Njukiini UM 2 Av. 1229 23 32 101 298 210 28 36 38 35 191 188 48
1476 m Forest Station m/s i s 66%
2
1040 8 9 80 235 130 15 18 25 17 150 170 28
9037142 Kiangombe UM3 Av. 1082 29 13 118 298 108 10 3 4 13 171 238 77
1770 m County Forest m/s + s 66%
2
940 10 5 90 230 65 2 0 0 5 110 195 40
9037144 Kyeni Girls UM 2 - 1 Av. 1612 29 55 178 436 122 31 37 33 25 198 350 117
1500 m Sec. School
3
m i s/m 66%
4
9037146 Kindaruma IL 5 Av. 576 27 24 48 148 44 3 1 2 6 38 180 57
793 m Dam Site vs + vs/s 66% 451 4 0 7 112 38 0 0 0 0 5 158 42
9037161 Ishiara LM 4 Av. 820 29 26 79 244 48 8 2 2 9 94 211 68
840 m s/vs + vs/s 66%
2
685 14 5 50 160 23 0 0 0 0 65 130 40
9037164 Ena Tobacco LM3 Av. 1040 34 28 72 296 104 8 6 3 10 116 274 90
1230 m Factory s + s 66%
2
910 12 7 58 235 65 2 0 0 2 90 190 55
9037169 Ngenge LM3 Av. 886 23 18 80 269 106 9 11 3 11 125 177 55
1296 m Prim. School s + s 66%
2
800 7 6 70 210 65 1 2 0 1 100 155 30
9037171 Kambo UM 4 Av. 964 22 14 80 271 101 23 18 10 17 179 193 35
1230 m Kamaus Farm s/m + s 66%
2
830 7 5 60 210 60 10 5 0 6 120 170 20
9037172 Karurumo LM3 Av. 930 46 39 74 216 88 13 14 2 7 104 239 87
1230 m Polytechnic s + s 66%
2
805 12 10 60 160 60 5 6 0 0 82 195 50
9037176 Kindaruma IL 5 Av. 678 32 28 81 176 50 6 1 1 8 60 174 61
792 m Fisheries vs + vs/s 66%
2
570 5 0 15 130 40 1 0 0 0 30 152 45
9037177 Kalaba LM 4 Av. 998 20 25 106 319 88 13 9 4 12 116 218 68
1160 m ChieIs OIfce s/vs + vs/s 66%
4
9037202 Embu UM 2 Av. 1232 16 14 109 323 157 31 21 37 41 203 236 69
1508 m Met. Station m/s i s 66%
5
1
These fgures oI rainIall reliability should be exceeded normally in 10 out oI 15 years.
2
Estimate of this reliability by correlation, no detailed data available to GTZ for enough years.
3
11 complete years available to GTZ only but important station.
4
Not calculated because not enough years available to GTZ.
5
Not calculated because not yet enough years, new station near old station 9037050.
5
90
EMBU & MBEERE
TABLE 2: TEMPERATURE DATA
No. and
altitude
Name of
Station
AEZ
1
Kind of
records
Temperature inC
Belt
limits
J F M A M J J A S O N D Yr.
9037202
1508 m
Embu
Met. Station
UM 2
1650 m
UM
1200 m
Mean max. 24.4 26.0 26.3 24.8 23.7 22.2 20.8 21.7 24.7 25.8 23.6 23.8 24.0
Mean temp. 18.3 19.6 20.1 20.1 19.3 17.8 16.7 16.9 18.7 19.9 18.6 18.3 18.7
Mean min. 12.1 13.1 14.0 15.4 14.9 13.3 12.6 12.1 12.7 13.9 13.6 12.8 13.4
Abs. min. 9.0 7.9 10.5 12.7 11.2 9.5 9.4 8.5 8.6 9.4 8.5 8.7 9.5
9037176
792 m
Kindaruma
Fisheries
IL 5
830 m
IL
0 m
Mean max. 30.8 37.8 33.3 31.8 31.0 30.5 29.5 30.0 28.1 33.0 30.2 29.33 31.3
Mean temp. 23.2 27.4 25.7 25.4 24.5 23.8 23.1 23.5 22.7 25.7 24.3 23.2 24.4
Mean min. 15.5 16.9 18.1 18.9 18.0 17.0 16.7 17.0 17.3 18.4 18.4 17.1 17.4
Abs. min 6.0 8.0 12.5 16.0 14.0 12.3 12.3 11.8 12.3 12.5 14.5 12.3 12.0
1
AEZ = Agro-ecological zone
6
TABLE 3: AVERAGE POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
No. and
altitude
Name of
Station
Type
1)
AEZ
Average Potential Evapotranspiration PET in mm Av. Rainfall
J F M A M J J A S O N D Year
Year
in mm
%
of PET
9037202 Embu calc.
135 140 154 119 112 95 91 99 122 139 119 128 1453 1283 88%
1508 m Met. Station UM 2
9037039 Kiritiri interp.
160 168 183 152 136 122 119 131 155 167 145 143 1781 845 47%
1143 m ChieIs Centre LM 4
9037135 Kiambere interp.
160 167 181 149 133 120 117 129 152 164 142 142 1755 818 46%
1189 m Market LM 4
9037146 Kindaruma interp.
163 171 185 157 153 152 197 177 180 193 142 145 1975 576 29%
793 m Dam Site LM 5
9037161 Ishiara, interp.
161 170 183 155 150 148 151 172 174 189 139 143 1935 820 42%
840 m Market LM 4
9037176 Kindaruma interp.
161 174 184 156 151 148 152 173 175 190 140 144 1947 678 35%
840 m Fisheries LM 5
1)
Type of equation: calculated by formula of PENMAN & MCCULLOCH with albedo for green grass 0.2; see
MCCULLOCH (1965): Tables for the Rapid Computation of the PENMAN Estimate of Evaporation.- East African
Agricultural & Forestry Journal, Vol. 30, No.3, p. 286-295.
AEZ = Agro-Ecol. Zone, explaining table see general part. Zone, explaining table see general part.
91
EMBU & MBEERE 7
92
EMBU & MBEERE 8
93
EMBU & MBEERE
TABLE 4: CLIMATE IN THE AGRO-ECOLOGICAL ZONES & SUBZONES
Agro-
Ecological
Zone
Subzone
Altitude
in m
Ann. mean
temperature
inC
Ann. av.
rainfall
in mm
66% reliability
of rainfall
1)
60% reliability of cereal and
legumes growing period
1
st
rainy s.
in mm
2
nd
rainy s.
in mm
1
st
rainy s.
2)
in days
2
nd
rainy s.
in days
Total
3)
in days
TA 0
Rocks and
Glaciers
National
Park
TA I + II
Trop.-Alpine
Moor- and
Heathlands
National
Park
UH 0
Forest Zone
Forest
Reserve
LH 0
Forest Zone
Forest
Reserve
LH 1
Tea-Dairy
Zone
l/vl m 1900-2100 17.7-15.8 1750-2000 950-1100 550-620 210 or more 140-150 350-360
UM 1
Coffee-Tea
Zone
f i m
1600-1850 18.9-17.5
1400-1800 700-950 450-550 210 or more 130-150 330-350
m/l i m/s Very small, see Meru South District
UM2
Main Coffee
Zone
m i s/m
1400-1600 20.1-18.9
1250-1500 600-720 400-450 140-170 110-120 290-330
m/s i s 1200-1250 580-600 380-400 125-135 105-115 265-290
UM 3
Marginal
Coffee Zone
m/s + s 1280-1460 20.7-19.6 1000-1250 480-600 350-400 120-135 85-105 -
UM4
Sunfower
Maize Zone
s/m + s
1200-1400 20.9-20-0
980-1100 420-500 330-350 105-115 85-105 -
s + s 960-980 380-450 300-330 85-105 85-105 -
LM 3
Cotton Zone
s + s 1070-1280 22.0-21.0 900-1100 350-480 300-350 85-105 80-95 -
4)
LM4
Marginal
Cotton Zone
s + s/vs
980-1220 22.5-21.0
800-900 300-370 250-310 85-105 75-85 -
4)
s/vs + vs/s 780-900 280-340 200-260 75-85 55-75 -
4)
LM5
Lower Mid-
land Live-
stock-Millet
Zone
vs/s + vs 830-1130 23.9-21.7 700-800 200-280 150-220 55-75 45-55 -
IL 5
Inner Lowland
Livestock
Millet Zone
vs + vs/s
600-850 25.4-24.0
590-710 150-180 150-190 40-55 55-60 -
vs + vs 600-710 150-180 150-180 40-55 40-55 -
1)
Amounts surpassed normally in 10 of 15 years, falling during the agro-humid period which allows growing of most
cultivated plants.
2)
More if growing cycle of cultivated plants continues into the period of second rainy season.
3)
Only added if rainfall continues at least for survival (>0.25 PET) of certain long term crops, and this time is included.
4)
Cotton is planted from 2
nd
rainy season to 1
st
next year, together 165-200 days of growing, 160-190 resp. 130-160.
9
94
EMBU & MBEERE 10
95
EMBU & MBEERE 11
AGRO-ECOLOGICAL ZONES AND SUBZONES
TA = TROPICAL ALPINE ZONES
TA 0 = Rocks and Gl aci ers
No land use, National Park
TA
I + II
= Tropi cal - Al pi ne Moor- and Heat hl ands
Here National Park, limited grazing potential
UH = UPPER HIGHLAND ZONES
UH 0 = Forest Zone
Too wet, steep, and too important as a catchment area, therefore not cleared. Bamboo thickets.
Forest Reserve
LH = LOWER HIGHLAND ZONES
LH 0 = Forest Zone
The same as UH 0 but many valuable timbers. Forest Reserve
LH 1 = Tea- Dai ry Zone
LH 1
l/vl^m
= Tea-Dairy Zone
with a long to very long cropping season followed by a medium one
1)
(see Diagram Embu Forest Station)
1)
On medium soils; on heavy soils permanent cropping possibilities. Given potential refers to predominating heavy red
loams.
96
EMBU & MBEERE 12
Ve r y good yi e l d pot e nt i a l ( a v. > 80% of t he opt i mum)
1
st
rainy season, start norm. b. to mid of March: Peas, horse beans; cabbages, lettuce
2
nd
rainy season, start norm. mid of October: Peas
Good yi e l d pot e nt i a l ( a v. 60- 80% of t he opt i mum)
1
st
rainy season: Potatoes (e. of Feb.-July); carrots, leek, kales, endive
2
nd
rainy season: Lima beans;potatoes; cabbages, carrots, kales, lettuce
Whole year, best planting time mid March: Tea (high quality); loquats, black wattle
Fa i r yi e l d pot e nt i a l ( a v. 40- 60% of t he opt i mum)
1
st
rainy season: Late mat. maize like H 611, 612, 613 a.o.; m. mat. beans (end of July-Nov.)
2
nd
rainy season: E. mat. beans; leek
Whole year: Pyrethrum (too wet); plums
Gr a s s l a nd a nd f or a ge
Around 0.5 ha/LU on secondary pasture of Kikuyu grass, suitable for grade dairy cows; clover for
higher productivity
UM = UPPER MIDLAND ZONES
UM 1 = Coff ee- Tea Zone
UM 1
n i m
= Coffee-Tea Zone
with a fully long cropping season, intermediate rains, and a medium one
Ve r y good yi e l d pot e nt i a l
1
st
rainy season, start norm. mid March: Cabbages, kales, leek, lettuce, carrots
2
nd
rainy season, start norm. mid Oct.: same vegetables
Whole year, best planting time mid March: Passion fruit
Good yi e l d pot e nt i a l
1
st
rainy season: Late mat. maize like H 612, 614 a.o., fnger millet: peas: potatoes: late mat.
sunfower like Kenya White: onions, beetroots, caulifower, rhubarb, turnips
2
nd
rainy season: M. mat. beans (Aug.-Jan.), peas: sweet potatoes: m. mat. sunfower like HS 301 S:
cabbages (Aug.-Dec.), kales, onions, tomatoes
Whole year: Tea, Arabica coffee; bananas, yams, mountain pawpaws, avocadoes, loquats, khat
(=miraa)
Fa i r yi e l d pot e nt i a l
1
st
rainy season: Sweet potatoes, m. mat. beans, m. mat. Dolichos beans; tomatoes
2
nd
rainy season: M. mat maize H 511, 512, 513 a.o. (Sep.-Jan.), late mat. H 612, 614 a.o.
(Aug.-Feb.), fnger millet, Meru Ioxtail millet (July-Oct.): potatoes (Aug.-Dec.)
Whole year: Citrus, taro
0.5 - 0.6 ha/LU on secondary pasture of Kikuyu grass; only about 0.15 ha/LU are needed if feeding
Napier grass, banana stems and leaves, sweet potato vines, maize stalks
UM 1
m/l i m/s
= Coffee-Tea Zone
with a medium to long cropping season, intermediate rains, and a medium to short one
Very small, potential see Meru District
UM 2 = Mai n Coff ee Zone
UM 2
m i s/m
= Main Coffee Zone
with a medium cropping season, intermediate rains, and a short to medium one
2)
(See Diagram Embu Agricultural Research Station)
1
st
rainy season, start norm. mid March: M. mat. sunfower like Hybrid S 301 A, some vegetables
2
nd
rainy season, start norm. mid Oct.: M. mat. beans (Sep./Oct.-Jan./Feb.), some vegetables
Whole year, best planting time mid March: Loquats, mountain pawpaws
2)
On medium soils; on heavy soils there is a long to medium and a medium to short cropping season. Given potential refers
to predominating heavy red loams.
97
EMBU & MBEERE 13
1
st
rainy season: M. mat. maize like H 511, 512, 513, 515, 516, 518; m. mat. beans; potatoes, sweet
potatoes;cabbages, kales, tomatoes, onions
2
nd
rainy season: M. mat. maize EMCO 92 S, Meru foxtail millet, e. mat. sorghum like 2 KX 17;
sweet potatoes (Aug./Sep.-Jan./Feb.): e. mat. sunfower like Hybrid S 345 ( 1500m): kales,
cabbages, onions, tomatoes
Whole year: Arabica coffee; bananas, citrus, avocadoes, passion fruit
2
nd
rainy season: M. mat local maize (Aug./Sep.-Jan./Feb.), fnger millet: e. mat. potatoes
Whole year: Cassava, sugarcane (lower and wet places), khat (= miraa)
0.6 - 1.0 ha/LU on secondary pasture of star grass (Cynodon dactylon); only 0.2 ha/LU are needed
if feeding Napier or Bana grass with banana leaves and other forage as Leucaena
98
EMBU & MBEERE 14
UM 3 = Margi nal Coff ee Zone
UM 3
m/s + s
= Marginal Coffee Zone
with a medium to short and a short cropping season
3)
(See Diagram Embu District OIfce)
1
st
rainy season, start. norm. end of March: Med. mat. maize like EMCO 92 SR, H 511, 512
(~60): e. mat. sorghum like Serena: e. mat. sunfower like 252 or Hybrid S 345: onions,
cabbages, e. mat. beans
2
nd
rainy season, start norm. mid Oct.: Meru Ioxtail millet: e. mat. sunfower like Issanka
Whole year: Pineapples, best planting time end of March
1
st
rainy season: Maize H 513, 515-518, e. mat. fnger millet: m. mat. beans, sweet potatoes:
kales, tomatoes
2
nd
rainy season: Katumani maize Comp. B, e. mat. sorghum like Seredo; e. mat beans;
cabbages, kales, tomatoes
Whole year: Arabica coIIee (lower places poor, there addit. irrigation proftable), bananas,
avocadoes, citrus, pawpaws, cassava
0.7 1.1 ha/LU on secondary high grass savanna with zebra grass (Hyparrhenia rufa)
predominating but very little pasture remaining; overgrazed less stocking capacity.Only 0.23
ha/LU are needed if feeding Napier or Bana grass and other forage.
3)
On medium soils: on heavy soils frst cropping season has a medium length, higher places even medium to long one. Given
potential refers to predominating heavy red loams.
99
EMBU & MBEERE 15
UM 4 = Mai ze- Sunf l ower Zone
UM 4
s/m + s
= Maize-Sunnower Zone
with a short to medium and a short cropping season
1
st
rainy season, start norm. end of March: E. mat. maize like DH 1-5, DH 8, e. mat. sorghum
like Seredo, foxtail millet 1 Se 285; m. mat. beans Canad. wonder, e. mat. like Rosecoco,
KK 8, 15 or 22: e. mat. sunfower like 252 or Hybrid S 345
2
nd
rainy season , start norm. mid Oct.: E. mat. maize like DH 1-5: e. mat. sunfower like
Issanka
Whole year, best planting time end of Oct.: Sisal, pineapples
1
st
rainy season: Maize EMCO 92 SR, H 511 - H 518, m. mat. fnger millet like Ekalakala,
Meru foxtail millet; dolichos beans; sweer potatoes, Virginia tobacco; tomatoes, onions,
cabbages
2
nd
rainy season: Katumani maize; Rosecoco beans
Whole year: Cassava, castor, guavas, pawpaws, mangoes, Macadamia nuts like EMB 1
Poor yi e l d pot e nt i a l
2
nd
rainy season: E. mat. sweet potatoes
Whole year: Bananas, citrus
Around 0.8-1.2 ha/LU on original high grass savanna with zebra grass (Hyparrhenia rufa)
predominant but it is almost fnished: down to 0.25 ha/LU Ieeding Bana grass, siratro
(Macroptilium atropurpureum), horse tamarind (Leucaena leucocephala) a.o.
UM 4
s + s
= Maize-Sunnower Zone
with two short cropping seasons
4)
Crop potential almost the same as UM 4 s/m + s, but maize EMCO 92 SR, H 511 - 512 not
recommended any more except on very suitable soils. Stocking rates 0.8-1.5 ha/LU or less
with additional forage
LM = LOWER MIDLAND ZONES
LM 3 = Cot t on Zone
LM 3
s + s
= Cotton Zone
4)
1
st
rainy season, start norm. end of March: E. mat. maize like Katumani Comp. B or DH 01-5,
DH 8, PH 1, PH 4: m. mat. fnger millet like Ekalakala, e. mat. bulrush millet Serere Comp.
II, 2-3 A, 6A; e. mat. beans like Mwezi moja, Rosecoco, KK 8, 15 or 22; e. mat. cowpeas
K 80, chick peas on heavy black soils (late planted), dolichos beans, green grams; sweet
potatoes: e. mat. sunfower like 252
2
nd
rainy season: Dryland Composite maize, e. mat. sorghum like 2 KX 17, e. mat. bulrush
millet; e. mat. green grams KVR 26, cowpeas K 80, chick peas, mung beans Kat. Dengu
26, pigeon peas (Oct.-Sep.), e. mat. soya beans like Gazelle; cotton bimodal var. on black
soils (end of Sep.-Aug.)
Whole year, best planting time end of Oct.: Sisal, castor like C-15
1
st
rainy season: M. mat. beans like Cuarentino, dolichos beans (50-60%), groundnuts (in light
soils), e. mat. soya beans; sweet potatoes; Virginia tobacco; tomatoes, onions
2
nd
rainy season: Katumani Comp. maize; dolichos beans, Mwezi moja beans; cotton bimodal
var. (on red medium soils), e. mat. sunfower 252 or H 345, Virginia tobacco
Whole year: Cassava, pineapples, mangoes, guavas
4)
On medium soils: on heavy soils frst cropping season has a short to medium length. Given potential reIers to medium
soils, good heavy ones occur especially in Northwestern parts. There H 511-518 fair and Katumani maize very good in 1
st
rainy season, cotton good from 2
nd
to 1
st
rainy season.
100
EMBU & MBEERE 16
2
nd
rainy season: Sweet potatoes
Whole year: Citrus
0.8-1.5 ha/LU on high grass savanna withzebra grass (Hyparrhenia rufa) predominant if
not overgrazed; only 0.25 ha/LU are needed if feeding Bana grass, Siratro (Macroptilium
atropurpureum), horse tamarind (Leucaena leucocephala)a.o.
LM 4 = Margi nal Cot t on Zone
LM 4
s + s/vs
= Marginal Cotton Zone
with a short and a short to very short cropping season
Potential almost the same as LM 3 s + s but cotton marginal (except on very suitable soils)
and stocking rates a little bit lower
LM 4
s/vs + vs/s
with a short to very short and a very short to short cropping season
(See Diagram Kiritiri, more crops and possible yields on different soils see Tables 5 a & b)
1
st
rainy season, start norm. end of March: E. mat. proso millet like Serere 1; Katheka beans;
e. mat. cowpeas like MTW 63, e. mat. mung beans Kat. Dengu 26, e. mat. green grams like
KVR 26, tepary beans, moth beans, chick peas (on heavy black soils, late planted), e. mat.
soya beans like Nyala
2
nd
rainy season , start norm. end of Oct.: Pearl millet Kat/PM 1-3; v. e. mat. cowpeas like
HB 48/10E, green grams KVR 26, mung beans Kat. Dengu 26, chick peas (on heavy black
soils), e. mat. soya beans Nyala, tepary beans, moth beans
Whole year: Buffalo gourds (Cucurbita foetidissima)
6)
and Marama beans (Tylosema
sculentum)
6)
(on sandy soils); castor
1
st
rainy s.: Dryland Comp. maize, e. mat. pearl millet Kat. PM 1-3, e. mat. bulrush millet like
Serere Comp. II, v. e. mat. sorghum like IS 8595 or KARI Mtama 1, e. mat. foxtail millet
like ISe 285, m. mat. fnger millet Ekalakala: Mwezi moia beans, black grams (50-60),
dolichos beans; e. mat. groundnuts like Makulu Red (in light soils); sweet potatoes
2
nd
rainy season: Dryland Comp. maize, e. mat. foxtail millet like ISe 285; Katheka beans
(Kat/Bean 1); pigeon peas (Oct.-Sep.), e. mat. cowpeas like HB 48/10E, black grams
Whole year: Sisal (50-60%), cassava, mangoes
1
st
rainy season: Katumani Comp. B maize: e. mat. sunfower like 252
2
nd
rainy season: Cotton bimodal var. (beg. of Oct.-Aug.); Dryland Comp. maize, e. mat.
sorghum;e. mat. groundnuts, sweet potatoes
1.5 3.0 ha/LU on mixed medium grass savanna with red oats grass (Themeda triandra)
predominant; if degraded well improvable by saltbush (Atriplex nummularia) and horse
tamarind (Leucaena) as palatable shrubs; additinal forage: fast growing fodder legumes like
moth beans
101
EMBU & MBEERE
LM 5 = Lower Mi dl and Li vest ock- Mi l l et Zone
LM 5
vs/s + vs
= Lower Midland Livestock-Millet Zone
with a very short to short and a very short cropping season
1
st
rainy season, start norm. end of March: Pearl millet Ka/PM 1,2,3, e. mat. foxtail millet like
1Se 285 (~60%), e. mat. proso millet like Serere 1; moth beans (~60%), e. mat. green grams
like KVR 26, v. e. mat. cowpeas like HB 48/10E, MTW 63 & 610, e. mat. mung beans Kat
Dengu 26, chick peas, e. mat. soya beans like Nyala (~60%), tepary beans, moth beans
2
nd
rainy season , start norm. end of Oct.: E. mat. proso millet like Serere 1, hog millet
Whole year: Buffalo gourds
6)
(light soils) and Marama beans
6)
1
st
rainy season: Dryland Comp. maize (~50%), Katumani comp maize (~40%), e. mat.
sorghum like Seredo, Serena or KARI Mtama 1; e. mat.dwarf sorghum (50-60%), e. mat.
bulrush millet like Serere Comp.II o.a. (birds rejecting awned var.), e. mat. proso millet
Kat/Pro 1, e. mat. fnger millet: black grams, e. mat. dolichos beans Kat/DL-1, e. mat.
groundnuts like Makulu red, e. mat. cowpeas K 80, chickpeas (on heavy black soils, late
planted), v. e. mat. bambarra groundnuts (on light soils)
2
nd
rainy season: Dryland Comp. maize (~40%), e. mat. foxtail millet like 1 Se 285, v. e. mat.
sorghum IS 8595; black and green grams, e. mat. cowpeas, moth beans, chickpeas (on
heavy black soils, late planted), tepary beans, mung beans Kat. Dengu 26
Whole year: Sisal, castor C-15
2
nd
rainy season: Katumani Comp. maize
17
102
EMBU & MBEERE
>3.0 ha/LU on mixed short grass savanna with buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) and horsetail
grass (Chloris roxburghiana) predominant; saltbush (Atriplex) best palatable shrub for re-
establishing pasture on overgrazed and eroded places. Opuntia var. without prickles (also as
vegetable and fruit)
LM 5
vs + vs
with two very short cropping seasons
Very small, potential see Machakos District
IL = INNER LOWLAND ZONES
IL 5 = Inner Lowl and Li vest ock- Mi l l et Zone
IL 5
vs + vs/s
= Inner Lowland Livestock-Millet Zone
with a very short cropping season and a very short to short one
Annual crops see in Appendix Diagram of Stn. Kindaruma Dam and Table 5c & d with yield
expectations on locally better soils of this subzone.
1
st
rainy season: E. mat. proso millet like Serere 1; hog millet, e. mat. green grams like KVR
26 (~65%)
2
nd
rainy season: E. mat. pearl millets Kat/PM1, PM2, PM3; proso millet Serere 1, e. mat.
foxtail millet like 1Se 285, v. e. mat. cowpeas HB 48/10E, MTW 63, MTW 610; green
grams KVR 26, e. mat. mung beans like Kat. Dengu 26, chickpeas, e. mat. soya beans
Nyala (~60%), tepary beans, moth beans, Bambarra groundnuts
6)
(light soils), Marama beans
6)
, yeheb nuts (Cordeauxia edulis)
5)
7)
1
st
rainy season: Dryland Comp. maize (~40%), e. mat. pearl millets Kat/PM 1,2,3, e. mat.
foxtail millet 1 Se 285, proso millet Kat/Pro1; mung beans Kat. Dengu 26, black grams,
chickpeas, moth beans (50-60%), cowpeas K 80, HB 48/10E, MTW 63, MTW 610, v. e.
mat. Bambarra groundnuts (on sandy soils), tepary beans, e. mat. soya beans like Nyala
2
nd
rainy season: Dryland Comp. maize (~55%), Katumani Comp. maize (~45%), e. mat.
foxtail millet like Kat/FM1, proso millet Kat/Pro1, e. mat. bulrush millet like Serere Comp.
II , v. e. sorghum IS 8595, e. mat. sorghum like Seredo, Serena or KARI Mtama 1; e. mat.
cowpeas K 80, black grams, e. mat. Dolichos beans Kat/DL-1, e. mat. groundnuts like
Makulu red
Whole year: Sisal (40-50%), castor, Neem
>4.0 ha/LU on short grass bushland with horsetail grass predominant, but mainly meage
thornbushes now; saltbush (Atriplex) best palatable shrub to plant for better browsing
possibilities.
IL 5
vs + vs
Potentials in both seasons almost similar to those oI frst rainy season in subzone IL 5
vs + vs/s on deep medium soils. On sandy soils fair yield potential in
Fa i r yi e l d pot e nt i a l (on sandy soils)
1
st
and 2
nd
rainy season: V. e. mat. proso and foxtail millet; v. e. mat. green gramslike KS 2010,
v. e. mat. soya beans like Nyala, tepary and moth beans.
Whole year: Buffalo gourds, Marama beans, yeheb nuts
>5.0 ha/LU on short grass bushland, originally with horsetail grass predominant, but severely
overgrazed and eroded; saltbush (Atriplex) suitable for re-establishing at least reasonable
browsing conditions.
5)
From Somalia ;
6)
Still experimental anti-famine crops, therefore typed in italics. Plants produce after some seasons
tubers. Bitterness may be washed out in salty water. ;
7)
On predominating soils, see Table 5a, other soil see 5b.
18
103
EMBU & MBEERE
TABLES 5: CLIMATIC YIELD POTENTIALS IN MARGINAL AND SEMI-ARID SUBZONES
TABLE 5a: CLIMATIC YIELD POTENTIALS OF SEASONAL CROPS
1)
ON DOMINANT
SOILS IN SUBZONE IL 5 vs + vs/s
(calc. for medium chromic Cambisols
2)
at station 9037146 Kindaruma Dam)
First rainy season
(start end of March till end of April)
Second rainy season
(start end of October till end of November)
Yield
Potential
(in % of
Optimum)
3)
Crop variety
Estim.
average
yield
(kg/ha)
3)
Total
crop
failures
out of 10
seasons
Crop variety
Estim.
average
yield
(kg/ha)
3)
Total
crop
failures
out of 10
seasons
Very good
(80 100 %)
Good
(60 80 %)
Proso millet (Serere I)
Green grams (KVR 26)
1680
620
1
1
Pearl millet (Kat/PM1, PM2)
Pearl millet (Kat/PM3)
Foxtail millet (ISe 285)
Tepary beans
V.e. mat. cowpeas (HB48/10E)
V.e. mat. cowpeas (MTW 63,
MTW 610)
Moth beans (Jodhpur)
Green grams (KVR 26)
Mung beans (Kat Dengu 26)
Chickpeas
Soyabeans (Nyala)
Bambarra groundnuts (N.
Cameroon)
1380
1080
2580
850
960
770
1080
750
640
890
1580
640
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Fair
(40 60 %)
Maize (DLC)
Finger millet (Kat/FM 1)
E. mat. pearl millet (Kat/
PM1, PM2)
Pearl millet (Kat/PM 3)
Proso millet (Kat/Pro 1)
Tepary beans
V.e. mat. cowpeas
(HB48/10E)
V.e. mat. cowpeas
(MTW 63, MTW 610)
E. mat. cowpeas (K 80)
Black grams
Mung beans
(Kat Dengu 26)
Chickpeas
Soyabeans (Nyala)
Bambarra groundnuts
(N Cameroon)
1190
490
1150
900
880
1720
660
630
780
880
910
670
570
770
1400
520
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
Maize (DLC)
Maize (KCB)
Finger millet (Ekalakala)
Bulrush millet
(Serere Comp. II)
Foxtail millet (Kat/Fox-1)
Sorghum (IS 8595)
Sorghum Seredo
Sorghum (KARI Mtama-1)
Sorghum (Serena)
Cowpeas (K 80)
Black grams
Dolichos beans (Kat/DL-1)
Groundnuts (Makululu Red)
1460
1610
1260
570
1030
2120
720
1770
1220
1530
1380
1010
820
1090
1110
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Poor
(20 40 %)
Groundnuts (Makululu
Red)
860 2 Sorghum (IS 76)
Sunfower (252)
Sunfower (Hybrid S 345)
900
430
520
1
2
2
1)
Only crops listed with total crop failures (TCF) generally less than 33 % (yield estimates acc. to calculations with MARCROP model
of HORNETZ in Hornetz, B., Shisanya, Chr. & Gitonga, N.: Crop water relationships and thermal adaptation of kathika beans (Phaseolus
vulgaris) and green grams (Vigna radiata) with special regard to temporal patterns of potential growth in the drylands of SE-Kenya.- Journal
of Arid Environments 48, 2001, 591-601; see also Methodology in Vol. II/M of the handbook).
2)
Yield potentials on heavy Ferralsols are generally one level lower than on these medium soils; e.g. for second rainy season: Cowpeas (K
80) produce about 640 kg/ha (compared to about 1010 kg/ha on this medium Cambisols).
3)
Well manured, fertilized and protected. Water loss as surface runoff has to be stopped by contour ridges. Calculated with MARCROP.
19
104
EMBU & MBEERE
TABLE 5b: CLIMATIC YIELD POTENTIALS OF SEASONAL CROPS
1)

ON LOCAL SOIL SPOTS IN SUBZONE IL 5 vs + vs/s
(calc. for locally dominating loamy-clayey Arenosols
2)
near stn. 9037146 Kindaruma Dam)
First rainy season
Second rainy season
Yield
Potential
(in % of
Optimum)
Crop variety
Estim.
average
yield
(kg/ha)
3)
Total crop
failures
out of 10
seasons
Crop variety
Estim.
average
yield
(kg/ha)
3)
Total crop
failures
out of 10
seasons
Very good
(80 - 100 %)
Good
(60 80 %)
Tepary beans
Grams (KVR 26)
720
650
0
0
Fair
(40 60 %)
Foxtail millet (Ise 285)
Tepary beans
Grams (KVR 26)
Grams (Kat Dengu 26)
Soyabeans (Nyala)
1240
1200
520
670
500
410
1020
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
Maize (DLC)
Cowpeas (HB48/10E)
Cowpeas (MTW 63, MTW
610)
Chickpeas
Soyabeans (Nyala)
Cameroon)
1030
570
1040
820
720
1570
740
590
890
510
620
1270
490
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
Poor
(20 40 %)
Maize (DLC)
Pearl millet (Kat/PM1,
PM2)
Cowpeas (HB 48/10E)
Cowpeas (MTW 63,
MTW 610)
Cowpeas (K 80)
Black grams
Chickpeas
720
310
830
650
550
440
550
530
370
460
3
1
2
2
1
3
3
3
3
2
Maize (KCB)
Bulrush millet (Serere Comp.
I)
Sorghum (IS 8595)
Sorghum Seredo
Sorghum (Serena)
Sorghum (IS 76)
Cowpeas (K 80)
Green grams
Black grams
Groundnuts (Makululu Red)
1130
890
1510
520
1320
860
1080
1010
560
620
440
560
750
710
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1)
Only crops listed with total crop failures (TCF) generally less than 33 % (yield estimates acc. to calculations with MARCROP model
of HORNETZ in Hornetz, B., Shisanya, Chr. & Gitonga, N.: Crop water relationships and thermal adaptation of kathika beans (Phaseolus
vulgaris) and green grams (Vigna radiata) with special regard to temporal patterns of potential growth in the drylands of SE-Kenya.-
Journal of Arid Environments 48, 2001, 591-601; see also Methodology in Vol. II/M of the handbook).
2)
Yield potentials on stony loamy sands of the Arenosols during the second rainy season are only poor for most crops; in these cases TCF are
quite high (30-33%). During the hrst rainv season yield potentials are very poor for early maturing crops; risks of TCF are often more than
33%.
3)
Well manured, fertilized and protected. Water loss as surface runoff has to be stopped by contour ridges. Calculated with MARCROP.
20
105
EMBU & MBEERE 21
106
EMBU & MBEERE 22
SOIL DISTRIBUTION, FERTILITY AND MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS
Mt. Kenya forms the north-western corner of Embu district. Towards the southeast, the topography be-
comes more level and the underlying volcanic bedrock gives the way mainly to dierent types of gneisses of
the Basement System. Te soils occur in broad zones which run southwest-northeast and they are mainly
heavy in the upper middle parts, mainly medium to heavy in the lower middle parts, and light to heavy in
the lower parts. Some Inselbergs have stony soils.
On Mt. Kenya, mountain soils of units MV1 and MV2 occur. Normally soil unit MV2 is very suitable for
tea cultivation. On the lower parts, volcanic foothill soils of units RB1, 2 and 3 have moderate to high fertil-
ity but tend to become exhausted by permanent cultivation without fertiliser and manure, a general problem
in these densely populated districts.
Footplateau soils (LB1, 2 and 3) are found around the boundary between both districts and in the south-
western part of Mbeere district, with low to moderate natural fertility.
Te soil units UU1 and UI1 occupy most of the uplands. Tey are partly associated with hill complex-
es (HB3) and are of low to moderate fertility. Te soil units UpFC, UF1 and UUC2 are also found on
uplands but are more fertile. On the surrounding uplands south, east and west of Siakago poor soils of the
hills (HB3), foothills (UQ1) and related uplands (UU1) occur.
Te dissected erosional plains in the south-eastern and very eastern part of the Mbeere district consist of soil
unit PdUC1 of mainly low fertility.
LEGEND TO THE SOIL MAP OF EMBU AND MBEERE DISTRICTS
1. Explanation of the rst character (physiography)
M Mountains (steep; slopes predominantly over 30%; relief intensity more than 300 m/km)
H Hills (hilly to steep; slopes predominantly over 16%; relief intensity up to 300 m/km)
R Volcanic Footridges (dissected lower slopes of major older volcanoes and older lava ows,
undulating to hilly; slopes between 5 and 30%)
U Uplands
Up Upland / Plain Transitional Lands
L Plateaus and High Level Structural Plains
Pd Dissected Erosional Plains
2. Explanation of second character (lithology)
B Basic and ultra-basic igneous rocks (basalts, nepheline phonolites; older basic tus included
I Intermediate igneous rocks (andesites, phonolites, syenites, etc.)
L Limestone and calcitics Mudstones
Q Quarzites
U Undierentiated Basement System rocks (predominantly gneisses)
V Undierentiated or various igneous rocks
107
EMBU & MBEERE 23
3. Soil description
MV1 imperfectly drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark greyish brown, very friable, acid humic
to peaty, loam to clay loam, with rock outcrops and ice in the highest parts
dystric HISTOSOLS, lithic phase; with LITHOSOLS and rock outcrops

MV2 well drained, very deep, dark reddish brown to dark brown, very friable and smeary, clay loam
to clay, with a thick acid humic topsoil; in places shallow to moderately deep and rocky
humic ANDOSOLS, partly lithic phase

HB2 well drained, shallow to moderately deep, very dark brown, rm, stony and rocky clay loam
LITHOSOLS; with verto-luvic PHAEOZENS, lithic phase and rock outcrops

HB3 excessively to well drained, shallow, reddish brown to dusky red, stony and rocky, friable sandy
clay to clay, in places with humic topsoil
LITHOSOLS and humic CAMBISOLS

RB1 well drained, extremely deep, dark reddish brown to dark brown, friable and slightly smeary
clay, with an acid humic topsoil
ando-humic NITISOLS; with humic ANDOSOLS

RB2 well drained, extremely deep, dusky red to dark reddish brown, friable clay, with a acid humic
topsoil
humic NITISOLS
RB3 well drained, extremely deep, dusky red to dark reddish brown, friable clay; with inclusions of
well drained, moderately deep, dark red to dark reddish brown, friable clay over rock, pisofer-
ric or petroferric material
eutric NITISOLS; with nito-chromic CAMBISOLS and chromic ACRISOLS and LUVI-
SOLS, partly lithic, pisoferric or petroferric phase
LB1 well drained, very deep, dark red, very friable clay
nito-rhodic FERRALSOLS
LB2 well drained, very deep, dark reddish brown to dark brown, friable to rm, clay; in places with
a humic topsoil
verto-eutric NITISOLS; with mollic NITISOLS

LB3 imperfectly drained, very deep, dark grey to black, rm to very rm, bouldery and stony,
cracking clay; in places with a calcareous, slightly saline deeper subsoil
pellic VERTISOLS, stony phase and partly saline phase

UF1 well drained, very deep, dark red, friable to rm clay
UI1 well drained, very deep, dusky red to dark red, friable clay
UQ1 well drained, shallow to deep, dark red to yellowish brown, loose loamy sand to friable sandy
clay loam; in places rocky and stony
ferralic ARENOSOLS and ferralo-orthic LUVISOLS; partly lithic and stony phase
UU1 well drained, moderately deep to deep, dark red to yellowish red, friable, sandy clay loam to
clay
rhodic and orthic FERRALSOLS; with ferralo-chromic/orthic/ferric ACRISOLS

108
EMBU & MBEERE 24
UU3 well drained, moderately deep to deep, dark red to yellowish red, friable to rm, sandy clay to
clay, often with a topsoil of loamy sand
chromic LUVISOLS, with ferralo-chromic/orthic/ferric LUVISOLS

UUC2 well drained, moderately deep to very deep, dark reddish brown to dark yellowish brown, fri-
able to rm, sandy clay to clay, in many places with a topsoil of loamy sand to sandy loam
ferralo-chromic/orthic/ferric ACRISOLS; with LUVISOLS and FERRALSOLS

UpFC Complex of:
imperfectly drained, deep black, rm, cracking, moderately calcareous clay (70%)
pellic VERTISOLS
and:
well drained, shallow to deep, dark red, friable to rm, compact clay (30%)
chromic LUVISOLS, partly lithic phase

PdUC1 Complex of:
well drained, shallow, dark red to yellowish red, friable to rm, stony, loamy sand to clay
chromic CAMBISOLS, paralithic and stony phase; with ferralic ARENOSOLS, lithic phase
NOTES for verbal denitions (of underlined words):
mollic Nitisols and chromo-luvic Phaeozems: soils are equally important
mollic Nitisols, with chromo-luvic Phaeozems: Nitisols are prevalent
in places: in <30% of the area
in many places: in 30-50% of the area
predominantly: in >50% of the area
deeper subsoil: below 80 cm
109
EMBU & MBEERE
3.2.2 POPULATION AND LAND
EMBU DISTRICT
Embu District is one of the thirteen districts, which make up Eastern Province. It borders Mbeere District
to the east and southeast, Kirinyaga District to the west and Taraka District to the north. It occupies a total
of 729.4 km
2
, which is divided into six administrative divisions (Table 6). Runyenjes Division is the largest
with an area of 148.5 km
2
(20%) followed by Manyatta, Kyeni and Nembure occupying 14.7%, 14.4% and
12.1% of the total area, respectively. Central Division is the smallest with 70.6 km
2
(9.8%). Forests, includ-
ing Mt. Kenya, which accounts for 29% of this area, occupy about 30% of the total area of the district. Te
area occupied by Mt. Kenya Forest falls under parts of Manyatta, Runyenjes and Kyeni divisions. Since the
forest area is uninhabited, it has been disaggregated from the rest of the area so that the population density
within divisions portrays the correct position.
According to the 1999 Population and Housing Census, the district had a total population of 278,196
people, which was growing at an annual growth rate of 1.7%. Using this growth rate, it is projected that
this population increased to 293,144 in 2002. It was expected to further increase to 303,552, 314,330 and
325,491 in the years 2004, 2006 and 2008, respectively. Te district inter-censal growth rate dropped sharp-
ly from a high rate of 3.08% per annum between 1979-1989 to moderate 1.7% per annum between 1989-
1999. Tis sharp drop may be explained by various reasons, among them being a general decline in fertility
rate due to the increasing awareness of the importance of family planning. Te HIV/AIDS pandemic has
played a major role in raising the mortality rates among the population, which in turn has signicantly con-
tributed to the moderate population growth rate. It is worth noting that this trend is not conned to Embu
District alone, but in most districts of Eastern, Western, Central, Coast and Rift Valley Provinces.
Te population densities in Embu District are relatively high, with Central Division having 743 persons/km
2
in 1999 and expected to grow to 869 by the year 2008 (Table 6). Tis is mainly due to its urban character-
istic since it includes Embu Municipality. Runyenjes Division has the lowest density of 432 and is expected
to grow to 504 by the year 2008 (Table 6). Te densities are high but are almost evenly distributed in the
rural settlement. Te available agricultural land per household was 0.82 ha per household of 4.44 persons
in 1979 compared to the 1999 gure of 0.6 ha for an equivalent number of persons per household, i.e. 4.40
persons. In other words the available agricultural land per person is continuously decreasing, from 0.18 ha
in 1979 to 0.14 ha per person in 1999 (Tables 7 & 8). Tis decreasing trend has serious implications on per
capita land productivity, particularly under the soil fertility depleted soils as found in Embu District.
Te poor are found throughout the district with no specic area having a marked concentration of the
poor in Embu Town where the trend is broken by the high concentration of poor slum dwellers and street
children. Te poor are mainly the landless, farm labourers, single mothers, orphans and small holders with
farms as the only source of income or livelihood. Te Report on Poverty in Kenya 2000 indicated that 56
per cent of the population in Embu District is absolutely poor while 43.5 per cent of this was categorized
as chronically poor. Tis translates into 164,512 and 71,480 people for the overall poor and hardcore poor,
respectively. According to the same source, the district contributes 0.95 per cent of the poor population
nationally.
25
110
EMBU & MBEERE 26
TABLE 6: POPULATION IN EMBU DISTRICT PER DIVISION, LOCATION AND
SUB-LOCATION (Source: Census 1999)
DIVISION/LOCATION/
SUB-LOCATION
Male Female Total
Total
Households
Area in
km
2
Density
CENTRAL 26237 26209 52446 14726 70.6 743
MBETI NORTH 7820 7706 15526 3578 47.1 330
Gatituri 2740 2676 5416 1238 10.7 506
Itabua 3184 3099 6283 1449 30.1 209
Kiangima 1896 1931 3827 891 6.3 607
MUNICIPALITY 18417 18503 36920 11148 23.5 1571
Dallas/Stadium 8486 8507 16993 5902 3.5 4855
Kamiu 5937 5420 11357 3260 6.6 1721
Njukiri 2416 2676 5092 1157 6.7 760
Nthambo 1578 1900 3478 829 6.7 519
KYENI 23468 24917 48385 10441 104.9 461
KARURUMO 5979 5956 11935 2525 44.5 268
Karurumo 2209 2293 4502 980 15.8 285
Kasafari 563 573 1136 255 8.8 129
Kathunguri 3207 3090 6297 1290 19.9 316
KYENI NORTH 9738 10795 20533 4380 29.3 701
Kathari 1654 1807 3461 831 5.1 679
Kianguri 3240 3404 6644 1389 9.8 678
Mufu 2234 2797 5031 1004 6.6 762
Rukuriri 2610 2787 5397 1156 7.8 692
KYENI SOUTH 7751 8166 15917 3536 31.1 512
Kathnjuri 2295 2412 4707 1065 7 672
Kigumo 3745 3880 7625 1662 16.9 451
Nyagari 1711 1874 3585 809 7.2 498
MANYATTA 34829 36503 71332 15523 107.1 666
GATURI NORTH 5965 6287 12252 2825 18.5 662
Kavutiri 3722 4041 7763 1855 11.5 675
Kianjuki 2249 2246 4489 970 7 641
NGANDORI 11084 11174 22258 5094 32.6 683
Kairuri 1643 1594 3237 685 5 647
Kariari 879 941 1820 447 2.2 827
Kathangari 2227 2204 4431 989 6.5 682
Kirigi 2687 2718 5405 1257 7.7 702
Manyatta 2404 2458 4862 1178 6.6 737
Mukangu 1244 1259 2503 538 4.6 544
NGINDA 13453 14310 27763 5734 39.6 701
Kibugu 4961 5326 10287 2317 15.5 664
Mbuvori 4281 4531 8812 1679 11.4 773
Nguviu 4211 4453 8664 1738 12.7 682
RUGURU 4327 4732 9059 1870 16.4 552
Kiamwinja 433 444 877 190 1.9 462
Kiriari 1599 1827 3426 763 5.6 612
Kithunguriri 2295 2461 4756 917 8.9 534
NEMBURE 20323 21267 41590 8976 88.1 472
GATURI SOUTH 6347 6510 12857 2793 22 584
Ena East 1469 1500 2969 642 5.8 512
Gatunduri 2653 2677 5330 1145 9 592
Nembure 2225 2333 4558 1006 7.2 633
KITHIMU 8439 8812 17251 3661 47.1 366
Ena West (Rukira) 858 938 1796 406 3.5 513
Kithegi 2869 2920 5789 1241 23.1 251
Kithimu 4712 4954 9666 2014 20.5 472
MAKENGI 5537 5945 11482 2522 19 604
Kevote 2838 3082 5920 1354 11.1 533
Makengi 2699 2863 5562 1168 7.9 704
111
EMBU & MBEERE
DIVISION/LOCATION/
SUB-LOCATION
Male Female Total
Total
Households
Area in
km
2
Density
RUNYENJES 31374 32737 64111 13981 148.5 432
KAGAARI NORTH 11964 12644 24608 5097 43 572
Kanja 3319 3489 6808 1507 11.4 597
Kianjokoma 2006 2110 4116 921 7.1 580
Mbuinjeru 3711 3995 7706 1434 13.3 579
Mukuuri 2928 3050 5978 1235 11.2 534
KAGAARI SOUTH 8313 8378 16691 3510 73.9 226
Gichera 1842 1850 3692 806 9.8 377
Kawanjara 1637 1740 3377 766 7.3 463
Kiringa 1439 1389 2828 568 24.6 115
Nthangaiya 3395 3399 6794 1370 32.2 211
RUNYENJES TOWN 11097 11715 22812 5374 31.6 722
Gichiche 2665 2947 5612 1394 8.8 641
Gikuuri 2465 2622 5087 1197 5.5 925
Gitare 1608 1611 3219 724 4.4 732
Kigaa 2981 3123 6104 1359 9.4 649
Mbiruri 1348 1412 2760 700 3.4 789
MT.KENYA FOREST 268 64 332 246 210.2 2
TABLE 7: COMPOSITION OF HOUSEHOLDS IN EMBU DISTRICT PER DIVISION,
LOCATION AND SUB-LOCATION (Source: Census 1999)
DIVISION/LOCATION/
SUB-LOCATION
Farmers Family
Total Households
Persons
>15 years
Persons
< 15 years
Total persons
CENTRAL 2.22 1.34 3.56 14726
MBETI NORTH 2.70 1.64 4.34 3578
Gatituri 2.73 1.65 4.37 1238
Itabua 2.70 1.63 4.34 1449
Kiangima 2.68 1.62 4.30 891
MUNICIPALITY 2.06 1.25 3.31 11148
Dallas/Stadium 1.79 1.09 2.88 5902
Kamiu 2.17 1.31 3.48 3260
Njukiri 2.74 1.66 4.40 1157
Nthambo 2.61 1.58 4.20 829
KYENI 2.89 1.75 4.63 10441
KARURUMO 2.95 1.78 4.73 2525
Karurumo 2.86 1.73 4.59 980
Kasafari 2.78 1.68 4.45 255
Kathunguri 3.04 1.84 4.88 1290
KYENI NORTH 2.92 1.77 4.69 4380
Kathari 2.60 1.57 4.16 831
Kiangungi 2.98 1.80 4.78 1389
Mufu 3.12 1.89 5.01 1004
Rukuriri 2.91 1.76 4.67 1156
KYENI SOUTH 2.80 1.70 4.50 3536
Kathanjuri 2.75 1.67 4.42 1065
Kigumo 2.86 1.73 4.59 1662
Nyagari 2.76 1.67 4.43 809
MANYATTA 2.86 1.73 4.60 15523
GATURI NORTH 2.70 1.63 4.34 2825
Kavutiri 2.61 1.58 4.18 1855
TABLE 6: Continued
27
112
EMBU & MBEERE
DIVISION/LOCATION/
SUB-LOCATION
Farmers Family
Total Households
Persons
>15 years
Persons
< 15 years
Total persons
Kianjuki 2.88 1.74 4.63 970
NGANDOR 2.72 1.65 4.37 5094
Kairuri 2.94 1.78 4.73 685
Kariari 2.54 1.53 4.07 447
Kathangari 2.79 1.69 4.48 989
Kirigi 2.68 1.62 4.30 1257
Manyatta 2.57 1.56 4.13 1178
Mukangu 2.90 1.75 4.65 538
NGINDA 3.02 1.82 4.84 5734
Kibugu 2.77 1.67 4.44 2317
Mbuvori 3.27 1.98 5.25 1679
Nguviu 3.11 1.88 4.99 1738
RUGURU 3.02 1.83 4.84 1870
Kiamwinja 2.88 1.74 4.62 190
Kiriari 2.80 1.69 4.49 763
Kithunguriri 3.23 1.95 5.19 917
NEMBURE 1.75 2.89 4.63 8976
GATURI SOUTH 1.74 2.87 4.60 2793
Ena East 1.74 2.88 4.62 642
Nembure 1.75 2.90 4.66 1006
KITHIMU 1.71 2.82 4.53 3661
Ena West (Rukira) 1.78 2.94 4.71 406
Kithegi 1.76 2.91 4.66 1241
Kithimu 1.81 2.99 4.80 2014
MAKENGI 1.72 2.84 4.55 2522
Kevote 1.65 2.72 4.37 1354
Makengi 1.79 2.97 4.76 1168
RUNYENJES 1.73 2.86 4.59 13981
KAGAARI NORTH 1.82 3.01 4.83 5097
Kanja 1.70 2.81 4.52 1507
Kianjokoma 1.68 2.78 4.47 921
Mbuinjeru 2.03 3.35 5.37 1434
Mukuuri 1.82 3.02 4.84 1235
KAGAARI SOUTH 1.79 2.96 4.76 3510
Gichera 1.73 2.85 4.58 806
Kawanjara 1.66 2.75 4.41 766
Kiringa 1.88 3.10 4.98 568
Nthangaiya 1.87 3.09 4.96 1370
RUNYENJES TOWN 1.60 2.64 4.24 5374
Gichiche 1.55 2.56 4.11 1374
Gikuuri 1.60 2.65 4.25 1197
Gitare 1.68 2.77 4.45 724
Kigaa 1.68 2.80 4.49 1359
Mbiruri 1.49 2.46 3.94 700
MT.KENYA FOREST 0.51 0.84 1.35 246
TABLE 7: Continued
28
113
EMBU & MBEERE 29
MBEERE DISTRICT
Location and size
Mbeere District was curved o from Embu District in 1996. It shares common borders with Embu District
to the northwest, Taraka-Nithi to the north, Mwingi to the east, Machakos to the south and south east
and Kirinyaga to the west. Te district has a total area of 2,097 km
2
and is subdivided into four administra-
tive divisions (Table 9 & 10). Gachoka is the largest division making up 38.4% of the total area, followed
by Mwea with 24.2%, Evurore with 20%, while Siakago is the smallest Division covering only 17.4% of
the districts total area.
Population
Te 1999 National Population Census report shows that the divisions, which form Mbeere District, had
a population of 170,953 in 37,036 households with a density of 82 persons/km
2
. Te population in the
divisions was as follows: Gachoka had the highest population of 59,102, Mwea 40,680, Evurori 36,841 and
Siakago 34,330. Te population densities in these divisions were as follows: 74, 79, 90, and 93 persons/km
2
,
respectively. Te population density varies with land productivity. Evurori and Siakago Divisions fall in the
medium potential agro-ecological Zones (UM3 Marginal Coee Zone, UM 4 Sunower-Maize Zone,
LM 3 Cotton Zone), hence the higher population density.Te low population density in Gachoka Divi-
sion (predominantly LM 4 Marginal Cotton Zone), could be attributed to its large area size (806 km
2
)
and the existence of a number of large farms in the area.
Land use
About 95,490 ha (56%) of the arable land are currently under cultivation; the remaining 44% are not
enough for the necessary livestock and fallow period for replenishing soil fertility. Te average farm size per
family is less than 5.0 ha (Table 11). Most of the smallholdings are not being optimally utilized. Tis is
TABLE 8: AVAILABLE LAND IN EMBU DISTRICT PER AEZ AND HOUSEHOLD
(Source: Calculated from DAOs Reports)
Division without
townships
T
o
t
a
l

a
r
e
a
i
n

k
m
2
A
r
a
b
l
e

a
r
e
a
i
n

k
m
2
N
o
n

-
A
r
a
b
l
e

l
a
n
d
i
n

k
m
2
Available land per
AGRO-ECOLOGICAL ZONES (AEZ)
in km
2
Agricultural
land (in ha)
per
L
H
1
U
M
1
U
M
2
U
M
3
U
M
4
L
M
3
L
M
4
H
o
u
s
e
h
o
l
d
P
e
r
s
o
n
CENTRAL
without Embu
46.2 38.9 7.3 6 13 18 1 1.1 0.24
KYENI 104.9 64.1 40.8 11 15.9 10.1 21.2 4.2 0.65 0.14
MANYATTA 107.1 77 30.1 25 40 12 0.50 0.11
NEMBURE 88.1 56.8 31.4 11 33.3 10.8 2.0 0.64 0.14
RUNYENJES
without town
116.9 81.6 35.3 7 18 15 12 5 21 4 0.92 0.18
Total Rural Area 300.1 201.7 98.5 11 60.0 43.7 30.0 30.2 22.2 4.2 0.86 0.16
114
EMBU & MBEERE 30
particularly common on the upper eastern zones of the district, Evurori and Siakago divisions, where large
tracts of land are left uncleared due to the marginal nature of the land. Te district is covered by three main
agro-ecological zones, namely: Marginal Cotton Zone (LM 4), covering the upper parts of Gachoka Divi-
sion and some parts of Siakago and Evurori Divisions; the Lower Midland Livestock-Millet Zone (LM5),
which covers the Central belt of the district extending to Mwea Plains and to the south west; and the Low-
land Livestock-Millet Zone (IL 5), which covers the eastern parts of Siakago and Evurori Divisions. In the
north-western part towards the border with Embu and Kirinyaga Districts, there are pockets of medium
potential agroecological zones. Tese include the Cotton Zone (LM 3) in parts of Gachoka and Siakago Di-
visions, the Sunower-Maize Zone (UM 4) and the Marginal-Coee Zone (UM 3) around Siakago market.
Tere is also the marginal Cotton-Millet-Livestock Zone on the southwestern parts around Karaba.
TABLE 9: POPULATION IN MBEERE DISTRICT PER DIVISION, LOCATION AND
SUB-LOCATION (Source: Census 1999)
DIVISION / LOCATION /
SUB-LOCATION
Male Female Total
Number of
Households
Area in
km
2
Density
MBEERE 81885 89068 170953 37036 2097.0 82
SIAKAGO 16656 17674 34330 7852 367.3 93
GITIBURI 3400 3415 6815 1462 49.2 139
Gitiburi 2445 2396 4841 1018 39.4 123
Thura 955 1019 1974 444 9.8 201
MUMINJI 3224 3918 7142 1489 103.7 69
Gangara 1982 2442 4424 912 62.2 71
Karambari 1242 1476 2718 577 41.5 65
MUTITU 2852 3141 5993 1452 127.6 47
Kirie 655 756 1411 297 28.2 50
Mutitu 1280 1283 2563 756 71.2 36
Nguthi 917 1102 2019 399 28.2 72
NTHAWA 7180 7200 14380 3449 86.8 166
Riandu 3901 3928 7829 1772 60.7 129
Siakago 3279 3272 6551 1677 26.1 251
EVURORE 16764 20077 36841 7677 410 90
ISHIARA 5180 6376 11556 2424 135 86
Evurore 3072 3711 6783 1488 46.5 146
Kamarandi 2108 2665 4773 936 88.5 54
KANYUAMBORA 4674 5250 9924 2117 46.5 213
Ngura 2200 2530 4730 1026 222.1 21
Nguthi 2474 2720 5194 1091 24.4 213
KIANGOMBE 3143 3918 7061 1434 63.4 111
Kariru 1076 1313 2389 469 27.1 88
Kathera 2067 2605 4672 965 36.3 129
NDURUMORI 3767 4533 8300 1702 165.1 50
Iria-Itune 1955 2302 4257 850 98.3 43
Thambu 1812 2231 4043 852 66.8 61
Mbita 1655 1678 3333 682 26.5 126
Nyangwa 4063 4167 8230 1765 53.5 154
MAVURIA 8157 8983 17140 3654 211.1 81
Kithunthiri 2762 3086 5848 1256 42.5 138
Mavuria 2793 3154 5947 1191 77.9 76
Gichiche 2602 2743 5345 1207 90.7 59
MBETI SOUTH 6811 6884 13695 3321 169.4 81
Gachoka 2661 2683 5344 1149 57.5 93
Gachuriri 2209 2327 4536 1337 69.3 65
Kiamuringa 1941 1874 3815 835 42.6 90
MWEA 19693 20987 40680 8602 514.9 79
KARABA 7621 8165 15786 3518 83.5 189
Karaba 4022 4322 8344 1724 49.6 168
Wachoro 3599 3843 7442 1794 33.9 220
115
EMBU & MBEERE
SUB-LOCATION
Male Female Total
Number of
Households
Area in
km
2
Density
MAKIMA 6259 6563 12822 2681 342.7 37
Makima 1745 1890 3635 797 42.7 85
Mbondoni 2395 2430 4825 1041 134.1 36
Mwea 2119 2243 4362 843 165.9 26
RIAKANAU 5813 6259 12072 2403 88.7 136
Gategi 2779 2892 5671 1069 24.7 230
Riakanau 3034 3367 6401 1334 64 100
TABLE 10: COMPOSITION OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MBEERE DISTRICT PER
DIVISION, LOCATION AND SUB-LOCATION (Source: Census 1999)
SUB-LOCATION
Farmers Family
Number of
households
Persons < 15 years
Persons
15 years and over
Total persons
MBEERE 2.08 2.53 4.61 37036
SIAKAGO 1.97 2.40 4.37 7852
GITIBURI 2.10 2.56 4.66 1462
Gitiburi 2.14 2.61 4.76 1018
Thura 2.00 2.44 4.45 444
MUMINJI 2.16 2.64 4.80 1489
Gangara 2.18 2.67 4.85 912
Karambari 2.12 2.59 4.71 577
MUTITU 1.86 2.27 4.13 1452
Kirie 2.14 2.61 4.75 297
Mutitu 1.53 1.86 3.39 756
Nguthi 2.28 2.78 5.06 399
NTHAWA 1.88 2.29 4.17 3449
Riandu 1.99 2.43 4.42 1772
Siakago 1.76 2.15 3.91 1677
EVURORE 2.16 2.64 4.80 7677
ISHIARA 2.15 2.62 4.77 2424
Evurore 2.05 2.51 4.56 1488
Kamarandi 2.30 2.80 5.10 936
KANYUAMBORA 2.11 2.58 4.69 2117
Ngura 2.08 2.54 4.61 1026
Nguthi 2.14 2.62 4.76 1091
KIANGOMBE 2.22 2.71 4.92 1434
Kariru 2.29 2.80 5.09 469
Kathera 2.18 2.66 4.84 965
NDURUMORI 2.19 2.68 4.88 1702
Iria-Itune 2.25 2.75 5.01 850
Thambu 2.14 2.61 4.75 852
GACHOKA 2.06 2.52 4.58 12905
KIAMBERE 2.20 2.69 4.90 2208
Gacabari 2.30 2.81 5.11 416
Kiambere 2.24 2.74 4.98 981
Riachina 2.11 2.58 4.69 811
KIANJIRU 2.11 2.58 4.69 3722
Kirima 2.08 2.54 4.62 1275
Mbita 2.20 2.69 4.89 682
Nyangwa 2.10 2.56 4.66 1765
MAVURIA 2.11 2.58 4.69 3654
Kithunthiri 2.10 2.56 4.66 1256
Mavuria 2.25 2.75 4.99 1191
TABLE 9: Continued
31
116
EMBU & MBEERE
SUB-LOCATION
Farmers Family
Number of
households
Persons < 15 years
Persons
15 years and over
Total persons
Gichiche 1.99 2.44 4.43 1207
MBETI SOUTH 1.86 2.27 4.12 3321
Gachoka 2.09 2.56 4.65 1149
Gachuriri 1.53 1.87 3.39 1337
Kiamuringa 2.06 2.51 4.57 835
MWEA 2.13 2.60 4.73 8602
KARABA 2.02 2.47 4.49 3518
Karaba 2.18 2.66 4.84 1724
Wachoro 1.87 2.28 4.15 1794
MAKIMA 2.15 2.63 4.78 2681
Makima 2.05 2.51 4.56 797
Mbondoni 2.09 2.55 4.63 1041
Mwea 2.33 2.85 5.17 843
RIAKANAU 2.26 2.76 5.02 2403
Gategi 2.39 2.92 5.30 1069
Riakanau 2.16 2.64 4.80 1334
TABLE 11: AVAILABLE LAND AREA IN MBEERE DISTRICT PER AEZ AND
HOUSEHOLD (Source: Calculated from DAOs Reports)
Division
without
townships
in 00 ha = km
2
in 00 ha = km
2
Agricultural
land (ha)
per
T
o
t
a
l

a
r
e
a
Non-Agricultural land
Total Area in Agro-Ecological Zones
AEZ
U
n
s
u
i
t
a
b
l
e

s
t
e
e
p

s
l
o
p
e
s
F
o
r
e
s
t

o
r

N
a
t
.

r
e
s
e
r
v
e
,

l
a
k
e
s
,

s
w
a
m
p
s

e
t
c
.
O
t
h
e
r
s

(
r
o
a
d
s
,

h
o
m
e
-
s
t
e
a
d
s
,

r
i
v
e
r
s
)
A
g
r
i
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
l
a
n
d
IL
5
LM
5
LM
4
LM
3
UM
4
UM
3 - 4
H
o
u
s
e
h
o
l
d
P
e
r
s
o
n
GACHOKA 823 41 17 99 648 60 487 200 44 15 5.02 1.10
MWEA 492 7 41 50 417 316 198 4.85 1.03
EVUVORE 414 15 21 42 332 100 180 106 15 9 4.50 0.90
SIAKAGO 388 12 21 36 297 40 72 94 99 17 45 3.79 0.87
Total Rural Area 2097 75 100 227 1694 200 1055 600 158 32 54 4.8 0.99
TABLE 10: Continued
32
117
EMBU & MBEERE 33
3.2.3 AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS:
Development and Trends of Major Cash Crops in Embu District
Te productive area of Embu district is comparatively small, probably about 40% of the total area. Te
agricultural potential is approximately 32,100 ha spread over a range of agro-ecological zones. Family farm-
ers cultivate around 3,300 ha of tea (almost a stable area since a decade) yielding approximately 7500 kg of
green leaves per hectare per annum with declining trend due to low inputs because of low tea prices. Te
smallholder coee area covers approximately 8900 hectares producing about 850 kg/ha of clean coee per
annum with the same nished development of area and declining trend of yields as tea. In addition, small
amount of pyrethrum is grown in AEZ LH 1.
TABLE 12: TEA AREA, PRODUCTION AND YIELD TRENDS IN EMBU DISTRICT
(Source: Ministry of Agriculture, DAOs Reports and CBS)
Year
Area
(ha)
Production
(tons)
Yield
(kg/ha)
1980/81 1,913 6,549 3,423
1981/82 1,913 7,254 3,792
1982/83 2,000 9,951 4,976
1983/84 2,216 1,298 586
1984/85 2,385 13,767 5,772
1985/86 2,508 12,510 4,988
1986/87 2,822 12,899 4,571
1987/88 2,950 13,487 4,572
1988/89 3,000 22,130 7,377
1989/90 3,083 23,588 7,651
1990/91 2,950 15,506 5,256
1991/92 3,003 21,055 7,011
1992/93 3,187 26,005 8,160
1993/94 3,385 25,961 7,669
1994/95 3,413 31,445 9,213
1995/96 3,590 33,590 9,357
1996/97 3,545 32,156 9,071
1997/98 3,400 28,376 8,346
1998/99 3,000 26,166 8,722
1999/00 2,985 19,765 6,621
2000/01 3,215 22,405 6,969
2001/02 3,300 24,999 7,575
118
EMBU & MBEERE
TABLE 13: COFFEE AREA, PRODUCTION AND YIELD TRENDS IN EMBU DISTRICT
Year
Area
(ha)
Production
(tons)
Yield
(kg/ha)
1980/81 3,090 2,698 873
1981/82 3,275 2,700 824
1982/83 3,350 2,698 805
1983/84 3,450 2,790 809
1984/85 3,925 2,854 727
1985/86 4,135 3,578 865
1986/87 4,165 3,096 743
1987/88 4,225 4,048 958
1988/89 4,250 3,953 930
1989/90 4,300 3,350 779
1990/91 4,444 3,400 765
1991/92 4,459 3,140 704
1992/93 8,604 7,330 852
1993/94 8,924 5,765 646
1994/95 8,926 11,275 1,263
1995/96 8,995 8,545 950
1996/97 9,000 9,747 1,083
1997/98 9,005 9,158 1,017
1998/99 8,900 10,733 1,206
1999/00 8,996 7,458 829
2000/01 8,996 8,243 916
2001/02 9,001 6,102 678
2002/03 8,957 7,604 849
TABLE 14: PYRETHRUM AREA, PRODUCTION AND YIELD TRENDS
IN EMBU DISTRICT (Source: Ministry of Agriculture, DAOs Reports and CBS)
Year
Area
(ha)
Production
(tons)
Yield
(kg/ha)
1980/81 5.8 1.27 219
1981/82 7.15 1.43 200
1982/83 6.95 1.07 154
1983/84 9.47 2.55 269
1984/85 13.7 3.98 291
1985/86 10.9 2.64 242
1986/87 1.8 0.1 56
1987/88 3.9 0.2 51
1988/89 5 0.3 60
1989/90 6 0.3 50
1990/91 3 0.27 90
1991/92 3.5 0.2 57
1992/93 4 0.8 200
1993/94 4 0.75 188
1994/95 4 0.69 173
1995/96 3.5 0.7 200
1996/97 3 0.55 183
1997/98 3 0.67 223
1998/99 4.5 0.89 198
1999/00 5 0.77 154
2000/01 5 0.47 94
2001/02 4.8 0.76 158
2002/03 3.5 0.4 114
34
119
EMBU & MBEERE
Development and Trends of Major Cash Crops in Mbeere District
Te district was hived o from the larger Embu district in 1996. Te agricultural (cash crop) potential is
spread over few agro-ecological zones and covers a very small area of the district only. Te smallholder farm-
ers in Mbeere district cultivate cotton on approximately 8,400 ha and harvest 550 kg/ha of seed cotton. Area
production and yield area almost stable as other cash crops. In some suitable areas of zone LM 3 tobacco is
grown under contract with major tobacco rms. Currently the tobacco crop covers some 3,340 ha of suit-
able land. Yields are above 7,500 kg/ha.
TABLE 15: COTTON AREA, PRODUCTION AND YIELD TRENDS IN MBEERE DISTRICT
Year
Area
(ha)
Production
(tons)
Yield
(kg/ha)
1996/97 8,870 4,896 552
1997/98 8,760 4,671 533
1998/99 8,810 5,540 629
1999/00 8,898 6,104 686
2000/01 8,915 5,991 672
2001/02 8,858 4,872 550
2002/03 8,379 4,625 552
TABLE 16: TOBACCO AREA, PRODUCTION AND YIELD TRENDS IN MBEERE
DISTRICT (Source: Ministry of Agriculture, DAOs Reports and CBS)
Year
Area
(ha)
Production
(tons)
Yield
(kg/ha)
1996/97 4,100 28,700 7,000
1997/98 4,100 26,170 6,383
1998/99 3,985 25,464 6,390
1999/00 3,761 24,454 6,502
2000/01 3,652 25,001 6,846
2001/02 3,700 28,946 7,823
2002/03 3,340 24,880 7,449
35
120
EMBU & MBEERE 36
DISTRIBUTION OF FARMING ACTIVITIES DURING THE YEAR PER WEEK AND AGRO-ECOLOGI-
CAL ZONES
121
EMBU & MBEERE 37
122
EMBU & MBEERE 38
TABLE 13f: DISTRIBUTION OF FARMING ACTIVITIES IN LM1
Cotton
123
EMBU & MBEERE 39
124
EMBU & MBEERE 40
125
EMBU & MBEERE 41
126
EMBU & MBEERE 42
127
EMBU & MBEERE 43
128
EMBU & MBEERE 44
129
EMBU & MBEERE 45
3.2.4 FARM SURVEY IN EMBU AND MBEERE DISTRICTS
Te Farm Survey was conducted in six main agro-ecological zones and the respective dominant subzones in
Embu and Mbeere districts as shown in Table 18. Te sample farm sizes were: 1.1 ha (UM 1), 1.1 ha (UM
2), 1.7 ha (UM 3), 1.9 ha (LM 3), 2.8 ha (LM 4) and 1.98 ha (LM 5) (Table 19). Te agro-ecological zone
LM 5 had the highest diversity of crops planted in any given year (Table 20). Tis is a reection of farmers
desired to spread production risks. Te use of farm inputs is widespread in the Upper Midlands but still
very low in the Lower Midlands, and where applied, restricted to permanent crops. Maize and beans still
remain the most important and dominant annual crops in the six agro-ecological zones. However, the yields
of the basic food crop maize have declined because of soil fertility depletion. In UM 1 on the Nitisols, for
example, the average yields during the 1
st
rainy season according to the Farm Survey of 1977 were 2650
kg/ha compared to 1965 kg/ha in 2004, even with more inputs of macronutrient fertilizers (Table 21b).
One of the reasons behind this alarming decline is that the soils are decient in important micronutrients
and land acreage has drastically reduced. During the 1977 Farm Survey, the average maize land in UM 1 per
person was 0.05 ha compared to 0.025 ha during the 2004 Farm Survey. Te implication of this is that the
maize production per head is only now a mere quarter, which can hardly meet the daily food requirements
of a family. Te future survival of the population will very much depend on how they strictly adhere to the
regimen of recycling nutrients back into the soil. Te potential of hybrid maize in UM 2 on Nitisols is more
than 5000 kg/ha as research at the Embu Agricultural Research Station has shown. Te yield increase in UM
2 could be attributed to a shift from local to hybrid maize and EMCO 92 SR.
To increase agricultural output in the Upper Midlands through increased mineral and organic fertilizer use
and plant protection, more extension service must be put in place too. Where the elds are still large, im-
provement of labour productivity through better animal draught equipment and in particular harnesses, the
introduction of better crop husbandry and plant protection, and expansion of fruit tree crops will to some
extent help to improve the socio-economic conditions somewhat in the Lower Midlands. However, in order
to achieve a long lasting overall improvement in most of the Lower Midlands, a perennial crop, yielding
TABLE 18: FARM SURVEY AREAS IN EMBU AND MBEERE DISTRICTS
District No. in Agro-Ecological Unit Farm Survey Area
Kenya AEZone Subzone Soil Unit
EMBU 143 UM 1 f l i m RB 1
Manyatta Division, Nginda Location, Nginda Location,
Nguviu Sub Location
144 UM 2 m i s/m RB 2
Nembure Division, Makengi Location,
Makengi & Kevote Sub Location
145 UM 3 m/s + s RB 2 & 3
Nembure Division, Kithimu Location,
Rukira Sub Location
MBEERE 146 LM 3 s + s UU 1
Siakago Division, Nthawa Location,
Riandu Sub Location
147 LM 4 s/vs +vs/s UU 1 & UQ 1
Gachoka Division, Kianjiru Location,
Nyangwa Sub Location
148 LM 5(-4) vs/s +vs PdUC l
Gachoka Division, Mavuria Location,
Mavuria Sub Location
130
EMBU & MBEERE 46
131
EMBU & MBEERE 47
TABLE 19a: ASSETS, LAND USE, FARMING INTENSITY AND INPUTS IN AEZ UM 2 OF
EMBU DISTRICT
Subzone: m i s/m, Soil Unit: RB 2 Survey area 143 (Nguviu)
Range
Assets People on farm
Land
ha
Livestock Numbers
Family
Adults
Casual
labourers
Number of
children under
14 years
Dairy Zebu
Sheep &
Goats
Poultry
Avg.0 1.22 2.63 0.3 2.53 8.9 2.73 1.03 1.97
Avg.1 1.22 3.76 1 4 26.7 2.73 2.21 2.81
Up. Qu. 1.68 4.25 1 4 10.5 3.25 1 3
Lo. Qu. 0.55 0 0 0 0 2 0 0
Land Use
Range
Ann. Crops
ha
Perm. Crops
ha
Permanent pasture & Fodder Crops
ha
Fallow
ha
Other Use
ha
Avg.0 0.61 0.40 0.17 0.01 0.03
Avg.1 0.61 0.40 0.31 - 0.1
Up. Qu. 0.8 0.4 0.4 - 0.08
Lo. Qu. 0.20 0.2 0.1 - 0.05
Farming Diversity & Stocking Intensity
Range
Cropping
Diversity
Crops/year
Stocking Rate
Improved
Cattle %
of total
cattle
Farm Land
TLU
*
/ha
TLU
*
/ha
Total Dairy Zebu Total Dairy Zebu
Avg.0 7.0 2.85 2.40 0.25 21.1 17.8 1.8 89.76
Avg.1 7.0 - 3.44 0.83 - 14.4 3.5 90.93
Up. Qu. 8.2 - 2.92 0.63 - 11.7 2.5 100
Lo. Qu. 5 - 0 0 - - - 0
*
TLU: Tropical Livestock Unit is a KARI derived factor loading for animals stock in the tropics e.g. dairy =1.1, local breeds=1.0,
cross breeds=1.05, sheep=0.11 and goats=0.09
Inputs Applied
Range
Improved
seed % of
area
Fertilizer applied as pure nutrient
kg/ha
Manure
applied
t/ha
Plant protection
N P
2
O
5
K
2
O
Insecticide
kg/ha
Fungicide
kg/ha
AC AC PC AC PC AC PC AC PC AC PC AC PC
Avg.0 33.8 36.9 56.9 23.6 36.4 - - 11.9 18.4 0.3 0.5 2.4 3.6
Avg.1 63.5 55.4 85.4 39.3 60.6 - - 14.3 22.1 3.3 5.0 6.4 9.9
Up. Qu. 70.6 25.1 50 25 50 - - 17.5 35 0 0 2.5 5
Lo. Qu. 0 0 0 0 0 - - 7.2 7.2 0 0 0 0
NOTES:
Avg.0 = average of all sample farms
Avg.1 = average of farms, excluding zero entries
Up. Qu./Lo. = Upper/Lower Quartile, refers to individual farms, 50% of all sample cases lie between these
AC = Annual crops
PC = Perennial crops
132
EMBU & MBEERE 48
TABLE 19b: ASSETS, LAND USE, FARMING INTENSITY AND INPUTS IN AEZ UM 1 OF
EMBU DISTRICT
Subzone: f l i m, Soil Unit: RB 1 Survey area 144 (Kevole)
Range
Land
ha
Livestock Numbers
Family
Adults
Casual
labourers
Permanent
labourers
Number of
children under
14 years
Dairy Zebu
Sheep &
Goats
Poultry Rabbits
Avg.0 1.09 1.97 0 1.87 1.67 6.17 3.7 1.63 0.23 1.1
Avg.1 1.09 2.46 0 3.11 5.56 46.25 3.7 2.33 1.17 1.65
Up. Qu. 1.6 3 0 3.25 2 0 5 3 0 2
Lo. Qu. 0.4 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0
Land Use
Range
Annual Crops
ha
Permanent Crops
ha
Permanent pasture & Fodder
Crops
ha
Fallow
ha
Other Use
ha
Avg.0 0.17 0.49 0.12 0.02 0.23
Avg.1 0.17 0.49 0.14 0.05 0.31
Up. Qu. 0.33 0.68 0.2 0 0.37
Lo. Qu. 0.07 0.23 0.05 0 0
Range
Cropping
Diversity
Crops/year
Stocking Rate
Improved
Cattle %
of total
cattle
Farm Land
TLU
*
/ha
TLU
*
/ha
Avg.0 6.9 2.2 2.0 0 19.1 17.62 0 100
Avg.1 6.9 - 2.6 0 - 19.82 0 100
Up. Qu. 9 - 2.1 0 - 16.5 0 100
Lo. Qu. 5 - 2.8 0 - 22 0 100
*
cross breeds=1.05, sheep=0.11 and goats=0.09. Hence, sheep & goats=0.1
Inputs Applied
Range
Improved
seed % of
area
Fertilizer applied as pure nutrient kg/ha
Manure
applied
t/ha
Plant protection
N P
2
O
5
K
2
O
Insecticide
kg/ha
Fungicide
kg/ha
Avg.0 41.7 33.6 17.1 19.7 10.0 - - 43.9 22.4 5.99 3.0 13.9 7.1
Avg.1 46.3 39.2 21.4 24.0 13.1 - - 43.9 24.0 7.99 4.3 16.2 8.9
Up. Qu. 52.9 31.1 15.1 30.5 14.8 - - 49.6 24.1 3.9 1.9 13.2 6.4
Lo. Qu. 13.2 9.7 3.0 4.1 1.3 - - 26.2 8.3 0 0 7.9 2.5
NOTES:
AC = Annual crops
133
EMBU & MBEERE 49
TABLE 19c: ASSETS, LAND USE, FARMING INTENSITY AND INPUTS IN AEZ UM 3 OF
EMBU DISTRICT
Subzone: m/s + s, Soil Unit: RB 3 Survey area 145 (Kithimu)
Range
Land
ha
Livestock Numbers
Family
Adults
Casual
labourers
Permanent
labourer
Number of
children under
14 years
Dairy Zebu
Sheep &
Goats
Poultry Rabbits
Avg.0 1.72 1.7 0.23 2.57 13.5 0.5 2.63 0.23 0.2 1.77
Avg.1 1.72 3.19 1.4 4.05 16.88 15 2.63 1 1 2.21
Up. Qu. 2.8 3 0 4 20 0 4 0.25 0 2.25
Lo. Qu. 0.88 0 0 0 6.5 0 2 0 0 1
Land Use
Range
Ann. Crops
ha
Perm. Crops
ha
Perm. pasture & Fodder Crops
ha
Fallow
ha
Other Use
ha
Avg.0 1.0 0.32 0.23 0.4 0.18
Avg.1 1.0 0.41 0.3 3 0.07 0.49
Up. Qu. 1.2 0.4 0.4 0 0.4
Lo. Qu. 0.48 0.03 0 0 0.3
Range
Cropping
Diversity
Crops/year
Stocking Rate
Improved
Cattle % of
total
cattle
Farm Land
TLU
*
/ha
TLU
*
/ha
Avg.0 6.1 1.3 1.1 0.1 10.1 8.1 4.38 88.1
Avg.1 6.1 - 2.1 0.8 - 10.2 4.4 89.4
Up. Qu. 7 - 1.2 0 - - - 100
Lo. Qu. 4 - 0 0 - - - 0
*TLU: Tropical Livestock Unit is a KARI derived factor loading for animals stock in the tropics e.g. dairy =1.1, local breeds=1.0,
Inputs Applied
Range
Improved
seed % of
area
kg/ha
Manure
applied
t/ha
Plant protection
N P
2
O
5
K
2
O
Insecticide
kg/ha
Fungicide
kg/ha
Avg.0 60.5 9.5 29.1 12.6 38.7 - - 7.7 23.6 0.1 0.4 1.0 3.1
Avg.1 75.5 17.8 41.9 21.0 49.5 - - 10.5 24.7 1.4 3.2 5.0 11.9
Up. Qu. 68.8 16.7 50.0 16.7 50.0 - - 11.7 35.0 0 0 0 0
Lo. Qu. 18.9 0 0 0 0 - - 0 0 0 0 0 0
NOTES:
AC = Annual crops
134
EMBU & MBEERE 50
TABLE 19d: ASSETS, LAND USE, FARMING INTENSITY AND INPUTS IN AEZ LM 3 OF
MBEERE DISTRICT
Subzone: S + S , Soil Unit UU 1 Survey area 146 (Riandu)
Range
Land
ha
Livestock Numbers
Family
adults
Casual
labourers
Perm.
labourers
Number of
children under
14 years
Dairy Cross Zebu
Sheep &
Goats
Poultry Rabbits B/hives Pigs
Avg. 0 1.94 0.23 0.67 2.67 4.8 16.27 0.2 0.17 0.03 2.73 4.27 0.1 2.4
Avg. 1 1.94 2.33 2.22 5 6.26 16.27 3 5 1 2.73 6.4 1 2.88
Up. Qu. 2.85 0 1 4.5 6 20 0 0 0 3 3.25 0 3.25
Lo. Qu 1.18 0 0 0 1.5 7.5 0 0 0 2 0 0 2
Land Use
Range
Ann. Crops
ha
Perm. Crops
ha
ha
Fallow
ha
Other Use
ha
Avg. 0 1.52 0.08 0.00 0.72 0.30
Avg. 1 1.52 0.3 0.1 0.23 0.81
Up. Qu. 1.7 0.1 0 0 0.33
Lo. Qu. 0.95 0 0 0 0
Farming Diversity and Stocking Intensity
Range
Cropping
Diversity
Crops/year
Stocking Rate
Improved
Cattle % of
total cattle
Farm Land
TLU/ha
Permanent pasture & Fodder
Crops
TLU/ha
Dairy Cross Zebu Total Dairy Cross Zebu Total
Avg. 0 5.6 0.1 0.4 1.4 3.1 - - - - 25.2
Avg. 1 5.6 1.4 1.2 2.6 - 25.7 23.3 50 45.4
Up. Qu. 7.3 0 0.4 1.6 - - - - 18.2
Lo. Qu. 4 0 0 0 - - - - 0
Inputs Applied
Range
Improved
seed used
% of area
kg/ha
Manure
applied
t/ha
Plant protection
N P
2
O
5
K
2
O
Insecticide
kg/ha
Fungicide
kg/ha
Avg. 0 6.8 4.5 - 9.3 - - - 2.2 - 0.1 2.5 0.5 10.4
Avg. 1 18.6 6.5 - 21.4 - - - 2.8 14.5 1.3 6.8 1.2 6.4
Up. Qu. 10.0 5.9 - 6.6 - - - 2.9 - 0 0 0.6 10
Lo. Qu. 0 0 - 0 - - - 0.4 - 0 - 0 -
NOTES:
AC = Annual crops
135
EMBU & MBEERE 51
TABLE 19e: ASSETS, LAND USE, FARMING INTENSITY AND INPUTS IN AEZ LM 4 OF
MBEERE DISTRICT
Subzone: s/vs + vs/s, Soil Unit: UQ 1 Survey area 147 (Nyangwa)
Range
Land
ha
Livestock Numbers
Family
adults
Casual
labourers
Number of
children under
14 years
Dairy Cross Zebu
Sheep &
Goats
Poultry Donkeys
B/
hives
Avg. 0 2.77 0 0.07 5.17 9.47 9.17 0.07 0.33 3.37 0.5 1.87
Avg. 1 2.77 0 2 8.16 13.52 11.46 1 2 3.37 1.25 2.55
Up. Qu. 3.48 0 0 7.5 11.75 12 0 0 5 1 3
Lo. Qu 1.2 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 2 0 0
Land Use
Range
Ann. Crops
ha
Perm. Crops
ha
ha
Fallow
ha
Other Use
ha
Avg. 0 1.87 0.19 0.33 0.96 0.13
Avg. 1 1.87 0.42 1.11 0.14 0.96
Up. Qu. 2 0.06 0.45 0 0
Lo. Qu. 1.06 0 0 0 0
Range
Cropping
Diversity
Crops/year
Stocking Rate
Improved
Cattle % of
total cattle
Farm Land
TLU/ha
TLU/ha
Dairy Cross Zebu Total Dairy Cross Zebu Total
Avg. 0 7.1 0 0.03 1.90 2.2 - 0.21 15.5 18.5 1.34
Avg. 1 7.1 0 0.8 3.00 - - 1.89 7.34 - 13.3
Up. Qu. 9 0 0 2.2 - - 0 16.67 - 0
Lo. Qu. 4 0 0 0 - - - - - 0
Inputs Applied
Range
Improved
seed used %
of area
kg/ha
Manure
applied
t/ha
Plant protection
N P
2
O
5
K
2
O
Insecticide
kg/ha
Fungicide
kg/ha
Avg. 0 19.1 2.4 24.4 4.2 - - - 3.2 32.2 0.3 2.7 0.9 8.8
Avg. 1 57.4 5.6 24.4 15.6 - - - 4.2 18.2 0.4 1.6 1.2 5.2
Up. Qu. 24.4 2.1 70.8 1.0 33.3 - - 4.4 - 0.5 16.7 1.0 -
Lo. Qu. 0 0 - 0 - - - 0.1 - 0 - 0 -
NOTES:
AC = Annual crops
136
EMBU & MBEERE 52
TABLE 19f: ASSETS, LAND USE, FARMING INTENSITY AND INPUTS IN AEZ LM 5 (- 4)
OF MBEERE DISTRICT
Subzone: vs/s + vs, Soil Unit: Pd UC 1 Survey area 148 (Mavuria)
Range
Land
ha
Livestock Numbers
Family
adults
Casual
Labourers
Perm.
Labourers
Number of
children under
14 years
Dairy Zebu
Sheep &
Goats
Poultry Pigs Donkeys
B/
Hives
Avg. 0 1.98 2.70 3.78 7.56 58.26 0.30 0.04 0.19 3.30 0.81 0.11 2.22
Avg. 1 1.98 3.65 3.92 7.85 62.92 8 1 5 3.30 1.57 1.5 2.31
Up. Qu. 2.84 5 5 8 90 0 0 0 4 2 0 3
Lo. Qu 1.2 0 3 2 15 0 0 0 3 0 0 1
Land Use
Range
Ann. Crops
ha
Perm. Crops
ha
Permanent pasture & Fodder crops
ha
Fallow
ha
Other Use
ha
Avg. 0 1.66 0.21 0.21 0.04 0.17
Avg. 1 1.66 0.32 0.22 0.52 0.22
Up. Qu. 1.7 0.6 0.2 0.04 0.3
Lo. Qu. 0.8 0.04 0.04 0.27 0.05
Farming Diversity& Stocking Intensity
Range
Cropping
Diversity Crops/
year
Stocking Rate
Improved
Cattle % of
total
cattle
Farm Land
TLU/ha
TLU/ha
Dairy Zebu Total Dairy Zebu Total
Avg. 0 13.5 1.5 1.9 3.7 14.5 18.4 36.6 41.7
Avg. 1 13.5 2.0 2.0 - 18.1 17.7 - 49.4
Up. Qu. 15 1.9 1.8 - 27.5 25 - 54.6
Lo. Qu. 11 0 - - 0 - - 0
cross breeds=1.05, sheep=0.11 and goats=0.09. Hence, sheep & goats mixed =0.1
Inputs Applied
Range
Improved
seed used
% of area
kg/ha
Manure
applied
t/ha
Plant protection
N P
2
O
5
K
2
O
Insecticide
kg/ha
Fungicide
kg/ha
AC PC AC PC AC PC AC PC AC PC AC PC
Avg. 0 36.0 6.8 27.4 30.7 - - - 1.8 7.3 - - - -
Avg. 1 80.9 61.5 - 33.1 - - - 1.8 6.7 - - - -
Up. Qu. 75.7 0 0 41.2 - - - 1.2 3.3 - - - -
Lo. Qu. 0 0 0 12.5 - - - - - - - - -
NOTES:
AC = Annual crops
137
EMBU & MBEERE 53
TABLE 20a: CROPPING PATTERNS IN AEZ UM 2 OF EMBU DISTRICT
Subzone: m i s/m, Soil Unit: RB 2 Survey area 143 (Nguviu)
First Rainy Season
Annual & Bi-annual Crops
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
Total Sample Area of 30 Farms
ha %
Arrow roots 0.00 0.02 0 0 0.02 0.11
Beans 0.16 0.34 0.4 0 4.7 26.10
Cassava 0.00 0.02 0 0 0.10 0.56
Irish potatoes 0.01 0.11 0 0 0.34 1.89
Kales 0.01 0.15 0 0 0.3 1.67
Maize 0.23 0.34 0.4 0 6.82 37.87
Maize & beans 0.15 0.25 0.22 0 4.52 25.10
Napier grass 0.03 0.4 0 0 0.8 4.44
Sweet potatoes 0.00 0.03 0 0 0.11 0.61
Tomatoes 0.01 0.15 0 0 0.3 1.67
Total Sample Area 0.61 18.01 100
Second Rainy Season
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Arrow roots 0.00 0.02 0 0 0.02 0.12
Beans 0.14 0.31 0.2 0 4.3 24.77
Cassava 0.01 0.02 0 0 0.06 0.35
Irish potatoes 0.01 0.11 0 0 0.34 1.96
Kales 0.01 0.15 0 0 0.3 1.73
Maize 0.21 0.32 0.4 0 6.42 36.98
Maize & beans 0.18 0.29 0.33 0 5.52 31.80
Sweet potatoes 0.01 0.03 0 0 0.10 0.58
Tomatoes 0.01 0.15 0 0 0.3 1.73
Perennial Crops
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Bananas 0.08 0.11 0.1 0 2.27 18.71
Coffee 0.27 0.27 0.33 0.12 8.1 66.78
Macadamia 0.05 0.09 0.06 0 1.43 11.79
Mangoes 0.01 0.2 0 0 0.2 1.65
Passion fruits 0.00 0.1 0 0 0.1 0.82
Paw paws 0.00 0.02 0 0 0.03 0.25
NOTES:
138
EMBU & MBEERE 54
TABLE 20b: ASSETS, LAND USE, FARMING INTENSITY AND INPUTS IN
AEZ UM 1 OF EMBU DISTRICT
Subzone: f l i m, Soil Unit: RB 1 Survey area 144 (Kevote)
First Rainy Season
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Beans 0.02 0.06 0.04 0 0.62 11.95
Cabbages 0.01 0.04 0 0 0.26 5.01
Carrots 0.00 0.05 0 0 0.1 1.93
Cassava 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0
French beans 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0
Irish potatoes 0.01 0.04 0 0 0.11 2.12
Kales 0.01 0.05 0 0 0.23 4.43
Kales & I/potatoes 0.00 0.01 0 0 0.01 0.19
Maize 0.10 0.13 0.11 0.03 3.11 59.92
Maize & beans 0.01 0.13 0 0 0.4 7.71
Sweet potatoes 0.00 0.05 0 0 0.15 2.89
Tomatoes 0.01 0.05 0 0 0.2 3.85
Second Rainy Season
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Beans 0.07 0.14 0.08 0 2.06 71.03
Cabbages 0.00 0.03 0 0 0.10 3.45
Carrots 0.00 0.03 0 0 0.03 1.03
Irish potatoes 0.00 0.03 0 0 0.09 3.10
Maize 0.01 0.05 0 0 0.2 6.90
Kales 0.00 0.04 0 0 0.07 2.41
Maize & beans 0.00 0.05 0 0 0.05 1.72
Tobacco 0.00 0.05 0 0 0.05 1.72
Sweet potatoes 0.00 0.04 0 0 0.08 2.76
Tomatoes 0.01 0.04 0 0 0.17 5.86
Perennial Crops
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Avocado 0.00 0.07 0 0 0.07 0.38
Bananas 0.06 0.06 0.08 0.01 1.66 8.92
Coffee 0.20 0.22 0.29 0.08 6.03 32.42
Macadamia 0.10 0.15 0.12 0 3.11 16.72
Passion Fruits 0.04 1.15 0 0 1.15 6.18
Tea 0.22 0.29 0.34 0.03 6.57 35.32
Yams 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.01 0.05
NOTES:
139
EMBU & MBEERE 55
TABLE 20c: CROPPING PATTERNS IN AEZ UM 3 OF EMBU DISTRICT
Subzone: m/s + s, Soil Unit: RB 3 Survey area 145 (Kithimu)
First Rainy Season Annual
And Bi-annual Crops
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Beans 0.24 0.39 0.4 0 7.1 23.78
Irish potatoes 0.02 0.08 0.02 0 0.72 2.41
Maize 0.56 0.67 0.8 0.2 16.8 56.26
Maize & beans 0.16 0.39 0.25 0 4.68 15.67
Napier grass 0.01 0.4 0 0 0.4 1.34
Sweet potatoes 0.01 0.05 0 0 0.16 0.54
Second Rainy Season
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Beans 0.23 0.38 0.4 0 6.9 22.80
Irish potatoes 0.02 0.08 0.02 0 0.72 2.38
Maize 0.57 0.68 0.8 0.28 17 56.18
Maize & beans 0.16 0.39 0.25 0 4.68 15.47
Sweet potatoes 0.01 0.05 0 0 0.16 0.53
Tobacco 0.03 0.8 0 0 0.8 2.64
Perennial Crops
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Avocado 0.00 0.05 0 0 0.10 0.92
Bananas 0.03 0.06 0.08 0 0.94 8.62
Coffee 0.28 0.38 0.4 0 8.34 76.44
Macadamia 0.04 0.17 0.03 0 1.21 11.09
Paw paws 0.01 0.16 0 0 0.32 2.93
NOTES:
140
EMBU & MBEERE 56
TABLE 20d: CR0PPING PATTERN IN AEZ LM 3 OF MBEERE DISTRICT
Subzone: s + s, Soil Unit UU1 Survey area 146 (Riandu)
First Rainy Season
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Beans 0.28 0.52 0.4 0 8.3 18.16
Butternuts 0.01 0.2 0 0 0.2 0.44
Cow peas 0.01 0.15 0 0 0.3 0.66
Irish potatoes 0.00 0.1 0 0 0.1 0.22
Kales 0.00 0.1 0 0 0.1 0.22
Maize 0.66 0.83 0.8 0.35 19.9 43.54
Maize & beans 0.46 0.77 0.65 0 13.8 30.20
Millet 0.04 1.2 0 0 1.2 2.63
Sorghum 0.03 0.3 0 0 0.9 1.97
Sunfower 0.01 0.2 0 0 0.2 0.44
Tobacco 0.01 0.4 0 0 0.4 0.88
Tomatoes 0.00 0.1 0 0 0.1 0.22
Water melons 0.01 0.2 0 0 0.2 0.44
Second Rainy Season
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Beans 0.21 0.45 0.33 0 6.3 13.43
Butternuts 0.01 0.2 0 0 0.2 0.43
Cow peas 0.01 0.2 0 0 0.4 0.85
Irish potatoes 0.00 0.1 0 0 0.1 0.21
Kales 0.00 0.1 0.1 0.21
Maize 0.44 0.57 0.65 0.15 13.1 27.93
Maize & beans 0.39 0.69 0.6 0 11.7 24.95
Millet 0.03 0.2 0 0 0.8 1.71
Sorghum 0.01 0.2 0 0 0.4 0.85
Sunfower 0.03 0.5 0 0 1 2.13
Tobacco 0.42 0.74 0.8 0 12.5 26.65
Tomatoes 0.00 0.1 0 0 0.1 0.21
Water melons 0.01 0.2 0 0 0.2 0.43
Perennial Crops
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Bananas 0.03 0.23 0 0 0.9 30.30
Mangoes 0.05 0.39 0 0 1.57 52.86
Paw paws 0.02 0.13 0 0 0.5 16.84
NOTES:
141
EMBU & MBEERE 57
TABLE 20e: CROPPING PATTERNS IN AEZ LM 4 OF MBEERE DISTRICT
Subzone: s/vs + vs/s, Soil Unit: UQ 1 Survey area 147 (Nyangwa)
First Rainy Season
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Beans 0.13 0.44 0.13 0 4 7.10
Cow peas 0.21 0.35 0.25 0 6.25 11.10
Green grams 0.16 0.39 0.2 0 4.7 8.35
Maize 0.6 0.9 0.8 0 18 31.97
Maize & beans 0.56 0.89 0.8 0 16.9 30.02
Maize & cow peas 0.07 0.4 0 0 2 3.55
Maize & green grams 0.06 0.34 0 0 1.7 3.02
Maize, beans &
cow peas
0.01 0.4 0 0 0.4 0.71
Maize, beans,
cow peas & sorghum
0.04 1.15 0 0 1.15 2.04
Millet 0.01 0.4 0 0 0.4 0.71
Sorghum 0.01 0.2 0 0 0.4 0.71
Tomatoes 0.01 0.4 0 0 0.4 0.71
Second Rainy Season
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Beans 0.13 0.42 0.13 0 3.8 6.68
Cow peas 0.19 0.33 0.2 0 5.6 9.85
Green grams 0.15 0.41 0.2 0 4.5 7.92
Maize 0.65 0.98 0.8 0 19.6 34.48
Maize & beans 0.55 0.87 0.8 0 16.5 29.02
Maize & cow peas 0.07 0.4 0 0 2 3.52
Maize, beans &
cow peas
0.01 0.4 0 0 0.4 0.70
Maize, beans cow peas
& sorghum
0.04 1.15 0 0 1.15 2.02
Millet 0.01 0.1 0 0 0.2 0.35
Sorghum 0.03 0.25 0 0 1 1.76
Tomatoes 0.01 0.4 0 0 0.4 0.70
Perennial Crops
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Avocado 0.00 0.01 0 0 0.01 0.17
Bananas 0.01 0.08 0 0 0.33 5.49
Citrus fruits 0.00 0.02 0 0 0.02 0.33
Lemons 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00
Mangoes 0.09 0.46 0 0 2.78 46.26
Passion fruits 0.00 0.05 0 0 0.05 0.83
Paw paws 0.09 0.26 0.01 0 2.82 46.92
NOTES:
142
EMBU & MBEERE 58
TABLE 20f: CROPPING PATTERNS IN AEZ LM 5 (- 4) OF MBEERE DISTRICT
Subzone: vs/s+vs, Soil Unit: PdUC 1 Survey area 148 (Mavuria)
First Rainy Season
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
Total Sample Area of 27 Farm
s
ha %
Beans 0.16 0.36 0.2 0 4.3 9.62
Bulrush millet 0.01 0.10 0 0 0.30 0.67
Cabbages & kales 0.00 0.1 0 0 0.1 0.22
Cassava 0.07 0.08 0.1 0.00 1.8 4.03
Chillies 0.00 0.1 0 0 0.1 0.22
Cotton 0.01 0.2 0 0 0.2 0.45
Cow peas 0.23 0.25 0.2 0.1 6.2 13.87
Finger millet 0.02 0.08 0 0 0.42 0.94
Green grams 0.04 0.08 0.1 0 1.16 2.60
Kales 0.01 0.07 0 0 0.15 0.34
Maize 0.66 0.85 1 0.2 17.8 39.83
Maize & beans 0.32 0.36 0.4 0.2 8.6 19.24
Millet 0.00 0.03 0 0 0.13 0.29
Pigeon peas 0.01 0.08 0 0 0.3 0.67
Sorghum 0.03 0.20 0 0 0.8 1.79
Sunfower 0.04 0.10 0.05 0 1.01 2.26
Sweet potatoes 0.01 0.04 0 0 0.18 0.40
Tomatoes 0.01 0.15 0 0 0.3 0.67
Water melons 0.03 0.11 0.05 0 0.84 1.88
NOTES:
143
EMBU & MBEERE 59
TABLE 20f: CROPPING PATTERNS IN AEZ LM 5 (- 4) OF MBEERE DISTRICT
Subzone: vs/s+vs, Soil Unit: PdUC 1 Survey area 148 (Mavuria)
Second Rainy Season
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Beans 0.16 0.36 0.2 0 4.28 9.64
Bulrush millet 0.01 0.15 0 0 0.3 0.68
Cabbages & kales 0.00 0.1 0 0 0.1 0.23
Cassava 0.00 0.03 0 0 0.06 0.14
Cow peas 0.29 0.32 0.4 0.16 7.91 17.82
Finger millet 0.01 0.05 0 0 0.18 0.41
Green grams 0.04 0.08 0.08 0 1.11 2.50
Kales 0.01 0.07 0 0 0.15 0.34
Maize 0.64 0.87 1 0 17.4 39.20
Maize & beans 0.35 0.39 0.48 0.2 9.44 21.27
Millet 0.00 0.04 0 0 0.09 0.20
Pigeon peas 0.01 0.08 0 0 0.30 0.68
Sorghum 0.03 0.25 0 0 0.75 1.69
Sunfower 0.04 0.12 0.05 0 1.1 2.48
Sweet potatoes 0.01 0.04 0 0 0.18 0.41
Tomatoes 0.01 0.15 0 0 0.3 0.68
Water melons 0.03 0.12 0 0 0.74 1.67
Perennial Crops
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Bananas 0.06 0.07 0.1 0.04 1.56 27.66
Mangoes 0.09 0.13 0.12 0 2.41 42.73
Passion fruits 0.01 0.08 0 0 0.30 5.32
Paw paws 0.05 0.11 0.1 0 1.37 24.29
NOTES:
144
EMBU & MBEERE 60
3.2.5 INTRODUCTION TO THE ACTUAL LAND USE SYSTEMS AND POTENTIAL
INTENSIFICATION BY BETTER FARM MANAGEMENT
A more detailed description can be found together with calculations of protability in the Farm Manage-
ment Guidelines of each district and in the KARI Fertilizer Use Manual (Muriuki and Qureshi, 2001).
Subzone UM1 LPof the Coffee-Tea Zone
Tis is the Coee-Tea Zone with a full long cropping season, intermediate rains and a medium one as typied in
Nguviu Sub-location of Manyatta division, Embu district. Te lengths of the growing period for the long
and medium cropping season exceeded in 6 out of 10 years are 210 or more and 130 150 days, respec-
tively. Average annual rainfall is between 1400-1800 mm. Te 66% reliability of rainfall during the rst
rainy season (March May) and the second rainy season (October December) is between 700-950 mm
and 450-550 mm, respectively. Te dominant soils have developed on Tertiary basic igneous rocks. Te soils
are well- drained, extremely deep, dark reddish brown to dark brown (ando-humic Nitisols; with humic
Andosols).
Te current actual land use activities in this Subzone involve the growing of cash crops, vegetables, fruits
and food crops. Te most important cash crops at the moment in order of importance include: Tea, French
beans, passion fruits, snow peas and coee. It is not surprising that even though this is a Coee - Tea Zone,
coee is ranked last in order of importance. Tis has been the general trend in all coee producing areas
of Kenya, where non-payment of farmers dues by the respective coee cooperatives has led to a complete
neglect of the crop by farmers. Recent eorts by the government to revamp the coee industry are likely
to bear fruit. Te important fruits in order of importance are passion fruits, bananas, mountain paw paws,
avocadoes and loquats. Passion fruit production in this Subzone has increased in recent times. Of special
interest is the high demand in the European market. Te passion fruit is a short maturing crop (takes seven
months) and, unlike mangoes and avocados, it is not bulky. Farmer groups are currently harvesting an
average of 780 kg/week, with producer prices ranging between USD 0.8 1.1 per kg. More prots could
be realised by getting rid of exploitative middlemen and nurturing a relationship between the farmers and
exporters. Te category of vegetables according to the farmers ranking include: kales, tomatoes and Irish
potatoes. Most of the vegetables and fruits are sold in neighbouring markets and as far as Nairobi city. Te
main food crops comprise maize, beans, yams, cassava and arrow roots.
Pure and improved crosses of dairy cattle, mainly put under zero grazing, dominate livestock keeping enter-
prises. Some farmers do keep crossed bulls for serving their cows. Keeping of local chicken is also an impor-
tant livestock enterprise in this Subzone. Majority of farmers in this zone apply inorganic fertilizers to their
cash crops, particularly tea. Tis fertilizer is usually supplied to the farmers by the Kenya Tea Development
Authority and later deducted from their proceeds. For other crops, especially maize, farmers do apply farm-
yard and compost manure. Te soil and water conservation measures put in place in this Subzone include
Fanya juu terraces (fortied with Napier grass, agro-forestry trees planted within farms, especially Calliandra
calothyrsus. (a multipurpose tree that provides fodder, improves soil fertility and protects soil against ero-
sion), cut-o drains and grass strips especially in the coee farms.
145
EMBU & MBEERE 61
TABLE 21a: INCREASE OF YIELDS BY BETTER FARM MANAGEMENT IN AGRO-
ECOLOGICAL UNIT
1)
UM 1, f l i m, RB 1
Survey area 143 (Nguviu)
Crop Yields
3)
and Inputs
AEZ: UM 1 TEA - COFFEE ZONE
Subzone: f l i m (Periods in days
2)
: 1
st
rainy season: 210 or more, 2
nd
rainy season 130 - 150)
Unit with predom. Soil: RB 1 = ando-humic NITISOLS; with ANDOSOLS
Reliable rainfall: 1
st
rainy season: 700 - 950
mm
2
nd
rainy season: 450 - 550 mm in at least 10
out 15 years
Farmers in Prod. Level Farmers in Prod. Level
Maize local
pure stand
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
I=low II=med.
4)
III=high
5)
AEU Pot.
6)
I=low II=med.
4)
III=high
5)
AEU Pot.
6)
Hybrid maize
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
1500
21.9
9.4
-
-
1816
81.8
48.0
-
-
2786
97.1
95.2
-
-
ca. 5500
nutrients
are
added by
manure
etc.
-
-
-
-
2345
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
ca. 5000
if all
nutrients
are
added
Maize local
intercropped
with beans
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
Hybrid maize
inter-cropped
with beans
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
NOTES:
1)
Source: Small Farm Survey (2004)
2)
Figures of these cereals growing periods should be reached or surpassed in 6 out of 10 years; growing periods may be considered longer
due to immediately Iollowing second rainy season by middle rains. Then the second growing period is shorter than the given fgures
3)
Achieved average yields with average rainfall
4)
Farmers with medium inputs
5)
Farmers with high inputs of fertilizer, insecticides, soil and water conservation
6)
Potential yield according to crop list and local climate of this Agro-Ecological Unit if soils are optimally fertilized, plus optimal crop
management
146
EMBU & MBEERE 62
Subzone UM 2 m i s/m of the Main Coffee Zone
Tis is the Main Coee Zone with a medium cropping season, intermediate rains, and a short to medium crop-
ping season as typied by Makengi and Kevote Sub-locations in Nembure division, Embu district. Te 60%
reliability of the length of cereal and legume growing period during the 1
st
and 2
nd
rainy seasons is 135 155
days, respectively. Te average annual rainfall is between 1500 - 2400 mm. Te 66% reliability of rainfall
during the rst rainy season (March May) and the second rainy season (October February) is between
600-720 mm and 400-450 mm, respectively. Te dominant soils have developed on Tertiary basic igneous
rocks. Tese soils are well- drained, extremely deep, dusky red brown to dark reddish brown, friable clay,
with acid humic topsoil (humic Nitisols).
During the Farm Survey conducted in February 2004, it was observed that the current actual land use activi-
ties in this Subzone turn from the growing of traditional cash crops to vegetables and fruits. Te most im-
portant cash crops at the moment in order of importance include: tea (although this zone is not optimal for
it), macadamia nuts, passion fruits, bananas, avocados and coee. It was observed that coee trees had been
pruned back to allow for the growing of legume crops. Tis attests to the fact that farmers attach less value
to coee as some years back when it was fetching good cash income. Te category of vegetables according to
the farmers ranking include: cabbages, French beans, kales, tomatoes, Irish potatoes and onions. Te impor-
tant fruits in order of importance are passion fruits, bananas, and avocados. Te vegetables are consumed at
the household level and any excess is sold in local neighbouring markets. Most fruits and French beans are
transported and sold in Nairobi city through middlemen who take the bigger share of the income. Te main
food crops comprise maize and beans, which are normally intercropped. During the rst rains, maize like
H511, 512, 514 and PIONEER are planted while the second rains planting material comprises Katumani
Comp. B., Embu composite (EMCO).
prises. Some farmers do keep crossed bulls for serving theirs and neighbour cows. Farmers are slowly adopt-
ing the rearing of dairy goats for milk production. Te keeping of local chicken is increasingly becoming an
important livestock enterprise in this Subzone. Majority of farmers in this zone apply some amount organic
fertilizers to their food crops in form of farmyard and compost manure. Te soil and water conservation
measures put in place in this Subzone include: Poorly maintained fanya juu terraces (fortied with Napier
grass), a few cut-o drains and agro-forestry trees planted within farms, especially Calliandra calothyrsus,
(a multipurpose tree that provides fodder, improves soil fertility and protects soil against erosion), cut-o
drains and grass strips especially in the coee farms.
147
EMBU & MBEERE 63
TABLE 21b: INCREASE OF YIELDS BY BETTER FARM MANAGEMENT IN AGRO-
ECOLOGICAL UNIT
1)
UM 2, m i s/m, RB 2
Survey area144 (Kevote)
Crop Yields
3)
and Inputs
AEZ: UM 2 MAIN COFFEE ZONE
Subzone: m i s/m (Period in days
2)
: 1
st
rainy season: 140 -170; 2
nd
rainy season: 110-120)
Unit with predom. Soil: RB 2= humic NITISOLS
st
rainy season: 580 - 720
mm
2
nd
out of 15 years
Maize local
pure stand
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
I=low II=med.
4)
III= high
5)
AEU Pot.
6)
I=low II=med.
4)
III=high
5)
AEU Pot.
6)
Hybrid maize
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
- 3992 4500
50
50
-
-
ca. 7000 - 3656
30
15
-
-
4050
50
50
-
-
ca. 5800
Maize local
intercropped
with beans
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
Hybrid maize
intercropped
with beans
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
- 3379
25
30
-
-
4664
40
40
-
-
ca. 6000 - 2517
15
20
-
-
3212
32
32
-
-
ca. 5000
NOTES:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
management
148
EMBU & MBEERE 64
Subzone UM 3 m/s + s of the Marginal Coffee Zone
Tis is the Marginal Coee Zone with a medium to short and a short cropping season as typied by Kithimo
Sub-locations in Nembure division, Embu district. Te l60 % reliability of lengths of the growing period for
the cereal and legume crops exceeded in 6 out of 10 years during the 1
st
and 2
nd
rainy seasons are 12 135,
85 105, respectively. Te average annual rainfall is between 1000-1250 mm. Te 66% reliability of rainfall
during the rst rainy season (March May) and the second rainy season (October December) is between
480-600 mm and 350-400 mm, respectively. Te dominant soils have developed on Tertiary basic igneous
rocks. Tese soils are well- drained, extremely deep, dusky red to dark reddish brown, friable clay (eutric
Nitisols; with nito-chromic Cambisols; chromic Acrisols and Luvisols).
Te most important cash crops at the moment in order of importance include: Macadamia nuts tobacco
and coee. Like in the Subzone UM 2, the coee trees have been pruned back to allow for the growing of
legume crops. Te category of vegetables according to the farmers ranking include: tomatoes, kales, and
onions. Te vegetables are consumed at the household level and any excess is sold in local neighbouring
markets. Fruits grown in the order of importance: bananas, avocados and mountain paw paws. Most fruits
are transported and sold in Nairobi city. Te main food crops comprise maize and beans, which are nor-
mally intercropped, and sweet potatoes. During the rst rains, hybrid maize varieties from the 5series and
PIONEER are planted while the second rains planting material comprises Katumani Comp. B. and Embu
composite (EMCO).
prises. Some farmers do keep crossed bulls for serving their cows. Te keeping of local chicken is increasingly
becoming an important livestock enterprise in this Subzone. Bee keeping using log hives is still dominant in
this Subzone. A few farmers in this zone apply some amount organic fertilizers to their food crops in form
of farmyard and compost manure. Te soil and water conservation measures put in place in this Subzone
includes: Fanya juu terraces and contour grass strips, especially in the coee farms. Farmers usually plant
Napier grass along the fanya juu terraces to fortify them and to provide fodder for their livestock.
149
EMBU & MBEERE 65
TABLE 21c: INCREASE OF YIELDS BY BETTER FARM MANAGEMENT IN AGRO-
ECOLOGICAL UNIT
1)
UM 3, m/s + s, RB 3
Survey area 145 (Kithimu)
Crop Yields
3)
and Inputs
AEZ: UM 3 MARGINAL COFFEE ZONE
Subzone: m/s +s (Periods in days
2)
: 1
st
rainy season: 120 135, 2
nd
rainy season: 85 105)
Unit with predom. Soil: RB 3 = eutric NITISOLS; with nito-chromic CAMBISOLS and
chromic ACRISOLS and LUVISOLS, partly lithic, piso-ferric or petro-ferric phase
st
rainy season: 480-
600 mm
2
nd
rainy season: 350-400 mm in at least 10
out of 15 years
Maize local
pure stand
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
I=low II=med.
4)
III=high
5)
AEU Pot.
6)
I=low II=med.
4)
III=high
5)
AEU Pot.
6)
Hybrid maize
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
-
Maize local
intercropped
with beans
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
Hybrid maize
inter-cropped
with beans
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/Ha
- 2813
16.4
21.8
-
13.3
3064
25.0
25.0
-
17.5
ca. 4500 1882
10.1
11.0
0
2363
16.2
21.6
-
13.2
2893
25.0
25.0
-
17.5
ca. 4200
NOTES:
1)
2)
Figures of these cereals growing periods should be reached or surpassed in 6 out of 10 years
3)
4)
5)
6)
management
150
EMBU & MBEERE 66
Subzone LM 3 s + s of the Cotton Zone
Tis is the Cotton Zone with two short cropping seasons analysed in Riandu Sub-location, Siakago location,
Siakago division of Mbeere district. Te average annual rainfall is between 900-1100 mm. Te 66% reli-
ability of rainfall during the rst rainy season (March May) is between 350-480 mm and the second rainy
season (October December) is between 300-350 mm. Te 60% reliability of growing period during the
rst and second rains is similar, i.e. 85-105 days. Te soils have been developed on undierentiated Base-
ment System rocks. Tese soils are well- drained, moderately deep- to deep, dark red to yellowish red (rhodic
and orthic Ferralsols; with ferralo-chromic/orthic/ferric Acrisols) with less natural fertility than Nitisols.
Te current grown food crop mix in this Subzone consists of a variety of crops. Te main subsistence food
crops grown are: maize, pigeon peas, beans, cowpeas, sorghum, millets, cassava, and sweet potatoes. Inter-
cropping of legumes and cereals is still dominant. Te vegetables grown mainly comprise of kales, tomatoes,
butternut and Irish potatoes. Te main fruits grown for cash are: bananas, mangoes, paw paws and water-
melons. As can be seen from the list, this Subzone provides favourable climatic and edaphic conditions to
support a variety of crops. With improved marketing outlets, and avoiding the exploitation from middle-
men, the farmers could earn substantial amount of cash income from these crops.
Seed material used for planting is of local variety. Tere is very little or no use of improved seed varieties and
farm inputs by the farmers. Most farmers indicated that they have no extra income to invest in improved
farming technologies or purchase farm inputs. Note that although this is a cotton Subzone, its importance
has diminished due to the poor market prices of the crop. Tere is currently some evidence of the crop
regaining its rightful place in terms of importance because of increased demand and hence improved mar-
ket prices. Fruit trees play a signicant role here as household cash earners. Te most important fruit trees
include: mangoes paw paws, passion fruits, citrus, avocados and bananas. Tere is increased demand for
grafted varieties of these fruits and tissue culture bananas. Te constraints experienced by farmers in access-
ing these technologies include: lack of knowledge on where to procure the seedlings and the related high
costs. One has to travel all the way to Tika Horticultural Station or Jomo Kenyatta University of Agricul-
ture and Technology (JKUAT) to buy these seedlings, making it an expensive venture. Livestock keeping
mainly consists of local cattle breeds and goats. Most farmers keep several oxen and use them during land
preparation and transportation of produce from their farms after harvest.
151
EMBU & MBEERE 67
TABLE 21d: INCREASE OF YIELDS BY BETTER FARM MANAGEMENT IN AGRO-
ECOLOGICAL UNIT
1)
LM 3, s + s, UU1
Survey area 146 (Riandu)
Crop Yields
3)
and Inputs
AEZ: LM 3 COTTON ZONE
Subzone: s + s: (Periods in days2: 1
st
rainy season 85-105, 2
nd
rainy season 80-95)
Unit with predom. Soil: UU1 = rhodic and orthic FERRALSOLS; with ferralo-chromic/
othic/ ferric ACRISOLS
st
rainy season: 350 -
480 mm
2
nd
out of 15 years
Maize local
pure stand
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
I=low II=med.
4)
III=high
5)
AEU Pot.
6)
I=low II=med.
4)
III=high
5)
AEU Pot.
6)
Hybrid maize
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
1286
0
0
-
1
1954
11
14
-
5
2250
13
22
-
6
2769
0
0
-
1
2913
15
17
-
6
3450
16
33
-
-
ca. 4500
Maize local
intercropped
with beans
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
Hybrid maize
inter-cropped
with beans
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
-
-
-
-
-
2705
15
17
8
2908
15
31
8
ca. 4300 -
-
-
-
-
2999
17
19
-
8
3338
18
37
-
9
ca. 4200
NOTES:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
management
152
EMBU & MBEERE 68
Subzone LM4 s/vs + vs/s of the Marginal Cotton Zone
Tis is the Marginal cotton Zone with a short to very short to short cropping season as typied by Nyagwa Sub-
location, Kianjiru Location in Gachoka division of Mbeere district. Te average annual rainfall is between
780-900 mm. Te 66 % reliability of rainfall during the rst rainy season (March May) is between 280-
340 mm and the second rainy season (October December) is between 200-260 mm. Te soils have been
developed mainly on quartzites (ferralic Arenosols and ferralo-orthic Luvisols), which means a low natural
fertility. During the Farm Survey conducted in February 2004, it was observed that a majority of the farm-
ers have attempted to grow besides maize and beans, the following food crops which are well suited to the
climatic conditions in this Subzone: sorghum, millet, green grams and cowpeas. However, farmers need to
be encouraged to grow these drought tolerant crops on a larger scale instead of always attempting to grow
maize, which more often fails. Cotton growing is very minimal in this Subzone because of the marginal con-
ditions and also lack of good price incentives for cotton. Farmers in this Subzone are left with the alternative
of relying on fruit crops to generate cash income. Te dominating fruit crops are: avocados, bananas, citrus,
lemons, mangos, passion, and paw paws. Farmers need to be assisted to access markets for their produce and
the road infrastructure, besides the main road, needs to be tremendously improved if benets are to trickle
down to the farmers. Te use of farm inputs like fertiliser and manure is restricted to only a few farmers who
have some o-farm income. Te majority of the poor farmers use very little or no farm inputs at all. Tere
is evidence that many farmers are now adopting the growing of grafted fruits: mangoes, avocados, citrus and
mountain paw paws. Tis enterprise is generating the much- needed income for a majority of households.
Livestock keeping comprises mainly the local breeds of cattle, sheep and goats.
153
EMBU & MBEERE 69
TABLE 21e: INCREASE OF YIELDS BY BETTER FARM MANAGEMENT IN AGRO-
ECOLOGICAL UNIT
1)
LM 4, s/vs + vs/s, UQ 1
Survey area 147 (Nyangwa)
Crop Yields
3)
and Inputs
AEZ: LM 4 MARGINAL COTTON ZONE
Subzone: s/vs + vs/s: (Periods in days
2)
: 1
st
rainy season: 75 - 85, 2
nd
rainy season: 55 - 75)
Unit with predom. Soil: UQ 1 = ferralic ARENOSOLS and ferralo-orthic LUVISOLS; partly
lithic and stony phase
st
rainy season: 280
340 mm
2
nd
rainy season: 200 260 mm in at least 10
out of 15 years
Maize local
pure stand
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
I=low II=med.
4)
III=high
5)
AEU Pot.
6)
I=low II=med.
4)
III=high
5)
AEU Pot.
6)
Improved
maize
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
-
-
-
-
-
1966
5
3
-
10
2671
7
13
-
11
ca. 3800 -
-
-
-
-
2081
5
3
-
9
2764
7
12
-
11
ca. 3500
Maize local
intercropped
with beans
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
Improved
maize inter-
cropped with
beans
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
- 2079
8
14
-
10
2358
11
32
-
11
ca. 3500 -
-
-
-
-
2237
5
3
-
11
2586
8
14
-
11
ca. 3000
NOTES:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
management
154
EMBU & MBEERE 70
Subzone LM 5 vs/s + vs of the Lower Midland Livestock-Millet Zone
Tis is a the Lower Midland Livestock-Millet Zone with a very short to short and a very short cropping season,
analysed in Mavuria Sub-location of Siakago division, Mbeere district. Te average annual rainfall is be-
tween 700-800 mm. Te 66% reliability of rainfall during the rst rainy season (March May) is between
200-280 mm and the second rainy season (October December) is between 150-220 mm. Te soils are a
complex of imperfectly drained, shallow, dark red to yellowish red (chromic Cambisols; with ferralic Areno-
sols). During the Farm Survey conducted in February 2004, it was observed that majority of the farmers
do not use any inputs to improve their farm productivity. Adoption of new farming technologies is almost
non-existent, due to the unavailability of extension service sta to oer advice to the farmers. It is encourag-
ing to note that farmers have in their own way selected food crops that are well suited to their environment.
Te following subsistence food crops are grown: sorghum, nger, bulrush and pearl millets, maize, cowpeas,
beans, cassava, sweet potatoes, pigeon peas and green grams. Maize is generally intercropped with these le-
gumes, even though it is not very well suited in this Subzone. Te vegetables grown include: kales, tomatoes
and chillies. Fruits that are generating the much- needed income to the farmers are: water melons, mangoes,
passion fruit, and paw paws. Farmers in this Subzone are slowly embracing the benets of biotechnology by
adopting the planting of tissue culture bananas and grafted mangoes and passion fruit. Tis is however lim-
ited to only a few farmers who earn some o-farm income, which enables them to aord these technologies.
Livestock keeping comprises the local breed cattle, where the oxen dominate the stock. Te oxen are mainly
used for land preparation and also transporting the farm produce. Existing soil conservation structures in-
clude cut o drains and fanya juu terraces, which are poorly maintained. As such, soil erosion is a real threat
in this Subzone and urgent measures need to be undertaken to protect the soil resource, whose fertility is
already diminished to critical levels. Tis is not only a problem of soil erosion but of nutrient depletion. Tis
could be countered mainly by manure.
155
EMBU & MBEERE 71
TABLE 21f: INCREASE OF YIELDS BY BETTER FARM MANAGEMENT IN AGRO-
ECOLOGICAL UNIT
1)
LM 5, vs/s+vs, PdUC 1
Survey area 148 (Mavuria)
Crop Yields
3)
and Inputs
AEZ: LM 5 LIVESTOCK MILLET ZONE
Subzone: vs/s + vs: (Periods in days
2)
: 1
st
nd
Unit with predom. Soil: PdUC 1 = chromic CAMBISOLS, paralithic and stony phase; with
ARENOSOLS, lithic phase
st
rainy season: 200-280
mm
2
nd
out of 15 years
Maize local pure
stand
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
I=low II=med.
4)
III=high
5)
AEU Pot.
6)
I=low II=med.
4)
III=high
5)
AEU Pot.
6)
- 675
-
-
-
2.0
759
13
-
-
3.4
- 675
-
-
-
2.0
776
13
-
-
3.5
*
Hybrid maize
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
This
subzone
is not
suited
for
hybrid
maize
Maize local
intercropped
with beans
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
675
0
-
-
5
961
0
-
-
6
1125
27
-
-
7.1
* 675
0
-
-
4
888
0
-
-
6
1050
24
-
-
6.5
*
Hybrid maize
inter-cropped
with beans
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
NOTES:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
management?
*Potential for local maize not known; no experimental results
156
EMBU & MBEERE 72
3.2.6 FERTILISER AND MANURE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPORTANT
AGRO-ECOLOGICAL UNITS
Te Fertiliser Use Recommendation Project of the GTZ (1986 - 92) had three trial sites in the former
Embu district, one on Nitisols at Kavutiri in UM1, another in Embu Agricultural Research Station in UM
2 on less acid Nitisols, and the third in Gachoka which is LM 3-4 on rhodic Ferralsol with poor fertility.
For the other zones, subzones and units Muriuki and Qureshi showed which results from other districts
could be representative (see map of Fertiliser Recommendations and Farm Survey Areas) and made curves
for fertiliser response
1
.
Recommended rates of an AEU increase into a wetter subzone and decrease into a drier one if the soil unit
extends there (see dark and light grey shades in the small maps). We have tend to lower the rates due to the
low nancial basis of the smallholder farmers. Te optimum can be calculated from the curve formulas in
Muriuki & Qureshi Fertiliser Use Manual, KARI, Nairobi 2001. In the long run the maintenance amount
must be given to maintain the nutrient content. Some quantities for it can be seen at the end of this chapter
and in the chapter 3.1 General Remarks.
Higher recommendations are given in the Smallholder Farming Handbook of the IRACC and MSS, Nai-
robi 1997, but the economic investment and risk is too high for the local farmers here. A rural small credit
system for the inputs could help a lot. Where scientic sources for quantifying the rates are lacking, some
conclusions could be taken from the dierence of inputs and yields between the low and high production
levels of the Farm Survey 2004/05. An empty column Other Nutrients Recommended does not mean that
there is nothing necessary, it is because of lacking trials. Signs of deciencies and methods of alleviating it
see Muriuki, A.W. and Qureshi, J.N. (2001), Table 1&2, p.22-23.
Finally it must be mentioned again that fertilising alone will increase the yields only for some years. Te
micronutrients not included in the fertiliser become exhausted. Manuring almost up to the full return of the
extracted nutrients is a must in order to have a stable agrobiological system with continuous production
2
.
On the other hand even macronutrients like potassium (K) which is not yet mentioned because there is still
enough in the soil, must be given in the long run because 1 t of maize needs 23 kg K, 1 t of sorghum even
45 kg, 1 t of groundnuts 50 kg. Cassava is less demanding, only 7 kg K per t, but needs additionally 2 kg of
cobalt (Co) and 1 kg of magnesium (Mg)
3
.
1
Muriuki, A.W. & Qureshi, J.N.: Fertiliser Use Manual. Nairobi kari .
2
Southern China has parts with similar soils to Kenya and stabilized productivity there for hundreds of years by returning to the
elds as much as possible, even the ashes, excrements and urea.
3
Figures in handbooks, from international experience.
157
EMBU & MBEERE 73
158
EMBU & MBEERE
TABLE 22a: FERTILISER AND MANURE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR AGRO-
ECOLOGICAL UNITS LH1 l/vl^m, MV2 and RB1 of the TEA ZONE
Crop varieties and
Season
Recommended
Fertiliser Rates
Average Yield
Increase if this
Rate is Applied
Average Yield
Increase if 5 t/ha
Manure are Applied
kg/ha
Other Nutrients
Recommended
kg/ha kg/ha
First Rainy Season
1)
Maize H613 & beans 50 N 500 maize
3)
ca. 500 maize Lime 2t 1000
Potatoes 75 N + 50 P 7500 ca. 1500 Lime
4)
Cabbages 50 P 15400 ca. 6500 Lime
4)
Second Rainy Season
1)
Maize - - ca. 900 Lime
4)
Maize & beans - - ca. 700 maize Lime
4)
Perennial crops
Tea
2)
300N + 70 P +
50 K
6000 -
Sources: MURIUKI & QURESHI: Fertiliser Use Manual 2001, p. 128; KARI and GTZ: Fertil. Use Recomm.; Vol.6
Embu District, Nairobi ca. 1995
1
Late maturing crops continue to next rainy season.
2
See also recommendations of local Tea Authorities or Companies.
3
Beans do not well, too wet and cold.
4
Lime is very necessary due to very acid soils (except for tea), see Table 22 b.
74
159
EMBU & MBEERE
TABLE 22b: FERTILISER AND MANURE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR AGRO-
ECOLOGICAL UNIT: 80LP, RB1 of the TEA-COFFEE ZONE
Crop varieties and
Season
Recommended
Fertiliser Rates
Average Yield
Increase if this
Rate is Applied
Average Yield
Increase if 5 t/ha
Manure are Applied
kg/ha
Other Nutrients
Recommended
kg/ha kg/ha
First Rainy Season
1)
Maize H614 50 N + 25 P 400 * Lime 2t 1230
Maize & beans 25 P 360 maize
4)
- Lime
Potatoes 50 N + 20 P 4500 ca. 1500 Lime 2t 3420
Cabbages 20 P 9950 ca. 5000 Lime 2t 11100
Second Rainy Season
Beans 20 P 750 * Lime 2t 290
Perennial crops
Tea
2)
370 N + 75 P +
50 K
ca. 7000 -
Coffee
3)
160 N + 150 P 900 * Lime
Sources: MURIUKI & QURESHI: Fertiliser Use Manual 2001, p. 132; KARI and GTZ: Fertil. Use Recomm., Vol.6
Embu District, Nairobi ca. 1995, and conclusions from the Farm Survey 2004, area 143
1
2
See also recommendations of local Tea Authorities or Companies.
3
See also recent recommendations of local Coffee Cooperatives and Embu Agric. Res. Stn.
4
Beans do not well in upper parts during frst rainy season, too wet and cold.; * = no data available
75
160
EMBU & MBEERE
TABLE 22c: FERTILISER AND MANURE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR AGRO-ECO-
LOGICAL UNITS: UM2 m i s/m & m/s i s, RB2 of the MAIN COFFEE
ZONE
Crop varieties and Season
Recommended
Fertiliser Rates
Average Yield
Increase if this
Rate is Applied
Average Yield
Increase if 5 t/ha
Manure are Applied
kg/ha
Other Nutrients
Recommended
3)
kg/ha kg/ha
First Rainy Season
Maize H511
1)
75 N + 25 P 1160 ca. 600 -
Maize H511
1)
& beans (GLP2) 50 N + 25 P 1100 maize - -
Second Rainy Season
Maize H511
1)
in subz. m i s/m 50 N + 25 P 915 600 -
Maize KCB in subz. m/s i s 50 N + 25 P 700 500 -
Maize & beans 25 P 420 maize - -
Perennial crops
Coffee
2)
150 N + 100 P ca. 1000
Napier grass (Bana) 50 N + 20 P ca. 1000 ca. 4000 -
Sources: MURIUKI & QURESHI: Fertiliser Use Manual 2001, p. 132; KARI and GTZ: Fertil. Use Recomm., Vol.6,
Embu District. Nairobi ca. 1995; experim. results from Embu ARS and Birgit Schmidt; conclusions
from the Farm Survey 2004, area 144.
1
Variety used in FURP experiments, yield increase of H 513-516 or EMCO 92 SR might be higher.
2
See also recent recommendations of Embu Agricultural Research Station.
3
K and Mg after few years of cultivation if no manure is applied.
76
161
EMBU & MBEERE
TABLE 22d: FERTILISER AND MANURE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR AGRO-
ECOLOGICAL UNITS UM3 m/s + s, RB2 and RB3 of the
MARGINAL COFFEE ZONE
Recommended
Fertiliser Rates
kg/ha
Average Yield
Increase if this
Rate is Applied
kg/ha
Average Yield
Increase if 5 t/ha
Manure are Applied
kg/ha
Other Nutrients
Recommended
2)
First Rainy Season
Maize H513 or other H5... 75 N + 25 P 1200 ca. 900 -
Maize & beans (GLP2) 50 N + 25 P 1050 maize - -
Second Rainy Season
Maize KCB 50 N + 25 P 630 ca. 500 -
Maize & beans 25 P 400 maize - -
Perennial crops
Coffee
1)
100 N + 80 P 700 * -
Sources: MURIUKI & QURESHI: Fertiliser Use Manual 2001, p. 132; KARI and GTZ: Fertil. Use Recomm; Vol.6
Embu District, Nairobi ca. 1995; conclusions from the Farm Survey 2004, area 145; IRACC: Small
Holder Farming Handbook 1997, p. 147; FMHB B Vol. II C, 1983, p. 73.
1)
See also recent recommendations of Embu Agricultural Research Station.
2
K and Mg after few years of cultivation if no manure is applied.; * = no data available
77
162
EMBU & MBEERE
TABLE 22e: FERTILISER AND MANURE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR AGRO-
ECOLOGICAL UNIT LM3 s + s, LB1 of the COTTON ZONE
Recommended
Fertiliser Rates
kg/ha
Average Yield
Increase if this
Rate is Applied
kg/ha
Average Yield
Increase if 5 t/ha
Manure are Applied
kg/ha
Other Nutrients
Recommended
2)
First Rainy Season
Maize KCB 50 N + 25 P 400 ca. 500 -
Maize KCB & beans 25 P 200 maize * -
Second Rainy Season
Maize KCB 50 N + 20 P 380 480 -
Maize KCB & beans 25 P 180 maize * -
From Second to
First Rainy Season
Cotton
1)
120 N + 90 P ca. 1000 * -
Sources: MURIUKI & QURESHI: Fertiliser Use Manual 2001, p. 132; KARI and GTZ: Fertil. Use Recomm. Vol.6
1
See also recent recommendations from the Cotton Board.
2
K and Mg after few years of cultivation if no manure is applied; * = no data available
78
163
EMBU & MBEERE
TABLE 22f: FERTILISER AND MANURE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR AGRO-
ECOLOGICAL UNIT LM3 s + s, UU1 of the COTTON ZONE
Crop varieties and
Season
Recommended
Fertiliser Rates
kg/ha
Average Yield
Increase if this
Rate is Applied
kg/ha
Average Yield
Increase if 5 t/ha
Manure are Applied
kg/ha
Other Nutrients
Recommended
2)
First Rainy Season
Maize KCB 20 N + 20 P 550 ca. 700 -
Maize KCB & beans 20 P ca. 450 maize * -
Second Rainy Season
Maize KCB 20 N + 20 P 550 ca. 600 -
Maize KCB & beans 20 P ca. 300 maize * -
From Second to
First Rainy Season
Cotton
1)
100 N + 90 P ca. 1000 * -
Embu District, Nairobi ca. 1995; conclusions from the Farm Survey 2004, area 146.
1
See also recent recommendations from the Cotton Board.
2
K and Mg after few years of cultivation if no manure is applied.; * = no data available
79
164
EMBU & MBEERE 80
165
EMBU & MBEERE
TABLE 22h: FERTILISER AND MANURE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR AGRO-
ECOLOGICAL UNITS LM4 s + s/vs, UU1 and UQ1 of the MARGINAL
COTTON ZONE
Recommended
Fertiliser Rates
kg/ha
Average Yield
Increase if this
Rate is Applied
kg/ha
Average Yield
Increase if 5 t/ha
Manure are Applied
kg/ha
Other Nutrients
Recommended
First Rainy Season
Maize KCB 10 N + 20 P ca. 500 ca. 700 -
Maize KCB & cowpeas 20 P 450 maize * -
Pigeon peas (25 P) unecon. (50) *
Second Rainy Season
Maize KCB 10 N + 20 P ca. 500 600 -
Maize DLC & cowpeas 20 P ca. 400 maize * -
From Second to
First Rainy Season
Cotton
1)
50 N + 50 P ca. 600 * -
Embu District, Nairobi ca. 1995, and for comparison Vol.3 Meru District; * = no data available
1
See also recent recommendations from the Cotton Board, but be carefully with quantities because water is the main limiting factor
TABLE 22g: FERTILISER AND MANURE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR AGRO-
ECOLOGICAL UNITS LM4 s + s/vs and s/vs + vs/s, LB1
of the MARGINAL COTTON ZONE
Recommended
Fertiliser Rates
kg/ha
Average Yield
Increase if this
Rate is Applied
kg/ha
Average Yield
Increase if 5 t/ha
Manure are Applied
kg/ha
Other Nutrients
Recommended
First Rainy Season
Maize KCB in
Subzone s+ s/vs
- - 500 -
Maize DLC in
Subzone s/vs + vs/s
- - 450 -
Maize & cowpeas M66 in
Subzone s + s/vs
20 P
ca. 140 maize
55 cowpeas
* -
Second Rainy Season
Maize DLC in
Subzone s + s/vs
30 N + 20 P 200 * -
Sorghum 25 P 205 460 -
Bulrush millet in
Subzone s/vs + vs/s
25 P 1100 830 -
From Second to
First Rainy Season
Cotton
No response in
exp.
- * -
Cotton & sorghum 25 P 560 sorghum
1)
* -
1)
This intercropping proved successful in the FURP trials; * no data available; * = no data available
81
166 166
167
MERU CENTRAL & SOUTH
3.3 MERU CENTRAL AND MERU SOUTH DISTRICTS GROUP
Introduction 3
Table 4: Climate in the Agro-Ecological Zones and Subzones 9
Agro-Ecological Zones and Subzones (= Legend to the AEZ Map), with Land Use
Table 5: Climatic Yield Potentials for Food Crops in the Semi-arid Zone of Meru South D. 22
Soil Map 23
Meru Central District
Table 6: Population in Meru Central District 28
Table 7: Composition of Households in Meru Central District 7: Composition of Households in Meru Central District 7: Composition of Households in Meru Central District 32
Table 8: Available Land Area in Meru Central District per AEZ and Household 36
Meru South District
Table 9 Population in Meru South District 38
Table 10: Composition of Households in Meru South District 40
Table 11: Available Land Area in Meru South District per AEZ and Household 42
Development and Trends of Major Cash Crops in Meru Central District 43
Table 12: Tea 43
Table 13: Coee 43
Development and Trends of Major Cash Crops in Meru South District 44
Table 15: Tea 44
Table 16: Coee 44
Tables 18 a-q: Farming Activities in the Agro-Ecological Zones 45
1
168
Table 19: Farm Survey Sites Representative of the Dominating Agro-Ecological
Subzones and Units 55
Tables 20 a-g: Assets, Land Use, Farming Intensity and Inputs 57
Tables 21 a-g: Cropping Pattern 64
LH1 & UM1 m/l i m of the Tea and Coee Zones 72
Tables 22 a-g: Increase of Yields by Better Farm Management 73-83
LH3-4 f (m) i (s/vs) of the Wheat/Maize-Barley Zones 76
UM5 vs/s + vs/s of the Livestock-Sorghum Zone 76
UM2 m + s/m of the Main Coffee Zone 78
LM4 s/vs + s/vs of the Marginal Cotton Zone 82
LH1 m/l i m, MV 2 & RB 1 of the Tea Zone 86
UM1 m/l i m, RB 1 of the Tea-Coee Zone 86
Tables 23 a-h: Fertiliser and Manure Recommendations: 87 - 93
UM2 m + m & m + m/s, RB 2 of the Main Coee Zone 88
LM3 s/m + s/m & s + s, RB 3 and LBCof the Cotton Zone 89
LM4 s + s/vs & s/vs + s/vs, UI 1 of the Marginal Cotton Zone 91
LH3 f (m) i (s/vs), RB 5 of the Wheat/Maize Zone 92
LH4 (m/s or s/m) i (vs/s), RB 5 of the Livestock-Barley Zone 92
UM5 vs/s + vs/s, LB 11 of the Livestock-Sorghum Zone 92
2
169
MERU CENTRAL & SOUTH 3
INTRODUCTION
On the south-eastern slope of Mt. Kenya, the main agro-ecological zones form the typical pattern from the
humid Tea-Dairy Zone LH 1 to the semi-humid Cotton Zone LM3. However, the subzones and the diagrams
show that the contrast between wet and dry seasons becomes eastward more accentuated, which makes it
more dicult for permanent crops like coee to survive. Te result is that a higher rainfall, and careful water
and soil conservation are necessary to overcome the dry seasons for tea, coee, bananas, cotton and other
crops which need more than one season for full growth. Tese conservation measures are also benecial for
the annual crops, because the rainy seasons have high rainfall for a short time and then end abruptly.
On the northern side of Mt. Kenya there are typical wheat and barley zones (UH 3, LH 3). Te rainfall is
very scattered, due to the rain shadow of the mountain and the eects of the western Kenya rainfall pattern,
and is hazardous for maize and other typical small-holder crops. For this reason, the area is more suitable for
large-scale agriculture, especially in the higher zones where it is too cold for maize anyway.
Te volcanic soils round the mountain have a high natural fertility but the many years of cultivation without
return of nutrients to the land have nevertheless caused an increasing exhaustion. Tis problem is even more
serious in the lower parts where acid granites and gneisses are the basement which means a low nutrient
content by nature already.
Te colours in the rainfall maps give a rst rough optical association of the possible land use. 250 mm per
season are the limit of successful composite maize cultivation, more than 500 mm are necessary for the high
yielding hybrids. For detailed information see AEZ maps, potentials, and soil maps.
170
171
TABLE 1: RAINFALL FIGURES FROMSELECTED TYPICAL STATIONS HAVING AT
No. and
altitude
Name of
Station
Agro Ecol.
Zone
Subzone
Kind of
records
Annual
rainfall
mm
8937002 Timau, UH 3 Average 896 38 45 101 149 69 17 18 24 15 148 180 93
2499 m Marania fm + m/s 66% rel.
1
775 18 25 32 120 41 5 5 8 1 100 141 36
8937022 Nanyuki Met. LH 4 Av. 746 20 26 58 117 82 42 54 67 63 80 94 43
1947 m Stn. (Laik. D.) (s/m) i (vs/s) 66% 650 5 1 45 100 71 36 20 52 20 61 58 32
8937034 Ardencaple LH 4 Av. 664 17 18 47 106 94 44 50 69 44 69 71 30
2286 m Farm n. Timau (m/s)i + (vs/s) 66% 556 1 4 22 63 79 25 21 40 22 40 43 19
8937038 Meru UM3 - 2 Av. 1378 51 39 119 303 141 11 12 7 17 209 317 141
1585 m Forest Station m + m 66% 1130 25 12 60 250 90 3 0 1 3 128 275 55
8937040 Ontulili LH 3 Av. 917 26 26 54 159 126 63 64 78 63 91 120 47
2220 m Forest Station f(m)i (s/vs) 66%
2
775 30 1 43 130 100 46 30 61 20 70 80 35
8937065 Meru UM 2 Av. 1301 46 47 115 273 119 11 10 11 21 215 318 116
1555 m Met. Station m + m 66% 1080 23 15 57 230 78 3 0 1 4 130 276 45
8937072 Giaki LM3 Av. 1402
3
50 30 115 349 151 25 7 3 11 190 358 113
1110 m Exp. Farm s/m + s/m 66%
2
1140 22 5 58 250 55 8 0 0 3 85 283 12
8937078 Muchene LH 3 Av. 1021 41 45 106 192 70 10 13 6 7 165 246 120
2230 m Forest Station m + m/s 66%
2
870 17 20 60 145 30 3 3 1 1 125 160 45
9037011 Mujwa (Mayna) UM3 Av. 1489 57 32 120 316 172 15 11 16 22 241 367 131
1246 m Cath. Mission m/s + m/s 66% 1226 22 10 48 286 112 0 0 0 4 130 290 78
9037027 Chogoria UM1 Av. 1709 24 38 143 379 198 23 23 34 22 253 281 144
1624 m High School m/l + m/s 66%
2
1495 10 23 70 330 130 7 8 15 12 150 230 95
9037034 Chuka County UM1 2 Av. 1572 45 32 171 387 173 18 25 26 29 209 339 118
1494 m Council Farm m/l + m/s 66% 1230 23 2 80 305 115 5 18 10 12 145 303 60
9037074 Nkubu UM 2 1 Av. 1587 52 30 145 367 164 13 20 23 25 255 395 139
1527 m Sec. School m + m/s 66% 1410 26 20 105 290 62 6 14 10 15 193 355 37
9037085 Mitunguu LM3 Av. 1365 31 24 127 318 133 11 18 7 10 207 353 126
1189 m Meru s + s 66% 1095 12 1 60 230 45 1 2 1 3 92 280 13
9037086 Wathine UM1 2 Av. 1940 62 56 143 413 234 19 20 19 44 315 446 169
1829 m Kithurine m + m 66% 1670 30 21 75 350 175 9 10 10 22 220 345 125
9037102 Marimba LH 1 Av. 2128 72 74 182 449 233 21 15 21 38 349 470 204
1844 m Agric. Farm m/l i m 66% 1805 44 50 98 390 186 18 5 13 18 275 368 101
9037124 Mariene Coffee UM 2 Av. 1708 52 48 139 367 181 18 13 15 30 295 401 150
1524 m Res. Sub.-Stn. m + m 66% 1406 20 28 69 321 120 5 8 8 17 172 340 98
9037150 Egoji UM 2 Av. 1455 44 28 150 313 143 13 17 17 17 235 364 112
1350 m T.Tr. College m + m 66%
2
1250 15 13 102 240 62 6 11 10 12 185 325 33
9037185 Kanyakine UM 2 1 Av. 1719 54 29 194 420 155 7 9 16 26 261 370 177
1380 m Abogeta F. Hqs. m + m 66%
2
1450 20 15 110 355 98 1 2 8 15 150 320 100
9037186 Igwanjau UM3 Av. 1469 46 47 116 383 117 14 6 11 11 250 338 130
1280 m Sec. School m/s + m/s 66%
2
1255 15 20 45 305 80 7 2 3 3 145 295 78
9037191 Gaitu Scheme LM3 Av. 1280 55 22 106 396 82 9 5 2 6 149 333 115
1250 m Chaaria
4
s/m + s/m
9037195 Mwangarimwe UM 2 Av. 1621 27 92 124 409 169 32 21 20 47 206 348 125
1376 m ChieIs Camp m + s/m 66%
2
1390 15 40 80 320 100 11 10 10 23 92 275 12
9037198 Mumbuni Full LM3 Av. 1363 45 22 103 373 97 7 4 9 20 210 339 134
1180 m Prim. School School s + s 66%
2
1093 15 1 55 245 40 1 0 1 5 95 275 20
9037214 Kaguru UM1 - 2 Av. 1891
5
48 35 166 466 165 13 59 17 33 279 427 185
1500 m Farmers Tr. Sch. m + m 66%
2
1480 19 20 80 385 110 3 15 10 18 162 350 105
1
2
3
Average too high due to some extraordinary wet years, ca. 1350 mm are realistic.
4
11 years available to the GTZ only but important station.
5
Average too high due to some very wet years.
172
No. and
altitude
Name of
Station
AEZ
1
Kind of
records
Temperature inC
Belt
limits
8937065
1555 m
Meru
Met.. Stn.
UM 2
1560 m
2
UM
1150 m
Mean max. 23.4 24.7 25.7 24.1 22.8 22.1 21.5 22.1 24.4 25.1 22.8 22.7 23.5
Mean temp. 17.4 18.3 19.4 19.2 18.3 17.1 16.7 17.1 18.4 19.3 18.0 17.4 18.0
Mean min. 11.4 11.9 13.0 14.3 13.7 12.0 11.9 12.0 12.3 13.5 13.1 12.0 12.6
Abs. min. 6.4 6.9 9.2 10.6 8.9 7.0 7.5 8.5 7.8 9.0 9.2 8.0 8.3
9037124
1524 m
Mariene
Coffee Res.
Sub. Stn.
UM 2
1550 m
UM
1150 m
Mean max. 24.2 25.4 25.6 24.2 22.9 21.8 20.9 21.5 24.1 24.6 22.9 23.2 23.4
Mean temp. 17.9 18.5 18.9 18.5 17.4 16.2 15.7 16.1 17.4 18.5 17.9 17.6
Mean min. 11.5 11.5 12.1 12.7 11.9 10.5 10.5 10.6 10.6 12.4 12.8 11.9 11.6
Abs. min 3.0 7.6 7.0 5.5 7.5 5.0 2.5 4.2 4.4 7.2 6.6 8.5 5.8
1
2
The actual limit of the coffee zone is ca. 150 m higher according to the relatively high minimum temperature above 11C.
3
Extraordinary low mean temperature due to a local microclimate, therefore the larger area is still belonging to the Upper
Midland Main Coffee Zone.
No. and
altitude
Name of
Station
Type
1)
AEZ
2)
Year
in mm
% of
PET
8937002 Timau, interp.
128 125 142 115 114 100 96 103 120 138 105 110 1500 898 60%
2499 m Marania UH 3
8937022 Nanyuki Met. calc.
148 142 165 133 134 118 115 123 138 159 134 150 1660 746 45%
1947 m Stn. (Laik. D.) LH 4
8937034 Ardencaple interp.
140 134 150 125 126 110 107 115 130 150 125 130 1543 664 43%
2286 m Farm LH 4
8937065 Meru calc.
120 126 142 120 114 103 102 117 136 144 105 105 1438 1301 90%
1555 m Met. Station UM 2
8937072 Giaki interp.
161 168 182 152 140 130 129 131 158 170 140 140 1800 1402 78%
1110 m Exp. Farm LM3
9037011 Mujwa (Mayna) interp.
155 160 170 145 132 122 120 125 150 160 128 130 1687 1489
2
88%
1246 m Cath. Mission LM3
9037034 Chuka County interp.
135 140 152 118 110 95 90 120 138 115 125 126 1438 1564 101%
1494 m Council Farm UM1
9037085 Mitunguu interp.
160 167 180 150 138 125 123 134 150 165 140 140 1772 1365 77%
1189 m Meru LM3
9037102 Marimba interp.
115 120 135 113 105 90 85 110 128 110 105 105 1324 2128
2
160%
1844 m Agr. Farm LH 1
9037191 Gaitu Scheme interp.
159 166 178 148 135 120 117 127 142 160 140 140 1732 1280 74%
1250 m Chaaria LM3
9037198 Mumbuni Full interp.
160 168 180 150 139 125 123 135 150 165 140 140 1775 1363 77%
1180 m Prim. School LM3
1)
Type of equation: calc. = calculated by formula of PENMAN & MCCULLOCH with albedo for green grass 0.2; see MCCULLOCH
(1965): Tables for the Rapid Computation of the PENMAN Estimate of Evaporation.- East African Agricultural & Forestry
Journal, Vol. 30, No.3, p. 286-295; interp. = interpolated from neighbouring stations, considering altitude and rainfall
difference. AEZ = Agro-Ecol. Zone, explaining table see general part.
2)
The average annual rainfall is very high due to very heavy rains during the rainy seasons. Therefore the percentages of
potential evapotranspiration covered are relatively high too, especially in zone 3. The problem is to conserve the water
surplus in the soil, to prevent the runoII! On the other hand at a place like Marima annual rainIall amounts 160 oI ETo but
it is not yet classifed as Forest Zone, because it has 4 semiarid to arid months. Moiwa has an R to ETo relation oI 88: this
would mean zone 2, but due to the dry seasons of 2 and 4 arid months the sugar cane would not grow without additional
irrigation.
6
173
174
175
Agro-
Ecological
Zone
Subzone
Altitude
in m
Ann. mean
temperature
inC
Ann. av.
rainfall
in mm
66% reliability
of rainfall
1)
1
st
rainy s.
in mm
2
nd
rainy s.
in mm
1
st
rainy s.
2)
in days
2
nd
rainy s.
in days
Total
3)
in days
TA I + II
Trop.-Alpine
Moor- and
Heathlands
National Park
UH 0
Forest Zone
Forest Reserve
UH 1
Sheep and
Dairy Zone
Forest Reserve, important as a catchment area
UH 2
Pyrethrum-
Wheat Zone
l/m i m
2440-2740 13.7-11.7
950-1600 450-700 400-550 175 or more 135-155 310-330
vl i Steep slopes, Forest Reserve
UH 3
Upper Wheat-
Barley Zone
fm + m/s
2230-2900 14.9-10.5
700-1000 280-500 280-400 115-175 115-135 -
(l/m) i f(s) 850-1000 420-550 220-270 175 or more 75-115 250-290
LH 0
Forest Zone
Forest Reserve
LH 1
Tea-Dairy
Zone
l/vl m
1830-2200 17.4-14.9
Forest Reserve
f i m Small, transitional and partly Forest Reserve
m/l i m 1700-2600 700-1100 600-900 165 or more 135-155 300-320
LH 2
Wheat/Maize-
Pyrethrum Zone
m + m 1890-2130 17.0-15.4 1200-1800 450-650 400-580 135-155 135-155 -
LH 3
Wheat/(Maize)-
Barley Zone Zone
f(m) i
(s/vs)
2070-2220 15.8-15.0
750-900 350-400 180-220 115-175 75-85 190-260
m + m/s 700-1400 280-450 300-350 135-155 105-135 -
LH 4
Cattle-Sheep-
Barley Zone
(m/s) + s
2070-2210 15.8-15.1
700-850 250-300 260-300 115-130 85-105 -
(m/s or
s/m) i +
600-800 300-350 180-250 135-150 65-75 -
LH 5
Lower
Highland
Ranching Zone
br Not suitable for rainfed agriculture
UM 1
Coffee-Tea
Zone
f i m
1520-1800 19.2-17.6
1400-1800 700-950 450-550 210 or more 130-150 330-360
m/l i m 1650-2400 700-850 650-850 160 or more 135-155 295-310
m/l i m/s 1500-1700 700-820 500-630 155-175 115-135 270-310
UM2
Main Coffee
Zone
m + m
1280-1680 20.6-18.2
1500-2400 450-800 450-800 135-155 135-155 -
m + s/m 1250-1500 600-720 400-450 140-170 110-120 -
UM 3
Marginal
Coffee Zone
m/s + s
1280-1520 20.6-19.2
Small, see Embu District
m/s + m/s 1400-2200 420-750 250-450 75-115 75-115 -
m/s + s/m Very small
UM4
Sunfower
Maize Zone
fs + fs 1520-1770 19.3-18.0 750-1600 250-400 250-450 75-115 75-115 -
176
Agro-
Ecological
Zone
Subzone
Altitude
in m
Ann. mean
temperature
inC
Ann. av.
rainfall
in mm
66% reliability
of rainfall
1)
1
st
rainy s.
in mm
2
nd
rainy s.
in mm
1
st
rainy s.
2)
in days
2
nd
rainy s.
in days
Total
3)
in days
UM5
Livestock-
Sorghum Zone
vs/s + vs/s 1520-1770 19.3-18.0 500-1100 230-300 240-300 65-75 65-75
-
UM6
Upper Midland
Ranching Zone
br Not suitable for rainfed agriculture
LM 3
Cotton Zone
s/m + s/m
910-1300 22.9-20.9
1200-1600 400-500 550-600 105-115 105-115 -
4)
s/m + s 1200-1400 450-600 450-600 105-115 85-105 -
4)
s + s 1000-1400 300-500 320-500 85-105 85-105 -
4)
LM4
Marginal
Cotton Zone
s + s/vs
760-1300 23.5-21.0
900-1050 330-370 270-380 85-105 75-85 -
4)
s/vs + s/vs 820-920 250-350 270-370 75-85 75-85 -
4)
s/vs + vs/s 800-900 250-330 220-270 75-85 55-75 -
4)
LM5
Lower Mid-
land Live-
stock-Millet
Zone
vs/s + vs/s 1300-1500 22.8-21.0 590-780 160-250 160-250 55-75 55-75 -
vs/s + vs 750-820 24.0-23.5 700-800 200-270 150-210 55-75 45-55 -
vs + vs 1150-1300 23.5-22.8 580-680 150180 150-180 45-55 45-55 -
1)
Amounts surpassed normally in 10 of 15 years, falling during the agro-humid period which allows growing of most
cultivated plants.
2)
3)
Only added if rainfall continues at least for survival (>0.25 PET) of certain long term crops.
4)
Cotton is planted from 2
nd
rainy season to 1
st
next year, together 210-230 days of growing, 190-220, 170-220 resp. 150-170
days.
TABLE 4: Continued
177
178
TA = TROPICAL- ALPINE ZONES
TA O = Rocks and Gl aci ers
No land use, National Park
TA I = Tropi cal - Al pi ne Cat t l e and Sheep Zone
National Park, but in parts controlled grazing should be allowed, although limited potential
TA II = Tropical-Alpine Sheep Zone
National Park, very limited grazing potential
UH = UPPER HIGHLAND ZONES
UH 0 = Forest Zone
Too wet, steep, and too important as a catchment area, therefore Forest Reserve. Bamboo
thickets
UH 1 = Sheep and Dai ry Zone
Too steep and too important as a catchment area, therefore Forest Reserve. Valuable timber
UH 2 = Pyret hrum- Wheat Zone
Too steep and too important as a catchment area, therefore Forest Reserve. Valuable timber
UH 3 = Upper Wheat - Barl ey Zone
UH 3
fm + m/s
= Upper Wheat-Barley Zone
with a fully medium and a medium to short cropping season
1
st
rainy season, start norm. mid March: M. mat. wheat, m. mat. barley; green onions, cabbages
2
nd
rainy season, start norm. mid Oct.: E. mat. wheat and barley; green onions, cabbages, snow
peas (below 2600 m)
1
st
rainy season: M. mat. sunfower like Comet ( 2600m): m. mat. potatoes like Kenya Dhamana
(frost free sites: March -June), peas
2
nd
rainy season: E. mat. potatoes: m. mat. sunfower
Pa s t ur e a nd f or a ge
1 - 2 ha /LU on natural grassland, well suitable for Merino Sheep and grade beef cattle. Clover
and fodder barley as additional forage.
UH 3
(l/m) i
f (s)
= Upper Wheat-Barley Zone
with a (weak) long to medium cropping season, intermediate rains
1)
, and a (weak) fully
short one
No reliable good yield potential
1
st
rainy season, start norm. mid March: Late mat. wheat, m. mat. barley, m. mat. potatoes like
Kenya Akiba (Irost Iree sites: March Aug.): fax, linseed
Whole year: Pyrethrum (on deep soils)
Almost as in UH 3 fm + m/s
LH 1
l/vl i m
= Tea-Dairy Zone
with a long to very long cropping season, intermediate rains and a medium one
Forest Reserve
179
LH 1
n i m
= Tea-Dairy Zone
with a long cropping season, intermediate rains, and a medium one
Small, transitional, and partly Forest Reserve.
Agric. potential see LH 1 m/l i m, but very good yield pot. of 1
st
rainy season there is only good
here because of too much rain.
LH 1
m/l i m
= Tea-Dairy Zone
with a medium to long cropping season, intermediate rains, and a medium one
1
st
rainy season, start norm. b./mid March:Peas
2)
, cabbages
2
nd
rainy season, start norm. b. of Oct.: Peas
2)
1
st
rainy season: Potatoes, carrots, leek, kales, endive, lettuce
2
nd
rainy season: Potatoes, cabbages, carrots, kale, snow peas
Whole year, best planting time mid March: Tea, loquats
1
st
rainy season: Late mat. maize, horse beans, Trop. Lima beans (e. of March Dec.)
2
nd
rainy season: Late mat. maize if planted end of Aug., m. mat. maize in Sept.; m. mat. beans
(e. of July Dec.), leek, lettuce
Whole year: Pyrethrum; plums
About 0.5 ha/LU on secondary pasture of Kikuyu grass, suitable for grade dairy cows; Louisiana
white clover for higher productivity, Napier grass on lower places, green maize and fodder beets
as add. forage (many more see fodder list)
LH 2 = Wheat / Mai ze- Pyret hrum Zone
LH 2
m + m
= Wheat/Maize-Pyrethrum Zone
with two medium cropping seasons
1
st
rainy season, start norm. mid March: M. mat. wheat, m.mat. maize like KH600-18a, maize
baby corn, m. mat. barley: m.mat. sunfower, m. mat. rapseed, linseed: m. mat. potatoes, peas,
almost all vegetables
2
nd
rainy season, start mid O.: M. mat. wheat and barley, m.mat. sunfower and linseed: m. mat.
potatoes, almost all vegetables
Whole year: Pyrethrum
1
st
rainy season: Late mat. maize, m. mat. beans; like Cuarentino
2
nd
rainy season: M. mat. beans, peas
Whole year: Apples, pears, peaches, plums, strawberries
0.7-1 ha/LU on secondary pasture of Kikuyu grass: down to 0.45 ha/LU with Napier grass up to
2 000 m, Nandi Setaria above that; green maize, fodder beets, Louisiana white clover as addit.
forage (and many others, see fodder list)
LH 3 = Wheat / ( Mai ze)
3)
Barl ey Zone
LH 3
f(m) i
(s/vs)
= Wheat/(Maize)
3)
Barley Zone
with a (weak) fully medium cropping season, intermediate rains, and a (weak) short to
very short one
(See Diagram Kilord Farm)
1
st
rainy season, start norm. mid to end of March: E. mat. wheat (~60%), m. mat. barley like
Bima
180
1
st
rainy season: Late mat. maize (May-D.), m. mat. beans (lower places, fair to poor), peas;
linseed, late mat. sunfower like Kenya White, m. mat. potatoes like Akiba: kales, green
onions
2
nd
rainy season, start mid O.: V.e. mat. barley
Whole year: Avocadoes in lower places, peaches
1-2 ha/LU on nat. grassland; 0.7-1.5 ha/LU on art. pasture of Rhodes grass (lower places); Bana
grass ( up to 2000m), Nandi Setaria; fodder barley like B 106 in 1
st
rainy season; glycine, yam
bean, stylo, calopo, Lucerne cv. Hunter feld, purple vetch. Alsike clover, subterranean clover,
kudzu, velvet beans, lablab beans, Jack beans, sunhemp; calliandra, Leucaena, Tithonia
LH 3
m+m/s
or sm
= Wheat/(Maize)
3)
-Barley Zone
with a medium and a medium to short or short to medium cropping season
1
st
rainy season, start norm. end of March: E. mat. wheat, e.mat. barley, m.mat. wheat and barley
good to fair
1
st
rainy season: Late mat. maize: m. mat. beans (lower places), peas, m. mat. sunfower: kales,
green onions
2
nd
rainy season, start norm. mid O.: E. mat. wheat and barley; e. mat. beans (lower places), peas,
kales, green onions
Almost as in LH 3 f(m) i (s/vs) but additionally e. mat. fodder barley like Amani in in 2
nd
rainy
season
14
181
LH 4 = Cat t l e- Sheep- Barl ey Zone
LH 4
(m/s)+s
= Cattle-Sheep-Barley Zone
with a weak medium to short and a short cropping season
1
st
rainy season, start norm. end of March: E. mat. barely (50-60%), e. mat. wheat (40-50%);
green onions
2
nd
rainy season, start norm. mid O.:E. mat. barley; green onions
2-4 ha/LU on nat. grassland, higher stocking rate on Elmba or Boma Rhodes (up to 2050 m).
Add. forage is useful: E. mat. barley (both rainy season); yam bean, velvet beans, lablab beans,
kudzu, sunhemp
LH 4
(m/s or
s/ m) i +
(vs/s)
with a (weak) medium to short or short to medium cropping season, intermediate rains,
and a (weak) very short to short one
Fa i r yi e l d pont e nt i a l
1
st
rainy season, start nom. End of March: E. or m. mat. barley (50-60%), e. mat. wheat (40-
50%); green onions
1
st
rainy season: Late mat. maize
4)
2
nd
rainy season, start norm. end of Oct.: V.e. mat. barley
2-4 ha/LU on nat. grassland: Iodder barley B 106 (frst rainy season)
LH 5 = Lower Hi ghl and Ranchi ng Zone
LH 5
br
= Lower Highland Ranching Zone
with bimodal rainfall
1)
Not suitable for rainfed agriculture (except for v. e. mat. barley in 1
st
rainy season)
Normally 3 - 6 ha/LU on natural grass savanna; no proper forage. Severe erosion danger if
overgrazed, then stocking rate is much less
UM 1 = Coff ee- Tea Zone
UM 1
n i m
= Coffee-Tea Zone
with a fully long cropping season, intermediate rains and a medium one
Very small, potential see Embu District
UM 1
m/l i m
= Coffee-Tea Zone
1
st
rainy season, start norm. mid March: Late mat. fnger millet: cabbages, kales, lettuce, carrots
2
nd
rainy season, start norm. mid Oct.: M. mat. beans, kales, carrots
Whole year: Passion fruit
1
st
rainy season: Potatoes, m. mat. sunfower like HS 301 A: sweet potatoes: m. mat. beans,
onions; Meru foxtail millet ( May S. in Gathano rains)
2
nd
rainy season: M. mat. fnger millet: m. mat. sunfower like 252: cabbages, kales, onions,
tomatoes
Whole year: Tea, Arabica coffee, bananas, mountain paw paws, yams, loquats, avocados, khat
(=miraa)
1
st
rainy season:M. mat. maize; tomatoes, snow peas
2
nd
rainy season: Late mat. maize (Aug.-F.)
Whole year: Taro (near water good)
15
182
About 0.4 ha/LU, feeding Napier grass, banana leaves and stems, sweet potato vines and many
others (see fodder list Table XII)
UM 1
m/l i m/s
= Coffee-Tea Zone
with a medium to long cropping season and a medium to short one
(see Diagram Chuka)
1
st
rainy season, start norm. mid March: Cabbages, kales, leek, lettuce, carrots
2
nd
rainy season, start norm. mid O.: Leek, lettuce, carrots
Whole year: Passion fruit, black wattle
1
st
rainy season: M. mat. maize H 511, 512, 513-18 ( iI soil moisture is well stored), fnger millet:
e. mat. beans, m. mat. dolichos beans, peas: potatoes: m. mat. sunfower, onions
2
nd
rainy season: E. mat. maize, fnger millet: beans (Sep.-Jan.), m. mat. sunfower like HS 301
A; cabbages, kales, onions, tomatoes
Whole year best pl. time mid March: Tea, Arabica coffee, bananas, mountain paw paws, passion
fruit, yams, loquats, avocados, khat (=miraa)
1
st
rainy season: Sweet potatoes; tomatoes
2
nd
rainy season: M. mat. maize, fnger millet: potatoes,
Whole year: Citrus, loquats
Potential almost as UM 1 m/l i m
183
UM 2
m+s/m
= Main Coffee Zone
with a medium and a short to medium season
5)
Small, potential see Embu District
UM 2
m + m
= Main Coffee Zone
1
st
rainy season, start norm. end oI March: M. mat. maize and fnger millet, e. mat. sorghum
(lower places): beans, sweet potatoes: e. mat. sunfower like 252 (70-80) or m. mat. like HS
301 A; cabbages, kales, tomatoes, onions
2
nd
rainy season, start norm. mid O.: E. mat. maize, e. mat. sorghum (lower pl.); m. mat. beans,
sweet potatoes, e. mat. sunfower: cabbages, kales, tomatoes, onions
Whole year: Arabica coffee
6)
, bananas, mountain paw paws, loquats, avocados, passion fruits,
citrus (lower places), dolichos beans (perennial var.)
2
nd
rainy season: M. mat. maize; potatoes (higher places
Whole year: Cassava, yams (50-60%), sugar cane in lower valleys
Originally about 0.6 ha/LU on secondary pasture of star grass (Cynodon dactylon), down to
about 0.12 ha/LU feeding Napier or Bana grass, banana leaves and stems, sweet potato vines,
maize stalks
UM 3
m/s+s
7)
UM 3
m/s + m/s
with two medium to short cropping seasons
8)
(See Diagram Mayna)
1
st
rainy season, start norm. end of March: E. mat. maize like Katumani comp.B
10)
, m. mat. maize
EMCO 92 SR, e.mat. sorghum like Serena (< 1500m) or KARI Mtama -1; e. mat. beans; e.
mat. sunfower like HS 345 (1 500 m): onions, cabbages
2
nd
rainy season, start norm. mid O.: Almost the same as in 1
st
rainy season but due to higher
rainfall normally about 10% higher yield expectations, m. mat. sorghum (60-70%)
Whole year: Pineapples, perennial castor
1
st
rainy season: M. mat. maize H 511-518
10)
, m. mat. sorghum (50-60%); m. mat. beans, sweet
potatoes, pigeon peas; kales, tomatoes
2
nd
rainy season: Same crops but normally about 10% higher yield expectations
Whole year: Arabica coffee (fair in higher places, poor in lower places, there add. Irrigation;
paw paws, cassava, citrus, bananas (lower places poor); Macadamia nuts, mangoes, passion
fruits
0.7-1.1 ha/LU on secondary high grass savanna of zebra grass (Hyparrhenia rufa) but almost
none is left; down to 0.25 ha/LU feeding Napier or Bana grass, sweet potato vines and other
forage (see fodder list).
UM 3
m/s + s/m
with a medium to short and a short to medium cropping season
Very small, potential as UM 3 m/sm/s in frst rainy season about 10 lower yields
UM 3
m/s + s
184
UM 4
fs + fs
= Maize- Sunnower Zone
with two fully short cropping seasons
9)
1
st
rainy season, start norm. end of March: Katumani Comp. B. maize
10)
(good to fair in higher
places, fair in s/vs, there Dryland comp. better), e. mat. sorghum like Serena (lower places);
e. mat. dolichos beans, v. e. mat. beans like Mwezi moia, e. mat. sunfower like HS 345
2
nd
rainy season, start norm. mid Oct.: Almost the same as in 1
st
rainy season
Whole year, best planting time end of Oct.: Sisal
1
st
rainy season: M. mat. maize EMCO 92 SR or hybrids 5.. (fair to poor, recommended only on
soils with good water storage), e. mat. fnger millet, Meru Ioxtail millet: e. mat. beans, sweet
potatoes: Virg. tobacco (Sept.-March, with add. irrigation during frst 6 weeks): tomatoes,
onions
2
nd
rainy season: Almost the same as in 1
st
rainy season
Whole year: Cassava, castor, pineapples (lower places), mangoes
1-2 ha/Lu on open high grass savanna; down to about 0.3 ha/LU feeding Bana grass, fodder
legumes like siratro (Macroptilium atropurpureum), and planting fodder shrubs like horse
tamarind (Leucaena leucocephala) or saltbush (Atriplex nummularia)
UM 5 = Li vest ock- Sorghum Zone
UM 5
vs/s +
vs/s
= Livestock Sorghum Zone
with two very short to short cropping seasons
18
185
1
st
or 2
nd
rainy seasons: V. e. mat. sorghum like IS 8595
1
st
or 2
nd
rainy seasons: V.e. mat. beans like Kat/Bean 9
More than 2.5 ha/LU on nat. mixed grassland; down to about 0.5 ha/LU with forage like hay or
silage of fodder sorghum and fodder legumes
UM 6 = Upper Mi dl and Ranchi ng Zone
UM 6
br
= Upper Midland Ranching Zone
Not suitable for rainfed agriculture
More than 3 ha/LU on nat. short grass savanna; with vines of Marama beans and palatable
shrubs like saltbush (Atriplex nummularia) as dry season forage much higher capacity
LM 3
s/m +
s/m
= Cotton zone
with two short to medium cropping seasons
(see Diagram Mayna)
Transitional strip. Potential between LM 3 s+s and UM 3 m/s+m/s but excluding coffee and
including millets, grams, cow peas and groundnuts
LM 3
s + s
= Cotton zone
9)
1
st
rainy season, start nom. End of March: E. mat. foxtail millet, e. mat. proso millet
2
nd
rainy season, start norm. mid Oct.: E. mat. foxtail or proso millet, e. mat. bulrush millet
(awned var.)
11)
: dwarI sunfower
1
st
rainy season: E. mat. maize like Katumani Comp. B
10)
or PH 1, PH 4, ratoon of m. mat.
sorghum like 2 KX 17, e. mat. sorghum like Serena (70-80), m. mat. fnger millet like
Ekalakala, cow peas, green grams (spraying important), e.mat. soya beans: e. mat. sunfower
like 252
2
nd
rainy season: Katumani Comp. B maize
10)
, e. mat. sorghum like Serere Comp. II, Serena (70-
80%); green grams, cowpeas, v.e. mat. beans (higher places), e. mat. beans (lower places), e.
mat. soya beans, pigeon peas (O.-S.), sweet potatoes: e. mat. sunfower like HS 345, Virginia
tobacco (Sept.-March, higher places, with add. irrig. during frst 6 weeks): cotton on deep
black or dark reddish brown volcanic soils (~60%)
Whole year: Best planting time end of Oct.: Sisal, castor like C 15, cassava (on deep light soils),
pineapples (on deep heavy soils), avocados, guavas
1
st
rainy season: Med. Mat. maize like EMCO 92 SR or H 511-518 (on deep, heavy but well
drained soils): e. mat. dolichos beans, groundnuts (in light soils); e. mat. sweet potatoes,
tomatoes, onions
2
nd
rainy season: M. mat. maize like EMCO 92 SR or H 511-518 (on deep soils); e. mat. dolichos
beans, e. mat. sweet potatoes; cotton bimodal variety on medium soils (e. of S./O.-Aug.)
Whole year: Mangoes (but fungus diseases), Macadamia nuts, bananas, paw paws, passion
fruits
0.6-1.0 ha/LU on high grass savanna with zebra grass (Hyparrhenia rufa) predominant; down to
about 0.2 ha/LU feeding bana grass, fodder legumes like siratro (Macroptilium atropupureum)
or horse tamarind (Leucaena leucocephala) as a suitable palatable shrub
19
186
LM 4
s+s/vs
with a short and a short to very short cropping season
LM 4
s/vs +
s/vs
with two short to very short cropping seasons
2
nd
rainy season, start norm. end oI Oct.: E. mat. Ioxtail and proso millet, v.e. mat. sunfower
1
st
rainy seasons, start norm end of March: Dryland Comp. maize (60-70%), e. mat. bulrush
millet
11)
1
st
rainy season, start norm. end of March: Dryland Comp. maize (60-70%), e. mat. bulrush
millet11); e. mat. foxtail and proso millet, v.e. mat. dwarf sorghum; cowpeas, v.e. mat.
sunfower, moth beans, rai
12)
.
2
nd
rainy season; Dryland Comp. maize, e. mat. sorghum, e. mat. bulrush millet
11)
; e. mat. beans;
rai
12)
, e. mat. onions, e. mat. bambarra groundnuts (on light soils), chick peas (late planted on
heavy soils), green grams, moth beans
Whole year: Buffalo gourds (on light soils)
13)
, Marama beans
13)
, perennial castor like C 15
1
st
rainy season:E. mat. maize like Katumani Comp. B., e. mat. sorghum; e. mat. beans, chick
peas (on heavy soils), black and green grams, e. mat. soya beans, dolichos beans, e. mat.
bambarra groundnuts on light soils, e. mat. sweet potatoes
2
nd
rainy season:E. mat.maize Katumani Comp. B on deep soils, m. mat. bulrush millet, e. mat.
fnger millet: dolichos beans, pigeon peas (S.-O.), e. mat. sweet potatoes
Whole year: Cotton (fair on deep black cotton soils, poor on medium and light soils), sisal
Originally 0.8-2 ha/LU on mixed medium grass savanna with red oats grass (Themeda triandra)
predominant; if degraded well improvable by saltbush (Atriplex nummularia), Mesquite
(Prosopis chilensis), and horse tamarind (Leucaena leucocephala) as palatable shrubs; Makueni
guinea grass and legumes like moth bean vines as fodder allow higher stocking rates
LM 4
s/vs +
vs/s
=
Marginal Cotton Zone
LM 5
vs/s +
vs/s
Very small, potential see Meru North District
LM 5
vs/s+vs
LM 5
vs + vs
Small, potential see Meru North District
20
187
End notes
1)
Rainy seasons are not clearly defned because this zone is transitional between the rainIall pattern oI the RiIt Valley with
one period and Eastern Kenya with two shorter periods of rainfall.
2)
Pest danger
3)
Depending on farm scale, but maize ecologically less suitable
4)
A medium maturing variety for this rel. high altitude would be better but is not yet proofed, may be KH 600-18a
5)
On medium soils, on heavy soils there is a long to medium and a medium to short cropping season. Given potential refer to
the predominant heavy red loams.
6)
Very good yields on heavy deep soils with runoff-protection and mulching
7)
On medium soils: on heavy soils frst cropping season has a medium length, the second one becomes short to medium.
Given potential refers to predominant heavy red loams.
8)
On medium soils; heavy ones both seasons are of medium length. Given potential refers to predominant heavy red loams.
9)
On medium soils, on heavy soils short to medium cropping seasons. Potential refers to predominant friable clay.
10)
Although Katumani Comp. B has climatically a good yield potential here, it is on deep soils eventually more advisable to
plant a hybrid maize variety of H 5.. series especially in 2nd rainy season (except in UM 4 s/vs+s/vs); because of its higher
productivity it may yield more, even if the climate is not so suitable for it. (But more fertiliser and manure is necessary.)
11)
Bird rejecting awned varieties recommended, available at ICRISAT, Hyderabad, India.
21
188
TABLE 5: CLIMATIC YIELD POTENTIALS FOR FOOD CROPS
1)
IN THE SEMI-ARID
ZONE OF MERU SOUTH DISTRICT (estimated by interpolation between stn.
Kindaruma Dam of Mbeere District and stn. Gatunga of Tharaka District)
First rainy season
Second rainy season
Yield
Potential
(in % of
Optimum)
Crop variety
Estim.
average
yield
(kg/ha)
2)
Total
crop
failures
out of 10
seasons
Crop variety
Estim.
average
yield
(kg/ha)
2)
Total
crop
failures
out of 10
seasons
Good
(60 80 %)
Tepary beans
Grams (KVR 26)
720
650
0
0
Fair
(40 60 %)
Maize (DLC)
Pearl millet
(Kat/PM1, PM2)
Proso millet (Serere 1)
Cowpeas (HB48/10E)
Chickpeas
Soyabeans (Nyala)
1030
570
1040
1450
1570
740
890
510
620
1270
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
Foxtail millet (Jodhpur)
Grams (KVR 26)
1220
780
440
1
1
1
Poor
(20 40 %)
Maize (KCB)
Bulrush millet
(Serere Comp. I)
Sorghum (IS 8595)
Sorghum Seredo
Sorghum (Serena)
Cowpeas (K 80)
Green grams
Black grams
Groundnuts (Makululu
Red)
1130
1510
520
1320
860
1080
1010
620
440
560
750
710
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
Maize (DLC)
Bulrush millet
(Serere Comp. II)
Sorghum (Serena)
Sorghum (IS 8595)
Sorghum (Seredo)
Sorghum (KARI/Mtama-1)
Tepary beans
Cowpeas
(MTW 63; MTW 610)
Green grams
Black grams (Kat Dengu 26)
Chick peas
Soyabeans (Nyala)
560
600
920
680
940
780
940
590
750
430
440
580
360
360
570
470
850
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
3
3
3
3
2
3
2
2
2
2
1)
Only crops listed with total crop failures (TCF) generally less than 33 % (acc. to yield calculations with MARCROP model of HORNETZ,
2001; see Methodology in Vol. II/M).
2)
Well manured, fertilized and protected. Water loss as surface runoff is stopped by contour ridges, calculated with MARCROP.
22
189
190
Mt. Kenya and its foot-hills determine the physiography of the upper part of Meru Central District. Tis
mountain of olivine basalts and ashes occupy most of the district, followed by foot-hills. Te northern and
north-western boundary is taken up by plateaus of Tertiary basic igneous rocks. Non-dissected erosional
plains of the same parent rock occur in the north. Te Meru South District stretches from the Mt. Kenya
basalts to the foot-hills and lower, where erosional peneplains are dominant, surmounted by some inselbergs
as relicts from the old mountain area.
On the highest parts, soils of variable fertility (map unit MV1) are found. On slightly lower areas, soils of
unit MV2 of moderate to high fertility occur. Te volcanic foot-hills are dominated by soils of unit RB1
and RB2, which are of moderate to high fertility also but becoming exhausted by many years of cultivation
without fertilizing and manuring.
Plateau soils which are in general highly fertile (units LB11, LB13) make up the north-western boundary.
Two small areas in Meru South consist of less fertile upland soil (unit UU1). Low to moderately fertile soil
(UI1) can be found on foot-hills and lowermiddle uplands.
LEGEND TO THE SOIL MAP OF MERU CENTRAL AND SOUTH DISTRICTS
1. Explanation of the rst character (physiography)
M Mountains and Major Scarps
H Hills and Minor Scarps
R Volcanic Footridges
F Footslopes
U Uplands (upper, middle and lower levels)
Pn Non-Dissected Erosional Plains
A Floodplains
B Bottomlands
2. Explanation of second character (lithology)
B Basic and ultra-basic igneous rocks (basalts, nepheline phonolites; older basic tus included)
L Limestone and calcitics Mudstones
191
3. Soil description
MV1 imperfectly drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark greyish brown, very friable, acid humic
to peaty, loam to clay loam, with rock outcrops and ice in the highest parts
dystric HISTOSOLS, lithic phase; with LITHOSOLS and rock outcrops
MV2 well drained, very deep, dark reddish brown to dark brown, very friable and smeary, clay loam
to clay, with a thick acid humic topsoil; in places shallow to moderately deep and rocky
humic ANDOSOLS, partly lithic phase
HB1 well drained, shallow, dark reddish brown, friable, rocky and stony, clay loam
chromic CAMBISOLS, lithic phase; with rock outcrops
HB2 well drained, shallow to moderately deep, very dark brown, rm, stony and rocky clay loam
LITHOSOLS; with verto-luvic PHAEOZEMS, lithic phase and rock outcrops
HU2 somewhat excessively drained, shallow, reddish brown, friable, rocky or stony, sandy clay
loam
eutric REGOSOLS, lithic phase; with rock outcrops and calcic CAMBISOLS
LB1 well drained, very deep, dark red, very friable clay
LB11 imperfectly drained, deep, very dark greyish brown, very rm, cracking clay
chromic VERTISOLS
LB13 well drained, deep, dark reddish brown to red, friable sandy clay to clay; in places shallow to
moderately deep
chromic and ferric LUVISOLS; with LITHOSOLS
LBC Complex of:
moderately well drained, shallow, yellowish red to dark yellowish brown, friable, gravelly clay
over petroplinthite or rock (50-70%)
IRONSTONE SOILS; with LITHOSOLS
and:
poorly drained, deep to very deep, dark brown to very dark greyish brown, mottled, rm to
very rm, cracking clay; in places moderately deep to very deep over petroplinthite
undierentiated VERTISOLS and vertic GLEYSOLS
RB1 well drained, extremely deep, dark reddish brown to dark brown, friable and slightly smeary
clay, with an acid humic topsoil
ando-humic NITISOLS; with humic ANDOSOLS
RB2 well drained, extremely deep, dusky red to dark reddish brown, friable clay, with a acid humic
topsoil
humic NITISOLS
RB4 well drained, moderately deep to very deep, dark reddish brown, friable to rm clay; in places
with an acid humic topsoil
nito-ferric LUVISOLS; with humic NITISOLS
192
RB5 well drained, moderately deep to deep, dark reddish brown, friable to rm clay; with a humic
topsoil
chromo-luvic PHAEOZEMS; in places very deep and overlying buried eutric NITISOLS
RB6 well drained, moderately deep, dark reddish brown, rm, cracking clay, with a humic top-
soil
verto-luvic PHAEOZEMS
FUC Complex of:
somewhat excessively drained to well drained, deep to very deep, dark red to dark yellowish
brown soils of varying consistence and texture; in places gravely
ferralic ARENOSOLS; with ferralo-chromic/orthic LUVISOLS and ACRISOLS
clay
UU3 well drained, moderately deep to deep, dark red to yellowish red, friable to rm, sandy clay
to clay, often with a topsoil of loamy sand
UUC2 Complex of:
well drained, shallow to deep, red to dark red, friable to rm, sandy clay loam to sandy clay;
in places rocky
chromic and ferralo-chromic LUVISOLS ; with chromic CAMBISOLS, lithic phase and
rock outcrops
PnB2 well drained, very deep, dark reddish brown to dusky red, friable clay; in places bouldery
AA2 well drained, very deep, very dark greyish brown to dark yellowish brown, friable, stratied,
micaceous, moderately sodic, loam to clay
calcaric FLUVISOLS, sodic phase
NOTES for denitions (of underlined words):
1. mollic Nitisols and chromo-luvic Phaeozems: soils are equally important
2. mollic Nitisols, with chromic-luvic Phaeozems: Nitisols are prevalent
3. in places: in < 30% of the area
4. in many places: in 30-50% of the area
5. predominantly: in > 50% of the area
6. deeper subsoil: below 80 cm
193
MERU CENTRAL DISTRICT
Meru Central District is one of the thirteen districts that form the Eastern Province. Te district lies to the
east of Mt. Kenya whose peak cuts through the southwest border of the district It shares borders with Lai-
kipia District to the west, Nyeri and Kirinyaga Districts to the south, Meru District to the south, Taraka
District to the east, Meru North and Isiolo Districts to the north. Of the total area (2,982 km
2
), Mt. Kenya
and Imenti Forests cover 1,030 km
2
and the remaining 1,952 km
2
is under human settlement. Te district
comprises of ten administrative divisions (Table 6).
During the last Population and Housing Census of 1999, Meru Central had a total population of 498,880
(Table 6). Out of this, a rural area equivalent to 1680 km
2
is suitable for agriculture as well as livestock pro-
duction (Table 8). Tis translates to 56.3% of total area devoted for agricultural production. According to
the 2001 Population Projection, Mirigamieru West Division had the highest population of 62,539 people
followed by Abothuguchi West Division with 59,544 and Mirigamieru East Division with 56,958. Tis
high population in Mirigamieru West Division is mainly attributed to the population concentration within
Meru Municipality and its environs. Te high population in Abothuguchi West Division is attributed to the
fact that much of the division is high potential, while the high population in Mirigamieru East Division is
attributed to the fact that a section of Meru Municipality and its environs fall within the division.
Abothoguchi Central Division had the least population of 31,020 people followed by Abothuguchi East Di-
vision with 38,700 people and then Buuri Division, which is the third least populated with 42,356 people.
Although Abothuguchi East Division has the second highest density of 537, it has the least population
because of its small size (57.8 km
2
), while the low population for Abothuguchi East and Buuri Divisions,
respectively is attributed to the fact that these divisions are mainly arid and semi arid lands (ASALs).
Te remaining four divisions namely Nkuene, Abogeta, Igoji and Timau had a population of over 47,000
people. Except for Timau Division, the other three divisions have large areas comprising of high and me-
dium potential agricultural land. Population in these divisions is to a large extent evenly distributed. Timau
Division is also expansive with large areas that are ASALs. Population in the ASALs is low while the high
potential areas carry large populations.
Te average population density for the district was 167 persons/km
2
in 1999, and is expected to rise to 191
by the year 2008. Miriga Mieru W. has the highest population density of 1306 persons/km
2
, while Timau
has the lowest density of 72 persons/km
2
. Te former holds 13.9 % of the district total population (Table
6). Timau Division, on the other hand comprising of 22.8 % of the districts size, holds only 9.8 % of its
population.Tis huge dierence between the two divisions can be explained by the fact that Timau hosts
large-scale dairy and wheat farms of an average size of 680 ha. However, in the district the statistically aver-
age household of 4.1 persons (Table 7) on only 1.4 ha. Of land were available (i. e. 0.34 ha/person), (Table
8). In 1979, these were 2.8 ha and 0.52 ha respectively. By 2009 these would have fallen to as little as 0.9 ha
and 0.22 ha respectively. Tis catastrophic situation needs more family planning as well as more fertilizing
and manuring of land because maize yields per ha have been reduced to less than half during the last 25 years
due to exhaustion of soils (see Chapter 3.3.4)
Te density in all other divisions ranges from 513 persons/km
2
in Abothuguchi C. to 170 in Buuri and on
average these divisions have 343 persons/km
2
. Tis high population density will put a lot of population
pressure on land. As population densities increase, this eliminates the ability of the people to derive their
livelihood in a sustainable manner from land and natural resource endowment of the district. Rapid popu-
lation growth will narrow the scope for further expansion on production and lead to subdivision of land
into uneconomic units, soil erosion and declining yields. Te district will be facing deforestation, depletion
of water resources and loss of natural habitat. Population will encroach into the forests and marginal areas
hitherto unsettled.
194
Pockets of poverty in the district are found in the slums in the urban areas especially in Meru Town, Nkubu,
Mitunguu, squatters in Timau Division, all divisions where there are large families with more than six
people, especially in ASALs. Families with small uneconomic parcels of land especially in ASALs are also
among the poor.
TABLE 6: POPULATION PER DIVISION, LOCATION AND SUB-LOCATION IN MERU POPULATION PER DIVISION, LOCATION AND SUB-LOCATION IN MERU
CENTRAL DISTRICT (Source: Census 1999)
DIVISION/LOCATION
& SUB-LOCATION
Male Female Total
Number of
Households
Area in
km
2
Density
MERU CENTRAL 248027 250853 498880 120265 2982 167
TIMAU 25600 23518 49118 13769 680.7 72
ONTULILI 6762 6116 12878 3595 68.8 187
Kangaita 1341 1287 2628 636 11 239
Katheri 2565 2515 5080 1279 18.7 272
Antu Bamwitu 2856 2314 5170 1680 39.1 132
KIRIMARA 5866 5690 11556 2979 43 269
Kithithina 2562 2395 4957 1192 22.8 217
Kiambogo 3304 3295 6599 1787 20.2 327
NGUSISHI 5174 4803 9977 3253 166.2 60
Mutarakwa 2914 2641 5555 1621 59.4 94
Maritati 2260 2162 4422 1632 106.8 41
KISIMA 7798 6909 14707 3942 402.7 37
Ntirimiti 2451 2112 4563 1116 39.1 117
Buuri 2551 2440 4991 1257 82.6 60
Ngare Ndare 1216 1155 2371 684 130.1 18
Mutunyi 1580 1202 2782 885 150.9 18
ABOTHUGUCHI W. 29318 30505 59823 14318 147.1 407
KIBIRICHIA 2605 2446 5051 1139 9.7 521
Kimbo 2215 2119 4334 958 8.2 529
Gathuine 390 327 717 181 1.5 478
KIAMIOGO 3991 4081 8072 2202 16.8 480
Kiamiogo 1580 1605 3185 699 14.1 226
Mburugiti 2411 2476 4887 1503 2.7 1810
NTUMBURI 2059 2294 4353 992 40.3 108
Thiira 1127 1212 2339 543 23.5 100
Barrier 932 1082 2014 449 16.8 120
NTUGI 3901 4109 8010 1889 19.3 415
Mboroga 1362 1462 2824 697 13.1 216
Murinya 2539 2647 5186 1192 6.2 836
KATHERI EAST 2245 2375 4620 1107 8.5 544
Kirima Kiathi 770 822 1592 376 3 531
Kianthumbi S. 599 626 1225 279 1.9 645
Kinjo North 448 473 921 221 2 461
Kinjo South 428 454 882 231 1.6 551
KATHERI CENTRAL 3621 3863 7484 1828 11.5 651
Kathita 876 878 1754 440 3.6 487
Nkiriri North 771 867 1638 382 2.1 780
Nkiriri South 1509 1652 3161 785 4.4 718
Mwirangombe 465 466 931 221 1.4 665
KATHERI WEST 2176 2119 4295 847 8.5 505
Kathiranga N. 649 612 1261 145 3.1 407
Kathiranga W. 544 493 1037 236 2.2 471
Kathiranga C. 503 495 998 225 1.4 713
Kathiranga E. 480 519 999 241 1.8 555
GITHONGO WEST 2393 2612 5005 1133 7.8 642
Kibaranyaki 636 662 1298 275 2.1 618
Gikuune 1046 1152 2198 533 3.1 709
Kaugu 711 798 1509 325 2.6 580
GITHONGOEAST 1673 1791 3464 935 6.3 550
Gakurwene 722 752 1474 492 1.2 1228
195
TABLE 6: Continued
DIVISION/LOCATION
& SUB-LOCATION
Male Female Total
Number of
Households
Area in
km
2
Density
Karugwa 515 580 1095 238 2.7 406
Marathi 436 459 895 205 2.4 373
KITHIRUNE EAST 2245 2267 4512 1138 9.1 496
Nduruma 1232 1237 2469 660 5.3 466
Nkandone 419 434 853 209 1.9 449
Mbwinjeru 594 596 1190 269 1.9 626
KITHIRUNE WEST 2409 2548 4957 1108 9.3 533
Kioru 1001 1023 2024 446 4.1 494
Murugi 1078 1145 2223 508 4 556
Kiarago 330 380 710 154 1.2 592
BUURI 20196 20321 40517 9819 238.4 170
NAARI 7507 7597 15104 3443 44 343
Gitimene 1578 1568 3146 699 11.5 274
Muruguma 1958 2038 3996 910 9.1 439
Maitei 2412 2467 4879 1163 16.6 294
Runkuru 1559 1524 3083 671 6.8 453
KIIRUA 4609 4455 9064 2503 70.4 129
Kithima 1462 1034 2496 795 29.1 86
Nkando 1346 1425 2771 668 28.5 97
Kiirua 1801 1996 3797 1040 12.8 297
RWARERA 2716 2689 5405 1367 79.8 68
Mugae 495 399 894 253 22.8 39
Kirwiro 392 374 766 208 20 38
Mworoga 779 771 1550 392 14.7 105
Kathwene 1050 1145 2195 514 22.3 98
RUIRI 5364 5580 10944 2506 44.2 248
Mutuma 1953 2063 4016 907 22.2 181
Ncoroiboro 2117 2158 4275 959 15.2 281
Kamutune 1294 1359 2653 640 6.8 390
MIRIGA MIERU E. 28629 28329 56958 12331 168.7 338
MULATHANKARI 5573 5594 11167 2369 14.9 749
Nkabune 1466 1503 2969 607 6.6 450
Kaaga 1804 1758 3562 787 3 1187
Mukua 1157 1169 2326 479 2.2 1057
Njoka 1146 1164 2310 496 3.1 745
CHUGU 6405 6273 12678 2716 22.6 561
Chungari 1989 2017 4006 845 4.9 818
Runogone 1544 1574 3118 693 4.7 663
Kithoka 2872 2682 5554 1178 13 427
MUNITHU 4590 4774 9364 1949 15.8 593
Kirimene 1599 1663 3262 691 3.9 836
Gankere 1345 1282 2627 514 6.6 398
Kauthene 1646 1829 3475 744 5.3 656
THUURA 4875 4731 9606 2119 32.1 299
Rwanyange 2175 2066 4241 921 16.2 262
Kiamwitari 2700 2665 5365 1198 15.9 337
GIAKI 3758 3782 7540 1712 44.1 171
Mbeu 752 756 1508 346 10.8 140
Kirimaitune 1214 1173 2387 526 13.4 178
Kambereu 1105 1139 2244 523 10 224
Kanjagi 687 714 1401 317 9.9 142
KIBURINE 3428 3175 6603 1466 39.2 168
Ciothirai 1029 975 2004 441 10.7 187
Gachua 1367 1297 2664 587 11.4 234
Mbirikene 1032 903 1935 428 17.1 113
MIRIGA MIERU W. 34551 34918 69469 18658 53.2 1306
NTIMA 4537 4729 9266 2953 5.1 1817
Upper Igoki 3794 4131 7925 2497 4 1981
Tuntu 743 598 1341 456 1.1 1219
196
DIVISION/LOCATION
& SUB-LOCATION
Male Female Total
Number of
Households
Area in
km
2
Density
MUNICIPALITY 12529 11766 24295 6823 9.5 2557
Township 3105 2382 5487 1339 0.9 6097
Kaaga 4732 4930 9662 2694 5.1 1895
Gakoromone 4692 4454 9146 2790 3.5 2613
IGOKI 3715 3885 7600 2047 6.2 1226
Gachanka 2004 2040 4044 1268 1.7 2379
Lower Igoki 944 1059 2003 444 2.3 871
Muringombugi 767 786 1553 335 2.2 706
NTAKIRA 8433 8938 17371 4414 16.6 1046
Kirugua 1551 1622 3173 687 2.9 1094
Magundu 2735 2977 5712 1790 2 2856
Nchaiure 1509 1607 3116 781 2.7 1154
Ngonyi 1764 1849 3613 754 5.7 634
Gitugu 874 883 1757 402 3.3 532
NTHIMBIRI 5337 5600 10937 2421 15.8 692
Mpuri 2608 2747 5355 1163 8 669
Nthimbiri 1580 1616 3196 731 4.6 695
Kainginyo 1149 1237 2386 527 3.2 746
ABOTHUGUCHI C. 14347 15326 29673 6602 57.8 513
MARIENE 2920 3342 6262 1425 10.7 585
Nyweri 1311 1464 2775 621 4.8 578
Mariene 1118 1328 2446 580 4 612
Mugambone 491 550 1041 224 1.9 548
GATIMBI 4844 4998 9842 2109 26.4 373
Baragu 1342 1387 2729 570 5.3 515
Ruiga 1729 1765 3494 738 9.8 357
Nkuene 1773 1846 3619 801 11.3 320
Kariene 6583 6986 13569 3068 20.7 656
Kiria 1833 1845 3678 785 6.3 584
KARIENE 3019 3249 6268 1443 7.9 793
Gitauga 1731 1892 3623 840 6.5 557
ABOTHUGUCHI E. 18049 18971 37020 8322 213.1 174
MWANGANTHIA 6811 7131 13942 3166 54.7 255
Gitie 1454 1590 3044 699 6.5 468
Gatuune 1509 1529 3038 686 5 608
Igane 1750 1838 3588 800 19.2 187
Kiija 2098 2174 4272 981 24 178
NDURUMA 7006 7468 14474 3236 69.5 208
Gaitu 3650 3895 7545 1684 36 210
Nkandone 1525 1628 3153 678 23.6 134
Kaongo 1831 1945 3776 874 9.9 381
KIAGU 4232 4372 8604 1920 88.9 97
Makandume 1736 1783 3519 788 28.1 125
Kathwene 1527 1579 3106 701 38 82
Kiamuri 969 1010 1979 431 22.8 87
NKUENE 26858 27696 54554 13113 131.4 415
MIKUMBUNE 6072 6314 12386 2720 19.8 626
Kigane 2307 2310 4617 971 6.4 721
Mikumbune 3765 4004 7769 1749 13.4 580
NKUENE 12857 13581 26438 6532 39.4 671
Uruku 5565 5701 11266 2534 21.5 524
Kathera 7292 7880 15172 3998 17.9 848
MITUNGUU 7929 7801 15730 3861 72.2 218
Ngonyi 3933 4086 8019 1779 21.7 370
Kirindene 3996 3715 7711 2082 50.5 153
ABOGETA 27991 28584 56575 12843 148.5 381
Abogeta 5251 5442 10693 2285 27.8 385
Upper Kiungone 5251 5442 10693 2285 27.8 385
KITHANGARI 6164 6094 12258 2722 29.5 416
TABLE 6: Continued
197
DIVISION/LOCATION
& SUB-LOCATION
Male Female Total
Number of
Households
Area in
km
2
Density
Upper Kithangari 3762 3837 7599 1652 19.2 396
Ntharene 2402 2257 4659 1070 10.3 452
IGOKI 9592 10055 19647 4449 38.3 513
Upper Chure 4591 4895 9486 2120 21.8 435
Mwichiune 2605 2638 5243 1204 9.3 564
Kothine 2396 2522 4918 1125 7.2 683
KANYAKINE 2684 2831 5515 1407 10.5 525
Kanyakine 2684 2831 5515 1407 10.5 525
NKACHIE 1829 1770 3599 833 20 180
Igokine 440 459 899 201 3.5 257
Kithakanaro 835 826 1661 380 9.6 173
Maraa 554 485 1039 252 6.9 151
KIRINGA 2471 2392 4863 1147 22.4 217
Kairaa 803 777 1580 347 2.6 608
Kithatu 1668 1615 3283 800 19.8 166
IGOJI 22488 22685 45173 10490 113.1 399
KARIA 4581 4640 9221 2143 20.8 443
Nkunjumu 765 821 1586 306 4.5 352
Kiangua 1062 1094 2156 524 3.9 553
Karia 2754 2725 5479 1313 12.4 442
IGOJI 6498 6467 12965 3152 24.7 525
Gakiiri 1379 1392 2771 673 5.9 470
Kuiri 1512 1599 3111 897 3.2 972
Gikui 3607 3476 7083 1582 15.6 454
KINORO 3103 3204 6307 1566 17.7 356
Kiamweri 896 971 1867 477 4.4 424
Kiroone 686 688 1374 318 6 229
Kinoro 1521 1545 3066 771 7.3 420
KIANJOGU 3969 4170 8139 1793 16.6 490
Kianjogu 1358 1516 2874 635 5.9 487
Mitune 1085 1163 2248 475 4.3 523
Miruriiri 1526 1491 3017 683 6.4 471
MWERU 4337 4204 8541 1836 33.3 256
Kiathathi 2117 2137 4254 925 9.5 448
Mweru 1465 1433 2898 593 8.8 329
Mworoga 755 634 1389 318 15 93
MT.KENYA FOREST 1030
MT.KENYA FOREST 962
Mt.Kenya 1 Forest 422.3
Mt.Kenya 2 Forest 168.3
National Park 371.4
IMENTI FOREST 68
Imenti Forest 68
TABLE 6: Continued
198
TABLE 7: COMPOSITION OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MERU CENTRAL DISTRICT PER
DIVISION/LOCATION/
SUB-LOCATION
Farmers family
Number of
Households
Persons < 15
years
Persons 15
years & over
Total persons
TIMAU 1.30 2.26 3.57 13769
ONTULILI 1.31 2.27 3.58 3595
Kangaita 1.51 2.62 4.13 636
Katheri 1.45 2.52 3.97 1279
Antu Bamwitu 1.12 1.95 3.08 1680
KIRIMARA 1.42 2.46 3.88 2979
Kithithina 1.52 2.64 4.16 1192
Kiambogo 1.35 2.34 3.69 1787
NGUSISHI 1.12 1.95 3.07 3253
Mutarakwa 1.25 2.18 3.43 1621
Maritati 0.99 1.72 2.71 1632
KISIMA 1.36 2.37 3.73 3942
Ntirimiti 1.49 2.60 4.09 1116
Buuri 1.45 2.52 3.97 1257
Ngare Ndare 1.27 2.20 3.47 684
Mutunyi 1.15 2.00 3.14 885
ABOTHUGUCHI W. 1.53 2.65 4.18 14318
KIBIRICHIA 1.62 2.81 4.43 1139
Kimbo 1.65 2.87 4.52 958
Gathuine 1.45 2.51 3.96 181
KIAMIOGO 1.34 2.33 3.67 2202
Kiamiogo 1.66 2.89 4.56 699
Mburugiti 1.19 2.06 3.25 1503
NTUMBURI 1.60 2.79 4.39 992
Thiira 1.57 2.73 4.31 543
Barrier 1.64 2.85 4.49 449
NTUGI 1.55 2.69 4.24 1889
Mboroga 1.48 2.57 4.05 697
Murinya 1.59 2.76 4.35 1192
KATHERI EAST 1.52 2.65 4.17 1107
Kirima Kiathi 1.55 2.69 4.23 376
Kianthumbi S. 1.60 2.79 4.39 279
Kinjo North 1.52 2.65 4.17 221
Kinjo South 1.39 2.42 3.82 231
KATHERI CENTRAL 1.50 2.60 4.09 1828
Kathita 1.46 2.53 3.99 440
Nkiriri North 1.57 2.72 4.29 382
Nkiriri South 1.47 2.56 4.03 785
Mwirangombe 1.54 2.67 4.21 221
KATHERI WEST 1.85 3.22 5.07 847
Kathiranga N. 3.18 5.52 8.70 145
Kathiranga W. 1.60 2.79 4.39 236
Kathiranga C. 1.62 2.82 4.44 225
Kathiranga E. 1.51 2.63 4.15 241
GITHONGO WEST 1.61 2.80 4.42 1133
Kibaranyaki 1.72 3.00 4.72 275
Gikuune 1.51 2.62 4.12 533
Kaugu 1.70 2.95 4.64 325
GITHONGOEAST 1.35 2.35 3.70 935
Gakurwene 1.09 1.90 3.00 492
Karugwa 1.68 2.92 4.60 238
Marathi 1.59 2.77 4.37 205
KITHIRUNE EAST 1.45 2.52 3.96 1138
Nduruma 1.37 2.37 3.74 660
Nkandone 1.49 2.59 4.08 209
Mbwinjeru 1.62 2.81 4.42 269
199
DIVISION/LOCATION/
SUB-LOCATION
Farmers family
Number of
Households
Persons < 15
years
Persons 15
years & over
Total persons
KITHIRUNE WEST 1.63 2.84 4.47 1108
Kioru 1.66 2.88 4.54 446
Murugi 1.60 2.78 4.38 508
Kiarago 1.68 2.93 4.61 154
BUURI 1.51 2.62 4.13 9819
NAARI 1.60 2.78 4.39 3443
Gitimene 1.64 2.86 4.50 699
Muruguma 1.60 2.79 4.39 910
Maitei 1.53 2.66 4.20 1163
Runkuru 1.68 2.92 4.59 671
KIIRUA 1.32 2.30 3.62 2503
Kithima 1.15 1.99 3.14 795
Nkando 1.52 2.63 4.15 668
Kiirua 1.33 2.32 3.65 1040
RWARERA 1.44 2.51 3.95 1367
Mugae 1.29 2.24 3.53 253
Kirwiro 1.34 2.34 3.68 208
Mworoga 1.44 2.51 3.95 392
Kathwene 1.56 2.71 4.27 514
RUIRI 1.59 2.77 4.37 2506
Mutuma 1.62 2.81 4.43 907
Ncoroiboro 1.63 2.83 4.46 959
Kamutune 1.51 2.63 4.15 640
MIRIGA MIERU E. 1.69 2.93 4.62 12331
MULATHANKARI 1.72 2.99 4.71 2369
Nkabune 1.79 3.10 4.89 607
Kaaga 1.65 2.87 4.53 787
Mukua 1.77 3.08 4.86 479
Njoka 1.70 2.96 4.66 496
CHUGU 1.70 2.96 4.67 2716
Chungari 1.73 3.01 4.74 845
Runogone 1.64 2.86 4.50 693
Kithoka 1.72 2.99 4.71 1178
MUNITHU 1.75 3.05 4.80 1949
Kirimene 1.72 3.00 4.72 691
Gankere 1.87 3.24 5.11 514
Kauthene 1.71 2.96 4.67 744
THUURA 1.66 2.88 4.53 2119
Rwanyange 1.68 2.92 4.60 921
Kiamwitari 1.64 2.84 4.48 1198
GIAKI 1.61 2.80 4.40 1712
Mbeu 1.59 2.77 4.36 346
Kirimaitune 1.66 2.88 4.54 526
Kambereu 1.57 2.72 4.29 523
Kanjagi 1.61 2.81 4.42 317
KIBURINE 1.64 2.86 4.50 1466
Ciothirai 1.66 2.88 4.54 441
Gachua 1.66 2.88 4.54 587
Mbirikene 1.65 2.87 4.52 428
MIRIGA MIERU W. 1.36 2.36 3.72 18658
NTIMA 1.15 1.99 3.14 2953
Upper Igoki 1.16 2.01 3.17 2497
Tuntu 1.07 1.87 2.94 456
MUNICIPALITY 1.30 2.26 3.56 6823
Township 1.50 2.60 4.10 1339
Kaaga 1.31 2.28 3.59 2694
Gakoromone 1.20 2.08 3.28 2790
TABLE 7: Continued
200
DIVISION/LOCATION/
SUB-LOCATION
Farmers family
Number of
Households
Persons < 15
years
Persons 15
years & over
Total persons
IGOKI 1.36 2.36 3.71 2047
Gachanka 1.16 2.02 3.19 1268
Lower Igoki 1.65 2.86 4.51 444
Muringombugi 1.69 2.94 4.64 335
NTAKIRA 1.44 2.50 3.94 4414
Kirugua 1.69 2.93 4.62 687
Magundu 1.17 2.03 3.19 1790
Nchaiure 1.46 2.53 3.99 781
Ngonyi 1.75 3.04 4.79 754
Gitugu 1.60 2.77 4.37 402
NTHIMBIRI 1.65 2.87 4.52 2421
Mpuri 1.68 2.92 4.60 1163
Nthimbiri 1.60 2.78 4.37 731
Kainginyo 1.65 2.87 4.53 527
ABOTHUGUCHI C. 1.64 2.85 4.49 6602
MARIENE 1.60 2.79 4.39 1425
Nyweri 1.63 2.84 4.47 621
Mariene 1.54 2.68 4.22 580
Mugambone 1.70 2.95 4.65 224
GATIMBI 1.70 2.96 4.67 2109
Baragu 1.75 3.04 4.79 570
Ruiga 1.73 3.01 4.73 738
Nkuene 1.65 2.87 4.52 801
Kariene 1.62 2.81 4.42 3068
Kiria 1.71 2.97 4.69 785
KARIENE 1.59 2.76 4.34 1443
Gitauga 1.58 2.74 4.31 840
ABOTHUGUCHI E. 1.62 2.82 4.45 8322
MWANGANTHIA 1.61 2.80 4.40 3166
Gitie 1.59 2.76 4.35 699
Gatuune 1.62 2.81 4.43 686
Igane 1.64 2.85 4.49 800
Kiija 1.59 2.76 4.35 981
NDURUMA 1.63 2.84 4.47 3236
Gaitu 1.64 2.84 4.48 1684
Nkandone 1.70 2.95 4.65 678
Kaongo 1.58 2.74 4.32 874
KIAGU 1.64 2.84 4.48 1920
Makandume 1.63 2.83 4.47 788
Kathwene 1.62 2.81 4.43 701
Kiamuri 1.68 2.91 4.59 431
NKUENE 1.52 2.64 4.16 13113
MIKUMBUNE 1.66 2.89 4.55 2720
Kigane 1.74 3.02 4.75 971
Mikumbune 1.62 2.82 4.44 1749
NKUENE 1.48 2.57 4.05 6532
Uruku 1.62 2.82 4.45 2534
Kathera 1.39 2.41 3.79 3998
MITUNGUU 1.49 2.59 4.07 3861
Ngonyi 1.65 2.86 4.51 1779
Kirindene 1.35 2.35 3.70 2082
ABOGETA 1.61 2.80 4.41 12843
ABOGETA 1.71 2.97 4.68 2285
Upper Kiungone 1.71 2.97 4.68 2285
KITHANGARI 1.64 2.86 4.50 2722
Upper Kithangari 1.68 2.92 4.60 1652
Ntharene 1.59 2.76 4.35 1070
TABLE 7: Continued
34
201
DIVISION/LOCATION/
SUB-LOCATION
Farmers family
Number of
Households
Persons < 15
years
Persons 15
years & over
Total persons
IGOKI 1.61 2.80 4.42 4449
Upper Chure 1.63 2.84 4.47 2120
Mwichiune 1.59 2.76 4.35 1204
Kothine 1.60 2.77 4.37 1125
KANYAKINE 1.43 2.49 3.92 1407
Kanyakine 1.43 2.49 3.92 1407
NKACHIE 1.58 2.74 4.32 833
Igokine 1.63 2.84 4.47 201
Kithakanaro 1.60 2.77 4.37 380
Maraa 1.51 2.62 4.12 252
KIRINGA 1.55 2.69 4.24 1147
Kairaa 1.66 2.89 4.55 347
Kithatu 1.50 2.60 4.10 800
IGOJI 1.57 2.73 4.31 10490
KARIA 1.57 2.73 4.30 2143
Nkunjumu 1.89 3.29 5.18 306
Kiangua 1.50 2.61 4.11 524
Karia 1.52 2.65 4.17 1313
IGOJI 1.50 2.61 4.11 3152
Gakiiri 1.50 2.61 4.12 673
Kuiri 1.27 2.20 3.47 897
Gikui 1.64 2.84 4.48 1582
KINORO 1.47 2.56 4.03 1566
Kiamweri 1.43 2.48 3.91 477
Kiroone 1.58 2.74 4.32 318
Kinoro 1.45 2.52 3.98 771
KIANJOGU 1.66 2.88 4.54 1793
Kianjogu 1.65 2.87 4.53 635
Mitune 1.73 3.00 4.73 475
Miruriiri 1.61 2.80 4.42 683
MWERU 1.70 2.95 4.65 1836
Kiathathi 1.68 2.92 4.60 925
Mweru 1.78 3.10 4.89 593
Mworoga 1.60 2.77 4.37 318
TABLE 7: Continued
35
202
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36
TABLE 8: AVAILABLE LAND AREA PER DIVISION
1)
AND AEZ IN MERU CENTRAL
DISTRICT (Source: Calculated from DAOs Reports)
203
MERU SOUTH DISTRICT
Meru South was curved from the larger Meru in 1992. Te district was formerly known as Taraka Nithi
but later it was renamed. Taraka district was hived o in 1997. To the north it borders Meru Central, Ta-
raka to the northeast, Embu and Mbeere to the southwest, and the peak of Mt Kenya to the west.
Te total area of the district is 1,092.9 km
2
, including 360 km
2
of Mt Kenya Forest. Te district is divided
into ve administrative divisions, 25 locations and 76 sub-locations (Table 9). Chuka and Magumoni have
the largest number of locations followed by Igambangombe and Mwimbi, while Muthambi has the least.
With respect to sub-locations, Mwimbi has the largest number followed by Chuka and Magumoni, respec-
tively. Igambangombe and Muthambi have the least number of sub-locations.
Te 1999 Population and Housing Census recorded 100,226 males and 105,225 females (205,451 per-
sons). Te projections for the year 2008 are 112,250 males and 116,800 females (229,050 persons), which
represent 54 % and 56 % of the population, respectively. Eorts will need to be put in place immediately to
control the rising population. Based on the same period, Magumoni Division is the most densely populated
with 528 persons/km
2
, while Igambangombe is the least populated division with 114 persons/km
2
. Chuka,
Mwimbi and Muthambi have 327, 328 and 385 persons/km
2
, respectively (Table 9). Te highly populated
divisions are located in the high agricultural potential areas such as Mwimbi, Chuka, Magumoni and Muth-
ambi. Igamba Ngombe in the marginal agricultural zones is the least populated.
Te population density averages 188 persons/km
2
, however the spatial distribution across divisions is quite
remarkable. Statistically, an average of 4.3 persons/household (Table 10) and only 0.87 ha of available agri-
cultural land in 1999 prevailed (0.2 ha per person, Table 11).
Poverty is one of the major development challenges the district is facing. It is manifested in various forms,
and can be dened both in monetary and human capability terms. It has signicantly reduced the disposable
incomes of a large part of the district population over the years. Tese phenomena have impacted negatively
on the general welfare of the community particularly in terms of access to basic services, such as education
and health care. Te Welfare Monitoring Survey II report showed that approximately 57 % of the district
population live below the poverty line. Although this situation may hold, a number of factors have since
emerged adversely aecting the status of the vulnerable groups and their needs in the district. According to
the Participatory Poverty Assessment reports, 72 % of the population in the district are considered to be in
the poverty bracket. Tese are found all over the district although a great portion is drawn from the marginal
zones comprising of Igambangombe and Magumoni Divisions and the lower parts of Chuka, Muthambi
and Mwimbi Divisions.
Te HIV/AIDS prevalence rate in the district is 30 % and has been attributed to slow response of behav-
ioural change, irresponsible sex, breakdown of social structure and poverty, among others. Te way forward
to contain the spread is through intensication of campaigns geared towards behavioural change, observance
of the societys cultural beliefs, which are development oriented. Counselling to encourage voluntary testing,
establishment of Home Based Care programmes need to be intensied. Tis includes training families and
relatives on the care of the aected/infected. Syndrome management, inventory of orphans, the infected
and widows/widowers, continued oering of services to deserving clients, e.g. ante-natal mothers and also
oering anti-retroviral drugs to those infected. Establishment of recreation centres for people living with
HIV/AIDS and of orphanage homes is necessary.
37
204
TABLE 9: POPULATION PER DIVISION, LOCATION AND SUB-LOCATION IN MERU
SOUTH DISTRICT (Source: Census 1999)
DIVISION/LOCATION/
SUB-LOCATION
Male Female Total
Number of
Households
Area in
km
2
Density
MERU SOUTH 100226 105225 205451 46984 1092.9 188
MUTHAMBI 15601 15938 31539 7194 84.8 372
MUTHAMBI 3743 3928 7671 1826 16.6 462
Iriga 896 890 1786 464 5.7 313
Igamurathi 1739 1974 3713 842 7 530
Weru 1108 1064 2172 520 3.9 557
GITIJE 4966 4781 9747 2139 34.4 283
Chamunga 2563 2456 5019 1089 9.2 546
Kandungu 2403 2325 4728 1050 25.2 188
MITHERU 6892 7229 14121 3229 33.8 418
Karimba 3238 3517 6755 1519 18.5 365
Gatua 3654 3712 7366 1710 15.3 481
MAGUMONI 15880 16835 32715 7433 64.2 510
Mwonge 2846 2993 5839 1334 9.6 608
Mwonge 1105 1221 2326 551 3.7 629
Kangoro 1102 1089 2191 452 3.4 644
Kagumo 639 683 1322 331 2.5 529
THUITA 5426 5656 11082 2447 18.2 609
Njuri 957 1022 1979 412 3.1 638
Nthambo 1699 1661 3360 723 7 480
Kathatwa 2770 2973 5743 1312 8.1 709
MUKUUNI 3793 3965 7758 1799 21.2 366
Mukuuni 1050 1062 2112 477 4.3 491
Kinoru 1404 1458 2862 702 11.3 253
Karamani 1339 1445 2784 620 5.6 497
RUBATE 1786 1946 3732 847 9.1 410
Rubate 1059 1106 2165 492 4.1 528
Kanthiri 727 840 1567 355 5 313
KABUBONI 2029 2275 4304 1006 6.1 706
Kabuboni 1216 1395 2611 603 3.5 746
Kanyakini 813 880 1693 403 2.6 651
MWIMBI 31715 32665 64380 14673 203.4 317
KIERA 4447 4614 9061 2040 85.7 106
Magutuni 4447 4614 9061 2040 85.7 106
MURUGI 6747 6613 13360 3089 29.3 456
Murugi 6747 6613 13360 3089 29.3 456
MAARA 5421 5707 11128 2395 22.2 501
Kiroo 1527 1551 3078 645 8.8 350
Iruma 2679 2860 5539 1174 8.1 684
Thigaa 1215 1296 2511 576 5.3 474
CHOGORIA 7371 7637 15008 3523 29.9 502
Chogoria 5692 5838 11530 2712 24.2 476
Kiraro 1679 1799 3478 811 5.7 610
GANGA 7729 8094 15823 3626 36.3 436
Kirumi 3685 3880 7565 1733 18 420
Mugumango 4044 4214 8258 1893 18.3 451
CHUKA 26113 27404 53517 12596 169.6 316
KIANGONDU 5921 6270 12191 3356 12.6 968
Kiangondu 1881 1900 3781 889 5.8 652
Township 2942 3223 6165 1972 3.3 1868
Mucwa 1098 1147 2245 495 3.5 641
GITARENI 3731 4166 7897 1800 20.6 383
Gitareni 1377 1606 2983 690 4 746
Karani 1002 1081 2083 469 5.3 393
Kiamucii 1352 1479 2831 641 11.3 251
KITHANGANI 1774 1905 3679 859 40.2 92
Kithangani 444 505 949 240 7.1 134
Weru 476 534 1010 231 7 144
38
205
DIVISION/LOCATION/
SUB-LOCATION
Male Female Total
Number of
Households
Area in
km
2
Density
Rianthiga 272 264 536 124 8.1 66
Marembo 582 602 1184 264 18 66
MUIRU 2348 2407 4755 1045 8.7 547
Muiru 1298 1354 2652 598 4.2 631
Nkuthika 1050 1053 2103 447 4.5 467
KARINGANI 7727 7822 15549 3496 72.9 213
Ndagani/Njaina 2242 2331 4573 1036 10.8 423
Mariani 2083 2123 4206 997 43.1 98
Karongoni 2033 2016 4049 888 13.6 298
Rukindu 1369 1352 2721 575 5.4 504
MUGWE 4612 4834 9446 2040 14.6 647
Mugirirwa 2284 2444 4728 1049 7 675
Kirege 2328 2390 4718 991 7.6 621
IGAMBANGOMBE 10917 12383 23300 5088 210.9 110
KAMAINDI 1129 1403 2532 530 32.3 78
Kamaindi 591 742 1333 279 18.8 71
Igambangombe 538 661 1199 251 13.5 89
MUTINO 3501 3955 7456 1583 66 113
Mutino 1246 1363 2609 562 26.2 100
Kanthanje 1507 1747 3254 656 23.9 136
Kamonka 748 845 1593 365 15.9 100
KAMWIMBI 2046 2408 4454 975 41.5 107
Kamwimbi 881 963 1844 432 18.1 102
Kiaritha 1165 1445 2610 543 23.4 112
KAJUKI 2886 3244 6130 1302 49.8 123
Kajuki 903 1014 1917 413 16.3 118
Kamutiria 1000 1133 2133 446 11.9 179
Makanyanga 983 1097 2080 443 21.6 96
ITUGURURU 1355 1373 2728 698 21.3 128
Mbogoni 513 513 1026 279 8.3 124
Igamatundu 842 860 1702 419 13 131
TABLE 9: Continued
39
206
TABLE 10: COMPOSITION OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MERU SOUTH DISTRICT PER
DIVISION/LOCATION
AND SUB-LOCATION
Farmers family
Number of
Households
Persons < 15
years
Persons 15
years & over
Total persons
MUTHAMBI 1.76 2.62 4.38 7194
MUTHAMBI 1.69 2.51 4.20 1826
Iriga 1.55 2.30 3.85 464
Igamurathi 1.77 2.64 4.41 842
Weru 1.68 2.50 4.18 520
GITIJE 1.83 2.72 4.56 2139
Chamunga 1.85 2.75 4.61 1089
Kandungu 1.81 2.69 4.50 1050
MITHERU 1.76 2.61 4.37 3229
Karimba 1.79 2.66 4.45 1519
Gatua 1.73 2.57 4.31 1710
MAGUMONI 1.77 2.63 4.40 7433
MWONGE 1.76 2.62 4.38 1334
Mwonge 1.70 2.52 4.22 551
Kangoro 1.95 2.90 4.85 452
Kagumo 1.61 2.39 3.99 331
THUITA 1.82 2.71 4.53 2447
Njuri 1.93 2.87 4.80 412
Nthambo 1.87 2.78 4.65 723
Kathatwa 1.76 2.62 4.38 1312
MUKUUNI 1.74 2.58 4.31 1799
Mukuuni 1.78 2.65 4.43 477
Kinoru 1.64 2.44 4.08 702
Karamani 1.81 2.68 4.49 620
RUBATE 1.77 2.63 4.41 847
Rubate 1.77 2.63 4.40 492
Kanthiri 1.78 2.64 4.41 355
KABUBONI 1.72 2.56 4.28 1006
Kabuboni 1.74 2.59 4.33 603
Kanyakini 1.69 2.51 4.20 403
MWIMBI 1.77 2.62 4.39 14673
KIERA 1.79 2.65 4.44 2040
Magutuni 1.79 2.65 4.44 2040
MURUGI 1.74 2.58 4.33 3089
Murugi 1.74 2.58 4.33 3089
MAARA 1.87 2.78 4.65 2395
Kiroo 1.92 2.85 4.77 645
Iruma 1.90 2.82 4.72 1174
Thigaa 1.75 2.61 4.36 576
CHOGORIA 1.71 2.55 4.26 3523
Chogoria 1.71 2.54 4.25 2712
Kiraro 1.73 2.56 4.29 811
GANGA 1.76 2.61 4.36 3626
Kirumi 1.76 2.61 4.37 1733
Mugumango 1.76 2.61 4.36 1893
CHUKA 1.71 2.54 4.25 12596
KIANGONDU 1.46 2.17 3.63 3356
Kiangondu 1.71 2.54 4.25 889
Township 1.26 1.87 3.13 1972
Mucwa 1.82 2.71 4.54 495
GITARENI 1.77 2.62 4.39 1800
Gitareni 1.74 2.58 4.32 690
Karani 1.79 2.65 4.44 469
Kiamucii 1.78 2.64 4.42 641
KITHANGANI 1.72 2.56 4.28 859
Kithangani 1.59 2.36 3.95 240
40
207
DIVISION/LOCATION
AND SUB-LOCATION
Farmers family
Number of
Households
Persons < 15
years
Persons 15
years & over
Total persons
Weru 1.76 2.61 4.37 231
Rianthiga 1.74 2.58 4.32 124
Marembo 1.80 2.68 4.48 264
MUIRU 1.83 2.72 4.55 1045
Muiru 1.78 2.65 4.43 598
Nkuthika 1.89 2.81 4.70 447
KARINGANI 1.79 2.66 4.45 3496
Ndagani/Njaina 1.78 2.64 4.41 1036
Mariani 1.70 2.52 4.22 997
Karongoni 1.83 2.72 4.56 888
Rukindu 1.90 2.83 4.73 575
MUGWE 1.86 2.77 4.63 2040
Mugirirwa 1.81 2.69 4.51 1049
Kirege 1.92 2.85 4.76 991
IGAMBANGOMBE 1.84 2.74 4.58 5088
KAMAINDI 1.92 2.86 4.78 530
Kamaindi 1.92 2.86 4.78 279
Igambangombe 1.92 2.85 4.78 251
MUTINO 1.90 2.81 4.71 1583
Mutino 1.87 2.77 4.64 562
Kanthanje 2.00 2.96 4.96 656
Kamonka 1.76 2.61 4.36 365
KAMWIMBI 1.84 2.73 4.57 975
Kamwimbi 1.72 2.55 4.27 432
Kiaritha 1.93 2.87 4.81 543
KAJUKI 1.89 2.81 4.71 1302
Kajuki 1.87 2.77 4.64 413
Kamutiria 1.92 2.86 4.78 446
Makanyanga 1.89 2.81 4.70 443
ITUGURURU 1.57 2.34 3.91 698
Mbogoni 1.48 2.20 3.68 279
Igamatundu 1.63 2.43 4.06 419
TABLE 10: Continued
41
208
TABLE 11: AVAILABLE LAND AREA IN MERU SOUTH (NITHI) DISTRICT PER AEZ AND
Division/
Location without
Townships in km
2
T
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AGRO-ECOLOGICAL ZONE (AEZ) in km
2
Agricultural
land in ha
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MUTHAMBI 84.8 64.2 20.6 1 20 14 5 19 3.2 0.89 0.21
MUTHAMBI 16.6 12.84 4.12 4 2.8 1 3.8 0.64 0.70 0.18
GITIJE 34.4 25.68 8.24 8 5.6 2 7.6 1.28 1.20 0.26
MITHERU 33.8 25.68 8.24 1 8 5.6 2 7.6 1.28 0.80 0.18
MAGUMONI 64.2 51.1 13.1 1 3 2 10 17 18 0.69 0.16
MWONGE 9.6 7.665 1.965 1 1.5 2.55 2.7 0.58 0.13
THUITA 18.2 14.308 3.668 2.8 4.76 5.04 0.59 0.13
MUKUUNI 21.2 16.863 4.323 3.3 5.61 5.94 0.94 0.22
RUBATE 9.1 7.154 1.834 1 1.4 2.38 2.52 0.85 0.19
KABUBONI 6.1 5.11 1.31 3 2 1 1.7 1.8 0.51 0.12
MWIMBI 203.4 129 74.4 7 23 51 26 22 0.88 0.20
KIERA 85.7 54.18 31.248 2.94 9.66 21.42 10.92 8.4 2.73 0.60
MURUGI 29.3 18.06 10.416 0.98 3.22 7.14 3.64 2.8 0.59 0.14
MAARA 22.2 14.19 8.184 0.77 2.53 5.61 2.86 2.2 0.59 0.13
CHOGORIA 29.9 19.35 11.16 1.05 3.45 7.65 3.9 3 0.55 0.14
GANGA 36.3 23.22 13.392 1.26 4.14 9.18 4.68 5.6 0.64 0.15
IGAMBANGOMBE 210.9 169.3 41.6 54 29 12 43 31 3.33 0.73
KAMAINDI 32.3 25.395 6.24 8.1 4.35 1.8 6.45 4.2 4.80 1.00
MUTINO 66 52.483 12.896 16.74 8.99 3.72 13.33 10.68 3.32 0.70
KAMWIMBI 41.5 33.86 8.32 10.8 5.8 2.4 8.6 5.6 3.48 0.76
KAJUKI 49.8 40.632 9.984 12.96 6.96 2.88 10.32 6.72 3.13 0.66
ITUGURURU 21.3 16.93 4.16 5.4 2.9 1.2 4.3 3.8 2.43 0.62
Total Rural Area 1126.6 827.2 149.7 2 150 107 84 246 154.4 80 0.87 0.2
42
209
3.3.3 AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS
DEVELOPMENT AND TRENDS OF MAJOR CASH CROPS IN
Meru was one of the largest agricultural districts in the country until it was sub-divided into four districts.
Te agricultural potential of Meru Central covers only 168,000 ha. of land. Successful and productive rain-
fed agriculture is limited to this area and the outputs are among the highest in Kenya. Tea is cultivated by
a large number of smallholders on approximately 3,000 ha. yielding 8,900 kg of green leaves per ha. per
annum. Te development has reached its peak. On the other hand, coee is cultivated on 18,620 ha. by a
very large number of smallholders harvesting roughly 16,412 kg of clean coee per annum only. Te pro-
ductivity has witnessed a downward trend since 1999 partly due to high inputs costs as well as low coee
prices paid. A situation similar exists for pyrethrum since 1996 (see Chapter 2.3.4)
TABLE 12: TEA AREA, PRODUCTION AND YIELD IN MERU C. DISTRICT (Source: Ministry
of Agriculture, DAOs Reports and CBS)
Year Area (ha) Productions (tons) Yield (kg/ha)
1997/98 3,040 26,329 8661
1998/99 3,033 25,520 8414
1999/2000 2,998 26,649 8889
2000/2001 2,995 24,915 8319
2001/2002 3,000 26,703 8901
2002/03 3,015 26,924 8930
TABLE 13: COFFEE AREA, PRODUCTION AND YIELD IN MERU C. DISTRICT (Source:
Ministry of Agriculture, DAOs Reports and CBS)
1997/98 18,735 23,603 1,259.8
1998/99 18,641 14,525 779
1999/2000 18,676 38,446 2,058
2000/2001 18,650 10,426 559
2001/2002 18,630 29,496 1,567
2002/03 18,620 16,412 881.4
TABLE 14: PYRETHRUM, AREA PRODUCTION AND YIELD IN MERU C. DISTRICT
1996/97 100 109 1090
1997/98 120 101 842
1998/99 115 95 826
1999/2000 107 92 860
2000/2001 100 89 890
2001/2002 110 90 818
2002/03 90 75 833
43
210
MERU SOUTH/CHUKA DISTRICT
Agriculturally potential land is only 55,000 ha (Table 11). Like Meru Central and North, the major
cash crops are tea and coee. Tea is cultivated on approximately 2,000 ha. (almost stable) yielding up to
2,500 kg/ha of green leaf per annum. Grown on over 6,000 ha and yielding 450 kg/ha per annum of clean
coee, this cash is declining. Miraa (also known Khaat) is a signicant cash crop although data unavailability
hinders quantication. Pyrethrum is grown in small quantities.
TABLE 15: TEA AREA, PRODUCTION AND YIELD IN MERU SOUTH DISTRICT (Source:
1997/98 2,068 5,093 2,463
1998/99 2,025 5,079 2,508
1999/2000 1,989 4,982 2,505
2000/2001 1,950 5,000 2,564
2001/2002 2,000 5,106 2,553
2002/03 1,875 4,708 2,511
TABLE 16: COFFEE AREA, PRODUCTION AND YIELD IN MERU SOUTH DISTRICT
1997/98 9,497 1,617 170
1998/99 9,497 936 99
1999/2000 9,524 1,555 163
2000/2001 9,524 807 85
2001/2002 9,501 1,685 177
2002/03 9,477 843 89
TABLE 17: PYRETHRUM AREA, PRODUCTION AND YIELD IN MERU SOUTH DISTRICT
1997/98 30 6.5 217
1998/99 20 6 300
1999/2000 5 4 800
2000/2001 10 3.2 320
2001/2002 15 2.75 183
2002/03 20 4 200
44
211
FARMING ACTIVITIES DURING THE YEAR PER WEEK AND AGRO-ECOLOGICAL ZONES
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
3.3.4 FARM SURVEY IN MERU CENTRAL AND MERU SOUTH DISTRICTS
Te Farm Survey was conducted in seven main agro-ecological zones and the respective dominant subzones
in Meru Central and South districts as shown in Table 19. Te sample farm sizes were: 1.05 ha (LH 1), 0.8
ha (UM 2), 2.96 ha (UM 5), 1.59 ha resp. 1.71 (LM 3), and 4.84 ha (LM 4) (Table 19). Compared to the
Farm Survey of 1978, there is evidence of a tremendous decrease in farm sizes over the years. For example,
in 1978 the farm sizes in agro-ecological zones LH 1, UM 2 and LM 3 were 2.1 ha, 1.9 ha and 7.2 ha, re-
spectively. Te decrease in farm sizes has serious implications for food production in this area. Te resulting
land use intensication (Table 20) requires increased farm inputs to replenish the declining soil nutrients.
Te use of farm inputs is widespread in the Lower Highlands and Upper Midlands but very low in the Lower
Midlands. Tere is an urgent need for farmers to recycle back to the soil all the mined nutrients from the
soil. All crop residues, for example, should be recycled back into the soil.
TABLE 19: FARM SURVEY AREAS IN MERU CENTRAL AND MERU SOUTH
DISTRICTS
MERU
CENTRAL
149
LH 1 - UM
1
m/l i m RB 1
Abothuguchi West Division, Katheri Central
Location, Kathita Sub Location
150 LM 3 s + s LBC
Nkuene Division, Mitunguu Location,
Kirendene Sub Location
151 LH 3 - 4 f(m) i (s/vs) RB 5
Timau Division, Kirimara Location,
Kithithina Sub Location
152 UM 5 vs/s + vs/s LB 11
Kibirichia Division, Ntumburi Location,
Thiira Sub Location
MERU
SOUTH
153 UM 2 m+ s/m RB 2
Chuka Division, Karingani Location,
Karingani Sub Location
154 LM 3 s +s RB3
Chuka Division, Karingani Location,
Mariani Sub Location
155 LM 4 s/vs +s/vs UI l
Igambangombe Division, Kajuki Location,
Makanyanga Sub Location
Cabbages and Irish potatoes besides tea dominate the cropping enterprises in the Lower Highlands. In all
the surveyed agro-ecological zones, except for LM 4, the cattle reared are of improved quality (Table 20).
Maize and beans still remain the most important and dominant annual crops in all the surveyed seven agro-
ecological zones (Table 21).Dramatically is the yield decrease of food crops, esp. maize. For instance, in
LM3 the small farm survey 1978 showed an average of 3,320 kg/ha in the rst rainy season and 3,378 kg/
ha in the second one. Te survey in 2004 revealed the very low average of between 695 and 887 kg/ha. Even
the farmers with high production level had between 1,016 and 1,396 kg/ha only, a mere third of the yield in
1978 (see Table 21f )! Te main reason is the rapid decline in soil fertility that has taken place over the years.
To reverse this trend is the main task of farm management. Increased use of fertilisers and manure with the
objective of maintaining soil fertility to increase food output per unit area, should be the immediate goal for
the intensively cultivated smallholdings in LH 1, UM1-3 and LM3-4. Specic advice on plant protection
and promotion of semi-zero grazing would be advantageous to the farmers. No mechanization other than
improved hand tools is required. Manual labour will continue to play a signicant role in food production
in all the AEZs.
55
222
223
TABLE 20a: ASSETS, LAND USE, FARMING INTENSITY AND INPUTS IN AEZ LH 1 OF
Subzone: m/l i m, Soil Unit: RB 1 Survey area 149 (Kathita)
Range
Land
ha
Livestock Numbers
Family
Adults
Casual
Labourers
Number of
children
under
14 years
Dairy Zebu
Sheep &
Goats
Poultry Donkeys
Avg.0 1.05 3.1 0 1.53 3.03 0.07 2.47 2.3 0.67
Avg.1 1.05 3.21 - 3.07 30.33 2 2.47 3 2.22
Up. Qu. 1.69 4 0 2.25 0 0 3.25 3 1
Lo. Qu. 0.5 2 0 0 0 0 1.75 0.75 0
Land Use
Range
Ann. Crops
ha
Perm. Crops
ha
Perennial pasture & Fodder Crops
ha
Fallow
ha
Other Use
ha
Avg.0 0.49 0.29 0.14 - 0.13
Avg.1 0.49 0.32 0.18 - 0.16
Up. Qu. 0.83 0.46 0.2 - 0.2
Lo. Qu. 0.19 0.1 0.05 - 0.07
Range
Cropping
Diversity
Crops/
year
Stocking Rate
Improved
Cattle % of
total cattle
Farm Land
TLU/ha
TLU/ha
Dairy Zebu Total TLU Dairy Zebu
Total
TLU
Avg.0 5.7 3.2 0 3.3 24.2 0 25.3 100
Avg.1 5.7 3.3 0 - 20.0 0 100
Up. Qu. 8 2.7 0 - 22 0 100
Lo. Qu. 4 2.4 0 - - 0 100
Inputs Applied
Range
Improved
seed % of
area
kg/ha Manure
applied t/ha
Plant protection
N P
2
O
5
K
2
O
Insecticide
kg/ha
Fungicide
kg/ha
Avg.0 18.9 38 -5 43 - - - 9.8 16.9 1.5 2.5 7.4 12.8
Avg.1 21.9 38 5- 45 - - - 11.8 18.3 1.9 2.9 8.3 12.8
Up. Qu. 26.2 34 - 34 - - - 10.3 18.4 1.2 2.2 5.3 9.4
Lo. Qu. 6.5 - - - - - - 1.2 2.3 0.04 0.08 - -
NOTES:
Up. Qu./Lo. Qu. = Upper/Lower Quartile, refers to individual farms, 50% of all sample cases lie between these = Upper/Lower Quartile, refers to individual farms, 50% of all sample cases lie between these
AC = Annual crops
224
TABLE 20b: ASSETS, LAND USE, FARMING INTENSITY AND INPUTS IN AEZ LM 3 OF
Subzone: s + s, Soil Unit: LBC Survey area 150 (Kirendeni)
Range
Land
ha
Livestock Numbers
Family
Adults
Casual
labourers
Perennial
Labourers
Number of children
under 14 years
Dairy Zebu
Sheep &
Goats
Poultry
Avg.0 1.71 2.13 0.06 2.09 7.34 3.5 1.19 0.4 0.97
Avg.1 1.71 2.72 1 3.94 13.82 3.5 2.38 1.1 1.94
Up. Qu. 2.22 3.75 0 3 14.25 4.75 2 1 2
Lo. Qu. 1 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0
Land Use
Range
Ann. Crops
ha
Perm. Crops
ha
ha
Fallow
ha
Other Use
ha
Avg.0 0.68 0.82 0.10 0.02 0.09
Avg.1 0.68 0.84 0.15 - 0.32
Up. Qu. 0.95 1 0.19 - 0.08
Lo. Qu. 0.06 0.23 0 - 0.71
Range
Cropping
Diversity Crops/
year
Stocking Rate
Improved
Cattle % of
total cattle
Farm Land
TLU/ha
Pasture & Fodder
TLU/ha
Dairy Zebu Total TLU Dairy Zebu Total TLU
Avg.0 5.6 1.4 0.04 1.5 2.9 0.1 3.2 97.3
Avg.1 5.6 1.7 0.6 - 3.5 1.2 - 98
Up. Qu. 8 1.9 0 - 4.1 0 - 100
Lo. Qu. 3 1.1 0 - 4.9 0 - 70.8
Inputs Applied
Range
Improved seed
% of area
kg/ha
Manure
applied t/ha
Plant protection
N P
2
O
5
K
2
O
Insecticide
kg/ha
Fungicide
kg/ha
Avg.0 9.0 19 16 17 14 5 4 - - 1.1 0.9 1.6 1.3
Avg.1 18.0 21 22 18 18 19 20 - - 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.5
Up. Qu. 9.0 11 10 11 10 0 0 14.7 - 0.8 0.7 1.2 1.2
Lo. Qu. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - - 0 0 0 0
NOTES:
AC = Annual crops
225
TABLE 20c: ASSETS, LAND USE, FARMING INTENSITY AND INPUTS IN AEZ LH 3 4 OF
Subzone: f(m) i (s/vs), Soil Unit: RB5 Survey area 151 (Kithithina)
Range
Land
ha
Livestock Numbers
Family
Adults
Casual
Labourers
Number of children
under 14 years
Dairy Zebu
Sheep &
Goats
Donkeys
Avg.0 0.31 0.97 0.03 3.9 0.23 3.13 0.97 0.9
Avg.1 0.31 2.42 1 9.75 3.5 3.13 1.81 3
Up. Qu. 0.3 2 0 4.25 0 4.25 1.25 1
Lo. Qu. 0.2 0 0 0 0 2 0 0
Land Use
Range
Ann. Crops
ha
Perm. Crops
ha
ha
Fallow
ha
Other Use
ha
Avg.0 0.30 0 0 0 0.01
Avg.1 0.30 0 0 0 0.01
Up. Qu. 0.3 0 0 0 0.01
Lo. Qu. 0.2 0 0 0 0
Range
Cropping
Diversity
Crops/year
Stocking Rate
Improved
Cattle % of
total
cattle
Farm Land
TLU/ha
TLU/ha
Avg.0 1.8 3.5 0.1 5.3 - - - 97
Avg.1 1.8 8.7 3.3 - - - - 100
Up. Qu. 2 7.3 0 - - - - 100
Lo. Qu. 1 0 0 - - - - 0
Inputs Applied
Range
Improved seed % of
area
kg/ha
Manure
applied
t/ha
Plant protection
N P
2
O
5
K
2
O
Insecticide
kg/ha
Fungicide
kg/ha
Avg.0 12.5 - - - - 4.6 - 3.4 - 5.2 -
Avg.1 41.5 - - - - 5.5 - 14.6 - 15.5 -
Up. Qu. 27.5 - - - - 5.3 - 0.8 - 10 -
Lo. Qu. 0 - - - - 3.6 - 0 - 0 -
NOTES:
AC = Annual crops
226
TABLE 20d: ASSETS, LAND USE, FARMING INTENSITY AND INPUTS IN AEZ UM 5 OF MERU
CENTRAL DISTRICT
Subzone: vs/s + vs/s, Soil Unit: LB 11 Survey area 152 (Thiira)
Range
Land ha
Livestock Numbers
Family Adults
Casual
Labourers
Number of children
under 14 years
Dairy Zebu
Sheep &
Goats
Avg.0 2.96 2.94 0.87 5.55 3.77 5.68 1.45
Avg.1 2.96 3.37 3.38 7.48 3.77 8.38 2.05
Up. Qu. 3.6 4 1 7 5 7 2
Lo. Qu. 1.2 1 0 0 2 0 0
Land Use
Range
Ann. Crops
ha
Perm. Crops
ha
Perennial pasture & Fodder Crops ha
Fallow
ha
Other Use
ha
Avg.0 2.14 0 0.77 0 0.05
Avg.1 2.17 - 1.01 0 0.43
Up. Qu. 2.4 0 1.2 0 0
Lo. Qu. 0.8 0 0.1 0 0.3
Range
Cropping
Diversity
Crops/year
Stocking Rate
Improved
Cattle % of
total cattle
Farm Land
TLU/ha
TLU/ha
Avg.0 4.3 0.9 0.3 1.4 4.2 1.1 6.0 77.2
Avg.1 4.3 0.8 1.1 - 3.7 3.3 - 83.7
Up. Qu. 6 0.8 0.3 - 3.7 0.8 - 100
Lo. Qu. 2 1.1 0 - - 0 - 40
Inputs Applied
Range
Improved
seed % of
area
Manure
applied
t/ha
Plant protection
N P
2
O
5
K
2
O
Insecticide
kg/ha
Fungicide
kg/ha
AC PC AC PC AC PC AC PC AC PC AC PC
Avg.0 3.5 - - - - - - 0.2 - 0.5 - 1.0 -
Avg.1 7.8 - - - - - - 0.5 - 0.8 - 1.1 -
Up. Qu. 6.2 - - - - - - 0.3 - 0.8 - 1.3 -
Lo. Qu. 0 - - - - - - 0 - 0.0 - 1.3 -
NOTES:
AC = Annual crops
227
TABLE 20e: ASSETS, LAND USE, FARMING INTENSITY AND INPUTS IN AEZ UM 2 OF
MERU SOUTH DISTRICT
Subzone: m + s/m, Soil Unit: RB 2 Survey area 153 (Karongoni)
Range
Land
ha
Livestock Numbers
Family
Adults
Casual
Labourers
Number of
children under
14 years
Dairy Zebu
Sheep &
Goats
Poultry Rabbits Pigs
Avg.0 0.80 1.47 0 3.5 2.7 0.3 0.77 3.87 13.3 1.6
Avg.1 0.80 2.44 0 4.2 6.75 2.25 7.67 3.87 19 2.29
Up. Qu. 1 3 0 5 6 0 0 5 15.25 2
Lo. Qu. 0.4 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0
Land Use
Range
Ann. Crops
ha
Perm. Crops
ha
ha
Fallow
ha
Other Use
ha
Avg.0 0.40 0.21 0.07 0.05 0.07
Avg.1 0.40 0.28 0.20 0.8 0.12
Up. Qu. 0.4 0.4 0.1 0 0.1
Lo. Qu. 0.2 0.01 0 0 0.19
Range
Cropping
Diversity
Crops/year
Stocking Rate
Improved
Cattle % of
total cattle
Farm Land
TLU/ha
Pasture & Fodder
TLU/ha
Avg.0 4.4 2.0 0 2.4 24.4 0 - 100
Avg.1 4.4 3.3 0 - 13.4 0 - 100
Up. Qu. 6 3.3 0 - - 0 - 100
Lo. Qu. 3 0 0 - - - - 0
Inputs Applied
Range
Improved
seed % of
area
kg/ha
Manure
applied
t/ha
Plant protection
N P
2
O
5
K
2
O
Insecticide
kg/ha
Fungicide
kg/ha
Avg.0 33.7 3.6 6.7 4.7 8.7 2.9 5.5 10.0 - 0.1 0.2 1.9 3.5
Avg.1 45.9 5.6 8.1 8.2 11.8 29.5 42.1 11.1 15.9 2.0 2.8 3.0 4.2
Up. Qu. 50.5 3.9 3.9 4.7 4.7 0 0 13.9 13.9 0 0 2.5 2.5
Lo. Qu. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9.6 - 0 0 0 0
NOTES:
AC = Annual crops
228
TABLE 20f: ASSETS, LAND USE, FARMING INTENSITY AND INPUTS IN AEZ LM 3 OF
MERU SOUTH DISTRICT
Subzone: s + s, Soil Unit: RB 3 Survey area 154 (Mariani)
Range
Land
ha
Livestock Numbers
Family
Adults
Casual
Labourers
Number of
children under
14 years
Dairy Zebu
Sheep &
Goats
Avg.0 1.59 1.47 0.1 3.7 6.07 0.63 0.07 2.47 4.57 2.43
Avg.1 1.59 2.10 3 4.27 8.67 2.71 1 2.47 5.48 3.17
Up. Qu. 2.05 2 0 5 10 0.5 0 3 5.25 4
Lo. Qu. 0.55 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 1 0.75
Land Use
Range
Ann. Crops
ha
Perm. Crops
ha
ha
Fallow
ha
Other Use
ha
Avg.0 1.22 0.03 0.13 0 0.21
Avg.1 1.22 0.3 0.44 0 0.31
Up. Qu. 1.6 0 0.1 0.14 0.21
Lo. Qu. 0.4 0 0.15 0 0
Range
Cropping
Diversity
Crops/year
Stocking Rate
Improved
Cattle % of
total cattle
Farm Land
TLU/ha
TLU/ha
Avg.0 5.7 1.0 0.1 1.3 12.3 0.8 15.9 99
Avg.1 5.7 1.5 1.9 - 5.3 6.8 - 100
Up. Qu. 7 1.1 0 - 22 0 - 100
Lo. Qu. 4 0 0 - - - - 0
Inputs Applied
Range
Improved
seed % of
area
kg/ha
Manure
applied
t/ha
Plant protection
N P
2
O
5
K
2
O
Insecticide
kg/ha
Fungicide
kg/ha
Avg.0 11.4 2.9 - 4.2 - - - 2.0 - 0.8 - 1.0 -
Avg.1 14.2 3.7 15.0 4.7 19.1 - - 2.1 8.7 2.2 9.1 2.1 8.4
Up. Qu. 10.9 2.5 - 4.1 - - - 1 - 0.8 - 1.3 -
Lo. Qu. 4.8 1.0 - 1.0 - - - 1.6 - 0 - 0 -
NOTES:
AC = Annual crops
229
TABLE 20g: ASSETS, LAND USE & FARMING INTENSITY AND INPUTS IN AEZ LM 4 OF
MERU SOUTH DISTRICT
Subzone: s/vs + vs/s, Soil Unit: UI 1 Survey area 155 (Makanyanga)
Range
Land
ha
Livestock Numbers
Family
Adults
Casual
labourers
Numbers of
children under
14 years
Dairy Zebu
Sheep &
Goats
Avg.0 4.84 0 6.03 16.67 14.2 0.27 0.1 4.1 0.8 2.27
Avg.1 4.84 7.54 17.86 21.3 8 3 4.1 1.85 2.62
Up. Qu. 7.6 0 9.5 20.25 21.25 0 0 5 1 3
Lo. Qu. 1.75 0 1 6 0 0 0 3 0 1.75
Land Use
Range
Ann. Crops
ha
Perm. Crops
ha
ha
Fallow
ha
Other Use
ha
Avg.0 2.19 0.04 2.61 0 0
Avg.1 2.19 0.08 2.70 0 0
Up. Qu. 2.5 0.05 4 0 1.05
Lo. Qu. 1.13 0 0.4 0 0.22
Range
Cropping
Diversity
Crops/year
Stocking Rate
Improved
Cattle % of
total cattle
Farm Land
TLU/ha
TLU/ha
Avg.0 6.93 0 1.25 1.6 0 2.31 3.0 0
Avg.1 6.93 0 1.56 - 0 2.80 - -
Up. Qu. 9 0 1.25 - 0 2.38 - 0
Lo. Qu. 6 0 0.57 - 0 2.5 - 0
Inputs Applied
Range
Improved
seed % of
area
kg/ha
Manure
applied
t/ha
Plant protection
N P
2
O
5
K
2
O
Insecticide
kg/ha
Fungicide
kg/ha
Avg.0 5.3 0.1 4.0 0 0 - - 0.9 2.0 0.05 0.1 1.1 -
Avg.1 12.2 2.4 - 0 0 - - 1.0 2.3 0.15 0.3 1.1 -
Up. Qu. 8.9 0 0 0 0 - - 0.6 1.5 0.04 0.1 1.6 -
Lo. Qu. 0 0 - 0 0 - - 0.4 0.5 0 0 0.5 -
NOTES:
AC = Annual crops
230
TABLE 21a: CROPPING PATTERNS IN AEZ LH1 OF MERU CENTRAL DISTRICT
Subzone: m/l i m, Soil Unit: RB 1 Survey area 149 (Kathita)
First Rainy Season
Crops
Average 0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Beans 0.02 0.14 0 0 0.55 4.66
Beans & Irish potatoes 0.01 0.08 0 0 0.15 1.27
Cabbages 0.06 0.11 0.1 0 1.81 15.35
Carrots 0.02 0.06 0.04 0 0.7 5.94
Chewing cane 0.00 0.02 0 0 0.04 0.34
Cut fowers 0.03 0.11 0.02 0 0.95 8.06
French beans 0.01 0.2 0 0 0.4 3.39
Irish potatoes 0.10 0.17 0.2 0 3.08 26.12
Kales 0.01 0.06 0 0 0.23 1.95
Maize 0.05 0.17 0.05 0 1.53 12.98
Maize & beans 0.06 0.22 0.06 0 1.65 13.99
Spring onions 0.00 0.1 0 0 0.1 0.85
Red creoles 0.01 0.15 0 0 0.3 2.54
Snow peas 0.01 0.2 0 0 0.2 1.70
Tomatoes 0.00 0.1 0 0 0.1 0.85
Second Rainy Season
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Beans 0.01 0.1 0 0 0.2 3.29
Beans & Irish
potatoes
0.01 0.08 0 0 0.15 2.47
Cabbages 0.01 0.08 0.03 0 0.68 11.18
Carrots 0.00 0.05 0 0 0.15 2.47
Irish potatoes 0.06 0.14 0.06 0 1.73 28.45
Kales 0.01 0.08 0 0 0.15 2.47
Maize 0.05 0.21 0.01 0 1.49 24.51
Maize & beans 0.04 0.12 0.06 0 1.23 20.23
Spring onions 0.01 0.15 0 0 0.3 4.93
Perennial Crops
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Avocado 0.00 0.05 0 0 0.05 0.58
Bananas 0.01 0.03 0 0 0.16 1.85
Coffee 0.01 0.2 0 0 0.2 2.32
Tea 0.27 0.34 0.43 0.1 8.22 95.25
NOTES:
231
TABLE 21b: CROPPING PATTERNS IN AEZ LM 3 OF MERU CENTRAL DISTRICT
Subzone: s + s, Soil Unit: LBC Survey area 150 (Kirendeni)
First Rainy Season
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Asian vegetables 0.01 0.2 0 0 0.2 0.98
Beans 0.14 0.35 0.2 0 4.6 22.47
Cassava 0.03 0.41 0 0 0.82 4.01
Cow peas 0.01 0.09 0 0 0.37 1.81
French beans 0.04 0.24 0 0 1.42 6.94
Green grams 0.05 0.23 0 0 1.58 7.72
Karella 0.02 0.17 0 0 0.42 2.05
Maize 0.12 0.28 0.2 0 3.7 18.08
Maize & beans 0.12 0.34 0.2 0 3.24 15.83
Maize & French
beans
0.01 0.4 0 0 0.4 1.95
Ndudhi 0.00 0.06 0 0 0.12 0.59
Okra 0.06 0.5 0 0 1.5 7.33
Pigeon peas 0.02 0.18 0 0 0.7 3.42
Sorghum 0.01 0.4 0 0 0.4 1.95
Tobacco 0.03 0.8 0 0 0.8 3.91
Second Rainy Season
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Brinjals 0.01 0.2 0 0 0.2 1.32
Beans 0.08 0.31 0.08 0 2.5 16.45
Cassava 0.03 0.8 0 0 0.8 5.26
Cow peas 0.01 0.06 0 0 0.17 1.12
Finger millet 0.00 0.03 0 0 0.03 0.20
French beans 0.01 0.2 0 0 0.2 1.32
Green grams 0.04 0.20 0 0 1.18 7.76
Karella 0.02 0.25 0 0 0.5 3.29
Maize 0.10 0.28 0.2 0 3.3 21.71
Maize & beans 0.12 0.37 0.18 0 3.74 24.61
Okra 0.01 0.1 0 0 0.2 1.32
Pigeon peas 0.02 0.25 0 0 0.5 3.29
Pigeon peas &
sorghum
0.01 0.2 0 0 0.4 2.63
Sorghum 0.01 0.21 0 0 0.43 2.83
Sweet potatoes 0.00 0.08 0 0 0.15 0.99
Tobacco 0.03 0.8 0 0 0.8 5.26
Tomatoes 0.00 0.1 0 0 0.1 0.66
Perennial Crops
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Avocado 0.00 0.06 0 0 0.06 0.25
Bananas 0.61 0.66 0.93 0.2 17.25 71.70
Mangoes 0.21 0.48 0.2 0 6.75 28.05
232
TABLE 21c: CROPPING PATTERNS IN AEZ LH 3 4 OF MERU CENTRAL DISTRICT
Subzone: f(m) i, (s/vs) Soil Unit: RB5 Survey area 151 (Kithithina)
First Rainy Season
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Beans 0.00 0.05 0 0 0.1 1.15
Chewing cane 0.00 0.01 0 0 0.01 0.11
Irish potatoes 0.01 0.09 0 0 0.44 5.06
Maize 0.02 0.18 0 0 0.55 6.32
Maize & beans 0.02 0.23 0 0 0.7 8.05
Maize, beans & Irish
potatoes
0.19 0.23 0.2 0.1 5.6 64.37
Snow peas 0.01 0.1 0 0 0.2 2.30
Second Rainy Season
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Irish potatoes 0.01 0.3 0 0 0.3 10.87
Maize, beans & Irish
potatoes
0.04 0.22 0 0 1.3 47.10
Wheat 0.03 0.25 0 0 0.76 27.54
Perennial Crops
Crop
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Bananas 0.0005 0.01 0 0 0.01 100
NOTES:
233
TABLE 21d: CROPPING PATTERNS IN AEZ UM 5 OF MERU CENTRAL DISTRICT
Subzone: vs/s + vs/s, Soil Unit: LB 11 Survey area 152 (Thiira)
First Rainy Season
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Beans 0.01 0.4 0 0 0.4 0.64
Chickpeas 0.00 0.1 0 0 0.1 0.16
Cotton 0.01 0.2 0 0 0.2 0.32
Dolichos 0.02 0.18 0 0 0.54 0.86
Field peas 0.01 0.4 0 0 0.4 0.64
Green grams 0.00 0.1 0 0 0.1 0.16
Irish potatoes 0.2 0.34 0.2 0 4.46 7.12
Maize & beans 1.14 1.41 1.2 0.4 35.2 56.23
Maize & Irish potatoes 0.17 0.77 0 0 5.4 8.63
Maize & Njahi 0.08 0.8 0 0 2.4 3.83
Maize, beans & dolichos 0.02 0.6 0 0 0.6 0.96
Maize, beans & cowpeas 0.03 0.8 0 0 0.8 1.28
Njahi 0.03 0.27 0 0 0.8 1.28
Second Rainy Season
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Beans & Njahi 0.02 0.5 0 0 0.5 0.91
Chickpeas 0.00 0.1 0 0 0.1 0.18
Cotton 0.01 0.2 0 0 0.2 0.37
Dolichos 0.03 0.3 0 0 0.9 1.65
Field peas 0.02 0.6 0 0 0.6 1.10
Green grams 0.00 0.1 0 0 0.1 0.18
Irish potatoes 0.23 0.45 0.4 0 5.9 10.79
Maize & beans 1.23 1.47 1.2 0.4 38.1 69.65
Maize & Irish potatoes 0.12 0.6 0 0 3.6 6.58
Maize & Njahi 0.04 0.6 0 0 1.2 2.19
Maize, beans &
dolichos
0.02 0.6 0 0 0.6 1.10
Maize, Beans & Njahi 0.03 0.8 0 0 0.8 1.46
Njahi 0.05 0.47 0 0 1.4 2.56
NB: No Perennial Crops were reported
NOTES:
234
TABLE 21e: CROPPING PATTERNS IN AEZ UM 2 OF MERU SOUTH DISTRICT
Subzone: m + s/m, Soil Unit: RB 2 Survey area 153 (Karongoni)
First Rainy Season
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Beans 0.25 0.39 0.4 0 7.56 62.84
Maize 0.09 0.18 0.13 0 2.55 21.20
Maize & beans 0.06 0.22 0.16 0 1.72 14.30
Sweet potatoes 0.00 0.1 0 0 0.1 0.83
Tobacco 0.00 0.1 0 0 0.1 0.83
Second Rainy Season
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Beans 0.08 0.20 0.13 0 2.35 18.85
Maize 0.26 0.37 0.4 0.19 8.16 65.44
Maize & beans 0.05 0.20 0.12 0 1.62 12.99
Soyabeans 0.01 0.12 0 0 0.24 1.92
Sweet potatoes 0.00 0.1 0 0 0.1 0.80
Perennial Crops
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Bananas 0.05 0.11 0.1 0 1.69 26.66
Coffee 0.15 0.28 0.4 0 4.10 64.67
Mangoes 0.01 0.13 0 0 0.40 6.31
Paw paws 0.00 0.1 0 0 0.1 1.58
Pumpkins 0.00 0.05 0 0 0.05 0.79
NOTES:
235
TABLE 21f: CROPPING PATTERNS IN AEZ LM 3 OF MERU SOUTH DISTRICT
Subzone: s + s, Soil Unit: RB 3 Survey area 154 (Mariani)
First Rainy Season
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Beans 0.44 0.61 0.8 0 13.32 36.45
Cow peas 0.01 0.2 0 0 0.2 0.55
Maize 0.47 0.61 0.65 0.08 14.12 38.64
Maize & beans 0.28 1.06 0.28 0 8.5 23.26
Millet 0.01 0.4 0 0 0.4 1.09
Second Rainy Season
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Beans 0.41 0.56 0.65 0 12.42 34.58
Cow peas 0.01 0.2 0 0 0.2 0.56
Maize 0.48 0.66 0.65 0 14.42 40.14
Maize & beans 0.29 0.97 0.28 0 8.7 24.22
Tobacco 0.01 0.18 0 0 0.18 0.50
Perennial Crops
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Avocado 0.03 0.06 0.05 0 0.98 24.87
Bananas 0.06 0.08 0.05 0 1.66 42.13
Coffee 0.02 0.3 0 0 0.6 15.23
Mangoes 0.02 0.05 0.03 0 0.65 16.50
Paw paws 0.00 0.01 0 0 0.05 1.27
NOTES:
236
TABLE 21g CROPPING PATTERNS IN AEZ LM 4 OF MERU SOUTH DISTRICT
Subzone: s/vs + vs/s, Soil Unit: UI 1 Survey area 155 (Makanyanga)
First Rainy Season
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Cow peas 0.34 0.58 0.6 0 9.8 19.37
Cow peas & sunfower 0.05 1.6 0 0 1.6 3.16
Finger millet 0.01 0.2 0 0 0.2 0.40
Green grams 0.41 0.62 0.65 0 12.4 24.51
Maize 0.05 0.35 0 0 1.4 2.77
Maize & cotton 0.12 0.9 0 0 3.6 7.11
Maize & cow peas 0.01 0.4 0 0 0.4 0.79
Maize & green grams 0.03 0.33 0 0 1 1.98
Maize, cotton &
green grams
0.01 0.4 0 0 0.4 0.79
Maize, cow peas &
green grams
0.03 0.8 0 0 0.8 1.58
Bulrush millet 0.25 0.49 0.4 0 7.4 14.62
Millet & cow peas 0.05 0.53 0 0 1.6 3.16
Millet & green grams 0.05 0.7 0 0 1.4 2.77
Millet & sorghum 0.01 0.4 0 0 0.4 0.79
Sorghum 0.17 0.5 0.25 0 5 9.88
Sorghum & cotton 0.04 1.2 0 0 1.2 2.37
Sorghum & cow peas 0.05 0.53 0 0 1.6 3.16
Sorghum & green grams 0.01 0.4 0 0 0.4 0.79
Second Rainy Season
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Beans 0.03 0.4 0 0 0.8 1.21
Cotton & cow peas 0.04 1.2 0 0 1.2 1.82
Cotton & millet 0.11 1.07 0 0 3.2 4.85
Cow peas 0.12 0.44 0.13 0 3.5 5.30
Cow peas & sunfower 0.04 1.2 0 0 1.2 1.82
Green grams 0.19 0.52 0.2 0 5.7 8.64
Maize 0.18 0.77 0.05 0 5.4 8.18
Maize & cotton 0.25 1.3 0.4 0 8.6 13.03
Maize & cow peas 0.06 0.6 0 0 1.8 2.73
Maize & green grams 0.12 0.51 0.05 0 3.6 5.45
Maize, cotton & cow peas 0.2 6 0 0 6 9.09
Maize, cotton & green
grams
0.11 1.6 0 0 3.2 4.85
Maize, cow peas & green
grams
0.04 1.2 0 0 1.2 1.82
Bulrush millet 0.31 0.58 0.5 0 9.2 13.94
Millet & cow peas 0.08 0.6 0 0 2.4 3.64
Millet & green grams 0.03 0.5 0 0 1 1.52
Millet & sorghum 0.04 0.6 0 0 1.2 1.82
Millet & sunfower 0.03 0.8 0 0 0.8 1.21
Sorghum 0.09 0.31 0.2 0 2.8 4.24
Sorghum & cow peas 0.05 0.53 0 0 1.6 2.42
Sorghum & green grams 0.05 0.4 0 0 0.8 1.21
Sorghum & pigeon peas 0.03 0.8 0 0 0.8 1.21
237
Perennial Crops
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Cashew nuts 0.01 0.19 0 0 0.19 14.84
Mangoes 0.03 0.08 0.06 0 1.05 82.03
Oranges 0.00 0.01 0 0 0.01 0.78
Paw paws 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.03 2.34
NOTES:
238
A more detailed description can be found together with calculations of rentability in the Farm Management
Guidelines of each district and in the KARI Fertilizer Use Manual (Muriuki and Qureshi, 2001). Zone UM
1 is not described here because it is similar to that in Embu district.
Subzone LH 1 m/l i m of the Tea - Dairy Zone
Tis is the Tea Dairy Zone, with a medium to long cropping season, intermediate rains, and a medium one
as typied by Kathita sub-location of Meru Central district. Most of the cattle kept in this zone are of im-
proved type. Tis has enhanced milk production and in return cash income for the majority of farmers. A
variety of crops besides tea are grown. Tese include: beans, Irish potatoes, cabbages, carrots, chewing sugar
cane, cut owers, French beans, kales, maize, onions, snow peas and tomatoes (Table 21). Most are very
high value crops, which can be readily sold in nearby markets and in Nairobi city. Te main problem that
needs to be addressed with regard to these high value crops is the exploitation of farmers by middlemen. A
way out of this situation is for the farmers to form strong farmers groups, which can lobby for favourable
prices and can sell their produce directly to the buyers without having to go through the middlemen. Te
perennial crops grown include: tea, avocado, bananas and in lower places coee. Coee production has
been on the decline due to poor prices and the collapse of the marketing system. Maize and beans remain
the dominant food crops. With minimal inputs of 0.5 tons/ha of manure, farmers reported maize yields of
3312 kg/ha against the agro-ecological unit potential of 5000 kg/ha (Table 22). It can be clearly seen from
this that unless farmers use the required fertilizer inputs to replenish the soil nutrients, yields of the staple
crops like maize will continue declining at an alarming rate. Tis will in the near future mean inadequate
food to feed the population!
239
ECOLOGICAL UNIT
1)
LH 1, m/l i m, RB 1
Survey area 149 (Kathita)
Crop, Yields
3)
and Inputs
AEZ: LH 1 TEA DAIRY ZONE
Subzone: m/l i m (Periods in days
2)
: 1
st
rainy season 165 or more, 2
nd
Unit with predom. Soil: RB 1= ando-humic NITISOLS; with humic ANDOSOLS
st
rainy season: 700 1100
mm
2
nd
out of 15 years
Maize local pure
stand
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
I=low II=med.
4)
III=high
5)
AEU Pot.
6)
I=low II=med.
4)
III=high
5)
AEU Pot.
6)
1575
0
0
-
0.3
1611
0
0
-
0.5
* 599
0
0
-
0.3
750
0
0
-
0.5
*
Hybrid maize
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
- -
Maize local
intercropped
with beans
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
Hybrid maize
intercropped
with beans
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
1845
0
0
-
0.1
3090
0
0
-
0.3
3312
0
0
-
0.5
ca. 5000 720
-
0
0
-
0
1428
-
0
0
-
0.3
1650
-
0
0
-
0.5
ca. 4500
NOTES:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
management
* Potential for local maize not known; no experimental results
240
Tis is a Cotton Zone with two short cropping seasons as found in Kirendeni sub-location of Meru Central
district and Mariani Sub-location of Meru South district. Although this is a cotton zone, no farmer reported
growing this crop (Table 21). Te reason for this is that the cotton industry in Kenya has been experiencing
serious marketing problems which forced many ginneries to close down. In the absence of these, farmers
found it extremely dicult to market their crop and hence abandoned growing the crop. With current new
marketing incentives through AGOA, it is hoped that farmers will resume growing cotton in the near future.
Te current crop list in this zone include: Asian vegetables, beans, cassava, cowpeas, French beans, green
grams, maize, okra, tomatoes, pigeon peas, sorghum, nger millet, sweet potatoes and tobacco (Table 21).
Te diversication of crops by farmers is encouraging as a measure of spreading risk. Te permanent crops
are avocado, bananas and mangoes. Maize and beans are the dominant staple food. Te yields of maize are
still far below the agro-ecological unit potential (Table 22). Farmers will have no choice but to increase the
fertilizer and manure inputs used on their farms if the issue of food security is to be adequately addressed.
241
ECOLOGICAL UNIT
1)
LM 3, s + s, LBC
Survey area 150 (Kirendeni)
Crop, Yields
3)
and Inputs
Subzone: s + s (Periods in days
2)
: 1
st
rainy season 85 - 105, 2
nd
rainy 85 - 105)
Unit with predom. Soil: LBC = IRONSTONE SOILS; with LITHOSOLS and
undifferentiated VERTISOLS and vertic GLEYSOLS
st
rainy season:
300 500 mm
2
nd
out 15 of years
Maize local pure
stand
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
I=low II=med.
4)
III=high
5)
AEU Pot.
6)
I=low II=med.
4)
III=high
5)
AEU Pot.
6)
Improved maize
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
- 2238
-
-
-
-
2230
50
50
-
-
ca. 3500
on better
soils of the
complex
- 2438
20
10
-
-
2944
50
50
-
-
ca. 3800
on better
soils of the
complex
Maize local
intercropped
with beans
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
- 1350 1374
50
57
-
-
* - - -
Improved maize
inter-cropped
with beans
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
- - - - 1450
-
-
-
-
1505
57
57
-
-
*
NOTES:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
management
* Potential of local maize not known; no experimental results
242
ECOLOGICAL UNIT
1)
LH 3 - 4, f(m) i (s/vs), RB5
Survey area 151 (Kithithina)
No table is reasonable here because less than 8 farmers reported growing maize or maize and
beans. Most farmers intercrop maize, beans and Irish potatoes. All the farmers did not use
Iertilizers but manure on their felds. There are very Iew Iull time Iarmers here near Timau.
Subzone UM 5, vs/s + vs/s of the Livestock Sorghum Zone
Tis is a Livestock Sorghum Zone, with two very short to short cropping seasons occurring in Tiira Sub-loca-
tion in the Northeast of Meru Central district. It is surprising that whereas this is a sorghum zone, none of
the farmers grew this crop because they come from maize zones (forced by population pressure) (Table 21).
Te farmers are still persistent on growing maize, even though it is not well suited for this zone. Tis explains
the low maize yields reported by farmers (Table 22). Te cropping matrix includes: beans, chickpeas, cotton,
Dolichos beans, eld peas, green grams, Irish potatoes and cowpeas (Table 21). No permanent crops were
reported in this zone.
243
ECOLOGICAL UNIT
1)
UM 5, vs/s + vs/s, LB 11
Survey area 152 (Thiira)
Crop, Yields
3)
and
Inputs
AEZ: UM 5 LIVESTOCK SORGHUM ZONE
Subzone: vs/s+vs/s (Periods in days
2)
: 1
st
nd
Unit with predom. Soil: LB 11= chromic VERTISOLS
st
rainy season:
230 300 mm
2
nd
out of 15 years
Maize local pure
stand
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
I=low II=med.
4)
III=high
5)
AEU Pot.
6)
I=low II=med.
4)
III=high
5)
AEU Pot.
6)
Hybrid maize
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
- - - - - -
Maize local
intercropped
with beans
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
- 913 978 *
Hybrid maize
intercropped
with beans
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
- 1823
15
10
-
-
2420
20
20
0.1
ca. 3400
NOTES:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
management
* Potential of local maize not known; no experimental results
244
Subzone UM 2, m + s/m of the Main Coee Zone
Tis is the main Coee Zone with a medium and a short to medium cropping season, analysed in Karongoni
sub-location of Meru South district. About 64% of the farmers reported growing coee (Table 21). Tere
is less diversication of crops grown in this zone than in LH 1 as seen in Table 21. Te annual crops grown
include: beans, maize, sweet potatoes, soya beans, tobacco and pumpkins. Te permanent crops include:
coee, bananas, mangoes and paw paws. Most farmers grow mono-cropped French beans as a high value
cash crop. Maize yields hardly reach half the agro-ecological unit potential of 4500 kg/ha due to insucient
use of fertilizer inputs (Table 22).
245
ECOLOGICAL UNIT
1)
UM 2, m + s/m, RB 2
Survey area 153 (Karongoni)
Crop Yields
3)
and Inputs
Subzone: m + s/m: (Periods in days
2)
: 1
st
nd
Unit with predom. Soil: RB 2 = humic NITISOLS
st
rainy season:
600 720 mm
2
nd
out of 15 years
Maize local
pure stand
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
I=low II=med.
4)
III=high
5)
AEU Pot.
6)
I=low II=med.
4)
III=high
5)
AEU Pot.
6)
more interest in monocropped beans
Hybrid maize
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
Maize local
intercropped
with beans
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
Hybrid maize
intercropped
with beans
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
- - 2250
10
12
-
-
ca. 4500 - - -
NOTES:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
management
246
Tis is a Cotton Zone with two short cropping seasons as found in Kirendeni sub-location of Meru Central
district and Mariani Sub-location of Meru South district. Although this is a cotton zone, no farmer reported
growing this crop (Table 21). Te reason for this is that the cotton industry in Kenya has been experiencing
serious marketing problems which forced many ginneries to close down. In the absence of these, farmers
found it extremely dicult to market their crop and hence abandoned growing the crop. With current new
marketing incentives through AGOA, it is hoped that farmers will resume growing cotton in the near future.
Te current crop list in this zone include: Asian vegetables, beans, cassava, cowpeas, French beans, green
grams, maize, okra, tomatoes, pigeon peas, sorghum, nger millet, sweet potatoes and tobacco (Table 21).
Te diversication of crops by farmers is encouraging as a measure of spreading risk. Te permanent crops
are avocado, bananas and mangoes. Maize and beans are the dominant staple food. Te yields of maize are
still far below the agro-ecological unit potential (Table 22). Farmers will have no choice but to increase the
fertilizer and manure inputs used on their farms if the issue of food security is to be adequately addressed.
247
ECOLOGICAL UNIT
1)
LM 3, s + s, Unit: RB 3
Survey area 154 (Mariani)
Crop, Yields
3)
and
Inputs
2)
: 1
st
nd
Unit with predom. Soil: RB 3= eutric NITISOLS; with nito- chromic CAMBISOLS and
ACRISOLS and LUVISOLS, partly lithic, pisoferric or petroferric phase
st
mm
2
nd
out 15 years
Maize local pure
stand
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
I=low II=med.
4)
III=high
5)
AEU Pot.
6)
I=low II=med.
4)
III=high
5)
AEU Pot.
6)
-
5
5
-
-
1138
6
10
-
2.5
1308
8
11
-
5.2
*
- 1138
6
10
-
2.5
1688
8
11
-
5.1
*
Improved maize
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
Maize local
intercropped
with beans
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
Improved maize
intercropped
with beans
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
- 1327
13
18
-
5.8
1904
15
24
-
8.6
ca. 3800 - 1814
12
18
-
5.8
2195
15
24
-
8.4
ca. 4000
NOTES
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
management
248
Subzone LM 4 s/vs + s/vs of the Marginal Cotton Zone
Tis is a Marginal Cotton Zone with two short to very short cropping seasons, as typied by Makanyanga Sub-
location of Meru South district. Tis is a subzone with a large diversication of crops grown (Table 21).
Te crop list includes: maize, bulrush millet, nger millet, sorghum, cowpeas, green grams, cotton and
sunower. It is encouraging to note that many farmers grow cowpeas and millets, which are actual very well
suited to this subzone. Te yields of maize are still far below the agro-ecological unit potential (Table 22).
Farmers will have no choice but to increase the organic and articial fertilizer inputs used on their farms if
the issue of food security is to be adequately addressed. Much intercropping (Table 21g) is a step towards
more ecological sustainable land use. Te permanent crops include: cashew nuts, mangoes, oranges and paw
paws.
249
TABLE 22g: INCREASE OF YIELDS BY BETTER FARM MANAGEMENT IN AGRO-
ECOLOGICAL UNIT
1)
LM 4, s/vs + s/vs, UI 1
Survey Area 155 (Makanyanga)
Crop, Yields
3)
and
Inputs
Subzone: s/vs + s/v s (Periods in days
2)
: 1
st
nd
Unit with predom. Soil: UI 1= nito - rhodic FERRALSOLS
st
rainy season:
250-330 mm
2
nd
out 15 years
Maize local pure
stand
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
I=low II=med.
4)
III=high
5)
AEU Pot.
6)
I=low II=med.
4)
III=high
5)
AEU Pot.
6)
Improved maize
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
- 3375
-
30.7
20
-
-
- ca. 4000
KCB
- - - ca. 2500
DLC
Maize local
intercropped
with beans
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
Improved maize
intercropped
with beans
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
- - - - - -
NOTES:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Potential yield according to crop list and local climate of this Agro-Ecological Unit if soils are optimally fertilized, plus
optimal crop management
250
Te Fertiliser Use Recommendation Project of the GTZ (1986 - 92) had two trial sites in the central and
southern part of the former Meru district, one on Nitisols at Kaguru FTC in UM2, the other in Mitunguu
in LM3 on Vertisols and nito-rhodic Ferralsol with low fertility. For the other zones, subzones and units
Muriuki and Qureshi showed which results from other districts could be representative (see map of Fer-
tiliser Recommendations and Farm Survey Areas) and made curves for fertiliser response
1
.
extends there (see dark and light grey shades in the small maps). We have tend to lower the rates due to the
low nancial basis of the smallholder farmers. Te optimum can be calculated from the curve formulas in
Muriuki & Qureshi Fertiliser Use Manual, KARI, Nairobi 2001. In the long run the maintenance amount
must be given to maintain the nutrient content. Some quantities for it can be seen at the end of this chapter
and in the chapter 3.1 General Remarks.
2
.
On the other hand even macronutrients which is not yet mentioned like potassium (K) because there is still
3
.
1
2
3
251
252
253
ECOLOGICAL UNITS LH1 m/l i m, RB1 and MV2 of the TEA ZONE
Crop varieties and
Season
Recommended
Fertiliser Rates
Average Yield
Increase if this
Rate is Applied
Average Yield
Increase if 5 t/ha
Manure are Applied
kg/ha
Other Nutrients
Recommended
kg/ha kg/ha
First Rainy Season
1)
Maize (H613) & beans 50 N 500 (maize)
3)
ca. 500 (maize) Lime 2t 1000 1000
Potatoes 50 N + 20 P 7500 ca. 1500 Lime
4)
Cabbages 50 N + 20 P 11260 ca. 5000 Lime
4)
Second Rainy Season
1)
Maize - - ca. 900 Lime
4)
Maize & beans - - ca. 700 (maize) Lime
4)
Perennial crops
Tea
2)
230 N + 50 P +
40 K
5700 -
Sources: MURIUKI & QURESHI: Fertiliser Use Manual 2001, p. 128; conclusions from the Farm Survey 2004, area
149.
1)
2)
See also recommendations of local Tea Authorities or Companies. .
3)
Beans do not well, too wet and cold.
4)
Lime is very necessary due to very acid soils (except for tea), see Table 23 b.. .
ECOLOGICAL UNIT 80LP, RB1 of the TEA-COFFEE ZONE
Crop varieties and
Season
Recommended
Fertiliser Rates
Average Yield
Increase if this
Rate is Applied
Average Yield
Increase if 5 t/ha
Manure are Applied
kg/ha
Other Nutrients
Recommended
kg/ha kg/ha
First Rainy Season
1)
Maize (H614) 50 N + 25 P 400 * Lime 2t 1230 1230
Maize & beans 25 P 350 (maize)
4)
- Lime
Potatoes 50 N + 20 P 4500 ca. 1500 Lime 2t 3420 3420
Cabbages 20 P 9940 ca. 5000 Lime 2t 11100 11100
Second Rainy Season
1)
Beans 20 P 750 * Lime 2t 290 290
Perennial crops
Tea
2)
370 N + 75 P +
50 K
ca. 7000 -
Coffee
3)
180 N + 100 P ca. 1000 Lime
Sources: MURIUKI & QURESHI: Fertiliser Use Manual 2001, p. 132; KARI and GTZ: Fertil. Use Recomm., Vol.6
Embu District, Nairobi ca. 1995, and conclusions from the Farm Survey 2004, area 143; FMHB
Vol. II C, 1983, p. 137.
1)
2)
See also recommendations of local Tea Authorities or Companies. .
3)
See also recent recommendations of local Coffee Cooperatives and Embu Agric. Res. Station.
4)
Beans do not well in upper parts during frst rainy sason, too wet and cold. .
* = data not available
254
TABLE 23c: FERTILISER AND MANURE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR AGRO-
ECOLOGICAL UNITS UM 2 m + m & m + s/m, RB 2 of the MAIN
COFFEE ZONE
Recommended
Fertiliser Rates
kg/Ha
Average Yield
Increase if this
Rate is Applied
1
kg/Ha
Average Yield
Increase if
5 t/ha Manure
are Applied
Other Nutrients
Recommended
3)
First rainy season
Maize (H513 or other H5...) 75 N 1700 ca. 600 Lime
Maize & beans 50 N 1180 maize ca. 550 maize Lime
Beans (GLP2) 12 P 140 Lime
Potatoes (Annet) 50 N 6050 * -
Cabbage (Sugar Loaf)
1)
25 P 5960 * -
Second rainy season
Maize (H513) 50 N 1165 ca. 600 -
Maize & beans 50 N 1275 maize * Lime
Potatoes 50 N 5500
Cabbage 20 P 3700
Perennial crops
Coffee
2)
180 N + 100 P ca. 1000
Sources: MURIUKI & QURESHI: Fertil. Use Manual 2001, p. 135; KARI & FURP: Fertil. Use Recomm. Vol. 3, Meru District,
Nairobi 1995; experim. results from Embu ARS and BIRGIT SCHMIDT; conclu. from the Farm Survey 2004, area 153;
FMHB Vol. II C, 1983, p. 140.
1)
Phosphate is very necessary here, without it very small yield only.
2)
See also recent recommendations of Embu Agricultural Research Station and Mariene Sub-Station.
3)
K and Mg after few years of cultivation if no manure is applied.; * = data not available
255
256
ECOLOGICAL UNIT UM3 m/s + m/s, RB3 of the MARGINAL COFFEE
ZONE
Crop varieties and
Season
Recommended
Fertiliser Rates
Average Yield
Increase if this
Rate is Applied
1)
Average Yield
Increase if 5 t/ha
Manure are Applied
kg/ha
Other Nutrients
Recommended
kg/ha kg/ha
First Rainy Season
Hybrid maize 75 N + 25 P 1200 ca. 900 -
Maize & beans 50 N + 25 P 1050 (maize) - -
Second Rainy Season
Hybrid maize 50 N + 25 P ca. 900 ca. 700 -
Maize & beans 25 P ca. 600 (maize) - -
Permanent
Coffee
2)
up to 100 C.A.N.
2)
650 * -
Napier grass (Bana) 50 N + 20 P 1000 ca. 3500 -
145; IRACC: Small Holder Farming Handbook 1997, p. 147.
1)
Double rates at cereals will bring almost double increase if climate is suitable and there are no pests and diseases.
2)
Up to 100 kg per 10 trees per year, down to 50 kg if rain is below average or annual average is less than 1200 mm.
ECOLOGICAL UNIT LM3 s + s, UI1 of the COTTON ZONE
Crop varieties and
Season
Recommended
Fertiliser Rates
Average Yield
Increase if this
Rate is Applied
Average Yield
Increase if 5 t/ha
Manure are Applied
kg/ha
Other Nutrients
Recommended
kg/ha kg/ha
First Rainy Season
1)
Maize KCB 20 N + 25 P 500 ca. 650 Ca, K, Mg
Maize KCB & cowpeas 20 P 210 (maize) *
Second Rainy Season
Maize KCB 25 N + 20 P 500 ca. 700
Maize KCB & beans 20 P ca. 300 (maize) *
Biseasonal (2
nd
to 1
st
r.s.)
Cotton
2)
120 N + 90 P ca. 1000 *
Sources: MURIUKI & QURESHI: Fertiliser Use Manual 2001, p. 135; KARI and GTZ: Fertil. Use Recomm, Vol. 3
Meru District, Nairobi 1995; conclusions from the Farm Survey 2004, area 160; IRACC: Small Holder
Farming Handbook 1997, p. 155.
1)
Application in frst rainy season may be uneconomical due to a rain defcit, thereIore low quantities.
2)
See also recent recommendations of the Cotton Board. .
90
257
ECOLOGICAL UNIT LM4 s/vs + s/vs, UI1 of the MARGINAL COTTON
ZONE
Crop varieties and
Season
Recommended
Fertiliser Rates
Average Yield
Increase if this
Rate is Applied
Average Yield
Increase if 5 t/ha
Manure are Applied
kg/ha
Other Nutrients
Recommended
kg/ha kg/ha
First Rainy Season
1)
Maize DLC
none, rainfall too
risky
ca. 400 -
Maize & cowpeas * -
Second Rainy Season
Maize 15 N + 20 P 460 ca. 600 Ca, K, Mg
Maize & cowpeas 20 P 450 (maize) *
Biseasonal (2
nd
to 1
st
r.s.)
Cotton 50 N + 50 P ca. 600 *
Sources: MURIUKI & QURESHI: Fertiliser Use Manual 2001, p. 135; KARI and GTZ: Fertil. Use Recomm, Vol. 3
Meru District, Nairobi 1995; conclusions from the Farm Survey 2004, area 161; IRACC: Small Holder
Farming Handbook 1997, p. 155; * = data not available
91
258
259
ECOLOGICAL UNITS LH3 f(m) i (s/vs) & LH4 (m/s or s/m) i (vs/s), RB5 of
the WHEAT/MAIZE-BARLEY and CATTLE-SHEEP-BARLEY ZONE
Crop varieties and
Season
Recommended
Fertiliser Rates
Average Yield
Increase if this
Rate is Applied
Average Yield
Increase if 5 t/ha
Manure are Applied
kg/ha
Other Nutrients
Recommended
kg/ha kg/ha
First Rainy Season
1)
Hybrid maize 75 N 950 ca. 800 *
Potatoes - - ca. 5000 *
Second Rainy Season
Barley
No fertiliser
recommended, uneconomical
ca. 500
151.
TABLE 23h: FERTILISER AND MANURE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR AGRO-
ECOLOGICAL UNIT UM5 vs/s + vs/s, LB11 of the LIVESTOCK-
SORGHUM ZONE
Crop varieties and
Season
Recommended
Fertiliser Rates
Average Yield
Increase if this
Rate is Applied
Average Yield
Increase if 5 t/ha
Manure are Applied
kg/ha
Other Nutrients
Recommended
kg/ha kg/ha
First Rainy Season
1)
Very early mat. sorghum
No fertiliser
Manure
recommended
for sustainability,
although yield
increase depends
very much on rain
Katheka beans
Second Rainy Season
Very early mat. sorghum
No fertiliser
Katheka beans
Source: Conclusions from the Farm Survey 2004, area 152.
93
260
260
261
MERU NORTH & THARAKA
3.4 MERU NORTH AND THARAKA DISTRICTS GROUP
Introduction 3
Tables 5 a-d: Climatic Yield Potentials in Semi-arid Subzones 18
Soil Map 22
Meru North District
Table 6: Population in Meru North District 27
Table 7: Composition of Households in Meru North District 7: Composition of Households in Meru North District 7: Composition of Households in Meru North District 31
Table 8: Available Land Area in Meru North District per AEZ and Household 35
Taraka District
Table 9 Population in Taraka District 37
Table 10: Composition of Households in Taraka District 38
Table 11: Available Land Area in Taraka District per AEZ and Household 39
Development and Trends of Major Cash Crops in Meru North District 40
Table 12: Tea 40
Table 13: Coee 40
Development and Trends of Major Cash Crops in Taraka District 41
Table 15a-c: Cotton, Passion fruit, Macadamia 41
Tables 16 a-q: Farming Activities in the Agro-Ecological Zones 43
1
262
UM1 m/l i m of the Tea and Coee Zone 70
Tables 20 a-h: Increase of Yields by Better Farm Management 71-85
UM2 m + m of the Main Coee Zone 72
UM3 m/s + m/s of the Marginal Coee Zone 74
LM5(-4) vs/s + vs/s of the Lower Midland Livestock-Mollet Zone 78
LM5 vs/s + vs/s of the Lower Midland Livestock-Millet Zone 82
IL5 vs + vs of the Inner Lowland Livestock-Millet Zone 84
Tables 21 a-f: Fertiliser and Manure Recommendations: 88-92
UM1 m/l i m, MV6 of the Tea and Coee Zone 88
UM2 m + m, MV6 of the Main Coee Zone 88
UM3 m/s + m/s, MV3 of the Marginal Coee Zone 88
LM3 s/m + s/m & s + s, RB3 of the Cotton Zone 90
LM4 s/vs + s/vs, UI1 of the Marginal Cotton Zone 91
IL5 vs + vs, UU3 of the Livestock-Millet Zone 92
MERU NORTH & THARAKA 2
263
INTRODUCTION
Te Nyambene Ranges are the backbone of this District group, being the watershed and the origin of the
fertile volcanic soils within the right altitudes for good cash crops. Due to overpopulation, this zone has no
more space and the soils have become over-exploited and exhausted.
Te extension of cultivation into the zones lying within the rain shadow area north of the Nyambene Ranges
towards Isiolo has now reached its limit. Zone 6 receives inadequate rainfall and the growing periods here
are too short for rainfed agriculture. Livestock keeping can still be practised here because the occurrance of
volcanic ashes support nutritious grasses if they have not been overgrazed.
Te southeastern footplains belong mainly to the Taraka District. Isolated mountains here are relicts of the
600 Million years old folded zone which are almost completely eroded. Te dominating basement gneisses
of this area are less fertile and the application of manure is very necessary. Te rainfall is not very low but
is concentrated in the two rainy seasons which normally support only very short to short growing periods.
Tis climatic situation is dicult for maize cultivation. Runo-water catchment agriculture is a possibility
(see Chapter 2.5), because it also preserves the shallow soils. Te positive inuence of ENSO years in the
second season reaches Zone 5 here (see Chapter 2.4), but the negative inuence of Anti-ENSO years is also
experienced here too.
Livestock keeping is the second most important livelihood activity here, but overstocking poses a danger for
the restoration of the natural potential: On these shallow and stony soils, bush encroachment takes place
very quickly once the grass cover is destroyed, and useless thorny bushes become dominant. Eective growth
of the more palatable bushes is regulated by too much browsing.
Te colours in the rainfall maps give a rst rough optical association of the possible land use. Because of the
concentration of rainfall, some threshold gures are a bit higher compared to other districts. For detailed
information, see AEZ maps, potentials, and soil maps.
264
265
TABLE 1: RAINFALL FIGURES FROM SELECTED TYPICAL STATIONS HAVING AT
No. and
altitude
Name of
Station
Agro Ecol.
Zone
Subzone
Kind of
records
Annual
rainfall
mm
8937003 Isiolo LM 5-6 Average 633 36 36 88 128 33 5 5 5 5 63 151 78
1104 m (Isiolo District) vs + vs 66%
1
616 28 12 75 115 16 0 0 0 0 36 141 56
8937014 Mikinduri UM 2 Av. 1915 46 34 165 490 184 125 10 12 17 300 424 217
1240 m Prim. School m + m 66%
2
1670 15 4 45 378 120 75 2 2 3 100 315 95
8937019 Miathene UM1-2 Av. 1576 46 23 132 385 168 19 12 12 17 264 384 153
1433 m m + m 66% 1360 15 1 32 310 55 0 2 0 0 56 298 39
8937021 Kianjai UM3 Av. 1256 47 32 107 276 115 5 6 4 28 199 318 117
1430 m ChieIs Centre m/s + m/s 66% 875 40 8 30 190 52 1 1 0 0 45 245 35
8937031 Tigania UM 4 - 3 Av. 1175 24 28 103 284 127 13 6 6 14 206 260 105
1478 m Water Supply fs + fs 66% 765 9 3 52 150 40 0 0 0 0 40 145 43
8937041 Laare, UM1-0 Av. 2177 53 40 174 503 258 19 35 23 23 369 443 238
1775 m Nyambene
Ranges
m/l i m 66% 1610 12 20 49 350 60 1 10 0 11 150 395 27
8937053 Mikinduri UM 2 - 1 Av. 2151 75 44 164 491 253 21 16 17 23 295 557 195
1405 m Girls Sec. Sch. m/l i m 66% 1840 30 14 95 398 152 1 3 6 0 140 420 125
8937059 Maua, UM1 - 0 Av. 2602 46 45 186 650 274 49 42 58 49 424 608 170
1600 m Nyambene
Ranges
m/l i m 66%
2
1900 17 6 55 485 250 35 30 25 30 215 450 115
8937060 Muchii UM LH 1 Av. 2304 48 43 178 615 280 28 28 34 44 415 462 129
1905 m Mukuru m/l i m 66% 1846 18 5 51 464 253 20 22 13 26 210 369 89
8937066 Miathene UM 2 Av. 1519 31 47 138 372 132 7 4 9 20 285 368 107
1350 m Sec. School m + m 66%
2
1295 11 5 35 302 45 0 0 0 0 65 280 25
8937071 Kiegoi LH 1 Av. 1804 34 23 101 300 287 56 66 59 42 267 455 114
1920 m Prim. School m/l i m 66%
2
1595 12 3 35 205 158 30 35 32 25 140 365 85
8937086 Atheru Gaiti UM1 Av. 2044 59 21 146 457 211 41 43 48 51 312 453 200
1300 m Coffee Factory m/l i m 66% 1735
8937091 Akachiu UM1 Av. 2293 56 14 137 527 205 34 49 52 53 341 550 275
1420 m ChieIs Camp m/l i m 66%
2
1725 15 8 85 410 130 10 20 22 33 170 415 150
8937092 Atheru Ruujine UM 2 1 Av. 1902 57 15 105 428 307 23 20 29 34 308 415 161
1300 m Coffee Factory m/l i m 66%
2
1300 20 3 35 320 260 20 15 11 20 160 318 110
9037160 Marimanti IL 5-4 Av. 871 29 20 83 268 82 6 2 2 4 86 219 76
610 m W. Dev. Dep. vs/s + vs/s 66% 635 6 3 28 195 15 1 0 0 0 30 135 40
9037184 Tunyai LM 4 Av. 1152 35 14 136 305 75 7 3 2 11 154 285 124
930 m Agric. Camp s/vs + s/vs 66%
2
780 11 2 50 265 25 0 0 0 0 80 165 60
9037187 Chiakariga LM 4 Av. 944 35 20 99 264 45 3 0 3 6 125 246 97
850 m D.O.s OIfce s/vs + s/vs 66%
2
695 7 3 32 193 10 1 0 0 1 48 160 50
9037221 Kiburine Tsetse LM 4 Av. 1090 77 16 108 250 94 10 5 3 13 145 260 110
890 m Fly Res. Centre s/vs + s/vs 66%
2
735 20 10 40 190 20 1 0 0 1 70 162 55
9038010 Gatunga IL 5 Av. 811 27 14 75 230 78 6 1 1 1 73 237 68
610 m Police Post vs/s + vs 66% 590 5 2 25 200 12 1 0 0 0 12 155 20
1
2
Estimate of this reliability by correlation, no detailed data were available for enough years.
266
No. and
altitude
Name of
Station
AEZ
1
Kind of
records
Temperature inC
Belt
limits
8937003
1104 m
1500 m
LM
1000 m
Isiolo
(Isiolo D.)
LM
5-6
Mean max. 30.8 32.3 31.7 30.1 29.9 29.5 28.9 29.4 30.8 30.9 28.6 29.0 30.2
Mean temp. 23.3 24.3 24.7 24.0 23.9 23.2 22.6 23.0 23.9 24.3 22.6 22.3 23.5
Mean min. 15.7 16.3 17.6 17.8 17.8 16.9 16.3 16.5 16.9 17.6 16.6 15.5 16.8
Abs. min. 10.6 9.0 12.2 13.0 14.4 13.3 11.1 12.2 13.9 13.5 12.4 11.1 12.3
950 m
IL
0 m
9037160
610 m
Marimanti
Water Dev.
Dep.
IL 5
Mean max. 31.9 33.8 34.6 33.1 32.2 31.7 31.0 31.3 33.2 34.2 30.0 30.9 32.3
Mean temp. 25.2 26.8 27.8 27.3 26.5 25.5 25.2 25.4 26.6 27.7 25.2 24.9 26.2
Mean min. 18.4 19.8 20.9 21.4 20.8 19.2 19.4 19.5 20.0 21.1 20.3 18.9 20.0
Abs. min 13.9 12.6 17.0 17.4 17.0 14.5 14.5 15.5 14.6 17.2 16.4 14.1 15.4
1
No. and
altitude
Name of
Station
Type
1)
AEZ
2)
Year
in mm
% of
PET
8937003 Isiolo interp.
208 203 232 194 206 210 215 233 234 230 184 190 2534 633 25%
1104 m (Isiolo District) LM5-6
8937019 Miathene interp.
133 140 155 135 122 110 110 122 140 150 115 116 1550 1576 102%
1433 m UM 1-2
8937021 Kianja interp.
139 150 165 143 133 120 119 132 152 160 125 126 1670 1256 75%
1430 m ChieIs Centre UM 3
8937041 Laare, interp.
115 126 135 115 110 93 90 95 120 133 110 108 1400 2177 155%
1775 m
Nyambene
Ranges
UM 1-0
9037160 Marimanti calc.
163 171 199 160 158 159 173 194 207 211 141 139 2076 871 42%
610 m W. Dev. Dep. IL 5-4
9037184 Tunyai interp. nterp.
161 168 183 154 150 145 155 170 180 184 138 139 1952 1152 59%
930 m Agric. Camp LM4
9037187 Chiakariga interp.
162 169 185 155 153 150 161 178 188 190 139 139 1969 944 48%
850 m D.O.`s OIfce LM 4
9037221 Kiburine Tsetse interp.
162 169 188 155 150 142 150 172 182 190 139 139 1948 1090 56%
890 m Fly Res. Centre LM4
9038010 Gatunga Interp.
165 175 200 165 160 160 175 195 210 215 140 140 2100 811 39%
610 m Police Post IL 5
1)
Type of equation: calc. = calculated by formula of PENMAN & MCCULLOCH with albedo for green grass 0.2; see
Agricultural & Forestry Journal, Vol. 30, No.3, p. 286-295; interp. = interpolated from neighbouring stations,
considering altitude and rainfall difference.
AEZ = Agro-Ecol. Zone, explaining table see general part.
2)
The average annual rainfall is very high due to very heavy rains during the rainy seasons. Therefore the
percentages of potential evapotranspiration covered are relatively high too, especially in zone 4. The problem
is to conserve the water surplus in the soil, to prevent the runoII! On the other hand at a place like Lare annual
rainIall amounts 155 oI ETo but it is not yet classifed as Forest zone, because it has 6 semiarid to arid
month.
267
268
269
Agro-
Ecological
Zone
Subzone
Altitude
in m
Ann. mean
temperature
inC
Ann. av.
rainfall
in mm
66% reliability
of rainfall
1)
1
st
rainy s.
in mm
2
nd
rainy s.
in mm
1
st
rainy s.
2)
in days
2
nd
rainy s.
in days
Total
3)
in days
LH 1
Tea-Dairy Zone
m/l i m 1830-2200 17.5-15.0 1700-2600 700-1100 600-900
165 or
more
135-155 -
LH 2
Wheat/Maize-
Pyrethrum zone
m + m 1890-2130 17.0-15.4 1200-1800 450-650 400-580 135-155 135-155 -
UM 1
Coffe-Tea Zone
m/l i m 1520-1800 19.2-17.6 1650-2400 700-850 650-850
160 or
more
135-155 -
UM 2
Main Coffee Zone
m + m 1280-1680 20.6-18.2 1500-2400 450-800 450-800 135-155 135-155 -
UM3
Marginal Coffee
Zone
m/s + m/s 1280-1520 20.6-19.2 1400-2200 420-750 350-730 115-135 115-135 -
UM 4
Sunfower-Maize
Zone
fs + fs 1520-1770 19.3-18.0 750-1600 250-400 250-450 75-115 75-115 -
LM3
Cotton Zone
s + s 910-1280 22.9-20.6 1000-1400 300-500 320-500 85-105 85-105 -
LM 4
Marginal Cotton
Zone
s/vs + s/vs 760-1220 23.7-21.0 800-1200 250-350 250-450 75-85 75-85 -
LM5
Lower Midland
Livestock-Millet
Zone
vs/s + vs/s
800-1000 24.0-22.9
800-900 230-250 180-270 65-75 65-75 -
vs/s + vs Very small, see Mbeere District
vs + vs/s 750-870 180-240 180-260 45-55 55-70 -
vs + vs 650-850 180-230 170-250 45-55 55-70 -
vu + vs/s 630-660 160-180 160-230 < 40 55-65 -
vu + vs 600-700 150-180 150-200 < 40 40-55 -
LM6
Lower Midland
Ranching Zone
b r Not suitable for rainfed agriculture
4)
IL 5
Inner Lowland
Livestock-Millet
Zone
vs/s + vs/s
550-900 26.0-24.1
730-870 220-250 220-260 55-75 55-75 -
vs/s + vs 730-820 220-270 190-220 55-70 40-55 -
vs + vs 650-750 180-200 150-200 40-55 40-55 -
vu + vs 500-750 130-190 140-190 < 40 40-55 -
IL 6
Inner Lowland
Ranching Zone
b r Not suitable for rainfed agriculture
1)
Amounts surpassed normally in 10 of 15 years, falling during the agro-humid period which allows growing of cereals and
legumes.
2)
3)
Only added if rainfall continues at least for survival (> 0.2 PET) of most long term crops.
4)
Except on suitable places with runo catching techniques (see Chapter 2.6)
270
271
LH 1
m/l i m
= Tea-Dairy Zone
1
st
rainy season, start norm. b. to mid March:Peas
1)
, cabbages
2
nd
rainy season, start norm. b. of Oct.: Peas
1)
1
st
rainy season: Potatoes, cabbages, carrots, leek, kales, endive
2
nd
rainy season: Potatoes, cabbages, carrots, kales
Whole year, best planting time mid March: Tea, loquats
1
st
rainy season: Late mat. maize H 611
2)
; beans, lettuce
2
nd
rainy season: Late mat. maize H 611
2)
if planted end of Aug./b. of S.; leek, lettuce
Whole year: Pyrethrum; plums; miraa
About 0.2 ha/LU on secondary pasture of Kikuyu grass, suitable for grade dairy cows; Louisiana
white clover for higher productivity, Napier grass on lower places, green maize and fodder
beets as additional forage
LH 2 = Wheat/Maize-Pyrethrum Zone
LH 2
m + m
= Wheat/Maize-Pyrethrum Zone
Very small, potential see Meru Central District
UM 1
m/l i m
= Coffee Tea Zone
1
st
rainy season, start norm. mid March: Finger millet; cabbages
2
nd
rainy season, start mid O.: Leek
Whole year: Passion fruit
1
st
rainy season: Potatoes, sunfower like 252 or HS 301 A: sweet potatoes: beans, onions: Meru
foxtail millet ( in Gathano rains)
3)
2
nd
rainy season: Finger millet: sunfower like 252 or HS 301 A: beans, cabbages, kales, onions,
tomatoes
Whole year: Tea, coffee, bananas, miraa; mountain paw paws, yams, loquats, avocados, passion
fruit
1
st
rainy season: M. mat. maize H511-18; tomatoes
2
nd
rainy season: Late mat. maize H612-14 (Aug. F)
4)
, H511-18 (O.-F.)
Whole year: Taro (near water good)
About 0.2 ha/LU; feeding Napier grass, banana leaves and stems and sweet potato vines down
to less than 0.1 ha/LU
UM 2
m + m
= Main Coffee Zone
272
1
st
rainy season, start norm. end oI March: M. mat. maize, fnger millet, e. mat. sorghum (lower
places): beans, sweet potatoes: e. mat. sunfower like 252 (70-80) or m. mat. like HS 301
A; cabbages, kales, tomatoes, onions
2
nd
rainy season, start norm. mid O.: E. mat. maize, e. mat. sorghum (lower pl.); m. mat. beans,
sweet potatoes, e. mat. sunfower: cabbages, kales, tomatoes, onions
6)
, bananas, mountain paw paws, loquats, avocados, passion fruits,
citrus (lower places), dolichos beans (perennial var.)
2
nd
rainy season: M. mat. maize; potatoes (higher places)
Whole year: Cassava, yams (50-60%), sugar cane in lower valleys
Originally about 0.6 ha/LU on secondary pasture of star grass (Cynodon dactlon), down to
about 0.12 ha/LU feeding Napier or Bana grass, banana leaves and stems, sweet potato vines,
maize stalks
UM 3
m/s+m/s
6)
1
st
rainy season, start norm. end of March: E. mat. maize like Katumani comp.B
8)
, e. mat.
sorghum like 2 KX 17 (70-80): e. mat. beans: e. mat. sunfower like HS 345 (1 500 m):
onions, cabbages
2
nd
rainy season, start norm. mid O.: Almost the same as in 1
st
rainy season but due to higher
rainfall normally about 10% higher yield expectations, also m. mat. sorghum (60-70%)
Whole year: Pineapples, perennial castor, Macadamia nuts, passion fruit
1
st
rainy season: M. mat. maize H 511-518
8)
or EMCO 92 SR, m. mat. sorghum (50-60%); m.
mat. beans, sweet potatoes, pigeon peas; kales, tomatoes
2
nd
rainy season: Same crops but normally about 10% higher yield expectations
Whole year: Arabica coffee (fair in higher places, poor in lower places, there add. Irrigation
proftable: paw paws, cassava, citrus, bananas (lower places poor), miraa
0.7-1.0 ha/LU on secondary high grass savanna of zebra grass (Hyparrhenia rufa); down to 0.1
ha/LU feeding Napier or Bana grass, sweet potato vines a.o.
UM 3
m/s+s/m
Very small, potential as UM 3 m/sm/s in frst rainy season, in second rainy season nearly 10
less
UM 4
fs + fs
= Maize- Sunnower Zone
with two fully short cropping seasons
7)
1
st
rainy season, start norm. end of March: Katumani Comp. B. maize
8)
(good to fair in higher
places, fair in s/vs, there Dryland comp. safe), e. mat. sorghum like Serena (lower places);
e. mat. dolichos beans, v. e. mat. beans like Mwezi moia e. mat. sunfower like Issanka or
HS 345
2
nd
rainy season, start norm. mid Oct.: Almost the same as in 1
st
rainy season
Whole year, best planting time end of Oct.: Sisal
1
st
rainy season: Maize H511 5.. (fair to poor, recommended only on soils with good water
storage), e. mat. fnger millet, Meru Ioxtail millet: e. mat. beans, sweet potatoes: Virg.
tobacco (Sept.-March, with add. irrigation during frst 6 weeks): tomatoes, onions
2
nd
rainy season: Almost the same as in 1
st
rainy season
Whole year: Cassava, castor, pineapples (lower places), mangoes
273
1-2 ha/Lu on open high grass savanna; down to about 0.2 ha/LU feeding Bana grass, fodder
legumes like siratro (Macroptilium atropurpureum), and planting fodder shrubs like horse
tamarind (Leucaena leucocephala) or saltbush (Atriplex nummularia)
LM LOWER MIDLAND ZONES
LM 3
s/m+s/m
= Cotton zone
(see Diagram Mayna)
Transitional strip. Potential between LM 3 s+s and UM 3 m/s+m/s but excluding coffee and
including millets, grams, cow peas and groundnuts
LM 3
s + s
= Cotton zone
with two short cropping season
7)
1
st
rainy season, start nom. End of March: E. mat. foxtail millet like 1 Se 285, e. mat. proso
millet like Serere 1
2
nd
rainy season, start norm. mid Oct.: E. mat. foxtail or proso millet, e. mat. bulrush millet
(awned var.)
11)
: dwarI sunfower
274
1
st
rainy season: E. mat. maize like Katumani Comp. B maize
10)
, or PH 1, PH 4, ratoon of m.
mat. sorghum like 2 KX 17, e. mat. sorghum like Serena (70-80), m. mat. fnger millet
like Ekalakala, cow peas, green grams (spraying important), e. mat. soya beans; e. mat.
sunfower
2
nd
rainy season: Katumani Comp. B maize
10)
, e. mat. sorghum like Serere Comp. II, Serena
(70-80%); green grams, cowpeas, v.e. mat. beans (higher places), e. mat. beans (lower
places), e. mat. soya beans, pigeon peas (O. - S.), sweet potatoes: e. mat. sunfower like HS
345, Virginia tobacco (Sept.-March, higher places, with add. irrig. during frst 6 weeks):
cotton on deep black or dark reddish brown volcanic soils (~60%)
Whole year: Best planting time end of Oct.: Sisal, castor like C 15, cassava (on deep light
soils), pineapples (on deep heavy soils), passion fruits (higher places)
1
st
rainy season: Maize H 511-5.. (on deep, heavy but well drained soils): e. mat. dolichos
beans, groundnuts (in light soils); e. mat. sweet potatoes, tomatoes, onions
2
nd
rainy season: Maize H 511-5.. (on deep soils); e. mat. dolichos beans, e. mat. sweet potatoes;
cotton bimodal variety on medium soils (e. of S./O.-Aug.)
Whole year: Mangoes (but fungus diseases), Macadamia nuts
About 1.0 ha/LU on high grass savanna with zebra grass (Hyparrhenia rufa) predominant;
down to about 0.2 ha/LU feeding Bana grass, fodder legumes like siratro (Macroptilium
atropupureum) or horse tamarind (Leucaena leucocephala), a. o.
LM 4
s/vs + s/vs
2
nd
rainy season, start norm. end oI Oct.: E. mat. Ioxtail and proso millet, v.e. mat. sunfower
1
st
rainy season, start norm. end of March: Dryland Comp. maize (60-70%), e. mat. bulrush
millet
9)
;e. mat. foxtail and proso millet, v.e. mat. dwarf sorghum; cowpeas, v.e. mat.
sunfower, moth beans, rai
10)
.
2
nd
rainy season; Dryland Comp. maize, e. mat. sorghum, e. mat. bulrush millet
9)
; e. mat. Mwezi
moja beans; rai
10)
, e. mat. onions, e. mat. bambarra groundnuts (on light soils), chick peas
(late planted on heavy soils), green grams, moth beans
Whole year: Buffalo gourds (on light soils)
11)
, Marama beans
14)
, perennial castor like C 15
1
st
rainy season: E. mat. Katumani Comp. B., e. mat. sorghum; e. mat. beans, chick peas (on
heavy black soils), black and green grams, e. mat. soya beans, dolichos beans, e. mat.
bambarra groundnuts on light soils, e. mat. sweet potatoes
2
nd
rainy season:E. mat.maize Katumani Comp. B on deep soils, m. mat. bulrush millet, e. mat.
fnger millet: dolichos beans, pigeon peas (S.-O.), e. mat. sweet potatoes
Whole year: Cotton (fair on deep black cotton soils, poor on medium and light soils), sisal,
mangoes, paw paws
Originally 1-2 ha/LU on mixed medium grass savanna with red oats grass (Themeda triandra)
predominant; if degraded well improvable by saltbush (Atriplex nummularia), Mesquite
(Prosopis chilensis), and horse tamarind (Leucaena leucocephala) as palatable shrubs; and
Makueni guinea grass and legumes like moth bean vines as fodder, down to 0.13 ha/LU
LM 5
vs/s + vs/s
1
st
rainy season, start norm. end of March: V.e mat. foxtail and proso millet, moth beans (~60%);
v.e mat. sunfower like Russian dwarf, v.e. mat. rai
10)
2
nd
rainy season, start norm. end of Oct.: The same as above
Whole year: Buffalo gourds (light soils) and marama beans (Vigna lobatifolia)
12)
, Opuntia var.
without prickles (fruit and vegetable, also fodder).
275
1
st
or 2
nd
rainy seasons: V.e. mat. dwarf sorghum (50-60%), e. mat. bulrush millet
9)
; black and
green grams, cow peas, chickpeas (late planted on heavy black soils), v. e mat. bambarra
groundnuts (on poor light soils), v. e. mat. tepary beans; v. e. mat. pumpkins, e. mat.
onions
Whole year: Sisal (50-60%), castor C-15, cassava (~40%), mangoes, paw paws
1
st
or 2
nd
rainy seasons: Dryland comp. maize (fair on very suitable soils)
More than 3 ha/LU on mixed short grass savanna with Buffalo grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) and
horsetail grass (Chloris roxburghiana) predominant. Saltbush (Atriplex nummularia) best
palatable shrub for re-establishing pasture on overgrazed and eroded places; down to about
0.3 ha/LU with saltbush, Mesquite (Prosopis spec.), moth bean vines as hay, silage of fodder
sorghum for dry season a. o.
LM 5
vs/s + vs
LM 5
vs + vs
1
st
rainy season, start norm. b. of April: V.e. mat. foxtail and hog millet
2
nd
rainy season, strat norm. end of Oct.: The same
Whole year: Buffalo gourds (light soils) and marama beans
12)
1
st
rainy season: E. mat. bulrush
11)
, foxtail and proso millet; v.e. mat. dwarf sorghum (~40%);
green grams, v. e. mat. cow peas (~40%), chickpeas (late planted on h. bl. soils groundnuts
(on light soils): dwarI sunfower, v.e. mat. bambarra groundnuts (light soils); v.e. mat.
pumpkins, v. e. mat. rai
10)
2
nd
rainy season: The same but less risky
Whole year: Sisal, castor vigna (Vigna lobatifolia)
12)
, Opuntia
3-4.5 ha/LU on undestroyed nat. pasture, improvable as in LM 5 vs/s +vs/s about 20% less
carrying capacity yield potential
LM 5
vu + vs
= Livestock-Millet Zone
with a verv uncertain hrst cropping season ana a verv short to short secona one
13)
(see Table 5a & b)
No good yield potential and almost no Iair one in the frst rainy season
Fa i r poor yi e l d pot e nt i a l
2
nd
rainy season, start norm. end of Oct.:V.e. mat. hog millet; v.e. mat. grams (see Table 5c),
moth beans
Whole year: Marama beans
12)
1
st
rainy season, start norm. end of March: V.e. mat. proso millet; v.e. mat. grams
2
nd
rainy season: V.e. mat. maize (DLC), e. mat. maize (KCB, more risky), e. mat. fnger millet,
e. mat. pearl millet, v. e. and e. mat. proso millet, e. mat. bulrush millet, e. mat. foxtail millet,
v.e. and e. mat. sorghum; e. mat. Katheka beans; v. e. mat. cow peas, green and black grams,
e. mat. dolichos beans, chick peas; e. mat. ground nuts like Makulu Red, e. mat. soya beans
( More crops and yield estimates on different soils see Table 5a and b)
4 ha/LU on undestroyed short grass bushland; down to ca. 0.8 ha/LU with additional fodder:
moth bean vines and fodder sorghum leaves as hay or silage for the dry seasons; saltbush,
Gao tree (Acacia albida), Mesquite & Algarrobo are suitable shrubs with nutritious leaves for
browsing and palatable fruits.
276
LM 5
vu + vs
with a very uncertain and a very short second cropping season
2
nd
rainy season: V. e. mat.foxtail and hog millet (good to fair)
Whole year: Buffalo gourds (light soils), marama beans
12)
2
nd
rainy season: V. e. mat. dwarf sorghum (40-50%), proso millet, e. mat. bulrush millet
9)
, green
grams (40-50%), moth beans, v.e. mat. cow peas (40-50%), v.e. mat. bambarra groundnuts
(poor sandy soils); v. e. mat. pumpkins
Whole year: Sisal (40-50%), castor
Runoff-catching agriculture see Chapter 2.6
3-5 ha/LU on short grass bushland with horsetail grass (Chloris roxburghiana) predominant;
down to 0.3 ha/LU with saltbush (Atriplex nummularia) as best palatable shrub, moth bean
vines as hay and fodder sorghum as silage for dry seasons
LM 6 = Lower Mi dl and Ranchi ng Zone
LM 6
br
= Lower Midland Ranching Zone
No rainIed agriculture economically possible except with runoII-catching techniques (see fg. 2
in Chapter 2.6). More than 4 ha/LU on short grass savanna up to 12 ha/LU in eroded bushland.
Grazing rotation essential not to destroy grass cover. Saltbush, Mesquite and Algarrobo may
be planted as palatable shrubs.
This zone is situated at the upper limit of the Inner Lowland zones. Therefore the varieties of
the lower midland zone LM 5 may still be planted.
IL 5
vs/s + vs/s
= Lowland Livestock-Millet Zone
(see Diagram of Marimanti in the Appendix)
Crops almost as LM 5 vs/s + vs/s but ye-eb nut bushes
14)
included in good yield potential.
Stocking rate a bit lower, same fodder plants
IL 5
vs/s + vs
(see Diagram and Table 5c of Gatunga)
1
st
rainy season, start end of March: V.e. mat. proso millet like Serere 1, e. mat. foxtail millet
like 1Se 285; e. mat. cowpeas lke MTW 638 & 610, v.e. mat. grams like KVR 26
2
nd
rainy season, start end of O.:
IL 5
vs + vs
Crops almost as LM 5 vs +vs but ye-eb nut bushes
14)
included in good yield potential
IL 5
vu + vu
with a verv uncertain hrst cropping season ana a verv short secona one
Crops almost as LM 5 vu + vs but ye-eb nut bushes
14)
included in good yield potential. Stocking
rate nearly equal, same fodder plants
IL 6 = Lowl and Ranchi ng Zone
IL 6
br
= Lowland Ranching Zone
Conditions as in LM 6 but stocking rate more than 4.5 ha/LU. Game cropping and game
ranching with eland, oryx, gerenuk and Grants gazelle would give higher production per ha
than cattle and oryx, gerenuk and the gazelle need no water for months
16
277
End notes
1) Pest danger
2) And other varieties of H6.. series (see Crop list), Table XI
3) Small rains between the rst and second rainy season
4) If middle rains (Gathano rains) are occurring
5) Very good yields on heavy soils with runo- protection and mulching
6) On medium soils; on heavy ones both seasons are of medium length. Given potentials refer to predominant heavy red loams
7) On medium soils; on heavy soils short to medium cropping seasons. Potentials refer to predominant friable clay
8) Although Katumani Comp. B has climatically a good yield potential here, it is on deep soils eventually more advisable to plant a
hybrid maize variety of the H 511 series especially in 2nd rainy season (except in UM 4 s/vs+s/vs); because of its higher productiv-
ity it may yield more, even if the climate is not so suitable for it. (But the hybrids need more fertilizer and manure.)
9) Bird rejecting awned varieties recommended, available at ICRISAT, Hyderabad, India.
10) Oilseed (Brassica juncea), seeds obtainable at C.A.Z.R.I., Jodhpur, India
11) After some seasons big tubers (bitter substances may be washed out in salty water); still experimental
12) Tuber crop from Kalahari
13) In Meru N, chromic Cambisols, stony, clay and clay loam (potential is for clay loam)
14) Cordeauxia edulis from Somalia
Crops which are still experimental are written in italics.
17
278
TABLES 5: CLIMATIC YIELD POTENTIALS IN SEMI-ARID SUBZONES
1)
in IL 5 vs
+
vs
(calc. for station 8938010 Gatunga with locally occurring Ferralsols)
First rainy season
Second rainy season
Yield
Potential
(in % of
Optimum)
Crop variety
Estim.
average
yield
(kg/ha)
2)
Total
crop
failures
out of 10
seasons
Crop variety
Estim.
average
yield
(kg/ha)
2)
Total
crop
failures
out of 10
seasons
Very good
(80 - 100 %)
Good
(60 80 %)
Fair
(40 60 %)
Hog millet (Jodhpur)
Tepary beans
Cowpeas (HB48/10E)
Cowpeas
(MTW 63; MTW 610)
Grams (KVR 26)
1470
1460
790
650
520
650
580
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
Grams (KVR 26)
1220
780
440
1
1
1
Poor
(20 40 %)
Maize (DLC)
Pearl millet
(Kat/PM1, PM2)
Bulrush millet
(Serere Comp. II)
Cowpeas (K 80)
Black grams
(Kat Dengu 26)
Dolichos beans
(Kat/DL-1)
Chick peas
Soyabeans (Nyala)
940
700
550
1250
630
630
360
560
500
890
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Maize (DLC)
Bulrush millet
(Serere Comp. II)
Sorghum (Serena)
Sorghum (IS 8595)
Sorghum (Seredo)
Tepary beans
Cowpeas (HB48/10E)
Cowpeas
(MTW 63; MTW 610)
Green grams
Chick peas
Soyabeans (Nyala)
560
470
600
920
680
940
780
940
590
750
430
350
440
580
360
360
570
470
850
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
3
3
3
3
3
2
3
2
2
2
2
1)
2)
18
279
1)
in IL 5 vs
+
vs
(calc. for station 8938010 Gatunga with locally occurring Luvisols)
First rainy season
Second rainy season
Yield
Potential
(in % of
Optimum)
Crop variety
Estim.
average
yield
(kg/ha)
2)
Total
crop
failures
out of 10
seasons
Crop variety
Estim.
average
yield
(kg/ha)
2)
Total
crop
failures
out of 10
seasons
Very good
(80 - 100 %)
Good
(60 80 %)
Fair
(40 60 %)
Tepary beans
Grams (KVR 26)
1190
750
1280
700
530
490
2
2
2
2
3
2
Poor
(20 40 %)
Maize (DLC)
PM2)
Bulrush millet (Serere
Comp. II) II)
Cowpeas (HB48/10E)
Cowpeas
(MTW 63; MTW 610)
Black grams
(Kat Dengu 26)
Dolichos beans
(Kat/DL-1)
Chick peas
Soyabeans (Nyala)
630
580
450
1080
430
530
480
330
460
350
660
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
3
2
3
Bulrush millet
(Serere Comp. II)
Grams (KVR 26)
460
360
660
800
540
450
420
300
250
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1)
2)
19
280
TABLE 5c: CLIMATIC YIELD POTENTIALS OF SEASONAL CROPS
1)
ON LESS
SUITABLE SOILS OF SUBZONE LM 5 vu
+
vs/s (calc. for station 8937003 Isiolo
Met. St. with locally occurring chromic Cambisols, loamy parts
2)
)
First rainy season
Second rainy season
(start begin of November till begin of December)
Yield
Potential
(in % of
Optimum)
Crop variety
Estim.
average
yield
(kg/ha)
3)
Total crop
failures
out of 10
seasons
Crop variety
Estim.
average
yield
(kg/ha)
3)
Total crop
failures
out of 10
seasons
Very good
(80 100 %)
Good
(60 80 %)
Fair
(40 60 %)
Tepary beans
Grams (KVR 26)
710
520
650
570
410
1
1
1
1
1
Poor
(20 40 %)
Grams (KVR 26)
740
310
2
1
Maize (DLC)
Maize (KCB)
Proso millet (Kat Pro 1)
Bulrush millet (Serere Comp. II)
Sorghum (IS 8595)
Sorghum (Serena)
Sorghum (Seredo)
Katheka beans (Kat/Bean 1)
Cowpeas (HB48/10E)
Cowpeas (MTW 63; MTW 610)
Green grams
Black grams
Chick peas
Groundnuts (Makulu Red)
Soyabeans (Nyala)
680
730
260
600
470
570
1040
1060
430
1040
950
740
930
410
430
540
460
530
710
530
620
760
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
3
2
1)
2)
Crop potentials on locally occurring Ferralsols are generally similar.
3)
Well manured, fertilized and protected. Water loss as surface runoff is stopped by contour ridges. Calculated with MARCROP.
20
281
TABLE 5d: CLIMATIC YIELD POTENTIALS OF SEASONAL CROPS
1)
ON POCKETS OF
BEST SOILS OF SUBZONE LM 5 vu + vs/s (calc. for station 8937003 Isiolo Met.
St. with locally occurring medium soils like eutric Cambisols
2)
)
First rainy season
Second rainy season
(start begin of November till begin of December)
Yield
Potential
(in % of
Optimum)
Crop variety
Estim.
average
yield
(kg/ha)
3)
Total
crop
failures
out of 10
seasons
Crop variety
Estim.
average
yield
(kg/ha)
3)
Total
crop
failures
out of 10
seasons
Good
(60 80 %)
Hog millet ((Jodhpur)
Grams (KVR 26)
1080
940
700
0
0
0
Fair
(40 60 %)
Grams (KVR 26)
1200
470
1
1
Maize (DLC)
Bulrush millet (Serere Comp. II)
Sorghum (IS 8595)
Sorghum (Serena)
Sorghum (Seredo)
Tepary beans
Cowpeas (HB48/10E)
Cowpeas (MTW 63; MTW 610)
Cowpeas (K 80)
Green grams
Black grams
Dolichos beans (Kat/DL 1)
Chick peas
Bambarra groundnuts
(W.-Cameroon)
Soyabeans (Nyala)
1080
450
1270
1040
810
870
1800
1550
1730
1590
1230
1550
660
630
630
790
790
880
690
740
990
550
740
530
1250
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Poor
(20 40 %)
Maize (DLC)
Bulrush millet
(Serere Comp. II)
Foxtail millet ((Ise 285)
Tepary beans
Cowpeas (HB48/10E)
Cowpeas
(MTW 63; MTW 610)
Black grams
Dolichos b. (Kat/DL-1)
Chick peas
Soyabeans (Nyala)
Bambarra groundnuts
(W. Cameroon)
570
210
490
380
450
850
570
830
580
320
340
260
320
470
330
290
430
330
630
270
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
2
2
1
3
1
3
3
2
2
Maize (KCB)
Sorghum (IS 76)
Beans (Mwitemania)
Beans (Mwezi moja)
Beans (Rosecoco)
1260
580
700
350
420
550
1040
1
1
1
3
2
2
1
1)
Only crops listed with total crop failures (TCF) generally less than 33 % (acc. to calculations with MARCROP model of HORNETZ, 2001;
see Methodology in Vol. II/M).
2)
Crop potentials on heavy soils are generally one level lower than on medium soils/eutric Cambisols; e.g. for hrst rainv season: Proso
millets (Serere I) produce about 720 kg/ha (compared to about 1200 kg/ha on medium soils).
3)
Well manured, fertilized and protected. Water loss as surface runoff is stopped by contour ridges.
282
283
Te volcanic Nyambeni Range determines the physiography and soils of the upper parts of Meru North
district. Non-dissected erosional plains of Tertiary basic igneous rocks occur in the north of this district and
in the east of Taraka district. Tey become dissected towards the southwest. Between those plains and the
foothills of Mt Kenya there are undulating uplands with inselbergs, both relicts of the old Mozambique
mountain belt erosion. Te basement rocks here consist mainly of gneiss.
On the highest parts of the Nyambeni Hills, mountain soils of variable fertility and vulnerable to erosion
have developed (MV4). Te continuation to the northeast has more gentle landforms and a very fertile, deep
volcanic soil, enriched by volcanic ashes of Mt. Kenya which are not washed away here (mollic Andosols
MV6). Downward to the west a belt of fertile volcanic Nitisols occurs (MV 3), but to the northwest they
become shallow and to the south there are steep slopes, continuing in minor scarps with humic Cambisols
(HB 4) under forest they occur partly in paralithic phase which means they are dicult to protect against
erosion.
Te soils on the uplands are mainly of moderate to low fertility (UU3) or even low (UI 1) due to their
acid parent rocks and their age. Te erosional plains in the north are fertile by minerals but dry and stony
or rocky. Te bottomlands there have volcanic inll and would be fertile where the water logging could be
solved.
LEGEND TO THE SOIL MAP OF MERU NORTH AND THARAKA DISTRICTS
1 Explanation of the rst character (physiography)
R Volcanic Footridges
F Footslopes
U Uplands, h = Upper, m = Middle and l = Lower Levels
A Floodplains
B Bottomlands
2 Explanation of second character (lithology)
B Basic and ultra-basic igneous rocks (basalts, nepheline phonolites; older basic tus included)
L Limestone and calcitic mudstones
284
3. Soil description
MV3 well drained, very deep, dusky red to dark reddish brown, friable clay; in places moderately
deep to deep
dystric and eutric NITISOLS; with humic CAMBISOLS, partly lithic phase
MV4 well drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark reddish brown, friable, rocky and stony clay
cloam, with a humic topsoil
humic CAMBISOLS, rocky and partly lithic phase
MV6 well drained, moderately deep, dark reddish brown, very friable and smeary clay cloam, with
a humic topsoil
mollic ANDOSOLS
HB2 well drained, shallow to moderately deep, very dark brown, rm, stony and rocky, clay loam
LITHOSOLS; with verto-luvic PHAEOZENS, lithic phase and rock outcrops
HB4 somewhat excessively drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark reddish brown, friable,
gravely clay, with an acid humic topsoil
humic CAMBISOLS, partly paralithic phase
HU2 somewhat excessively drained, shallow, reddish brown, friable, rocky or stony, sandy clay
loam
eutric REGOSOLS, lithic phase; with rock outcrops and calcic CAMBISOLS
HUC Complex of:
excessively drained to well drained, shallow, dark red to brown, friable, sandy clay loam to
clay; in many places rocky, bouldery and stony and in places with an acid topsoil
dystric REGOSOLS, lithic phase; with LITHOSOLS, humic CAMBISOLS, lithic phase
and rock outcrops
LBA Association of:
well drained to moderately well drained, deep, very dark greyish brown, rm, cracking clay,
with a (thick) humic topsoil
and:
well drained, deep, dark reddish brown to red, friable sandy clay to clay; in places shallow to
moderately deep
chromic and ferric LUVISOLS; with LITHOSOLS
LBC Complex of:
moderately well drained, shallow, yellowish red to dark yellowish brown, friable, gravelly clay
over petroplinthite or rock (50-70%)
IRONSTONE SOILS; with LITHOSOLS
and:
poorly drained, deep to very deep, dark brown to very dark greyish brown, mottled, rm to
very rm, cracking clay; in places moderately deep to very deep over petroplinthite
undierentiated VERTISOLS and vertic GLEYSOLS
RB6 well drained, moderately deep, dark reddish brown, rm, cracking clay, with a humic top-
soil
285
RV1 swell drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark brown, rm, strongly calcareous, stony clay
loam, with a rocky and bouldery surface; in many places saline and sodic; with inclusions of
recent lava ows
chromic LUVISOLS, rhodic FERRALSOLS and luvic to ferralic ARENOSOLS
clay
UU3 well drained, moderately deep to deep, dark red to yellowish red, friable to rm, sandy clay
to clay, often with a topsoil of loamy sand
UUC2 well drained, moderately deep to very deep, dark reddish brown to dark yellowish brown, fri-
able to rm, sandy clay to clay; in many places with a topsoil of loamy sand to sandy loam
ferralo-chromic/orthic/ferric ACRISOLS; with LUVISOLS and FERRALSOLS
PnB1 well drained, shallow, very dark reddish brown, friable, slightly calcareous, stony and boul-
dery, clay loam to clay
chromic CAMBISOLS, lithic and bouldery phase
PnB2 well drained, very deep, dark reddish brown to dusky red, friable clay; in places bouldery
PnL1 well drained, moderately deep, dark reddish brown, friable clay
chromic CAMBISOLS
PnU1 well drained, moderately deep to deep, dark red to strong brown, friable to rm, sandy clay
loam to clay
ferric and chromic LUVISOLS
PdUC1 Complex of:
well drained, shallow, dark red to yellowish red, friable to rm, stony, loamy sand to clay
chromic CAMBISOLS, paralithic and stony phase; with ferralic ARENOSOLS, lithic phase
PdUC2 Complex of:
well drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark red to yellowish brown, non-calcareous to
moderately calcareous, friable to rm, stony sandy clay loam, over petrocalcic material or
quartz gravel
calcic CAMBISOLS, lithic or petrocalcic phase; with chromic LUVISOLS
BV2 poorly drained, deep, very dark greyish brown, rm, moderately to strongly calcareous,
slightly sodic clay, with a humic topsoil
calcic CHERNOZEMS, sodic phase
286
3.4.2. POPULATION AND LAND
MERU NORTH DISTRICT
Meru North was formerly known as Nyambene district. It is one of the thirteen districts that make up
Eastern Province. It borders Meru Central District to the west and Taraka District to the south. To the
northeast is Isiolo District while Tana River and Mwingi Districts borders it in the southeast. Te district
has fteen administrative divisions, which are further sub-divided into fty- six locations and one hundred
and thirty nine sub-locations (including the Meru National Park) (Table 6). Te district has a total area of
3,942 km
2
. Mutuati Division is the largest covering an area of 674.1 km
2
, while Igembe Southeast Division
is the smallest with an area of 60.4 km
2
.
Te population of Meru North District grew by an average of 2.76 % per annum in the 1989-1999 decade
from 459,947 in 1989 to 604,050 in 1999. Te population is projected to grow from 656,194 in 2002, to
693,435 in 2004, 732,788 in 2006 and 774,376 in 2008. In 1999, the district population density per km
2
was calculated to be 153 persons. It is projected to increase from 166 in 2002 to 176, 186 and 196 in 2004,
2006 and 2008, respectively.
Laare Division has the highest population at 71,076 while Igembe South Division has the least population
of 19,781. With a population density of 957 persons per km
2
, Igembe Central Division is the most densely
populated division in the district. Te least populated division (excluding the Meru National Park) is Mu-
tuati, which has a density of 91 persons per km2. Te high population density in Igembe Central Division
can be attributed to the fact that Maua Town, the district headquarters, is in this division. Divisions in the
northern grazing area (Tigania North, Igembe North, Laare and Mutuati) have lesser population density
due to large tracts of grazing land and also because these are drought-prone areas. Divisions such as Igembe
Central, Tigania East and Uringu also have relatively high densities because of their suitability for farming
activities. Te spatial distribution of the available land per household and per person ranges from 0.24-3.0
ha and 0.05-0.55 ha respectively (Tables 7 & 8).
High population densities in the high potential areas have forced people to move to the less populated lower
areas, forested areas, steep hills, swamps and river banks, thus causing destabilization of the ecosystem.
Furthermore, subdivision of arable land to small parcels has reduced the economic viability of land. Tere
is therefore need to step up conservation measures and extension services so as to increase the agricultural
productivity of the land.
Tere are cases of high absolute levels of poverty in the district. Tese include the landless mostly found
in areas with high population density and the settlement schemes where they live as squatters; urban slum
dwellers who are found in towns and market centres such as Maua, Laare, Kianjai, Mikinduri and Mutuati;
child labourers persistently found in Miraa growing areas and towns; and street children and orphans.
287
TABLE 6: POPULATION PER DIVISION, LOCATION AND SUB-LOCATION IN MERU
NORTH DISTRICT (Source: Census 1999)
DIVISION/LOCATION &
SUB-LOCATION
Male Female Total
Number of
Households
Area in
km
2
Density
MERU NORTH DISTRICT 293385 310665 604050 119664 3942.3 153
IGEMBE NORTH 28054 29992 58046 11139 280 207
NJIA 7256 8967 16223 2839 147.2 110
Njia Cia Mwendwa 3338 3686 7024 1260 82.3 85
Itulu 2603 2889 5492 1031 6.5 845
Kiolu Kia Muuti 1315 1492 2807 548 58.4 48
KANGETA 4101 4453 8554 1731 11.8 725
Kangeta 2827 3035 5862 1196 7.2 814
Kalimbene 1274 1418 2692 535 4.6 585
MUKULULU 4038 4348 8386 1545 9.7 865
Nturuba 1736 1908 3644 652 5 729
Liburu 2302 2440 4742 893 4.7 1009
NKINYANGA 2828 3077 5905 1222 96.6 61
Liliaba 2232 2523 4755 908 69.3 69
Laikumu Kumu 596 554 1150 314 27.3 42
MURINGENE 4990 5088 10078 1862 8.4 1200
Thuuru 2697 2855 5552 1050 4.4 1262
Kithare 2293 2233 4526 812 4 1132
ANTUBEIGA 4841 4959 9800 1940 6.3 1556
Burieruri 3663 3774 7437 1461 4.4 1690
Ruungu 1178 1185 2363 479 1.9 1244
IGEMBE CENTRAL 20798 21146 41944 9308 47.6 881
MAUA 6219 6136 12355 3248 6.9 1791
Kaibu 4124 3871 7995 2375 3.1 2579
Amwathi 1281 1401 2682 540 2.4 1118
Gitura 814 864 1678 333 1.4 1199
ANTUBOCHIU 2507 2527 5034 1012 4.8 1049
Anchenge 957 1017 1974 411 1.8 1097
Buriemaria 1550 1510 3060 601 3 1020
KITHETU 2107 2185 4292 801 5.3 810
Kithaene 878 953 1831 333 1.7 1077
Kathima 662 676 1338 258 2.8 478
Ankurani 567 556 1123 210 0.8 1404
LULUMA 2759 2785 5544 1449 4.2 1320
Giteretu 901 912 1813 346 1.8 1007
Makiri 1858 1873 3731 1103 2.4 1555
KIEGOI 3062 3226 6288 1163 14.2 443
Mboone 1312 1359 2671 488 4.1 651
Ngundune 1750 1867 3617 675 10.1 358
KANTIHIARI 4144 4287 8431 1635 12.2 691
Kinyanka 1930 1983 3913 747 8.2 477
Gituumi 2214 2304 4518 888 4 1130
IGEMBE SOUTH 8978 9231 18209 3610 74.1 246
KANUNI 2964 3247 6211 1219 6.5 956
Athimba 1504 1633 3137 597 3.1 1012
Kiunyene 1460 1614 3074 622 3.4 904
KABULINE 3311 3349 6660 1329 13.1 508
Ikuu 667 667 1334 278 2.8 476
Amungenti 1372 1437 2809 537 8.3 338
Antuanthama 1272 1245 2517 514 2 1259
KIGURU 2703 2635 5338 1062 54.5 98
288
DIVISION/LOCATION &
SUB-LOCATION
Male Female Total
Number of
Households
Area in
km
2
Density
Kianda 1120 1078 2198 455 45.8 48
Nkiene 855 829 1684 348 6.6 255
Antuabui 728 728 1456 259 2.1 693
IGEMBE S/WEST 10697 11094 21791 4105 77.6 281
AKACHIU 3377 3456 6833 1296 24.9 274
Amwambia 1798 1927 3725 713 6.3 591
Auki 1579 1529 3108 583 18.6 167
GIIKA 1670 1828 3498 587 29.5 119
Ugoti 854 932 1786 321 12.8 140
Marega 816 896 1712 266 16.7 103
ATHI 3256 3405 6661 1338 14.8 450
Kirindine 2256 2357 4613 905 5.7 809
Nceeme 1000 1048 2048 433 9.1 225
NDUGUTO 2394 2405 4799 884 8.4 571
Tiira 1634 1630 3264 590 6.1 535
Amunju 760 775 1535 294 2.3 667
IGEMBE EAST 14584 13991 28575 5787 71.8 398
KIENGU 5584 5505 11089 2160 17.7 626
Antubetwe Njoune 1643 1647 3290 630 3.3 997
Amakuu 2046 2189 4235 727 4.2 1008
Kalingene 1895 1669 3564 803 10.2 349
NGUYUYU 5050 4520 9570 2033 34.6 277
Kanjoo 2078 1730 3808 879 19.2 198
Nthambiro 1662 1577 3239 697 12.5 259
Kitheo 1310 1231 2541 457 2.9 876
MIORI 3950 3966 7916 1594 19.5 406
Andiala 1429 1436 2865 596 2.9 988
Nthare 837 784 1621 329 6.3 257
Kaurine 1684 1746 3430 669 10.3 333
IGEMBE S/EAST 9495 9205 18700 3859 60.4 310
ATHIRU-GAITI 3983 3863 7846 1558 12.2 643
Anjaru 1650 1705 3355 697 4.5 746
Antubakiiru 2333 2158 4491 861 7.7 583
KINDANI 1847 1719 3566 770 35.4 101
Thaicu 1252 1225 2477 510 19.3 128
Lakathi 595 494 1089 260 16.1 68
KIRIMAMPIO 3665 3623 7288 1531 12.8 569
Bwethaa 2097 2034 4131 876 10.3 401
Thuuria 1568 1589 3157 655 2.5 1263
LAARE 31967 33461 65428 12358 415 158
AKIRANGONDU 12013 13046 25059 4569 59.4 422
Kathelwa 4154 4622 8776 1619 43.4 202
Machungulu 7859 8424 16283 2950 16 1018
ANTUAMBUI 12945 13226 26171 5177 205.8 127
Antuambui 7563 7869 15432 3207 194.2 79
Nkanda 5382 5357 10739 1870 11.6 926
NTUNENE 7009 7189 14198 2612 149.8 95
Kirindara 3809 3738 7547 1480 6.1 1237
Ntunene|Linioka| 3200 3451 6651 1132 143.7 46
NDOLELI Div. 27406 27324 54730 10934 238.3 230
ATHIRURUNJINE 7167 7565 14732 2825 12.5 1179
Thitha 7167 7565 14732 2825 12.5 1179
TABLE 6: Continued
289
DIVISION/LOCATION &
SUB-LOCATION
Male Female Total
Number of
Households
Area in
km
2
Density
KAWIRU 8340 7854 16194 3418 81.5 199
Kaene 6104 5775 11879 2398 23.5 505
Baibariu 2236 2079 4315 1020 58 74
ANTUBETWE KIONG 3717 3572 7289 1494 122.8 59
Ruongo 2000 1952 3952 783 1.9 2080
Ndoleli 677 538 1215 288 118.5 10
Karichu 1040 1084 2124 423 2.4 885
LUCIATI 8182 8333 16515 3197 21.5 768
Kiani 2007 2016 4023 779 5.4 745
Kiromwathi 2423 2461 4884 916 7.2 678
Anjalu 1790 1811 3601 717 3.2 1125
Miriki 1962 2045 4007 785 5.7 703
MUTUATI 27763 28988 56751 10740 674.1 84
KABACHI 16483 16872 33355 6307 436.4 76
Amwathi-1 9917 10222 20139 3966 122.8 164
Amwathi-2 6566 6650 13216 2341 313.6 42
NAATHU 11280 12116 23396 4433 237.7 98
Nkandone 5477 6030 11507 2038 69.5 166
Naathu 5803 6086 11889 2395 168.2 71
TIGANIA CENTRAL 21651 23410 45061 8815 119.4 377
MIKINDURI WEST 7385 7678 15063 3175 35.8 421
Anjuki 3787 3819 7606 1688 8.4 905
Marega 2283 2573 4856 926 15.2 319
Kiguru 1315 1286 2601 561 12.2 213
KIGUCHWA 3918 4436 8354 1590 16.4 509
Kiguchwa 2423 2735 5158 1012 9.4 549
Abodii 1495 1701 3196 578 7 457
MICII MIKURU 3854 4138 7992 1534 21.9 365
Micii Mikuru 2969 3197 6166 1212 20.4 302
Ametho 885 941 1826 322 1.5 1217
MIKINDURI EAST 6494 7158 13652 2516 45.3 301
Athwana 2133 2485 4618 838 9.8 471
Akaiga 4361 4673 9034 1678 35.5 254
URINGU 19176 19827 39003 7760 104.4 374
KIMACHIA 4853 5001 9854 1868 28.8 342
Ntombo 1649 1733 3382 648 10.3 328
Amwari 1699 1706 3405 631 12.9 264
Kamaroo 1505 1562 3067 589 5.6 548
NKOMO 5872 6058 11930 2347 26 459
Kunene 3009 3071 6080 1156 8.4 724
Limauru 1328 1363 2691 557 8.2 328
Kilenchune 1535 1624 3159 634 9.4 336
MBEU 6601 6979 13580 2821 38.3 355
Mbeu 1599 1756 3355 656 13.5 249
Kieru 1736 1795 3531 754 7.5 471
Kimerei 1971 2087 4058 837 8.7 466
Kibuline 1295 1341 2636 574 8.6 307
KIORIMBA 1850 1789 3639 724 11.3 322
Kiorimba 899 797 1696 346 4.4 385
Machegene 709 721 1430 289 3.9 367
Kaboto 242 271 513 89 3 171
TIGANIA NORTH 22873 26225 49098 9887 495.4 99
TABLE 6: Continued
290
DIVISION/LOCATION &
SUB-LOCATION
Male Female Total
Number of
Households
Area in
km
2
Density
BUURI 3807 4302 8109 1676 329.6 25
Lailuba 1273 1514 2787 580 33.2 84
Maburwa 1243 1455 2698 545 59.2 46
Lanjiru 830 933 1763 364 82.9 21
Nturingwi 461 400 861 187 154.3 6
MUTHARA 9877 11888 21765 4403 33.6 648
Athinga 1703 2116 3819 767 7.1 538
Athanja 3674 4509 8183 1672 11 744
Kitharene 4500 5263 9763 1964 15.5 630
KARAMA 6775 7478 14253 2818 105.8 135
Ametho 2509 2815 5324 1101 94.9 56
Uruu 1662 1913 3575 686 5 715
Mbaranga 2604 2750 5354 1031 5.9 907
ANTUANDURU 2414 2557 4971 990 26.4 188
Antuanduru 2414 2557 4971 990 26.4 188
TIGANIA WEST 15162 17104 32266 6572 135.2 239
MITINTU 4696 5053 9749 2145 87.6 111
Mituntu 1395 1364 2759 624 13.8 200
Thau 1511 1756 3267 693 13.3 246
Mumui 1790 1933 3723 828 60.5 62
KIANJAI 5525 6244 11769 2286 22.6 521
Kianjai 4111 4527 8638 1687 12.6 686
Nairiri 1414 1717 3131 599 10 313
MIATHENE 4941 5807 10748 2141 25 430
Miathene 3384 4093 7477 1541 12.4 603
Kiandu 1557 1714 3271 600 12.6 260
TIGANIA EAST 14827 16117 30944 6066 108.6 285
ANKAMIA 6940 7623 14563 2837 32.9 443
Ankamia 3336 3778 7114 1390 11.7 608
Amugaa 3604 3845 7449 1447 21.2 351
THANKATHA 7887 8494 16381 3229 75.7 216
Kunati 3161 3406 6567 1309 31 212
Igarii 2276 2351 4627 855 29 160
Giithu 2450 2737 5187 1065 15.7 330
AKITHI 19658 23438 43096 8527 162.2 266
AKITHI 14451 17492 31943 6409 144.6 221
Ncooro 4137 5004 9141 1830 14.2 644
Athwana 4188 5197 9385 1926 65.3 144
Thinyaine 6126 7291 13417 2653 65.1 206
KITHEO 5207 5946 11153 2118 17.6 634
Mucuune 1693 1862 3555 661 5.1 697
Kaliati 1762 1992 3754 709 7.3 514
Kitheo 1752 2092 3844 748 5.2 739
MERU N. N. PARK 296 112 408 197 878.2 0
MERU N. N. PARK 296 112 408 197 878.2 0
Meru N. N. Park 296 112 408 197 878.2 0
TABLE 6: Continued
291
TABLE 7: COMPOSITION OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MERU NORTH DISTRICT PER
DIVISION/
LOCATION AND
SUB-LOCATION
Farmers family
Number of
Households
Persons < 15 years
Persons 15 years
and above
Total persons
IGEMBE NORTH 11139 2.43 2.78 5.21
NJIA 2839 2.66 3.05 5.71
Njia Cia Mwendwa 1260 2.60 2.98 5.57
Itulu 1031 2.48 2.84 5.33
Kiolu Kia Muuti 548 2.39 2.73 5.12
KANGETA 1731 2.30 2.64 4.94
Kangeta 1196 2.28 2.62 4.90
Kalimbene 535 2.35 2.69 5.03
MUKULULU 1545 2.53 2.90 5.43
Nturuba 652 2.61 2.98 5.59
Liburu 893 2.48 2.83 5.31
NKINYANGA 1222 2.25 2.58 4.83
Liliaba 908 2.44 2.80 5.24
Laikumu Kumu 314 1.71 1.96 3.66
MURINGENE 1862 2.52 2.89 5.41
Thuuru 1050 2.46 2.82 5.29
Kithare 812 2.60 2.98 5.57
ANTUBEIGA 1940 2.35 2.70 5.05
Burieruri 1461 2.37 2.72 5.09
Ruungu 479 2.30 2.63 4.93
IGEMBE CENTRAL 9308 2.10 2.41 4.51
MAUA 3248 1.77 2.03 3.80
Kaibu 2375 1.57 1.80 3.37
Amwathi 540 2.32 2.65 4.97
Gitura 333 2.35 2.69 5.04
ANTUBOCHIU 1012 2.32 2.66 4.97
Anchenge 411 2.24 2.56 4.80
Buriemaria 601 2.37 2.72 5.09
KITHETU 801 2.50 2.86 5.36
Kithaene 333 2.56 2.94 5.50
Kathima 258 2.42 2.77 5.19
Ankurani 210 2.49 2.85 5.35
LULUMA 1449 1.78 2.04 3.83
Giteretu 346 2.44 2.80 5.24
Makiri 1103 1.58 1.81 3.38
KIEGOI 1163 2.52 2.89 5.41
Mboone 488 2.55 2.92 5.47
Ngundune 675 2.50 2.86 5.36
KANTIHIARI 1635 2.40 2.75 5.16
Kinyanka 747 2.44 2.80 5.24
Gituumi 888 2.37 2.72 5.09
IGEMBE SOUTH 3610 2.35 2.69 5.04
Kanuni 1219 2.38 2.72 5.10
Athimba 597 2.45 2.81 5.25
Kiunyene 622 2.30 2.64 4.94
KABULINE 1329 2.34 2.68 5.01
Ikuu 278 2.24 2.56 4.80
Amungenti 537 2.44 2.79 5.23
Antuanthama 514 2.28 2.61 4.90
KIGURU 1062 2.34 2.68 5.03
292
DIVISION/
LOCATION AND
SUB-LOCATION
Farmers family
Number of
Households
Persons < 15 years
Persons 15 years
and above
Total persons
Kianda 455 2.25 2.58 4.83
Nkiene 348 2.26 2.58 4.84
Antuabui 259 2.62 3.00 5.62
IGEMBE S/WEST 4105 2.47 2.83 5.31
AKACHIU 1296 2.46 2.81 5.27
Amwambia 713 2.44 2.79 5.22
Auki 583 2.49 2.85 5.33
GIIKA 587 2.78 3.18 5.96
Ugoti 321 2.59 2.97 5.56
Marega 266 3.00 3.44 6.44
ATHI 1338 2.32 2.66 4.98
Kirindine 905 2.38 2.72 5.10
Nceeme 433 2.20 2.52 4.73
NDUGUTO 884 2.53 2.90 5.43
Tiira 590 2.58 2.95 5.53
Amunju 294 2.43 2.79 5.22
IGEMBE EAST 5787 2.30 2.64 4.94
KIENGU 2160 2.39 2.74 5.13
Antubetwe Njoune 630 2.43 2.79 5.22
Amakuu 727 2.72 3.11 5.83
Kalingene 803 2.07 2.37 4.44
NGUYUYU 2033 2.19 2.51 4.71
Kanjoo 879 2.02 2.31 4.33
Nthambiro 697 2.17 2.48 4.65
Kitheo 457 2.59 2.97 5.56
MIORI 1594 2.32 2.65 4.97
Andiala 596 2.24 2.57 4.81
Nthare 329 2.30 2.63 4.93
Kaurine 669 2.39 2.74 5.13
IGEMBE S/EAST 3859 2.26 2.59 4.85
ATHIRU-GAITI 1558 2.35 2.69 5.04
Anjaru 697 2.24 2.57 4.81
Antubakiiru 861 2.43 2.78 5.22
KINDANI 770 2.16 2.47 4.63
Thaicu 510 2.26 2.59 4.86
Lakathi 260 1.95 2.24 4.19
KIRIMAMPIO 1531 2.22 2.54 4.76
Bwethaa 876 2.20 2.52 4.72
Thuuria 655 2.25 2.57 4.82
LAARE 12358 2.47 2.83 5.29
AKIRANGONDU 4569 2.56 2.93 5.48
Kathelwa 1619 2.53 2.89 5.42
Machungulu 2950 2.57 2.95 5.52
ANTUAMBUI 5177 2.36 2.70 5.06
Antuambui 3207 2.24 2.57 4.81
Nkanda 1870 2.68 3.07 5.74
NTUNENE 2612 2.53 2.90 5.44
Kirindara 1480 2.38 2.72 5.10
Ntunene|Linioka| 1132 2.74 3.14 5.88
NDOLELI 10934 2.33 2.67 5.01
ATHIRURUNJINE 2825 2.43 2.78 5.21
TABLE 7: Continued
293
DIVISION/
LOCATION AND
SUB-LOCATION
Farmers family
Number of
Households
Persons < 15 years
Persons 15 years
and above
Total persons
Thitha 2825 2.43 2.78 5.21
KAWIRU 3418 2.21 2.53 4.74
Kaene 2398 2.31 2.64 4.95
Baibariu 1020 1.97 2.26 4.23
ANTUBETWE KIONG 1494 2.27 2.60 4.88
Ruongo 783 2.35 2.69 5.05
Ndoleli 288 1.97 2.25 4.22
Karichu 423 2.34 2.68 5.02
LUCIATI 3197 2.41 2.76 5.17
Kiani 779 2.41 2.76 5.16
Kiromwathi 916 2.49 2.85 5.33
Anjalu 717 2.34 2.68 5.02
Miriki 785 2.38 2.72 5.10
MUTUATI 10740 2.46 2.82 5.28
KABACHI 6307 2.47 2.82 5.29
Amwathi-1 3966 2.37 2.71 5.08
Amwathi-2 2341 2.63 3.01 5.65
NAATHU 4433 2.46 2.82 5.28
Nkandone 2038 2.63 3.01 5.65
Naathu 2395 2.31 2.65 4.96
TIGANIA CENTRAL 8815 2.38 2.73 5.11
MIKINDURI WEST 3175 2.21 2.53 4.74
Anjuki 1688 2.10 2.41 4.51
Marega 926 2.44 2.80 5.24
Kiguru 561 2.16 2.48 4.64
KIGUCHWA 1590 2.45 2.80 5.25
Kiguchwa 1012 2.38 2.72 5.10
Abodii 578 2.58 2.95 5.53
MICII MIKURU 1534 2.43 2.78 5.21
Micii Mikuru 1212 2.37 2.72 5.09
Ametho 322 2.64 3.03 5.67
MIKINDURI EAST 2516 2.53 2.90 5.43
Athwana 838 2.57 2.94 5.51
Akaiga 1678 2.51 2.87 5.38
URINGU 7760 2.34 2.68 5.03
KIMACHIA 1868 2.46 2.82 5.28
Ntombo 648 2.43 2.79 5.22
Amwari 631 2.52 2.88 5.40
Kamaroo 589 2.43 2.78 5.21
NKOMO 2347 2.37 2.71 5.08
Kunene 1156 2.45 2.81 5.26
Limauru 557 2.25 2.58 4.83
Kilenchune 634 2.32 2.66 4.98
MBEU 2821 2.24 2.57 4.81
Mbeu 656 2.38 2.73 5.11
Kieru 754 2.18 2.50 4.68
Kimerei 837 2.26 2.59 4.85
Kibuline 574 2.14 2.45 4.59
KIORIMBA 724 2.34 2.68 5.03
Kiorimba 346 2.29 2.62 4.90
Machegene 289 2.31 2.64 4.95
Kaboto 89 2.69 3.08 5.76
TABLE 7: Continued
294
DIVISION/
LOCATION AND
SUB-LOCATION
Farmers family
Number of
Households
Persons < 15 years
Persons 15 years
and above
Total persons
TIGANIA NORTH 9887 2.31 2.65 4.97
BUURI 1676 2.26 2.58 4.84
Lailuba 580 2.24 2.57 4.81
Maburwa 545 2.31 2.64 4.95
Lanjiru 364 2.26 2.59 4.84
Nturingwi 187 2.15 2.46 4.60
MUTHARA 4403 2.30 2.64 4.94
Athinga 767 2.32 2.66 4.98
Athanja 1672 2.28 2.61 4.89
Kitharene 1964 2.32 2.65 4.97
KARAMA 2818 2.36 2.70 5.06
Ametho 1101 2.25 2.58 4.84
Uruu 686 2.43 2.78 5.21
Mbaranga 1031 2.42 2.77 5.19
ANTUANDURU 990 2.34 2.68 5.02
Antuanduru 990 2.34 2.68 5.02
TIGANIA WEST 6572 2.29 2.62 4.91
MITINTU 2145 2.12 2.43 4.54
Mituntu 624 2.06 2.36 4.42
Thau 693 2.20 2.52 4.71
Mumui 828 2.10 2.40 4.50
KIANJAI 2286 2.40 2.75 5.15
Kianjai 1687 2.39 2.73 5.12
Nairiri 599 2.44 2.79 5.23
MIATHENE 2141 2.34 2.68 5.02
Miathene 1541 2.26 2.59 4.85
Kiandu 600 2.54 2.91 5.45
TIGANIA EAST 6066 2.38 2.72 5.10
ANKAMIA 2837 2.39 2.74 5.13
Ankamia 1390 2.39 2.73 5.12
Amugaa 1447 2.40 2.75 5.15
THANKATHA 3229 2.36 2.71 5.07
Kunati 1309 2.34 2.68 5.02
Igarii 855 2.52 2.89 5.41
Giithu 1065 2.27 2.60 4.87
AKITHI 8527 2.36 2.70 5.05
AKITHI 6409 2.32 2.66 4.98
Ncooro 1830 2.33 2.67 5.00
Athwana 1926 2.27 2.60 4.87
Thinyaine 2653 2.36 2.70 5.06
KITHEO 2118 2.45 2.81 5.27
Mucuune 661 2.51 2.87 5.38
Kaliati 709 2.47 2.83 5.29
Kitheo 748 2.40 2.74 5.14
MERU N. N. PARK 197 0.97 1.11 2.07
MERU N. N. PARK 197 0.97 1.11 2.07
Meru N. N. Park 197 0.97 1.11 2.07
TABLE 7: Continued
295
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TABLE 8: AEZ AND AVAILABLE LAND IN MERU NORTH DISTRICT
296
THARAKA DISTRICT
Taraka District covers an area of 1,569.5 km
2
and borders Meru Central District to the north, Meru North
District to the northeast, Mwingi District to the south east, Mbeere District to the south and Meru South
District to the east. Te district is divided into three administrative divisions, namely Taraka South, Ta-
raka Central and Taraka North (Table 9 & 10). Te smallest division is Taraka South and the largest Ta-
raka North. Te district has 20 locations with Taraka North having 7 locations and Taraka South having
5 locations while Taraka Central has 8 locations. Tere are a total of 37 sub-locations in the district.
During the 1999 Population and Housing Census, Taraka District recorded a population of 100,992
people. Tis was expected to grow at the rate of 3 % to 110,503 by 2002 and projected to reach 132,296
by the year 2008. Pockets of high population density are those predominantly found in the higher poten-
tial areas of Taraka Central and South Divisions. According to Table 8, Taraka Central Division has the
highest population density of 94.6 persons/km
2
. Tis was expected to have increased to approximately 110
persons/km
2
by 2002 and to increase to 124 persons/km
2
by the year 2008. Taraka South Division has the
second highest population in the district while Taraka North Division has the least population density.
Relatively high population pockets are also found in the divisional headquarters of Chiakariga, Gatunga,
Marimanti and Tunyai. Te latter boasts of a well-developed and successful irrigation scheme. Tere is an
expected population upsurge in Marimanti, which is the district headquarters. Te spatial distribution of
available land per AEZ per family and person is shown in Table 11.
Te least populated locations are bordering Tana River and Mwingi Districts and these are also the most
arid, sometimes going up to six consecutive seasons without harvest. Poverty is most prevalent in thee lo-
cations, which are always targeted for relief food distribution by the Government and NGOs. Tis results
from the fact that people mainly rely on marginal farming and livestock rearing.
Te distribution of relief food and school-feeding programme, are some of the indicators of the extent of
poverty. In the year 2000 alone, 42,500 people received relief food while 30,000-school going children
beneted from the school feeding programme. Tis translates to about 69 per cent of the population. Tis
together with the fact that on average, each family has more than six members and a morbidity rate of about
18 % translates roughly to an overall poverty equivalent to that of Mwingi and other semi arid districts.
Locations along the Tana River and bordering Mwingi District, constituting more than a quarter of the
district, are the most arid, inaccessible and have security problems hence being the worst hit by poverty.
Due to dependence on unreliable and unpredictable means of livelihood, poverty is widespread standing at
65 per cent in absolute terms. Tis has led to emigration of the youth in search of food and employment
leaving behind the weak and women. Tis has greatly aected the overall development of the district, as
most of the emigrants are the active labour force.
Te main source of livelihood of the people revolves around marginal farming and livestock rearing which
are greatly aected by long spells of drought, which at times lead to total crop failure and massive loss of
livestock. Despite the district being endowed with 10 permanent rivers, people have made no eort to make
full use of this potential. Tis is despite the soils and climate being very suitable for horticultural crops.
297
TABLE 9: POPULATION PER DIVISION, LOCATION AND SUB-LOCATION IN THARAKA
DISTRICT (Source: Census 1999)
DIVISION/LOCATION
& SUB-LOCATION
Male Female Total
Number of
Households
Area in km
2
Density
THARAKA 48196 52796 100992 20239 1569.5 64
THARAKA SOUTH 11885 13289 25174 5238 305.4 82
CHIAKARIGA 4017 4540 8557 1793 92 93
Nkarini 1725 2004 3729 733 37.9 98
Chiakariga 2292 2536 4828 1060 54.1 89
TUNYAI 5266 5865 11131 2407 94.9 117
Gakurungu 2040 2303 4343 870 34.6 126
Tunyai 1456 1553 3009 665 32.6 92
Kithino 1770 2009 3779 872 27.7 136
KAMANYAKI 2602 2884 5486 1038 118.5 46
Kamanyaki 1098 1197 2295 444 45.6 50
Kamarandi 1504 1687 3191 594 72.9 44
THARAKA CENTRAL 18624 20290 38914 7664 411.2 95
MARIMANTI 3037 3094 6131 1296 87.1 70
Marimanti 695 743 1438 279 18.9 76
Kamatungu 869 814 1683 371 25.8 65
Kithigiri 963 988 1951 441 22.8 86
Kirangare 510 549 1059 205 19.8 53
TURIMA 3144 3468 6612 1380 45.1 147
Turima 1543 1716 3259 700 27.2 120
Kathuura 1601 1752 3353 680 17.9 187
NKONDI 2159 2310 4469 845 38.3 117
Nkondi 1357 1428 2785 529 22.1 126
Rukurini 802 882 1684 316 16.2 104
NTUGI 1748 2042 3790 770 51.4 74
Kanyuru 907 1033 1940 399 18 108
Rukenya 841 1009 1850 371 33.4 55
GITUMA 1319 1405 2724 486 72.3 38
Gituma 731 804 1535 267 33.6 46
Kaguma 588 601 1189 219 38.7 31
MATAKIRI 2062 2214 4276 806 34.3 125
Matakiri 1134 1216 2350 435 18.6 126
Kereria 928 998 1926 371 15.7 123
MWANYANI 2254 2512 4766 859 33 144
Mwanyani 1309 1474 2783 465 16.6 168
Tumbura 945 1038 1983 394 16.4 121
KAROCHO 2901 3245 6146 1222 49.7 124
Karocho 1585 1786 3371 657 25.4 133
Ibote 1316 1459 2775 565 24.3 114
THARAKA NORTH 17687 19217 36904 7337 852.9 43
GATUE 2655 2852 5507 1099 92 60
Gatunga 2655 2852 5507 1099 92 60
KATHANGACHINI 1548 1587 3135 681 266.2 12
Kathangachini 923 951 1874 423 167.2 11
Twanthanju 625 636 1261 258 99 13
MARAGWA 2792 2996 5788 1073 223.7 26
Kamaguna 1325 1429 2754 497 140.1 20
Kamwathu 1467 1567 3034 576 83.6 36
GIKINGO 4380 4903 9283 1730 63.6 146
Mukothima 1668 1839 3507 667 22.5 156
Irunduni 2712 3064 5776 1063 41.1 141
37
298
DIVISION/LOCATION
& SUB-LOCATION
Male Female Total
Number of
Households
Area in km
2
Density
KANJORO 2368 2614 4982 1138 152.6 33
Kanjoro 1561 1778 3339 682 67.9 49
Mauthini 807 836 1643 456 84.7 19
NTORONI 1656 1791 3447 736 32 108
Ntoroni 1656 1791 3447 736 32 108
THITI 2288 2474 4762 880 22.8 209
Thiti 1237 1323 2560 468 12.1 212
Kirundi 1051 1151 2202 412 10.7 206
TABLE 10: COMPOSITION OF HOUSEHOLDS IN THARAKA DISTRICT PER DIVISION,
LOCATION AND SUB-LOCATION (Source: Census 1999) Census 1999)
DIVISION / LOCATION
AND SUB-LOCATION
Farmers family
Number of households
Persons <15
years
Persons 15
years & over
Total persons
THARAKA SOUTH 2.13 2.67 4.81 5238
CHIAKARIGA 0.44 4.33 4.77 1793
Nkarini 2.26 2.83 5.09 733
Chiakariga 2.02 2.53 4.55 1060
TUNYAI 2.05 2.57 4.62 2407
Gakurungu 2.21 2.78 4.99 870
Tunyai 2.01 2.52 4.52 665
Kithino 1.92 2.41 4.33 872
KAMANYAKI 2.34 2.94 5.29 1038
Kamanyaki 2.29 2.88 5.17 444
Kamarandi 2.38 2.99 5.37 594
THARAKA CENTRAL 2.25 2.83 5.08 7664
MARIMANTI 2.10 2.63 4.73 1296
Marimanti 2.29 2.87 5.15 279
Kamatungu 2.01 2.52 4.54 371
Kithigiri 1.96 2.46 4.42 441
Kirangare 2.29 2.87 5.17 205
TURIMA 2.12 2.67 4.79 1380
Turima 2.06 2.59 4.66 700
Kathuura 2.19 2.74 4.93 680
NKONDI 2.35 2.94 5.29 845
Nkondi 2.33 2.93 5.26 529
Rukurini 2.36 2.97 5.33 316
NTUGI 2.18 2.74 4.92 770
Kanyuru 2.16 2.71 4.86 399
Rukenya 2.21 2.78 4.99 371
GITUMA 2.49 3.12 5.60 486
Gituma 2.55 3.20 5.75 267
Kaguma 2.41 3.02 5.43 219
MATAKIRI 2.35 2.95 5.31 806
Matakiri 2.40 3.01 5.40 435
Kereria 2.30 2.89 5.19 371
MWANYANI 2.46 3.09 5.55 859
Mwanyani 2.65 3.33 5.98 465
Tumbura 2.23 2.80 5.03 394
KAROCHO 2.23 2.80 5.03 1222
TABLE 9: Continued
38
299
DIVISION / LOCATION
AND SUB-LOCATION
Farmers family
Number of households
Persons <15
years
Persons 15
years & over
Total persons
Karocho 2.28 2.86 5.13 657
Ibote 2.18 2.73 4.91 565
THARAKA NORTH 2.23 2.80 5.03 7337
GATUE 2.22 2.79 5.01 1099
Gatunga 2.22 2.79 5.01 1099
KATHANGACHINI 2.04 2.56 4.60 681
Kathangachini 1.96 2.47 4.43 423
Twanthanju 2.17 2.72 4.89 258
MARAGWA 2.39 3.00 5.39 1073
Kamaguna 2.46 3.08 5.54 497
Kamwathu 2.34 2.93 5.27 576
GIKINGO 2.38 2.99 5.37 1730
Mukothima 2.33 2.93 5.26 667
Irunduni 2.41 3.02 5.43 1063
KANJORO 1.94 2.44 4.38 1138
Kanjoro 2.17 2.72 4.90 682
Mauthini 1.60 2.01 3.60 456
NTORONI 2.08 2.61 4.68 736
Ntoroni 2.08 2.61 4.68 736
THITI 2.40 3.01 5.41 880
Thiti 2.43 3.04 5.47 468
Kirundi 2.37 2.97 5.34 412
TABLE 11: AVAILABLE LAND IN THARAKA DISTRICT PER AEZ AND HOUSEHOLD (Source:
Calculated from DAOs Reports)
Division/Location
without Townships
T
o
t
a
l

a
r
e
a
i
n

k
m
2
A
g
r
i
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l

a
r
e
a
i
n

k
m
2
N
o
n
-

a
g
r
i
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l

a
r
e
a

i
n

k
m
2
Agricultural area in Agro-Ecological
Zone (AEZ) in km
2
Agricultural
land (in ha) per
L
M
4
L
M

5
I
L
4
I
L
5
I
L
6
H
o
u
s
e
h
o
l
d
P
e
r
s
o
n
THARAKA SOUTH 305.4 217.4 88 68 30 63 56 4.17 0.87
CHIAKARIGA 92 65.22 26.4 29.4 28.0 18.9 16.8 3.65 0.77
TUNYAI 94.9 67.39 27.28 30.38 19.53 17.36 2.81 0.61
KAMANYAKI 118.5 84.79 34.32 38.22 2.0 24.57 21.84 8.22 1.56
THARAKA NORTH 852.9 802.9 50 55.1 30.5 33.8 468 200 10.96 2.18
GATUE 92 88.32 5.5 6.06 19.8 3.718 35.51 23.65 8.04 1.64
KATHANGACHINI 266.2 248.90 15.5 17.08 10.48 154.69 66.65 36.71 7.94
MARAGWA 223.7 208.75 13 14.33 10.7 8.79 119.04 55.9 19.51 3.61
GIKUNGO 63.6 56.20 3.5 3.86 2.37 49.98 3.25 0.61
KANJORO 152.6 144.52 9 9.92 6.08 89.82 38.7 12.71 2.90
NTORONI 32 32.12 2 2.20 1.35 19.96 8.6 4.37 0.94
THITI 22.8 24.09 1.5 1.65 1.01 14.97 6.45 2.74 0.51
THARAKA CENTRAL 402.7
Total Rural Area 2719.3 2040.6 276 276.2 121 193.6 1064 400 6.42 1.28
TABLE 10: Continued
39
300
3.4.3. AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS
MERU NORTH DISTRICT
Te agricultural potential covers approximately 183,200 ha. Major cash crops are tea and coee. Small
holder tea farmers cultivate roughly 5,000 ha yielding an average of more than 1,280 kg/ha of green leaf per
annum. On the other hand, coee covers 19,500 ha yielding 500 kg/ha of clean coee per annum. Recent
coee yields are decreasing because farmers have neglected this crop due to low prices paid. No statistics
were available for Miraa or Khaat and new emerging crops like Macadamia nuts and passion fruits.
TABLE 12: TEA AREA, PRODUCTION AND YIELD (Source: Ministry of Agriculture, DAOs
Reports and CBS)
1996/97 3,018 6,797 2,252
1997/98 3,000 6,954 2,318
1998/99 3,500 6,978 1,994
1999/2000 3,950 5,949 1,506
2000/2001 4,000 6,448 1,612
2001/2002 4,500 6,276 1,395
2002/03 5,010 6,413 1,280
TABLE 13: COFFEE AREA, PRODUCTION AND YIELD (Source: Ministry of Agriculture,
DAOs Reports and CBS)
1997/98 18,735 23,603 1,259.8
1998/99 18,641 14,525 779
1999/2000 18,676 38,446 2,058
2000/2001 18,650 10,426 559
2001/2002 18,630 29,196 1,567
2002/03 18,620 16,412 881.4
TABLE 14: PYRETHRUM AREA, PRODUCTION AND YIELD (Source: Ministry of Agriculture,
1996/97 15 5 333
1997/98 17 6.7 394
1998/99 25 6 240
1999/2000 30 5.1 170
2000/2001 32 4.5 141
2001/2002 10 5 500
2002/03 15 3 200
40
301
THARAKA DISTRICT
Taraka district was hived o from the larger Taraka Nithi district in 1996. Agricultural potential land
is approximately 769,630 ha comprising of mainly infertile soils. Smallholder farmers cultivate cotton on
about 3,450 ha. Yields are low at 480 kg/ha of seed cotton. Tis is only 24 % of the optimum. Te low yields
in the marginal cotton zone of Taraka district are mainly due to poor crop husbandry and infertile soils. In
addition, the rainfall is not well distributed and in many years not adequate.
TABLE 15a: COTTON AREA, PRODUCTION AND YIELD (Source: Ministry of Agriculture,
1997/98 3,760 1,980 527
1998/99 3,890 1,799 462
1999/2000 3,716 1,886 508
2000/2001 3,510 1,699 484
2001/2002 3,466 1,646 475
2002/03 3,445 1,651 479
TABLE 15b: PASSION FRUIT AREA, PRODUCTION AND YIELD (Source: Ministry of
Agriculture, DAOs Reports and CBS)
1998 25 160 6,400
1999 20 150 7,500
2000 15 100 6,600
2001 20 130 6,500
2002 87 125 1,400
2003 25 150 6,000
2004 30 120 4,000
2005 40 130 3,200
TABLE 15c: MACADAMIA AREA, PRODUCTION AND YIELD (Source: Ministry of
Agriculture, DAOs Reports and CBS)
1998 360 2,500 6,944
1999 360 2,000 5,555
2000 360 1,850 5,139
2001 360 1,800 5,000
2002 360 1,750 4,861
2003 450 2,000 4,444
2004 500 2,000 4,000
2005 550 2,000 3,600
41
302
303
CAL ZONES
43
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
TABLE 17: FARM SURVEY AREAS IN MERU NORTH AND THARAKA DISTRICTS
District
No. in Agro-Ecological Unit
Farm Survey Area
MERU
NORTH
156 UM 1 m/l i m MV 6
Igembe Central Division., Maua Location,
Gitura Sub Location
157 UM 2 m + m MV 3
Akithi Division, Kitheo Location,
Muchune Sub Location
158 UM 3 m/s + m/s RB 3
Uringu Division, Mbeu Location,
Mbeu Sub Location
159 LM 4 s/vs + s/vs PnB 2
Igembe East Division, Nguyuyu Location,
Kitheo Sub Location
160 LM 4 - 5 s/vs + s/vs RB 6
Igembe East/Akithi Divisions,
Nguyuyu/Athwana Locations,
Wachathuriu/Kitheo Sub Locations
THARAKA
161 LM 4 m+ s/m UI 1 & UU1
Tharaka Central Division, Turima Location,
Turima Sub Location
162 LM 4 s +s PdUC1
Tharaka Central Division, Gituma Location,
Gituma Sub Location
163 IL 5 (-4) s/vs +s/vs UU 3
Tharaka North Division, Kanjoro Location,
Kanjoro Sub Location
52
3.4.4 FARM SURVEY IN MERU NORTH & THARAKA DISTRICTS
Te Farm Survey was conducted in eight main agro-ecological zones and the respective dominant subzones
in Meru North and Taraka districts as shown in Table 17. Te sample farm sizes were: 0.59 ha (UM 1),
0.92 ha (UM 2), 3.15 ha (UM 3), 1.21 & 1.45 ha (LM 4 in Meru North and Taraka, respectively), 1.50,
1.58 & 12.0 ha (LM5 & IL 5 in Meru North and Taraka, respectively) (Table 18). Compared to the Farm
Survey of 1978, there is evidence of a tremendous decrease in farm sizes over the years, particularly in AEZ
UM 2. For example, in 1978 the average farm size in agro-ecological zone UM 2 was 1.9 ha compared to
0.9 ha in 2004. Tis decrease in farm sizes has serious implications for food production in this area. Te
resulting land use intensication (Tables 18 & 20) requires increased farm inputs to replenish the declining
soil nutrients. Te use of farm inputs is widespread in the Upper Midlands but very low in the Lower Mid-
lands. Tere is an urgent need for farmers to recycle back to the soil all the mined nutrients from the soil.
All crop residues, for example, should be recycled back into the soil. Maize and beans dominate the cropping
enterprises in the Upper Midlands.
During the farm Survey of 2004, farmers reported higher maize yields (Table 20) in the Upper Midlands
(dominant favourable soil types: mollic Andosols and eutric Nitisols) than those during the Farm Survey
of 1978. Te high maize yields are as a result of high inputs of fertilizer by the farmers. Te permanent
crops in the Upper Midlands in order of importance include: tea, miraa, coee, bananas, macadamia nuts
and mangoes. Te semi-humid and transitional Lower Midlands LM 3 and 4 with poorer soils suer from
a decrease in maize yields. Te semi-arid zone LM 5 is better suited for the millet and sorghum crops. It
is encouraging that a majority of farmers plant these crops, which are well suited to the unreliable rainfall
that characterises these zones. Te dominant permanent crops in LM 3 and 4 include bananas, miraa and
mangoes (Table 19).
313
314
MERU NORTH DISTRICT
Subzone: m/l i m, Soil Unit: MV 6 Survey area 156 (Gitura)
Range
Land
ha
Livestock Numbers
Family
Adults
Casual
Labourers
Number of children
under 14 years
Dairy Zebu
Sheep &
Goats
Poultry Pigs
Avg.0 0.59 1.37 0.57 1.97 1.2 0.03 2.9 0.83 2.17
Avg.1 0.59 2.41 2.83 3.69 6 1 2.9 1.47 2.95
Up. Qu. 0.68 2 0 4 0 0 4 1 3
Lo. Qu. 0.16 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0
Land Use
Range
Ann. Crops
ha
Perm. Crops
ha
ha
Fallow
ha
Other Use
ha
Avg.0 0.14 0.31 0.06 0.01 0.07
Avg.1 0.14 0.32 0.15 0.09 0.22
Up. Qu. 0.17 0.4 0.08 0 0.03
Lo. Qu. 0 0.08 0 0 0.08
Range
Cropping
Diversity
Crops/year
Stocking Rate
Improved Cattle
% of total
cattle
Farm Land
TLU/ha
TLU/ha
Avg.0 3.2 2.7 0.7 3.7 24.2 6.8 33.7 70.6
Avg.1 3.4 4.7 4.2 - 29.8 16.4 100
Up. Qu. 4 3.7 0 - 27.5 0 100
Lo. Qu. 2 0 0 - - - 0
Inputs Applied
Range
Improved
seed % of
area
Fertiliser applied as pure nutrient
kg/ha
Manure
applied
t/ha
Plant protection
N P
2
O
5
K
2
O
Insecticide
kg/ha
Fungicide
kg/ha
Avg.0 29.7 9.9 4.3 3.7 1.6 - - 24.8 10.9 - - 0.5 0.2
Avg.1 46.9 28.3 15.7 10.7 5.9 - - 23.8 13.2 - - 4.1 2.3
Up. Qu. 46.3 2.5 1.1 0.6 0.3 - - 11.3 4.8 - - 0 0
Lo. Qu. 0 - 0 - 0 - - - - - - - 0
NOTES:
AC = Annual crops
315
MERU NORTH DISTRICT
Subzone: m + m, Soil Unit: MV 3 Survey area 157 (Muchuuni)
Range
Land
ha
Livestock Numbers
Family
Adults
Casual
Labourers
Perennial
Labourers
Number of
children under
14 years
Dairy Cross Zebu
Sheep &
Goats
Poultry
Avg.0 0.90 1.8 0.03 0.03 2.27 6.87 4 0.03 0.17 2.1
Avg.1 0.90 2.35 1 1 3.58 8.96 4 1 1.67 2.86
Up. Qu. 1.21 3 0 0 4 10 6 0 0 3
Lo. Qu. 0.4 0.75 0 0 0 0.75 2 0 0 0
Land Use
Range
Ann. Crops
ha
Perm. Crops
ha
ha
Fallow
ha
Other Use
ha
Avg.0 0.30 0.43 0.05 - 0.12
Avg.1 0.30 0.46 0.09 - 0.16
Up. Qu. 0.43 0.63 0.05 - 0.1
Lo. Qu. 0.15 0.16 0 - 0.09
Range
Cropping
Diversity
Crops/year
Stocking Rate
Improved
Cattle % of
total cattle
Farm Land
TLU/ha
TLU/ha
Dairy Cross Zebu
Total
TLU
Dairy Cross Zebu
Total
TLU
Avg.0 4.7 2.3 0.04 0.04 2.6 42.6 0.75 0.72 43.7* 96.6
Avg.1 4.7 3.0 1.2 1.2 - 2.13 0.91 1.21 - 100
Up. Qu. 6 0 0 0.7 - - 0 0.32 - 100
Lo. Qu. 4 0 0 0 - - - 0 - 0
Inputs Applied
Range
Improved
seed % of
area
kg/ha
Manure
applied t/ha
Plant protection
N P
2
O
5
K
2
O
Insecticide
kg/ha
Fungicide
kg/ha
Avg.0 51.8 26 18 15 11 - - 6.5 4.6 0.3 0.2 1.0 0.7
Avg.1 97.0 32 22 33 24 - - 7.3 5.2 2.0 1.4 3.6 2.6
Up. Qu. 100 38 26 16 11 - - 7.1 4.8 0 0 1.5 1.0
Lo. Qu. 0 5 5 0 0 - - 3.6 3.4 0 0 0 0
NOTES:
AC = Annual crops
* unrealistic fgure by multiplication because they are only 0.05 ha
316
TABLE 18c: ASSETS, LAND USE, FARMING INTENSITY AND INPUTS IN AEZ UM 3 OF
MERU NORTH DISTRICT
Subzone: m/s + m/s, Soil Unit: RB 3 Survey area 158 (Mbeu)
Range
Land
ha
Livestock Numbers
Family
Adults
Casual
Labourers
Perennial
Labourers
Number of
children
under 14
years
Dairy Cross Zebu
Sheep &
Goats
Poultry Pigs Donkeys
Avg.0 3.15 0.13 2.43 0.37 3.63 12.97 1.7 0.03 5.27 4.43 0.23 2.53
Avg.1 3.15 4 2.81 2.75 5.19 14.96 3.64 1 5.27 4.75 1.17 2.71
Up. Qu. 3.6 0 3.25 0 6.25 15 2.25 0 6 6 0 3
Lo. Qu. 1.6 0 1 0 0 2.75 0 0 4 2.75 0 1.75
Land Use
Range
Ann. Crops
ha
Perm. Crops
ha
ha
Fallow
ha
Other Use
ha
Avg.0 1.98 0.49 0.31 0.16 0.21
Avg.1 1.98 0.57 0.59 1.20 0.21
Up. Qu. 2.33 0.53 0.33 0.21 0.2
Lo. Qu. 0.8 0.18 0.52 0 0.1
Range
Cropping
Diversity
Crops/year
Stocking Rate
Improved
Cattle % of
total cattle
Farm Land
TLU/ha
TLU/ha
Dairy Cross Zebu
Total
TLU
Dairy Cross Zebu
Total
TLU
Avg.0 5.6 0.05 0.82 0.1 1.1 0.47 8.15 1.17 10.9 87.4
Avg.1 5.6 1.4 1.0 0.9 - 7.49 5.02 4.68 - 93.0
Up. Qu. 7 0 0.9 0 - 0 10.5 0 - 100
Lo. Qu. 4 0 0.7 0 - - - - - -
Inputs Applied
Range
Improved
seed % of
area
kg/ha
Manure
applied
t/ha
Plant protection
N P
2
O
5
K
2
O
Insecticide
kg/ha
Fungicide
kg/ha
Avg.0 9.2 2.2 8.5 2.1 8.1 0.5 1.9 1.3 5.0 0.3 1.2 0.4 1.5
Avg.1 39.4 3.2 10.6 3.3 11.1 14.7 49.1 1.5 5.2 0.7 2.4 0.9 2.9
Up. Qu. 0.9 3.7 16.2 3.2 14.3 0 0 1.7 7.6 0.2 0.9 0.6 2.9
Lo. Qu. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.3 1.1 0 0 0 0
NOTES:
AC = Annual crops
317
TABLE 18d: ASSETS, LAND USE, FARMING INTENSITY AND INPUTS IN AEZ LM 4 OF
MERU NORTH DISTRICT
Subzone: s/vs + s/vs, Soil Unit: PnB 2 Survey area 159 (Kitheo)
Range
Land
ha
Livestock Numbers
Family
Adults
Casual
Labourers
Perennial
Labourers
Number of
children under
14 years
Dairy Zebu
Sheep &
Goats
Poultry Pigs
Avg.0 1.21 0 3.68 4.57 7.07 0.07 3.82 1.21 0.04 3
Avg.1 1.21 - 5.15 5.82 16.5 2 3.82 1.36 1 3.36
Up. Qu. 1.64 0 6 6 13.75 0 5 1 0 4
Lo. Qu. 0.69 0 0 1.25 0 0 2 1 0 2
Land Use
Range
Ann. Crops
ha
Perm. Crops
ha
ha
Fallow
ha.
Other Use
ha
Avg.0 0.57 0.47 0.13 - 0.04
Avg.1 0.57 0.47 0.73 - 0.12
Up. Qu. 0.8 0.8 0 - 0.04
Lo. Qu. 0.2 0.2 0 - 0.29
Range
Cropping
Diversity
Crops/year
Stocking Rate
Improved
Cattle % of
total
cattle
Farm Land
TLU/ha
TLU/ha
Avg.0 5.2 0 3.1 3.4 0 28.3 31.8 0
Avg.1 5.2 0 4.3 - 0 9.2 - -
Up. Qu. 6 0 3.7 - - - - 0
Lo. Qu. 4 0 0 - - - - 0
Inputs Applied
Range
Improved
seed % of
area
kg/ha
Manure
applied
t/ha
Plant protection
N P
2
O
5
K
2
O
Insecticide
kg/ha
Fungicide
kg/ha
Avg.0 3.2 0 0 0 0 - - 1.7 2.1 0 0 0 0
Avg.1 44.3 0 0 0 0 - - 2.8 3.4 0 0 0 0
Up. Qu. 0 0 0 0 0 - - 1.4 1.4 0 0 0 0
Lo. Qu. 0 0 0 0 0 - - 0.0 0 0 0 0 0
NOTES:
AC = Annual crops
318
TABLE 18e: ASSETS, LAND USE, FARMING INTENSITY AND INPUTS IN AEZ LM 5 (- 4)
OF MERU NORTH DISTRICT
Subzone: vs/s + vs/s, Soil Unit: RB 6 Survey area 160 (Athwana)
Range
Land
ha
Livestock Numbers
Family
Adults
Casual
labourers
Number of
children under
14 years
Dairy Zebu
Sheep &
Goats
Poultry Donkeys
Avg.0 1.50 0.03 3.5 4.44 0 0.44 2.75 0.28 3.31
Avg.1 1.50 1 4.31 6.17 - 1.75 2.75 1.8 3.31
Up. Qu. 1.58 0 4 6 0 0.75 4 0 4.75
Lo. Qu. 0.6 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 2
Land Use
Range
Ann. Crops
ha
Perm. Crops
ha
ha
Fallow
ha
Other Use
ha
Avg.0 1.08 0.04 0.18 - 0.20
Avg.1 1.08 0.44 0.56 - 0.24
Up. Qu. 1.2 0 0.18 - 0.2
Lo. Qu. 0.56 0 0 - 0.04
Farming Diversity& Stocking Intensity
Range
Cropping
Diversity Crops/
year
Stocking Rate
Improved
Cattle % of
total cattle
Farm Land
TLU/ha
Perennial pasture &
Fodder Crops
TLU/ha
Avg.0 7.0 0.02 2.3 2.6 0.2 19.9 22.6 0.9
Avg.1 7.0 0.7 2.9 - 2.0 7.7 - 100
Up. Qu. 8.75 0 2.9 - 0 22.2 - 0
Lo. Qu. 4 0 1.7 - - - - 0
Inputs Applied
Range
Improved
seed % of
area
kg/ha
Manure
applied
t/ha
Plant protection
N P
2
O
5
K
2
O
Insecticide
kg/ha
Fungicide
kg/ha
Avg.0 0.9 0.01 0.3 0.03 0.70 - - 0.7 - 0.2 - 0 0
Avg.1 28.9 0.33 0.8 0.85 2.09 - - 1.0 2.4 0.4 0.9 0 -
Up. Qu. 0 0 - 0 - - - 0.8 - 0.3 - 0 0
Lo. Qu. 0 0 - 0 - - - 0 - 0 - 0 0
NOTES:
AC = Annual crops
319
THARAKA DISTRICT
Subzone: s/vs +s/vs, Soil Unit: UU3 Survey area 161 (Turima)
Range
Land
ha
Livestock Numbers
Family
Adults
Casual
labourers
Number of
children under
14 years
Dairy Zebu
Sheep &
Goats
Poultry Pigs
Avg.0 1.45 0.03 0.90 4.55 3.19 0.2 2.26 2.16 1.26
Avg.1 1.45 1.00 3.50 5.88 8.25 2.5 2.26 4.79 3.0
Up. Qu. 2.0 0 1 6 5.00 0 2 3 2
Lo. Qu. 0.8 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0
Land Use
Range
Ann. Crops
ha
Perm. Crops
ha
ha
Fallow
ha
Other Use
ha
Avg.0 1.1 0.06 0.25 - 0.04
Avg.1 1.1 0.25 0.58 - -
Up. Qu. 1.5 0 0.40 - 0.1
Lo. Qu. 0.6 0 0.15 - 0.05
Range
Cropping
Diversity
Crops/year
Stocking Rate
Improved
Cattle
% of total
cattle
Farm Land
TLU/ha
Perennial pasture &
Fodder Crops
TLU/ha
Avg.0 3.3 0.02 0.5 0.8 0.2 4.1 7.0 3.2
Avg.1 3.7 0.7 2.1 - 2.5 7.5 - 100
Up. Qu. 4.0 0 0.13 - 0 1.3 - 0
Lo. Qu. 3.0 0 0 - - - - 0
Inputs Applied
Range
Improved
seed used
% of area
kg/ha
Manure
applied
t/ha
Plant protection
N P
2
O
5
K
2
O
Insecticide
kg/ha
Fungicide
kg/ha
Avg.0 - - - - - - - 0.7 - - - - -
Avg.1 - - - - - - - 5.1 - - - - -
Up. Qu. - - - - - - - 0 - - - - -
Lo. Qu. - - - - - - - 0 - - - - -
NOTES:
AC = Annual crops
320
TABLE 18g: ASSETS, LAND USE, FARMING INTENSITY AND INPUTS IN AEZ LM 5 OF
THARAKA DISTRICT
Subzone: vs/s + vs/s, Soil Unit: PdUC 1 Survey area 162 (Gituma)
Range
Land
ha
Livestock Numbers
Family
Adults
Casual
laborers
Number of
children under
14 years
Dairy Zebu
Sheep &
Goats
Poultry B/hives Donkey
Avg.0 1.58 0 3.8 10.9 6.7 7.0 0.87 2.33 0.22 1.6
Avg.1 1.58 - 6.65 12.6 9.1 13.1 4.33 2.41 2.17 2.3
Up. Qu. 1.85 0 7.25 16.5 10.0 7.5 0 2.25 0 3
Lo. Qu. 0.8 0 0 4 0 0 0 2 0 0
Land Use
Range
Ann. Crops
ha
Perm. Crops
ha
ha
Fallow
ha
Other Use
ha
Avg.0 1.35 0.03 0.09 - 0.11
Avg.1 1.35 0.08 0.56 - 0.45
Up. Qu. 1.60 0 0 - 0.25
Lo. Qu. 0.60 0 0 - 0.2
Range
Cropping
Diversity
Crops/year
Stocking Rate
Improved
Cattle
% of total
cattle
Farm Land
TLU/ha
Perennial pasture & Fodder
TLU/ha
Dairy Zebu
Total
TLU
Dairy Zebu
Total
TLU
Avg.0 3.0 0 2.4 3.1 0 42* 45* -
Avg.1 3.3 0 4.2 0 18.9 -
Up. Qu. 4.0 0 3.9 - - -
Lo. Qu. 2.0 0 0 - - -
Inputs Applied
Range
Improved
seed used
% area
kg/ha
Manure
applied
t/ha
Plant protection
N P
2
O
5
K
2
O
Insecticide
kg/ha
Fungicide
kg/ha
Avg.0 - - - - - - 1.0 - - - -
Avg.1 - - - - - - 2.7 - - - -
Up. Qu. - - - - - - 1.2 - - - -
Lo. Qu. - - - - - - 0 - - - -
NOTES:
AC = Annual crops
* unrealistic fgure by multiplication because there are only 0.09 ha but an unknown area oI common grazing land
321
TABLE 18h: ASSETS, LAND USE, FARMING INTENSITY AND INPUTS IN AEZ IL 5 OF
THARAKA DISTRICT
Subzone: vs + vs, Soil Unit: UU 3 Survey area 163 (Kanjoro)
Range
Land
ha
Livestock Numbers
Family
Adults
Casual
laborers
Number of
children under
14 years
Dairy Zebu
Sheep &
Goats
Poultry
B/
hives
Donkey
Avg.0 12.0 0 2.6 18.4 15.1 1.3 0.4 3.4 1.7 2.6
Avg.1 12.0 - 5.3 21.1 17.5 40.0 2.0 3.5 3.0 3.3
Up. Qu. 16.0 0 4 30 27.0 0 0 4 3 4
Lo. Qu. 3.2 0 0 5 4.8 0 0 2 0 1
Land Use
Range
Ann. Crops
ha
Perm. Crops
ha
ha
Fallow
ha
Other Use
ha
Avg.0 2.70 0.04 9.25 - -
Avg.1 2.70 0.44 9.25 - -
Up. Qu. 3.38 0 10.1 - -
Lo. Qu. 1.20 0 1.35 - -
Range
Cropping
Diversity
Crops/year
Stocking Rate
Improved
Cattle % of
total cattle
cattle
Farm Land
TLU/ha
TLU/ha
Avg.0 3.97 0 0.2 0.4 0 3.3 5.5 -
Avg.1 4.1 0 0.4 - 0 14.9 - -
Up. Qu. 4.0 0 0.3 - 0 6.3 - -
Lo. Qu. 4.0 0 0 - 0 0 - -
Inputs Applied
Range
Improved seed
% of area
kg/ha
Manure
applied
t/ha
Plant protection
N P
2
O
5
K
2
O
Insecticide
kg/ha
Fungicide
kg/ha
Avg.0 - - - - - - - 0.2 - - - - -
Avg.1 - - - - - - - 2.3 - - - - -
Up. Qu. - - - - - - - 0 - - - - -
Lo. Qu. - - - - - - - 0 - - - - -
NOTES:
AC = Annual crops
322
TABLE 19a: CROPPING PATTERNS IN AEZ UM 1 OF MERU NORTH DISTRICT
Subzone: m/l i m, Soil Unit: MV 6 Survey area 156 (Gitura)
First Rainy Season
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Beans 0.01 0.08 0 0 0.08 2.03
Maize 0.05 0.12 0.09 0 1.64 41.52
Maize & beans 0.07 0.28 0.05 0 2.23 56.46
Second Rainy Season
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Beans 0.01 0.08 0 0 0.08 2.03
Maize 0.05 0.12 0.09 0 1.64 41.52
Maize & beans 0.07 0.28 0.05 0 2.23 56.46
Perennial Crops
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Bananas 0.04 0.11 0.04 0 1.2 12.85
Coffee 0.02 0.24 0 0 0.72 7.71
Macadamia 0.02 0.13 0 0 0.5 5.35
Miraa (Khaat) 0.18 0.25 0.24 0.03 5.4 57.82
Tea 0.05 0.21 0.01 0 1.48 15.85
Yams 0.00 0.04 0 0 0.04 0.43
NOTES:
62
323
TABLE 19b: CROPPING PATTERNS IN AEZ UM 2 OF MERU NORTH DISTRICT
Subzone: m + m, Soil Unit: MV 3 Survey area 157 (Muchuuni)
First Rainy Season
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Cabbages 0.00 0.08 0 0 0.08 0.94
Maize 0.12 0.30 0.2 0 3.63 42.86
Maize & beans 0.15 0.31 0.28 0 4.60 54.31
Tomatoes 0.01 0.08 0 0 0.16 1.89
Total Sample area 0.28 8.47 100
Second Rainy Season
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Maize 0.12 0.28 0.2 0 3.65 44.90
Maize & beans 0.15 0.32 0.22 0 4.48 55.10
Perennial Crops
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Avocado 0.04 0.28 0 0 1.09 8.48
Bananas 0.10 0.19 0.24 0.03 4.09 31.80
Coffee 0.16 0.26 0.37 0.04 4.78 37.17
Macadamia 0.09 0.15 0.09 0 1.62 12.60
Tea 0.04 0.41 0 0 1.24 9.64
Yams 0.00 0.01 0 0 0.04 0.31
NOTES:
324
TABLE 19c: CROPPING PATTERNS IN AEZ UM 3 OF MERU NORTH DISTRICT
Subzone: m/s + m/s, Soil Unit: RB 3 Survey area 158 (Mbeu)
First Rainy Season
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Arrow roots 0.01 0.4 0 0 0.4 0.67
Beans 0.28 0.75 0.6 0 8.3 13.93
Black beans 0.05 0.47 0 0 1.4 2.35
Cassava 0.00 0.1 0 0 0.1 0.17
Cotton 0.11 0.64 0 0 3.2 5.37
French beans 0.00 0.1 0 0 0.1 0.17
Green grams 0.00 0.1 0 0 0.1 0.17
Ground nuts 0.11 0.57 0 0 3.4 5.70
Maize 0.46 1.16 0.6 0 13.9 23.32
Maize & beans 0.55 0.97 0.8 0 16.5 27.68
Maize & groundnuts 0.03 0.8 0 0 0.8 1.34
Pigeon peas 0.00 0.1 0 0 0.1 0.17
Sugarcane 0.03 0.4 0 0 0.8 1.34
Tobacco 0.34 0.74 0.65 0 10.3 17.28
Tomatoes 0.01 0.2 0 0 0.2 0.34
Second Rainy Season
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Beans 0.27 0.89 0.5 0 8 15.50
Black beans 0.05 0.47 0 0 1.4 2.71
Dolichos lab lab 0.01 0.2 0 0 0.2 0.39
French beans 0.00 0.1 0 0 0.1 0.19
Ground nuts 0.18 0.76 0.05 0 5.3 10.27
Maize 0.57 1.15 1.2 0 17.2 33.33
Maize & beans 0.64 1.28 0.9 0 19.2 37.21
Tomatoes 0.01 0.2 0 0 0.2 0.39
Perennial Crops
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Avocado 0.02 0.25 0 0 0.5 3.31
Bananas 0.38 0.5 0.43 0.08 11.5 76.16
Coffee 0.01 0.1 0 0 0.2 1.32
Macadamia 0.00 0.1 0 0 0.1 0.66
Mangoes 0.05 0.32 0 0 1.6 10.60
Woodlot 0.04 0.6 0 0 1.2 7.95
NOTES:
64
325
TABLE 19d: CROPPING PATTERNS IN AEZ LM 4 OF MERU NORTH DISTRICT
Subzone: s/v s + s/v s, Soil Unit: PnB 2 Survey area 159 (Kitheo)
First Rainy Season
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Beans 0.06 0.32 0 0 2.1 12.19
Cassava 0.00 0.04 0 0 0.04 0.23
Cow peas 0.00 0.02 0 0 0.02 0.12
Ground nuts 0.02 0.28 0 0 0.56 3.25
Maize 0.07 0.4 0 0 2 11.61
Maize & beans 0.35 0.43 0.4 0.17 9.8 56.88
Maize, beans & pigeon peas 0.01 0.4 0 0 1 5.80
Pigeon peas 0.06 0.13 0.15 0 1.71 9.92
Second Rainy Season
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Beans 0.06 0.32 0 0 2.1 12.35
Cassava 0.00 0.04 0 0 0.04 0.24
Cow peas 0.00 0.02 0 0 0.02 0.12
Ground nuts 0.02 0.28 0 0 0.56 3.29
Maize 0.07 0.4 0 0 2 11.76
Maize & beans 0.35 0.43 0.4 0.17 9.87 58.06
Maize, beans & pigeon peas 0.01 0.4 0 0 0.5 2.94
Pigeon peas 0.06 0.14 0.19 0 1.91 11.24
Perennial Crops
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Bananas* 0.04 0.08 0.07 0 1.65 11.80
Miraa (Khaat)* 0.43 0.44 0.78 0.2 12.33 88.20
NOTES:
* = partial irrigation
326
TABLE 19e: CROPPING PATTERNS IN AEZ LM 5 (- 4) OF MERU NORTH DISTRICT
Subzone: vs/s +vs/s, Soil Unit: RB 6 Survey area 160 (Athwana)
First Rainy Season
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Beans 0.41 0.43 0.4 0.13 13 41.32
Bulrush millet 0.00 0.1 0 0 0.1 0.32
Cowpeas 0.00 0.04 0 0 0.04 0.13
Cotton 0.01 0.4 0 0 0.4 1.2
Dolichos lab lab 0.03 0.15 0 0 1.02 3.24
Finger millet 0.05 0.14 0.08 0 1.69 5.37
Ground nuts 0.02 0.3 0 0 0.6 1.91
Maize 0.43 0.46 0.4 0.16 12.66 40.24
Maize & beans 0.02 0.3 0 0 0.6 1.91
Pigeon peas 0.06 0.11 0.15 0 1.02 3.24
Sorghum 0.02 0.09 0 0 0.53 1.68
Sweet potatoes 0.01 0.2 0 0 0.2 0.64
Second Rainy Season
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Beans 0.41 0.44 0.4 0.13 12.08 38.96
Bulrush millet 0.00 0.1 0 0 0.1 0.32
Cotton 0.01 0.4 0 0 0.4 1.2
Cow peas 0.00 0.04 0 0 0.04 0.13
Dolichos lab lab 0.03 0.15 0 0 1.02 3.29
Finger millet 0.04 0.14 0.01 1.13 3.64
Ground nuts 0.02 0.3 0 0 0.6 1.93
Maize 0.43 0.46 0.4 0.16 12.7 40.95
Maize & beans 0.02 0.3 0 0 0.6 1.93
Pigeon peas 0.06 0.11 0.15 0 2.01 6.48
Sorghum 0.02 0.09 0 0 0.53 1.71
Sweet potatoes 0.01 0.2 0 0 0.2 0.64
Perennial Crops
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Bananas* 0.01 0.12 0 0 0.24 19.67
Miraa (Khaat)* 0.02 0.34 0 0 0.58 47.54
NOTES:
* = partial irrigation
66
327
TABLE 19f: CROPPING PATTERNS IN AEZ LM 4 OF THARAKA DISTRICT
Subzone: s/v s +s/vs, Soil Unit: UU3 Survey area 161 (Turima)
First Rainy Season
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Cassava 0.15 0.43 0.3 0 0.1 0.29
Cotton 0.29 0.53 0.4 0 1.2 3.44
Cow peas 0.04 0.21 0 0 4.2 12.03
Green grams 0.20 0.52 0.4 0 4.3 12.32
Maize & beans 0.16 0.6 0.2 0 5.8 16.62
Millet 0.07 0.37 0 0 9.8 28.08
Pigeon peas 0.00 0.1 0 0 2.2 6.30
Sorghum 0.25 0.51 0.7 0 7.3 20.92
Second Rainy Season
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Cow peas 0.00 0.00 0 0 2.6 17.57
Green grams 0.14 0.6 0 0 3.5 23.65
Maize & beans 0.06 0.45 0 0 1.8 12.16
Millet 0.04 0.33 0 0 2.4 16.22
Pigeon peas 0.00 0.1 0 0 1.3 8.78
Sorghum 0.24 0.67 0.4 0 3.2 21.62
Perennial Crops
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Bananas 0.01 0.6 0 0 0.43 23.89
Mangoes 0.05 0.8 0 0 1.27 70.56
Oil palm 0.00 0.4 0 0 0.1 5.56
NOTES:
328
TABLE 19g: CROPPING PATTERNS IN AEZ LM 5 OF THARAKA DISTRICT
Subzone: vs/s + vs/s, Soil Unit: PdUC 1 Survey area 162 (Gituma)
First Rainy Season
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Cassava 0.01 0.4 0 0 0.4 1.00
Cow peas 0.1 0.27 0.2 0 3 7.52
Green grams 0.26 0.40 0.4 0 7.67 19.22
Maize 0.11 0.53 0 0 3.2 8.02
Maize & beans 0.03 0.8 0 0 0.8 2.00
Millet 0.60 0.95 0.53 0 18.07 45.28
Sorghum 0.23 0.38 0.33 0 6.77 16.96
Second Rainy Season
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Cow peas 0.10 0.24 0.2 0 2.9 9.16
Green grams 0.25 0.39 0.4 0 7.4 23.38
Maize 0.08 0.35 0.01 0 2.45 7.74
Maize & beans 0.03 0.8 0 0 0.8 2.53
Millet 0.42 0.63 0.6 0 12.6 39.81
Sorghum 0.18 0.34 0.3 0 5.5 17.38
Perennial Crops
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Mangoes 0.02 0.04 0.02 0 0.60 68.18
Paw paws 0.01 0.13 0 0 0.28 31.82
NOTES:
68
329
TABLE 19h: CROPPING PATTERNS IN AEZ IL 5 OF THARAKA DISTRICT
Subzone: vs +vs, Soil Unit: UU 3 Survey area 163 (Kanjoro)
First Rainy Season
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Cotton* 0.17 0.57 0 0 5.00 12.62
Cow peas 0.25 0.83 0.4 0 7.44 18.77
Green grams 0.23 0.38 0.4 0 6.90 17.41
Maize 0.13 0.44 0.2 0 4 10.09
Bulrush millet 0.30 0.48 0.4 0 9.13 23.04
Pigeon peas 0.06 0.79 0 0 1.93 4.87
Sorghum 0.17 0.33 0.2 0 5.23 13.20
Second Rainy Season
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Cow peas 0.29 0.39 0.4 0 8.74 10.76
Green grams 0.47 0.59 0.6 0.18 14.20 17.49
Maize 0.66 1.03 0.8 0 20.6 25.37
Millet 0.71 0.48 0.8 0.4 21.27 26.20
Pigeon peas 0.11 0.39 0 0 3.44 4.24
Proso millet 0.01 0.20 0 0 0.20 0.25
Sorghum 0.42 0.47 0.68 0.2 12.74 15.69
Perennial Crops
Crop
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Mangoes 0.04 0.44 0 0 1.20 100
NOTES:
* = only a few farmers have recently tried planting it but yields are very low
330
Tis introduction deals with the most important of the subzones because they are many and diverse. A
more detailed description can be found together with calculations of protability in the Farm Management
Guidelines of each district and in the KARI Fertilizer Use Manual (Muriuki and Qureshi, 2001).
Subzone UM 1 m/l i m of the Coee - Tea Zone
Tis is the Coee Tea Zone with a medium to long cropping season, intermediate rains, and a medium one as
typied by Gitura Sub-location of Meru North district. Te annual staple crops grown are maize and beans.
Maize yields are below the agro-ecological unit potential of the zone. For example, whereas the agro-ecologi-
cal potential yield of maize is 6500 kg/ha and 5500 kg/ha during the 1
st
and 2
nd
rainy seasons, respectively,
the best farmers reported yields of 4500 kg/ha and 2500 kg/ha in these seasons under sole cropping (Table
22). Te inability to attain yields close to the agro-ecological unit potential is strongly linked to the decline
in soil fertility that has been accelerating in this region. Unless the farmers urgently address the issue of re-
plenishing their soil fertility, crop yields of the staple crop will continue declining. Te measures to replenish
soil fertility will involve use of organic and inorganic fertilizers, soil conservation by building of terraces,
among others. Te Perennial crops grown in order of importance include: miraa, tea, bananas, coee, maca-
damia and yams (Table 21). Macadamia nuts are steadily increasing in importance in this zone and farmers
reported better returns from it than coee. Over 70 % of the cattle kept by farmers are of improved type
(Table 20).
331
ECOLOGICAL UNIT
1)
UM 1, m/l i m, MV 6
Survey area 156 (Gitura)
Crop, Yields
3)
and Inputs
AEZ: UM 1 COFFEE TEA ZONE
Subzone: m/l i m (Periods in days
2)
: 1
st
rainy season 160 or more, 2
nd
rainy season 135-155)
Unit with predom. Soil: MV 6 mollic ANDOSOLS
st
rainy season:
700 850 mm
2
nd
out of 15 years
Maize local
pure stand
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
I=low II=med.
4)
III=high
5)
AEU Pot.
6)
I=low II=med.
4)
III=high
5)
AEU Pot.
6)
-
Hybrid maize
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
- 4001
9
9
5.3
4500
14
13
6.7
ca. 6500 - 1650
7
6
3.3
2569
7
7
4.3
ca. 5500
Maize local
intercropped
with beans
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
- - - - - -
Hybrid maize
intercropped
with beans
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
- 2207
8
7
-
4.5
3038
11
9
-
5.0
ca. 5000 - 1966
7
6
-
3.8
2580
9
8
-
4.4
ca. 4500
NOTES:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
management
332
Subzone UM 2 m + m of the Main Coee Zone
Tis is the Main Coee Zone with two medium cropping seasons analysed in Muchuuni Sub-location of Meru
North district. Te annual staple food crops grown in both rainy seasons are maize, beans and cabbages
(Table 21). Te reported maize yields are below the agro-ecological unit potential, during the 1
st
rainy sea-
son. For example, under sole cropping, during the 1
st
season, farmers in production level III reported maize
yields of 3600 kg/ha against a potential of 5500 kg/ha. Tere is however improvement in the 2
nd
rainy season
with farmers in the same production level reporting 6600 kg/ha against a potential of 7000kg/ha (Table
22). Te Perennial crops grown in order of importance are: coee, bananas, macadamia, tea, avocados and
yams. Even though this is a Main Coee Zone, farmers are turning to growing tea in the zone because of
better income return as compared to coee. Macadamia too is gaining importance in this zone because of
the same reasons for growing tea. As the macadamia market improves, farmers are indeed expanding its
acreage on their farms at a much faster rate. Over 97 % of the cattle kept by the farmers is of the improved
type (Table 20).
333
ECOLOGICAL UNIT
1)
UM 2, m + m, MV 3
Survey area 157 (Muchuuni)
Crop, Yields
3)
and Inputs
Subzone: m + m (Periods in days
2)
: 1
st
nd
rainy season 135-155)
Unit with predom. Soil: MV 3 dystric and eutric NITISOLS; with humic CAMBISOLS, partly
lithic phase
st
rainy season
450 800 mm
2
nd
out of 15 years
Maize local
monocropped
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
I=low II=med.
4)
III=high
5)
AEU Pot.
6)
I=low II=med.
4)
III=high
5)
AEU Pot.
6)
- - - - - -
Hybrid maize
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
- 3563
65
35
15.1
3670
81
39
16.4
ca. 5500 - 6438
65
35
15.1
6613
81
39
16.4
ca. 7000
Maize local
intercropped
with beans
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
714
52
25
-
10.8
717
58
31
-
13.0
* 973
53
32
-
13.3
1288
75
32
-
14.0
*
Hybrid maize
intercropped
with beans
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
NOTES:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
management
334
Subzone UM 3, m/s + m/s, Marginal Coee Zone
Tis is the Marginal Coee Zone with two medium to short cropping seasons as typied by Mbeu Sub-location
of Meru North district. About 87 % of the cattle kept by farmers are of improved type. Tere is an array of
crops grown in this zone, an indication of farmers strategy to spread risk. Te crops grown in both seasons
include: maize, beans, arrow roots, black beans, cassava, cotton, French beans, green grams, ground nuts,
pigeon peas, sugar cane, tobacco, tomatoes and Dolichos lab lab (Table 21). Maize, though grown by almost
every farmer, has continued to record low yields. Te reported maize yields are only about half of what the
agro-ecological unit potential is in both rainy seasons. For example, farmers in production level III reported
maize yields of 3500 kg/ha in both the 1
st
and 2
nd
rainy seasons, respectively, against a potential of 6000
kg/ha and 5800 kg/ha, in the same seasons (Table 22). Tis decline has everything to do with declining soil
fertility in the zone, which must be urgently addressed by farmers to ensure adequate food security for their
households.
335
ECOLOGICAL UNIT
1)
UM 3, m/s + m/s, RB 3
Survey area 158 (Mbeu)
Crop, Yields
3)
and Inputs
Subzone: m/s + m/s (Periods in days
2)
: 1
st
rainy 115 - 135, 2
nd
Unit with predom. Soil: RB 3 = eutric NITISOLS; with nito-chromic CAMISOLS and chromic
ACRISOLS and LUVISOLS, partly lithic, pisoferric or petroferric phase
st
rainy season:
420 750 mm
2
nd
out of 15 years
Maize local
pure stand
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
I=low II=med.
4)
III=high
5)
AEU Pot.
6)
I=low II=med.
4)
III=high
5)
AEU Pot.
6)
- - - ? - - - *
Hybrid maize
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
- 2000
-
-
-
21
3506
5
1
-
-
6000 - 2000
-
-
-
21
3534
5
1
-
-
5800
Maize local
intercropped
with beans
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
-
-
-
-
-
180*
9
2
-
-
546*
18
7
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
180*
5
2
-
-
523**
18
7
-
-
Hybrid maize
intercropped
with beans
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
NOTES:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
management
** This low fgures may have been those oI beans in the intercropped felds
336
Subzone LM 4, s/vs + s/vs of the Marginal Cotton Zone
Tis is the Marginal Cotton Zone with two short to very short cropping seasons analysed in Kitheo Sub-location
of Meru North district. Tere were no improved cattle reported kept by farmers (Table 20). Te annual
crops grown over the two seasons in this zone include: maize, beans, cassava, cowpeas, groundnuts and pi-
geon peas. Te yields of maize, which is most important staple crop, have continued to decline. Te maize
is normally intercropped with a legume, mainly beans. Te farmers reported yields of 2700 kg/ha under
intercrop system during the 1
st
and 2
nd
rainy seasons against a potential of 3500 kg/ha and 3600 kg/ha in the
same seasons (Table 22). Like explained elsewhere, the reduction in maize yields is a response to a decline
in soil fertility in this zone. Farmers will have to urgently put in place measures to replenish the soil fertility
nutrients. Tis will involve the use of organic and inorganic fertilizers and soil conservation measures. Te
Perennial crops grown are mainly miraa and bananas. About 50 per cent of the farmers grow miraa in this
zone. Tese two Perennial crops are grown under partial irrigation conditions.
337
ECOLOGICAL UNIT
1)
LM 4, s/vs + s/vs, PnB 2
Survey area 159 (Kitheo)
Crop, Yields
3)
and Inputs
Subzone: s/vs+ s/vs:(Periods in days
2)
: 1
st
nd
Unit with predom. Soil: PnB 2 = nito-rhodic FERRALSOLS
st
rainy season:
250 350 mm
2
nd
out of 15 years
Maize local pure
stand
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
I=low II=med.
4)
III=high
5)
AEU Pot.
6)
I=low II=med.
4)
III=high
5)
AEU Pot.
6)
- - - * - - - *
Improved maize
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
- - - - - -
Maize local
intercropped
with beans
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
? *
Improved maize
intercropped
with beans
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
1893
-
-
-
0
2160
-
-
-
2.8
2719
-
-
-
2.8
ca. 3500 1874
-
-
-
0
2160
-
-
-
2.8
2720
-
-
-
2.8
ca. 3600
NOTES:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
management
338
Subzone LM 5 (- 4), vs/s + vs/s of the Lower Midland Livestock Millet Zone
Tis is the Lower Midland Livestock Millet Zone with two very short to short cropping seasons as typied by
Athwana Sub-location of Meru North district. Less than 1% of the cattle kept are of improved type (Table
20). Te annual crops grown are maize, beans, bulrush millet, cowpeas, Dolichos lab lab, nger millet,
groundnuts, pigeon peas, sorghum and sweet potatoes (Table 21). It should be appreciated that the farmers
have carefully selected their crops as a response to the decient and unreliable rainfall typical of this zone.
Farmers mainly grow the local repeated hybrid maize variety intercropped with legumes. In good seasons,
farmers in production level III reported an average maize yield of 2700 kg/ha (Table 22). Te cash income
earning crops in this zone are miraa, cotton and bananas. Te miraa and banana crops are grown under
partial irrigation conditions.
339
ECOLOGICAL UNIT
1)
LM 5 (- 4), vs/s +vs/s, RB 6
Survey area 160 (Athwana)
Crop, Yields
3)
and Inputs
Subzone: vs/s +vs/s (Periods in days
2)
: 1
st
rainy 55 - 75, 2
nd
rainy season: 55 - 75 days)
Unit with predom. Soil: RB 6 verto- luvic PHAEOZEMS
st
rainy season:
160 250 mm
2
nd
out 15 years
Maize local pure
stand
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
I=low II=med.
4)
III=high
5)
AEU Pot.
6)
I=low II=med.
4)
III=high
5)
AEU Pot.
6)
1688
0
0
-
0
1881
0
0
-
1.76
2250
0.03
0.1
-
2.40
* 2303
0
0
-
0
2391
0
0
-
1.76
2700
0.03
0.1
-
2.40
*
Improved maize
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
- - - ca. 3000 - - - ca. 3200
Maize local
intercropped
with beans
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
Improved maize
intercropped
with beans
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
- - - - - - -
NOTES:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
management
340
Subzone LM 4 s/vs + s/vs of the Marginal Cotton Zone
Tis is the Marginal Cotton Zone with two short to very short cropping seasons,occurring in Turima Sub-loca-
tion of Taraka district. Most farmers in this zone use no inputs on their farms (Table 20). Te annual crops
grown are: bulrush millet, sorghum, maize, beans, green grams, cowpeas, cassava and cotton. Tis zone is
not well suited for maize (Table 22). It is encouraging to note that a majority of the farmers reported grow-
ing mostly the millets, sorghum and the pulses. Te Perennial crops grown are mangoes, bananas and oil
palm. Only 3% of the cattle kept are of the improved type (Table 20).
341
ECOLOGICAL UNIT
1)
LM 4, s/vs +s/vs, UU3
Survey area 162 (Turima)
Crop, Yields
3)
and Inputs
Subzone: s/vs +s/vs (Periods in days
2)
: 1
st
nd
Unit with predom. Soil: UU3 = chromic LUVISOLS, with ferralo-chromic/orthic/ferric
LUVISOLS
st
rainy season:
250 350 mm
2
nd
out 15 years
Maize local pure
stand
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
I=low II=med.
4)
III=high
5)
AEU Pot.
6)
I=low II=med.
4)
III=high
5)
AEU Pot.
6)
947
-
-
-
0.1
1017
-
-
-
0.2
- * 795
-
-
-
0.1
1074
-
-
-
0.2
- *
Improved maize
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
- - - ca. 2500 - - - ca. 2500
Maize local
intercropped
with beans
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
- 405
-
-
-
- 388
-
-
-
405
-
-
-
- *
Improved maize
intercropped
with beans
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
- - - - - -
NOTES:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
management
342
Subzone LM 5, vs/s + vs/s, Lower Midland Livestock Millet Zone
Tis is the Lower Midland Livestock Millet Zone with two very short to short cropping seasons, as found in
Gituma Sub-location of Taraka district. Tere are no improved cattle kept by farmers in this zone. Farm-
ers reported not using any inputs in their farming activities (Table 20). Te annual crops grown in order
of importance are: millet, green grams, sorghum, maize, cowpeas and cassava (Table 21). Although farmers
grow maize in this subzone, it is not a suitable crop for this subzone (Table 22). Te Perennial crops grown
include mangoes and paw paws.
343
ECOLOGICAL UNIT
1)
LM 5, vs/s + vs/s, PdUC 1
Survey area 161 (Gituma)
Crop, Yields
3)
and Inputs
Subzone: vs/s + vs/s (Periods in days
2)
: 1
st
rainy season: 55 75; 2
nd
rainy season: 55- 75)
Unit with predom. Soil: PdUC 1 = chromic CAMBISOLS, paralithic and stony phase; with
ferralic ARENOSOLS, lithic phase
st
rainy season:
160 250 mm
2
nd
out of 15 years
Maize local
pure stand
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
I=low II=med.
4)
III=high
5)
AEU Pot.
6)
I=low II=med.
4)
III=high
5)
AEU Pot.
6)
585
-
-
-
2138
-
-
0.3
- * - - - *
Improved
maize
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
- - - * - -
This is not
a suitable
area for
maize
Maize local
intercropped
with beans
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
- - - ? - - *
Improved
maize
intercropped
with beans
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
- - - * * - - *
NOTES:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
management.
* Potential for local nor improved maize unknown; no experimental results
344
Subzone IL 5, vs + vs of the Inner Lowland Livestock Millet Zone
Tis is the Inner Lowland Livestock Millet Zone with two very short cropping seasons found in Kanjoro Sub-
location of Taraka district. Tere are no improved cattle kept by farmers in this zone and farmers reported
not using any farm inputs (Table 20). Te annual crops grown in order of importance are: millet, cowpeas,
green grams, sorghum, cotton, maize and pigeon peas (Table 21). Although farmers grow maize in this
subzone, it is not a suitable crop there (Table 22). Te Perennial crop grown by a few farmers and on better
places are mangoes for cash income.
345
TABLE 20h: INCREASE OF YIELDS BY BETTER FARM MANAGEMENT IN AGRO-ECO-
LOGICAL UNIT
1)
IL 5, vs +vs, UU 3
Survey area 163 (Kanjoro)
Crop, Yields
3)
and
Inputs
AEZ: IL 5 LOWLAND LIVESTOCK MILLET ZONE
Subzone: vs + vs (Periods in days
2)
: 1
st
nd
Unit with predom. Soil: UU 3= chromic LUVISOLS, with ferralo-chromic/ orthic/ferric
LUVISOLS
st
rainy season:
150 180 mm
2
nd
out 15 years
Maize local pure
stand
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
I=low II=med.
4)
III=high
5)
AEU Pot.
6)
I=low II=med.
4)
III=high
5)
AEU Pot.
6)
163
-
-
-
-
675
-
-
-
-
- Zone not
suitable
for maize
616 691 - Zone not
suitable
for maize
Improved maize
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
- - - Zone not
suitable
for maize
- - - Zone not
suitable
for maize
Maize local
intercropped
with beans
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
- - -
Zone not
suitable
for maize - - -
Zone not
suitable
for maize
Improved maize
intercropped
with beans
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
- - -
Zone not
suitable
for maize - - -
Zone not
suitable
for maize
NOTES:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
management
346
Te Fertiliser Use Recommendation Project of the GTZ (1986 - 92) had one trial site in the southeastern
part of the former Meru district, Tunyai in LM4 on rhodic Ferralsol with poor fertility. For the other zones,
subzones and units Muriuki and Qureshi showed which results from other districts could be representative
(see map of Fertiliser Recommendations and Farm Survey Areas) and made curves for fertiliser response
1
.
extends there (see dark and light grey shades in the small maps). We have tend to lower the rates due to
the low nancial basis of the smallholder farmers. Te optimum can be calculated from the curve formulas
in Muriuki & Qureshi Fertiliser Use Manual, KARI, Nairobi 2001. In the long run the maintenance
amount must be given to maintain the nutrient content. Some quantities for it can be seen in the chapter
3.1 General Remarks.
2
.
3
.
1
2
3
347
348
ECOLOGICAL UNITS UM 1 m/l i m, MV 4 & 6 of the TEA and COFFEE ZONE
Crop varieties and
Season
Recommended
Fertiliser Rates
Average Yield
Increase if this
Rate is Applied
Average Yield
Increase if 5 t/ha
Manure is Applied
Other Nutrients
Recommended
kg/ha kg/ha kg/ha
First rainy season
Hybrid maize 150 C.A.N.
1)
, 75 DSP ca. 1100 ca. 550 *
Maize & beans 50 N + 25 P ca. 800 * -
Potatoes 75 N + 50 P ca. 7000 - -
Cabbage 50 P ca. 15000 6500 -
Second rainy season
More or less the same
Permanent
Tea 180 of 25:5:5
2)
ca. 1200 * Copper, Zinc
Coffee
Up to 60 C.A.N. & 40
A.S.N. or urea, 1 D.S.P.
3)
ca. 1100 * K*
Sources: IRACC: Small Holder Farming Handbook 1997, p. 147 & 174; conclusions from Farm Survey (2004),
Area 156.
1)
Climatically not optimal for maize due to heavy rains and mist. Half of the nitrogeneous fertiliser should be applied at
planting and half after six weeks, otherwise most of it is washed away; * No data available
2)
One year after planting. Second year 280 kg, third 360 kg. See also recommendations of KTDC.
3)
Per 10 trees. C.A.N. twice, A.S.N. or urea once per year. Urea must be dug into the topsoil, since the nitrogen may be lost
into the air as ammonia. 100 gr Double Super Phosphate per tree before planting.
349
ECOLOGICAL UNITS UM 2 m + m, MV 4 & 6 of the MAIN COFFEE ZONE
Crop varieties and
Season
Recommended
Fertiliser Rates
Average Yield
Increase if this
Rate is Applied
Average Yield
Increase if 5 t/ha
Manure is Applied
Other Nutrients
Recommended
kg/ha kg/ha kg/ha
First rainy season
Hybrid maize 200 C.A.N.
1)
, 100 DSP ca. 1500 ca. 600 *
Maize & beans 50 N + 25 P ca. 1000 (maize) * -
Potatoes 75 N + 50 P ca. 7000 - -
Cabbage 50 P ca. 15000 6500 -
Second rainy season
More or less the same
Permanent
Coffee
Up to 60 C.A.N. & 40
A.S.N. or urea, 1 D.S.P.
2)
ca. 1200 * K*
Sources: IRACC: Small Holder Farming Handbook 1997, p. 147; conclusions from Farm Survey (2004), Area
156 & 157.
1)
Half of the nitrogeneous fertiliser should be applied at planting and half after six weeks, otherwise the heavy rains wash away
most of it; * No data available
2)
Per 10 trees. C.A.N. twice, A.S.N. or urea once per year. Urea must be dug into the topsoil, since the nitrogen may be lost
into the air as ammonia. 100 gr Double Super Phosphate per tree before planting.
ECOLOGICAL UNITS UM 3 m/s + m/s, RB 3, MV 3 & 6 of the MARGINAL
COFFEE ZONE
Crop varieties and
Season
Recommended
Fertiliser Rates
Average Yield
Increase if this
Rate is Applied
1)
Average Yield
Increase if 5 t/ha
Manure is Applied
Other Nutrients
Recommended
kg/ha kg/ha kg/ha
First rainy season
Hybrid maize 75 N + 25 P ca. 1200 ca. 800 *
Maize & beans 50 N + 25 P ca. 1000 (maize) * -
Second rainy season
Hybrid maize 50 N + 25 P ca. 800 ca. 700 -
Maize & beans 20 N + 25 P ca. 600 (maize) -
Permanent
Coffee Up to 100 C.A.N.
2)
650 * -
Napier grass 50 N + 20 P ca. 1000 ca. 3500 *
Sources: IRACC: Small Holder Farming Handbook 1997, p. 147; conclusions from Farm Survey (2004), Area
157.
1)
Double rates for cereals will bring almost double increase if climate is suitable and there are no pests and diseases.
2)
Per 10 trees per year, down to 50 kg if rain is below average or annual average is less than 1200 mm.; * No data available
350
ECOLOGICAL UNITS LM 3 s + s, RB 3 of the COTTON ZONE
Recommended
Fertiliser Rates
Average Yield
Increase if this
Rate is Applied
Average Yield
Increase if 5 t/ha
Manure is Applied
Other Nutrients
Recommended
kg/ha kg/ha kg/ha
First rainy season
Maize KCB 50 N + 20 P 1180 ca. 900
-
-
Maize & beans 50 N + 20 P 250 *
Second rainy season
Maize KCB 50 N + 20 P 650 ca. 700 -
Maize & beans 50 N + 20 P 240 * -
Biseasonal (2nd to 1st r.s.)
Cotton
No fertiliser recom-
mended for econo-
mical reasons.
- * -
Source: MURIUKI & QURESHI: Fertiliser Use Manual 2001, p. 126 & 137; conclusions from Farm Survey (2004),
Area 159; IRACC: Small Holder Farming Handbook 1997, p. 155; * No data available
351
ECOLOGICAL UNITS LM 4 s/vs + s/vs, UI 1 of the MARGINAL COTTON
ZONE
Recommended
Fertiliser Rates
Average Yield
Increase if this
Rate is Applied
Average Yield
Increase if 5 t/ha
Manure is Applied
Other Nutrients
Recommended
kg/ha kg/ha kg/ha
First rainy season
Maize DLC
none, rainfall too
risky
ca. 400
-
-
Maize & cowpeas *
Second rainy season
Maize DLC 15 N + 20 P 460 ca. 600 Ca, K, Mg
Maize & Cowpeas 20 P 450 (maize) *
Biseasonal (2nd to 1st r.s.)
Cotton 50 N + 50 P ca. 600 *
Source: MURIUKI & QURESHI: Fertiliser Use Manual 2001, p. 135; KARI and GTZ: Fertil. Use Recomm., Vol.3
Meru District, Nairobi 1995; conclusions from Farm Survey (2004), Area 161; IRACC: Small Holder
Farming Handbook 1997, p. 155; * No data available
352
ECOLOGICAL UNITS IL 5 vs/s + vs/s & vs
1)
+ vs/s, UU 3 of the LIVESTOCK-
MILLET ZONE
Recommended
Fertiliser Rates
Average Yield
Increase if this
Rate is Applied
Average Yield
Increase if 5 t/ha
Manure is Applied
Other Nutrients
Recommended
kg/ha kg/ha kg/ha
First rainy season
Sorghum in vs/s 20 N + 30 P ca. 500 ca. 500
-
-
Maize DLC & cowpeas
in vs/s
30 P ca. 200 (maize) *
Second rainy season
Bulrush millet 40 P ca. 1800 ca. 900 *
Sorghum 20 N + 30 P ca. 550 ca. 600 -
Source: MURIUKI & QURESHI: Fertiliser Use Manual 2001, p. 132 & 137; conclusions from Farm Survey (2004),
Area 163.
1)
In the very short cereals growing period vs, commercial fertilisers are uneconomical due to the climatic risk, and there is
enough manure available.
* No data available
353
354 354
355
3.5 MACHAKOS AND MAKUENI DISTRICTS GROUP
Introduction 3
Table 4: Climate in the Agro-Ecological Zonesand Subzones 10
Potentials and Water Availability & Requirement Diagrams 12
Tables 5 a-d: Climatic Yield Potentials in Marginal and Semi-arid Zones 23
Appendix: Diagrams of Growing Periods in Semi-arid Zones Showing the Variability 27
Soil Map 31
Machakos District
Table 6: Population in Machakos District 37
Table 7: Composition of Households in Machakos District 7: Composition of Households in Machakos District 7: Composition of Households in Machakos District 43
Table 8: Available Land Area in Machakos District per AEZ and Household 49
Makueni District
Table 9 Population in Makueni District 52
Table 10: Composition of Households in Makueni District 57
Table 11: Available Land Area in Makueni District per AEZ and Household 63
Development and Trends of Major Cash Crops in Machakos District 65
Table 12: Coee 65
Table 13: Cotton 66
Development and Trends of Major Cash Crops in Makueni District 66
Table 14: Cotton 66
Tables 15 a-k: Farming Activities in the Agro-Ecological Zones 67
MACHAKOS & MAKUENI 1
356
Tables 17 a-g: Assets, Land Use, Farming Intensity and Inputs 76
Tables 18 a-g: Cropping Pattern 83
UM3 s/m + s/m of the Marginal Coee Zone 90
Tables 19 a-g: Increase of Yields by Better Farm Management 91 - 103
UM4 s + s of the Maize-Sunower Zone 92
UM5 vs/s + vs of the Livestock-Sorghum Zone 94
LM4 vs/s + s/vs of the Marginal Cotton Zone 96
LM5 vu + vs/s of the Livestock-Millet Zone 100
LM5 vu + vs of the Livestock-Millet Zone 102
UM3 s/m + s/m, UU1 & 8 and UUC2 of the Marginal Coee Zones 106
UM4 s + s & s/vs + s/vs, UUC2 of the Maize-Sunower Zone 106
Tables 20 a-g: Fertiliser and Manure Recommendations: 107 - 112
UM4 s + s, UU1 of the Maize-Sunower Zone 108
LM4 vs/s + vs/s, PdUC1 of the Marginal Cotton Zone 108
LM4 vs/s + vs/s, UUC2 of the Marginal Cotton Zone 110
LM5 vu + vs, UUA of the Livestock-Millet Zone 110
LM5 vs + vs/s, UUC2 of the Livestock-Millet Zone 112
357
INTRODUCTION
Te centre of Machakos District and the northwestern Makueni District mainly consist of hills and small
plateaus, rising to between 1800-2100 m. Te district is surrounded by a large plateau that rises to about
1700 m in the West and slopes down to 700 m in the Southeast. Tis undulating peneplain is broken by
isolated mountains like Oldoinyo Sabuk in the Northwest, the volcanic outow of the Yatta Plateau in the
East, and by a range of volcanic ashes, the Chyulu Hills, in the Southeast.
Rainfall is regionally very dierent: Te total annual averages range between 500 and 1300 mm; the 66 %
rainfall reliability during the growing period of the rst rainy season is <100-450 mm, and that of the sec-
ond rainy season 80-530 mm.
Te rains are normally concentrated into two short seasons: end of March-May and end of October-Decem-
ber in the middle of the district. From June to August, the higher parts get additional rains and mist on their
eastern slopes that are caused by the windward eect of the hills on the southeastern trade winds blowing
at that time so that the annual average exceeds 1000 mm there. Tis moist and cool climate on the hill tops
belongs to Agro-ecological Zone LH 2, generally a Wheat/Maize-Pyrethrum Zone. However, these crops are
usually not cultivated here because the farms are too small for wheat and the rainy seasons are slightly too
short for maize so that only fair results can be expected and pyrethrum has a low pyrethrin content due to
high air moisture and relatively low altitude (LH ranges here from 1800 to 2100 m). On the other hand,
potatoes and dairy have good prospects here so that there is every reason for this zone to be named after
these farming enterprises.
Te coee zone below gets enough rain only in the higher areas on the eastern slopes between 1650 and
1800 m (Main Coee Zone = UM2). Below that and on the rain-shadowed western slopes, coee cultiva-
tion becomes marginal (Marginal Coee Zone = UM3). In the rain shadow, most of the Upper Midlands are
too dry for coee. Early maturing maize (Katumani) and sunowers are the leading crops (Sunower-Maize
Zone = UM4). A few kilometres westward, it is too dry for this maize variety. Livestock is the economic
mainstay and could be supplemented by early maturing sorghum (Livestock-Sorghum Zone = UM5); on
black soils some chickpeas could be grown up to the margin of rainfed cultivation (Ranching Zone = UM6).
Down to the Lower Midlands to the East, the climate is so dry, that the Cotton Zone (LM3) is small and the
yields become increasingly poor (Marginal Cotton Zone = LM4). Cotton may be planted in LM5 but with
poorer yields and high risk.
One advantage for cotton cultivation is the fact that towards the Southeast, the second rainy season, i.e. the
planting time for cotton, rainfall amount is more than during the rst rainy season. But below 1100 m it
becomes too dry for cotton and also for maize. It is also a Livestock-Millet Zone (LM5), where early matur-
ing sorghums as well as bulrush, proso and foxtail millet can grow. At present people still rely too much on
maize and therefore famine often occurs.
1)
Especially during dry years, in which the rains are insucient
even for sorghum or millets, new perennial crops like bualo gourds (from Arizona) and Marama beans
(from Kalahari) could be a possibility. Tey have edible seeds rich in protein and form large nutritious tubers
after a few years.
Te colours in the rainfall maps give a rst rough optical association of the possible land use. Because the
rainfall is less concentrated than in Taraka District, the threshold gures are a bit higher here. For detailed
information see AEZ maps, potentials, and soil maps.
1)
For the unreliability of rainfall see BRAUN, H.M.H.: The Reliability of Rainy Seasons in Machakos and Kitui
Districts. Kenya Soil Survey M12, Nairobi 1977.
Development proposals and activities see the G.O.K./USAID; Consortium of International Development:
Marginal/Semi-Arid Land Preinvestment Inventory (Nairobi 1978) and the work of the team of the Machakos
358
359
LEAST 15 YEARS OF RECORD
No. and
altitude
Name of Station
Agro Ecol.
Zone
Subzone
Kind of
records
Annual
rainfall
mm
9137003 Malili UM5-6 Average 635 40 36 78 159 70 9 3 4 9 40 122 65
1853 m Ranch Ltd. (vs/s) + vu 66%rel.
1
544 23 19 31 126 55 0 0 0 0 13 102 41
9137010 Machakos UM4 Av. 915 54 55 120 207 77 12 6 6 9 54 192 123
1640 m District OIfce s + s 66% 767 21 17 60 151 35 1 0 0 0 22 155 87
9137012 Kiu UM5 Av. 557 32 38 81 147 57 7 2 3 6 29 102 53
1461 m Primary School vs/s + vs 66% 463 4 14 43 82 28 0 0 0 0 11 64 31
9137014 Machakos UM5 Av. 647 51 42 82 148 59 9 3 3 11 37 121 81
1650 m Potha Estate vs/s + vs 66% 532 20 19 34 103 40 2 0 0 0 12 113 44
9137020 Kangundo UM2-3 Av. 984 60 55 122 210 71 6 3 7 5 72 250 123
1785 m D. Os OIfce s/m + s/m 66% 748 25 3 55 171 3 2 0 5 1 50 176 121
9137028 Machakos LM 3 Av. 834 47 46 107 177 71 9 3 4 6 50 199 115
1097 m Matiliku s + s 66% 770 37 20 50 87 36 1 0 0 0 12 122 70
9137032 Sultan Hamud, UM4 Av. 838 44 44 121 202 60 8 3 4 7 59 196 90
1388 m Kasikeu Sec. S. s + s 66%
2
772 35 20 55 95 30 1 0 0 0 13 120 60
9137042 Konza Kapiti UM6 Av. 541 40 30 62 132 62 10 2 3 7 33 95 65
1707 m Estate Ltd. b r 66% 395 5 3 22 71 38 0 0 0 0 4 54 29
9137054 Donyo Sabuk UM 3 Av. 925 40 37 115 224 73 12 5 6 10 71 216 116
1478 m Kianzavi F.C.S. Ltd. s/m + s/m 66% 775 8 14 55 166 35 3 0 0 2 26 176 51
9137055 Muka Mukuu UM 3 Av. 939 28 45 131 223 82 7 5 4 10 80 217 107
1487 m Farm. Coop Society s/m + s/m 66%
2
785 5 16 65 165 40 2 0 0 2 30 177 47
9137056 Makueni LM 3 Av. 736 40 30 84 158 61 7 1 3 10 56 180 108
1204 m Unoa Hill s + s 66% 558 28 13 65 96 29 0 0 0 0 14 103 71
9137058 Kabaa LM4 Av. 753 31 31 97 173 54 9 3 3 10 60 193 89
1220 m Catholic Misson vs/s + vs/s 66% 583 9 0 77 90 13 0 0 0 0 19 110 45
9137065 Stony Athi UM6 Av. 557 41 31 55 143 71 10 7 5 6 34 92 64
1615 m Estate (-76) b r 66% 438 15 7 24 85 36 6 0 0 0 7 55 42
9137069 Makueni LM5 Av. 690 41 37 79 118 44 4 1 3 3 45 205 110
870 m Athi Camp vu + vs 66% 459 10 4 45 70 19 1 0 1 0 3 46 68
9137070 Ngelani Station UM 3 Av. 915 56 52 106 198 79 11 7 3 8 65 193 137
1800 m Agric. Quarters s/m + s/m 66%
2
765 22 18 55 148 36 1 0 0 0 26 156 95
9137071 Machakos, UM4 Av. 711 54 43 72 154 61 6 3 3 6 39 174 96
1494 m Makabete s + s 66% 590 32 15 50 83 33 0 0 0 0 3 145 33
9137073 Aim Ma UM4 Av. 632 39 37 75 169 76 10 2 4 10 39 115 56
1778 m Kilungu Ltd. s/vs + vs/s 66% 543 20 14 49 115 64 0 0 0 1 16 78 36
9137074 Kithimani LM4 Av. 754 39 29 103 160 63 9 2 4 7 57 202 79
1260 m D.Os OIfce vs/s + vs/s 66% 582 12 0 80 85 15 0 0 0 0 18 105 40
9137075 Makueni, LM4-5 Av. 702 35 36 83 147 51 12 2 5 5 46 188 90
1120 m Kampi ya Mawe vs/s + vs/s 66% 601 2 13 19 102 32 2 1 1 2 6 166 70
9137078 Mbooni UM2 Av. 1249 66 62 138 248 93 16 5 8 11 100 328 174
1763 m ChieIs OIfce m/s + m/s 66%
2
845 50 6 135 164 50 4 1 1 6 15 215 73
9137082 Rohet Lukenya UM6 Av. 555 42 35 47 95 79 19 5 9 17 46 110 51
1529 m Ranching C.S. Ltd. b r 66% 491 20 10 35 87 65 12 0 0 10 18 48 14
9137089 Katumani Exp. UM4 Av. 673 42 41 81 144 63 8 5 4 0 40 157 88
1600 m Res. Station s/vs + vs/s 66% 582 13 9 59 108 37 1 0 1 0 7 118 60
9137090 Donyo Sabuk, UM4 Average 920 53 38 123 216 83 14 5 5 8 76 212 87
1295 m Ngoliba Estate s + s 66%rel.
1
795 15 26 85 158 50 5 0 0 0 48 145 43
9137091 Kilome LH 2 Av. 1035 49 48 128 263 118 18 13 9 18 44 230 97
1981 m District OIfce m/s + m/s 66% 960 39 28 80 160 75 9 4 3 5 25 160 55
360
Table 1: Continued
No. and
altitude
Name of Station
Agro Ecol.
Zone
Subzone
Kind of
records
Annual
rainfall
mm
9137098 Machakos UM4 Av. 760 51 52 94 169 64 10 10 4 10 49 158 89
1573 m Dam s/vs + vs/s 66%
2
615 22 21 48 115 40 7 3 0 2 20 112 40
9137100 Nzau UM 3 Av. 1244 59 41 144 259 100 22 15 15 19 112 309 149
1615 m Forest Station s/m + s/m 66% 844 45 3 39 172 53 5 4 3 10 16 195 65
9137103 Thika UM4 Av. 867 41 36 111 233 67 13 5 5 9 64 207 76
1524 m Yatta Furrow s/vs + s/vs 66% 725 2 8 35 169 30 8 1 2 3 28 120 30
9137105 Uuni UM4 Av. 885 45 40 108 194 56 14 3 4 9 66 260 86
1622 m Forest Station s + s 66% 750 32 20 38 160 25 8 0 0 0 21 155 29
9137107 B&T Malinda UM6 Av. 487 35 35 52 126 53 12 8 5 10 30 76 45
1500 m Ranch, Lukenya b r 66% 410 17 10 38 75 24 7 0 0 1 6 40 15
9137108 Koma Rock UM5-6 Av. 621 35 53 81 167 33 6 6 2 6 32 144 56
1530 m Ranch OIfce (vs/s) + vu 66% 530 17 15 45 100 17 1 0 0 0 7 98 18
9137112 Konza UM4-5 Av. 613 36 40 51 160 57 6 3 2 5 57 119 77
1675 m Ranch OIfce s/vs + vs 66% 522 10 9 33 110 33 1 0 0 0 6 90 51
9137115 Rohet UM6 Av. 573 28 46 60 119 68 25 9 9 14 33 106 56
1500 m Ranch b r 66% 505
9137117 Matuu Scheme LM5 Av. 629 32 23 71 154 49 13 2 2 8 49 171 55
1230 m Sites Yatta vs + vs/s 66%
2
510 2 1 22 110 22 7 0 0 2 23 115 20
9137119 Mwala LM4 Av. 775 41 38 97 169 41 10 6 5 7 54 204 103
1230 m Locat. Centre vs/s + s/vs 66%
2
600 12 2 77 89 10 1 0 0 0 17 116 55
9137121 Ngoliba LM4 Av. 846 33 33 104 235 66 16 7 16 10 79 184 63
1350 m Scheme vs/s + s/vs 66%
2
710 3 5 34 170 30 10 2 5 4 35 100 25
9137143 Masii UM4 Av. 739 39 30 77 165 42 9 3 6 13 48 203 106
1335 m ChieIs OIfce s + s 66%
2
565 11 1 28 138 20 5 0 0 3 16 140 36
9237000 Makindu LM5 Av. 609 39 29 73 115 29 2 1 1 2 30 172 116
997 m Met. Station vs + vs/s 66% 497 20 8 22 82 12 0 0 0 0 4 139 98
9237002 Kibwezi, DWA LM5 Av. 659 46 29 81 122 29 4 3 2 4 26 177 136
914 m Plantation Ltd. vs + vs/s 66% 547 7 4 28 72 11 0 0 0 0 1 135 108
9237003 Simba LM5 Av. 618 42 33 67 127 39 4 1 2 5 32 160 106
1036 m Railway Station vu + vs 66% 538 3 0 27 76 23 0 0 0 0 2 134 52
9237018 Kiboko LM6-5 Av. 566 51 32 53 108 25 2 1 1 4 27 145 109
975 m Tsetse Station b r 66% 436 16 3 33 72 18 0 0 0 0 1 118 71
9237057 A.D.C. Nzai LM4 Av. 749 68 46 99 131 69 7 2 3 6 47 183 88
1170 m Ranch, Man. Hse vs/s + vs/s 66%
2
600 4 15 40 94 35 1 0 0 2 5 140 65
9238003 Masongaleni LM5 Av. 603 29 32 58 119 27 3 1 1 3 28 160 141
855 m Railway Stn. vs + vs 66% 519 5 11 16 57 11 0 0 0 0 0 122 105
9238007 Darajani LM4 Av. 531 22 24 54 109 19 4 1 1 4 20 153 120
784 m Railway Station vu + vs 66% 450 8 9 10 80 5 0 0 0 0 0 80 60
9238018 Bushwackers IL 5 Av.
2
589 44 21 66 90 53 2 1 4 8 29 171 102
700 m Camp vu + vs 66% 506
1
2
Estimate of this reliability by correlation, no detailed data were available for enough years to GTZ.
361
No. and
altitude
Name of
Station
AEZ
1)
Kind of
records
Temperature inC
Belt
limits
9137089
1600 m
Katumani
Agric. Res. Stn. Res. Stn.
UM 4
Mean max. 25.8 27.1 26.4 25.1 24.2 23.0 22.1 22.6 25.1 26.3 24.1 24.2 24.7
1800 m
UM
1300 m
Mean temp. 19.8 20.7 20.9 20.4 19.3 17.5 16.9 17.1 18.7 20.1 19.6 19.3 19.2
Mean min. 13.8 14.3 15.3 15.7 14.3 12.0 11.6 11.6 12.2 13.8 15.1 14.3 13.7
Abs. min. 8.1 5.6 8.6 10.0 7.8 6.7 6.1 3.4 6.1 0.1 8.5 9.5 6.7
9237000
997 m
Makindu
Met. Station
LM 5
Mean max. 29.0 30.7 30.8 29.5 28.3 27.4 26.4 26.8 28.6 29.8 28.5 27.6 28.6
1300 m
LM
750 m
Mean temp. 23.2 24.3 24.6 24.0 22.6 21.1 20.1 20.5 21.9 23.4 23.3 22.7 22.6
Mean min. 17.3 17.8 18.4 18.5 16.9 14.7 13.8 14.2 15.1 16.9 18.0 17.8 16.6
Abs. min 12.3 12.7 10.6 12.4 11.1 9.8 8.8 9.2 10.9 11.7 12.2 12.1 11.2
1)
No. and
altitude
Name of
Station
Type
1)
AEZ
Year
in mm
% of
PET
9137089 Katumani calc.
164 158 167 133 120 104 103 114 100 173 141 145 1622 673 41%
1600 m Agric. Res. Stn. UM4
9237000 Makindu calc.
172 174 195 165 150 133 137 153 122 207 168 159 1934 609 31%
997 m Met. Station LM5
1)
Type of equation: calculated by formula of PENMAN & MCCULLOCH with albedo for green grass 0.2; see
MCCULLOCH (1965): Tables for the Rapid Computation of the PENMAN Estimate of Evaporation.- East African East African
Agricultural & Forestry Journal, Vol. 30, No.3, p. 286-295.
362
363
364
MACHAKOS & MAKUENI
Agro-
Ecological
Zone
Subzone
Altitude
in m
Ann. mean
temperature
inC
Ann. av.
rainfall
in mm
66% reliability
of rainfall
1)
1
st
rainy s.
in mm
2
nd
rainy s.
in mm
1
st
rainy s.
in days
2
nd
rainy s.
in days
Total
2)
in days
LH 2
Wheat/Maize-
Pyrethrum zone
m + m/s 1830-2130 17.9-16.0 1000-1.300 300-500 300-500 135-155 135-155 > 250
LH 3
Wheat/Maize-
Barley Zone
s/m + s Very small, unimportant
LH 4
Cattle-Sheep-
Barley Zone
s/vs + vs/s Very small, unimportant
UM 2
Main Coffee Zone
m + m/s
1400-1770 20.5-18.1
980-1200 350-430 350-500 130-150 110-130 > 240
m/s + m/s 970-1100 350-410 350-450 115-130 110-130 > 225
UM3
Marginal Coffee
Zone
m/s + s/m
1400-1830 20.5-17.9
950-1050 350-400 350-400 110-130 105-115 -
s/m + s/m 900-1000 300-390 300-390 105-115 100-110 -
UM 4
Sunfower-Maize
Zone
s + s
1340-1830 20.9-17.9
800-950 250-350 250-350 85-105 85-105 -
s/vs + s/vs 700-800 200-280 200-250 75-85 70-85 -
UM5
Livestock-
Sorghum Zone
vs/s + vs
1460-1710 20.2-18.6
600-750 150-250 150-230 65-75 50-65 -
(vs/s) + i 550-600 150-200 150-200 65-70 20-40 -
UM6
Upper Midland
Ranching Zone
b r No rainfed agriculture possible except with runoff-water harvesting techniques
LM3
Cotton Zone
s + s
1160-1350 22.0-20.9
800-900 250-350 250-350 85-105 85-105 > 170
3)
s/vs +s/vs 750-900 250-300 250-300 75-85 75-85 > 150
3)
LM 4
Marginal Cotton
Zone
s/vs + s/vs
1160-1280 22.0-21.3
700-850 220-350 250-350 75-85 75-85 > 150
3)
vs/s + s/vs 700-800 190-300 250-350 55-75 75-85 > 150
3)
LM5
Lower Midland
Livestock-Millet
Zone
(vs/s) + vs/s
790-1220 24.0-21.6
650-750 180-300 200-300 55-70 55-75 -
vs + vs/s 600-800 150-250 180-250 45-55 55-75 -
vu + vs/s 600-700 80-160 180-250 20-40 55-75 -
vu + vs 600-700 50-160 150-220 20-40 45-55 -
LM6
Lower Midland
Ranching Zone
IL 6
Inner Lowland
Ranching Zone
1)
Amounts surpassed normally in 10 of 15 years, falling during the agro-humid period which allows growing of cereals and
legumes.
2)
Only added if rainfall continues at least for survival (> 0.2 PET) of certain long term crops.
3)
From second to rst rainy season of the following year, not counting the stop during the dry season.
10
365
366
LH 2 = Wheat / Mai ze- Pyret hrum Zone ( here Dai ry- Pot at o Zone)
LH 2
m+m/s
= Wheat/Maize-Pyrethrum Zone (resp. Dairy-Potato Zone)
with a medium and a medium to short cropping season
No very good potential
1
st
rainy season, start norm. end of March: M. mat. wheat like Kenya Tembo (~60%)
1)
, m.
mat. barely
1)
: peas, potatoes: cabbages, caulifower, kales, carrots, beetroot, spinach,
lettuces, tomatoes
2
nd
rainy season, start norm. end of Oct.: M. mat. wheat (~70%), m. mat. barley, very late
mat. maize (N.-July, ~60%); peas, potatoes; vegetables like above
Whole year: Black wattle, plums
1
st
rainy season: Finger millet; rapeseed, linseed; sweet potatoes
2
nd
rainy seed: Late mat. maize (N.-June), fnger millet: m. mat. sunfower like Hybrid
S301A; m. mat. beans like (Red Cuarentino), sweet potatoes
Whole year: Pyrethrum (~40%)
2)
, tea (40-50%), apples, pears, avocados, passion fruit
About 1 ha/LU on secondary pasture (originally montane forest), around 0.5 ha/LU on
artifcial pasture oI Kikuyu grass, less than 0.3 ha/LU with Napier grass and Iodder legumes
for dairy cows
LH 3 = Wheat / Mai ze- Barl ey Zone
LH 3
s/m +s
= Wheat/Maize-Barley Zone
with a short to medium and a short cropping season
Very small at Mua Hills. E. mat. wheat and barley in 1
st
rainy season good
1)
, m. mat. maize
like H 511-518 fair; plums good, pears fair; no tea possibilities, pyrethrum poor; most other
crops mentioned in LH 2 fair
LH 4 = Cat t l e- Sheep- Barl ey Zone
LH 4
s/vs+vs/s
Very small. No good crop potentials except short to very short mat. barley varieties which are
bred in Kashmir or Ladakh
UM 2
m+m/s
= Main Coffee Zone
with a medium and a medium to short cropping season
1
st
rainy season, start norm. mid March: M. mat. Maize like H 511 - 518; m. mat. beans,
potatoes, sweet potatoes, m. mat. sunfower like Hybrid S 301 A, cabbages, kales,
tomatoes, onions
2
nd
rainy season, start norm. mid Oct.: E. mat. maize like Katumani Comp. B, Meru foxtail
millet, m. mat. sorghum like 2 KX 17; e. mat. beans, sweet potatoes (Aug./S.-Jan.); m.
mat. sunfower like Hybrid S 301 A: kales, cabbages, onions, tomatoes
Whole year: Arabica coffee; bananas, citrus, avocados, passion fruit, loquats, mountain paw
paws, guavas (pink), Macadamia nuts
2
nd
rainy season: M. mat. maize like (Aug./S.-J/F.), fnger millet: e. mat. potatoes
Whole year: Cassava, sugar cane in lower and wet places (valleys), coffee on less suitable
soils; peaches, and apricots.
367
MACHAKOS & MAKUENI
Pa s t ur e & f or a ge
0.6-1.0 ha/LU on secondary pasture of star grass (Cynodon dactylon); down to about 0.2 ha/
LU feeding Napier or Bana grass with banana leaves and other forage
UM 2
m/s+m/s
= Main Coffee Zone
Very small, yield potential in 1
st
rainy season like UM 3 m/s + s/m, in 2
nd
rainy season like
UM2 m + m/s. Yields of perennial crops and stocking rates like UM 2 m + m/s less 10%.
UM 3 = Margi nal Cof f ee Zone
UM3
ms/+s/m
1
st
rainy season, start norm. mid of March: E. mat. maize like Katumani Comp. B (60-70%),
e. mat. sorghum like KARI Mtama 1, ratoon of e. mat. sorghum from previous 2
nd
rainy
season (70-80): m. mat. sunfower like Kenya Fedha or Shaba: onions, cabbages
2
nd
rainy season, start norm. end of Oct.: E. mat. foxtail and proso millet (70-80%), e. mat.
sorghum, e. mat. sunfower like 252
Whole year: Pineapples (lower places), Macadamia nuts, castor, guavas (pink), sweet
potatoes
13
368
1
st
rainy season: M. mat. maize like H 511-518, fnger millet: e. mat. beans, sweet potatoes:
kales, tomatoes
2
nd
rainy season: Late mat. maize (N.-June), Katumani Comp.B maize; e. mat. beans (50-
60%), sweet potatoes; cabbages, kales, tomatoes
Whole year: Arabica coIIee (lower places poor, there add. irrigation proftable), bananas,
paw paws, passion fruits, citrus, in higher places peaches and apricots.
0.7-1.2 ha/LU on secondary high grass savanna with Zebra grass (Hyparrhenia rufa) and
star grass (Cynodon dactylon); down to ~0.2 ha/LU feeding Napier or Bana grass (if well
manured), maize stalks, and other forage
UM 3
s/m+s/m
1
st
rainy season, start norm. end oI March: maize like KCB (60): dwarI sunfower, e. mat.
sunfower like 252 (60-70): e. mat. cabbages, onions
2
nd
rainy season, and whole year like UM 3 m/s + s/m. Fair yield potential similar as UM
3 m/s+s/m but coffee and bananas mostly marginal; stocking rates on medium grass
savanna a bit less than above
UM 4 = Sunflower-Maize Zone
UM 4
s+s
= Sunnower-Maize Zone
(see Diagram Makabete)
369
MACHAKOS & MAKUENI
1
st
rainy season, start norm. end of March: Katumani maize (~60%), e. mat. sorghum like
KARI Mtama 1, ratoon of sorghum: e. mat. beans: sunfower like Hybrid S 345 (below
1,500 m) or 252 (above 1500m); tomatoes, onions
2
nd
rainy season, start norm. end of Oct.: The same, ratoon sorghum (N.-June)
Whole year: Sisal
1
st
rainy season: Finger millet; e. mat. cowpeas, bonavist beans (dolichos); sweet potatoes
2
nd
rainy season: The same
Whole year: Cassava (up to 1500 m), Macadamia nuts, pigeon peas, citrus, pineapples, paw
paws, castor
Pa s t or a nd f or a ge
1-2 ha/LU on high grass savanna with Zebra grass (Hyparrhenia rufa) predominant; about
1 ha on art. pasture of Boma Rhodes; down to 0.25 ha/LU feeding Bana grass (if well
manured) and planting horse tamarind (Leucaena leucocephala) and saltbush (Atriplex
nummularia) as best palatable shrubs
UM 4
s/vs + s/vs
= Sunnower-Maize Zone
1
st
rainy season: V. e. mat. barley (above 1500 m), e. mat. sorghum like KARI Mtama 1
~60): dwarI sunfower, chick peas (on heavy black soils in lower places)
2
nd
rainy season: Dryland comp. maize (~60%), e. mat. foxtail and proso millet, v. e. mat.
barley (above 1500 m), v. e. mat. sorghum (up to 1800 m, 60-70): dwarI sunfower (60-
70%)
Whole year: Sisal
1
st
rainy season: Dryland comp. maize (50-60%), Katumani maize (~40%), ratoon of e. mat.
sorghum; e. mat. beans (40-50%), v. e. mat. cowpeas (50-60%, below 1500 m)
2
nd
rainy season: The same plus ratoon sorghum (50-60%, N.-June)
Whole year: Castor
Stocking rates 10-20% less than UM 4 s+s
UM 5 = Li vest ock- Sorghum Zone
UM5
vs/s + vs
= Livestock-Sorghum Zone
with a very short to short and a very short cropping
(see Diagram Potha Estate)
1
st
rainy season, start norm, end of March: V. e. mat. sorghum like IS 8595, dwarf sorghum;
chick peas (on h. black soils in lower places): dwarI sunfower, rai (oilseed Brassica
juncea form Jodhpur)
2
nd
rainy season, start norm. begin oI Nov.: Yields a bit less, sunfower poor
1
st
rainy season: Dryland comp. (30-40%) and Katumani maize (20-30%); v. e. mat. beans
like Katheka 1
1.8 - 3 ha/LU on short grass savanna with red oats grass (Themeda triandra) predominant.
No forage cultivation necessary on good grassland soils, on degraded pastures and stony
soils saltbush (Atriplex numm.) and other fodder plants (see Table XII) advisable
UM 5
(vs/s) + vu
= Livestock-Sorghum zone
with a (weak) very short to short cropping season and a very uncertain one
1
st
rainy season like UM 5 vs/s+vs but less a third
2
nd
rainy season too small and unreliable
15
370
1
st
rainy season: Dryland comp. (20-30%) and Katumani maize (~20%); Katheka beans (20-
30%)
2-5-4 ha/LU on short grass savanna with buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) predominant
UM 6 = Upper Mi dl and Ranchi ng Zone
UM 6
b r
= Upper Midland Ranching zone
No rainfed agriculture advisable. Limited irrigation near Athi River
About 4 ha/LU on nearly treeless short grass savanna. Dominating black soils not suitable
for fodder shrubs. Especially short rains are diminishing considerably west of hillsides.
LM 3
s+s
= Cotton Zone
2
nd
rainy season, start norm. mid Oct.: E. mat. proso millet like Serere
371
1
st
rainy season, start norm, end of March: Dryland comp. maize, ratoon of e. mat. sorghum,
e. mat. bulrush millet (but not recommended), e. mat. Ioxtail millet like 1 Se 285, fnger
millet; e. mat. beans, e. mat. cowpeas, chick peas (on heavy black soils), e. mat. grams
like KVR 22: e. mat. sunfower like Hybrid S 345
2
nd
rainy season: DLC maize, e. mat. sorghum like 2KX 17, e. mat. bulrush millet; green
grams, e. mat. cowpeas, pigeon peas (O.-S.) dwarI sunfower
Whole year, best planting time end of Oct.: Sisal, castor C-15, paw paws, guavas
1
st
rainy season: E. mat. maize like Katumani Comp. B; dolichos beans (5060%), e. mat.
groundnuts like Makulu Red in light soils, e. mat. soya beans; sweet potatoes; Virginia
tobacco; tomatoes, onions
2
nd
rainy season: Katumani Comp. B maize, dolichos beans, e. mat. beans, e. mat. ground
nuts: cotton bimodal var. (end oI S./O.-Aug.), e. mat. sunfower
Whole year: Cassava, pineapples, mangoes, Macadamia nuts, bananas, lemons, passion fruits
2
nd
rainy season: Virginia tobacco; e. mat. sweet potatoes
Whole year: Citrus
0.8-1.9ha/LU on high grass savanna with Zebra grass (Hyparrhenia rufa) predominant, down
to than 0.3ha/LU feeding Bana grass, Siratro (Macroptilium atropurpureum), horse tamarind
(Leucaena leucocephala) a.o. (see Table XII)
LM 3
s/vs+s/vs
= Cotton Zone
Small, potential nearly as LM 3 s+s less about 10%. First rains are smaller and less reliable
than 2
nd
rains
LM
s/vs+s/vs
1
st
rainy season, start norm. end of March: Dryland comp. Maize (on contour ridges, 60-
70%), ratoon of e. mat. sorghum like Serena or v. e. mat. like IS 8595 (70-80%), e.
mat. bulrush millet (awned var. preferred), e. mat. foxtail or proso millet (70-80%); e.
mat. beans like Mwezi moja (~60%); v. e. mat. cowpeas, black and green grams, chick
peas (on h. black soils): e. mat. sunfower like Issanka (~60), rai (oilseed): v. e. mat.
pumpkins
2
nd
rainy season, start norm. end of Oct.: The same but planting the sorghum (for ratoon in
next r.)
Whole year, best pl. time end of Oct.: Sisal, cassava, buffalo gourds (on sandy soils) and
Marama beans (both still experimental), Vigna, castor C-15 (~60%)
1
st
rainy season, Katumani maize (on contour ridges), m. mat. sorghum; e. mat. soya beans,
dolichos beans, e. mat. bambarra groundnuts (on light poor soils); sweet potatoes;
onions, tomatoes
2
nd
rainy season: The same and cotton bimodal var. (O.-Aug., on good soils, otherwise poor);
pigeon peas
Whole year: Macadamia nuts
Safe yields in also dry years with runoff-catching agriculture (Fig. 2.6.1, p. 49).
2-3.5 ha/LU on mixed undestroyed medium grass savanna with Makueni guinea (panicum
maximum) and Red oats grass (Themeda triandra) predominant; if degraded reseeding
with Maasai love grass, buffel grass and Makueni guinea, and planting salt bushes
(Atriplex nummularia), horse tamarinds and Mesquite (Proposis iulifora) as palatable
shrubs, and applering acacias (Gao tree, Ac. albida) for fruits and leaves; silage of fodder
sorghum, vines of moth beans, and others (see Table XII)
372
LM 4
vs/s+s/vs
with a very short to short and a short to very short cropping season
1
st
rainy season, start norm. end of March: E. mat. proso millet like Serere 1; e. mat. foxtail
millet like 1Se 285; v. e. Katheka beans, v.e. mat. cow peas, v.e. mat. grams like KVR 26,
tepary beans, v. e. mat. soya beans, v.e. mat. pumpkins
2
nd
rainy season, start e. of O./Nov. E. mat. foxtail or proso millet; v. e. mat. cowpeas, green
grams, Katheka beans, tepary beans, v.e. mat. soya beans like Nyala, chick peas (on h.
black soils); v.e.mat. pumpkins
Whole year: Buffalo gourds and Marama beans (both on sandy soils, still exp.)
1
st
rainy season: Dryland comp. Maize (~40%), v. e. mat. sorghum like KARI Mtama 1, e.
mat. bulrush millet like Serere Comp. II; black grams, v. e. mat. cowpeas, chick peas (on
heavy black soils) dwarI sunfower, rai (oilseed)
2
nd
rainy season: Dryland comp. maize (~50%), v.e. mat. sorghum like IS 8595 (50-60%,
e. mat. bulrush millet (50-60%); pigeon peas (N.-Aug., 40-50%), Mwezi moja beans,
dolichos beans, black grams; e. mat. soya beans, cotton (on very good soils 40-50%
otherwise poor);sweet potatoes; tomatoes, onions
Whole year: Sisal, cassava (40-50%), castor C-15
2.5-4 ha/LU on medium to short grass savanna and bushland; if degraded improvable like
LM4 s/vs+s/vs; down to 0.3 ha/LU with silage of fodder sorghum or hay of moth beans
vines, fodder plants like in LM 4 s/vs+s/vs, and others (see Table XII)
LM 4
vs/s + vs/s
(see Diagram Makueni, Kampi ya Mawe)
1
st
rainy season, start norm. e. of March: As in LM 4 vs/s +s/vs, see above
2
nd
rainy season, start norm. e. of Oct.: E. mat. proso millet like Serere 1;e. mat. foxtail millet
like 1 Se 285; Katheka beans, v.e. mat. cowpeas, v.e. mat. grams like KVR 26, tepary
beans, moth beans; v.e. mat. pumpkins
Whole year: Buffalo gourds (on sandy soils) and Marama beans (both still exp.), Opuntia
(spineless var. for fruits and vegetable, also fodder).
1
st
rainy season: Dryland Comp. maize, e. mat. bulrush millet (bird repelling awned var.
preferable), e. mat. sorghum, e. mat. proso millet like Sere 1 (50-60%), e. mat. foxtail
millet; black and green grams, v. e. mat. cowpeas, chick peas (on heavy black soils);
dwarI sunfower, v. e. mat. groundnuts (on light soils)
2
nd
rainy season: Dryland Comp. maize, e. mat. bulrush millet (nearly 60%), sorghum (nearly
60%), e. mat. foxtail millet (nearly 60%); Mwezi moja beans (40-50%), black and green
grams (50-60%), moth beans (50-60%), v. e. mat. cowpeas (50-60%), chick peas (on h.
bl. soils) (50-60%); rai (oilseed), dwarI sunfower (50-60), v. e. mat. groundnuts (on
light soils) like Makulu Red.
Whole year: Sisal, castor like C-15
2
nd
rains: Katumani maize (~30%), cotton (N.- Aug. ~30%, only on patches of good soils),
pigeon peas
Yields improve and risk of crop failure reduced by runoff-water harvesting agriculture (see
Fig. 2.6.2, p. 50).
2.5-5 ha/LU depending on degradation on mixed short grass savanna or bushland with buffel
grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) and horsetail grass (Chloris roxburghiana) predominant. Down to
about 0.4 ha/LU with silage of fodder sorghum, hay of moth beans and other forage; saltbush
best palatable shrub to improve degraded pasture and to establish fodder reserves for dry
seasons or year. Good potential for bee-keeping
373
MACHAKOS & MAKUENI
LM 5 = Li vest ock- Mi l l et Zone
LM 5
(vs/s) + vs/s
with a weak very short to short and a very short to short cropping season
Very small. Potential in 1
st
rainy season ca. 10% less than in LM 4 vs/s + vs/s, cotton poor
LM 5
vs+vs/s
with a very short and a very short to short cropping season
1
st
rainy season, start norm. end of March: V. e. mat. grams (on medium soils)
2
nd
rainy season, start norm. e. of Oct.: V.e. mat foxtail millet like 1Se 285, Katheka beans
(Kat/Bean 1), tepary beans, v.e. mat. cow peas like MTW 610, grams like KVR 26, v.e.
mat. soya beans like Nyala
1
st
rainy season, V.e.mat. proso millet; v.e. mat. cowpeas and green grams (KVR 26)
2
nd
rainy season: Dryland Comp. maize, e. mat. pearl millet, e. mat. proso millet (Kat Pro 1),
e. mat. bulrush millet like Serere Comp. II, e. mat. sorghum like KARI Mtama-1, e. mat.
beans like Rosecoco, e. mat. cowpeas like K80, e. mat. dolichos beans (Kat/DL-1), e.
mat. groundnuts like Makulu Red; v.e. mat. pumpkins, e. mat. onions
Whole year: Sisal, castor, yeheb nuts
1
st
rainy season: Dryland Comp. maize (high risk), diff. millets (see Table 5a); e.mat.
dolichos beans, tepary beans and other pulses
2
nd
rainy season: Finger millet
19
374
MACHAKOS & MAKUENI
As in LM 4 vs/s + vs/s but ca. 15% lower stocking rates in the 1
st
rainy season. Grass seeding
in Ienced plots has proved to be a proftable part oI Iarming (seeds available in Kiboko
Range Res. Stn.)
LM 5
(vs)+vs/s
with a weak very short and a very short to short cropping season
(See Diagram Kibwezi and Tables 5a and b and using runoff-water harvesting techniques,
see Fig. 2.6.2 in Chapter 2.6, p. 50))
Good yi e l d pot e nt i a l (except for green grams only on occuring Farralsols)
2
nd
rainy season, start end of Oct.: V. e. mat. foxtail millet; Katheka beans, v.e. mat. cowpeas,
v.e mat. green grams (KVR 26), tepary bean, moth beans, v.e. mat. soya beans (Nyala),
v.e. mat. rai (oilseed)
Whole year: Buffalo gourds (on light soils) and Marama beans (both still exp.)
1
st
rainy season, start end of March:, on Ferralsols: V.e. mat. proso millet, hog millet, green
grams (KVR 26)
2
nd
rainy season, on Ferralsols: Dryland Comp. maize, e. mat. proso millet (Kat Pro 1),e.
mat fnger millet (Kat/FM 1), pearl millet (Kat PM 1-3), e. mat. bulrush millet like Serere
Comp. II, e. mat. sorghum; v.e. mat. cowpeas (K 80), black grams, chick peas (on heavy
black soils); e. mat. dolichos beans, e. mat. beans, e. mat. groundnuts; v.e. mat. pumpkins,
e. mat. onions; on Luvi- & Acrisols: Same cereals except DLC maize plus pulses from
good potential (except KVR 26)
Whole year: Castor C-15, sisal, e. mat. cassava, yeheb nuts
1
st
rainy season, start norm. e. of March: V. e. mat. foxtail millet, v.e. mat. proso millet (on
Luvi- & Acrisols); tepary beans (more crops see Tables 5a & b)
2
nd
rainy season: KCB maize, fnger millet, e. mat. sorghum (more crops see Tables 5a & b)
3.5-5.5 ha/LU on undisturbed natural pasture, if degraded well improvable with horsetail
grass (Chloris roxburghiana) and grazing rotation; down to less than 0.7 ha/LU with
saltbush, Mesquite (Prosopis iulifora) and Algarrobo (Pr. chilensis), moth bean vines as hay,
silage of fodder sorghum for dry seasons, and other fodder plants (see Table XII)
LM 5
vs+vs
Fa i r poor yi e l d pot e nt i a l
1
st
rainy season, start norm. e. of March: V.e. mat. foxtail and hog millet; v. e. mat. green
grams (KVR 26), v.e. mat. cowpeas, moth beans, chick peas (on h. bl. soils), v. e. mat.
bambarra groundnuts (on light soils); v.e. mat. pumpkins
2
nd
rainy season, start e. of Oct.: same crops but less crop failures
Whole year: Buffalo gourds (on light soils) and Marama beans (both still exp.)
Almost as in LM 5 (vs) + vs/s but ca. 15% lower stocking rate in 2
nd
rainy season
LM 5
vu + vs/s
with a verv uncertain hrst cropping season ana a verv short to short secona one
Small, potential see Tables 5c & d, Makindu, and this subzone in Kitui district (diagram of
Makindu in Chapter 2.5)
LM 5
vu + vs
with a verv uncertain hrst cropping season
3)
and a very short second one
Fa i r t o good yi e l d pot e nt i a l
2
nd
rainy season, start norm. b. of Nov.: V. e. mat. foxtail and hog millet
Whole year: Buffalo gourds (on light soils) and Marama beans (both still experimental)
20
375
MACHAKOS & MAKUENI
2
nd
rainy season: E. mat. bulrush millet (~40%), v. e. mat. sorghum (~40%); moth beans, v.e.
mat. green grams (KVR 26), v.e. mat. cow peas, chick peas (on heavy black soils); v.e.
mat. bambarra groundnuts (on light solis); v.e. mat. pumpkins
Risk of total crop failures of maize: 6 out 10 seasons
Whole year: Sisal (40-50%), castor, yeheb nuts
2
nd
rainy season: V.e. mat. proso millet; e. mat dolichos beans; e. mat. onions
Runoff-catching agriculture see Fig. 2.6.2, p. 50
3.5-5.0 ha/LU, down to about 0.8 ha/LU with silage of fodder sorghum and hay of moth
bean vines, grass and palatable shrubs as saltbush and others (see Table XII)
LM 6 = Lower Mi dl and Ranchi ng Zone
LM 6
b r
= Ranching Zone
No rainIed agriculture possible with runoII-catching techniques (see fg. 2.6.2). Limited
smallscale irrigation possibilities
4-5 ha/LU on undisturbed grass savanna
21
376
MACHAKOS & MAKUENI
IL 5
vu+vs
with a verv uncertain hrst cropping season ana a verv short one
Very small, potential nearly the same as in LM 5 vu + vs, few possibilities for irrigation and
ground water use (even for bananas) near Athi River
IL 6 = Inner Lowl and Ranchi ng Zone
Conditions as in LM 6 br, but at least 4.5 ha/LU
End notes
1) Not advisable to small scale farmers here
2) Measured according to pyrethrine content which is low because of high air moisture and relatively low altitude
3) It means the probability for a minimum growing period of at least 45 days is less than 60%. Cultivation is therefore too risky
except with special techniques ( see Fig. 2.6.2, p. 50)
22
377
MACHAKOS & MAKUENI
TABLES 5a-d: CLIMATIC YIELD POTENTIALS IN MARGINAL AND
SEMI-ARID SUBZONES
1)
in LM 5 (vs)
+
vs/s
(calc. for station 9237002 Kibwezi Dwa Pl. with locally occurring Ferralsols)
First rainy season
Second rainy season
Yield
Potential
(in % of
Optimum)
Crop variety
Estim.
average
yield
(kg/ha)
2)
Total
crop
failures
out of 10
seasons
Crop variety
Estim.
average
yield
(kg/ha)
2)
Total
crop
failures
out of 10
seasons
Very good
(80 - 100 %)
Good
(60 80 %)
Tepary beans
Cowpeas (HB48/10E)
Cowpeas
(MTW 63; MTW 610)
Grams (KVR 26)
Soyabeans (Nyala)
1990
790
730
800
930
1030
760
650
1610
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
Fair
(40 60 %)
Grams (KVR 26)
1020
610
440
2
2
2
Maize (DLC)
Bulrush millet
(Serere Comp. II)
Sorghum (Seredo)
Katheka beans (Kat X 56)
Beans (Mwitemania)
Beans (Mwezi moja)
Beans (Rosecoco)
Cowpeas (K 80)
Green grams
Black grams
Chickpeas
1070
490
1230
960
960
1940
1150
1450
750
550
590
720
1000
700
780
1040
840
1220
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
Poor
(20 40 %)
Maize (DLC)
Pearl millet
(Kat/PM1, PM2)
Tepary beans
Black grams
Dolichos beans
(Kat/DL-1)
Chickpeas
Soyabeans (Nyala)
540
550
430
430
910
400
500
340
310
450
370
790
3
2
2
2
2
3
2
3
2
3
3
3
Maize (KCB)
Sorghum (IS 8595)
Sorghum (Serena)
Sorghum (IS 76)
1240
1040
590
1410
1300
650
1
1
1
1
1
1
1)
2)
23
378
MACHAKOS & MAKUENI
1)
in LM 5 (vs)
+
vs/s
(calc. for station 9237002 Kibwezi Dwa Pl. with locally occurring Luvi-/Acrisols)
First rainy season
Second rainy season
Yield
Potential
(in % of
Optimum)
Crop variety
Estim.
average
yield
(kg/ha)
2)
Total
crop
failures
out of 10
seasons
Crop variety
Estim.
average
yield
(kg/ha)
2)
Total
crop
failures
out of 10
seasons
Very good
(80 - 100 %)
Good
(60 80 %)
Grams (KVR 26)
1180
670
0
0
Fair
(40 60 %)
Bulrush millet
(Serere Comp. II)
Tepary beans
Cowpeas (HB48/10E)
Cowpeas
(MTW 63; MTW 610)
Cowpeas (K 80)
Black grams
Chickpeas
Soyabeans (Nyala)
410
1030
800
800
1630
1650
670
600
630
580
720
740
890
610
550
810
700
1350
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Poor
(20 40 %)
Tepary beans
Grams (KVR 26)
630
690
290
330
340
210
2
3
3
3
2
3
Maize (DLC)
Maize (KCB)
Foxtail millet (Kat/ Fox-1)
Sorghum (Serena)
Sorghum (IS 8595)
Sorghum (IS 76)
Sorghum (Seredo)
Beans (Mwitemania)
Green grams
930
930
780
430
980
1060
570
850
1070
330
560
850
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1)
2)
Well manured, fertilised and protected. Water loss as surface runoff is stopped by contour ridges, calculated with MARCROP.
24
379
MACHAKOS & MAKUENI
1)
in LM 5 vu
+
vs/s
(calc. for station 9237000 Makindu Met. Stn. with locally occurring Ferralsols)
First rainy season
Second rainy season
Yield
Potential
(in % of
Optimum)
Crop variety
Estim.
average
yield
(kg/ha)
2)
Total
crop
failures
out of 10
seasons
Crop variety
Estim.
average
yield
(kg/ha)
2)
Total
crop
failures
out of 10
seasons
Very good
(80 - 100 %)
Good
(60 80 %)
Grams (KVR 26)
1080
650
0
0
Fair
(40 60 %)
Maize (DLC)
Maize (KCB)
Bulrush millet
(Serere Comp. II)
Sorghum (Seredo)
Tepary beans
Cowpeas (HB48/10E)
Cowpeas
(MTW 63; MTW 610)
Cowpeas (K 80)
Green grams
Black grams
Chickpeas
Soyabeans (Nyala)
Bambarra groundnuts
(N-Cameroon)
1360
1530
430
1160
910
910
1700
1690
1230
1540
630
620
660
630
760
850
880
530
730
580
970
770
1425
540
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
3
1
0
1
1
1
2
Poor
(20 40 %)
Grams (KVR 26)
940
580
790
500
410
380
250
2
2
2
2
3
2
3
Sorghum (IS 8595)
Sorghum (Serena)
Sorghum (IS 76)
Beans (Mwitemania)
Beans (Mwezi moja)
Beans (Rosecoco)
Beans (New Mwezi moja)
930
520
1260
1160
690
410
430
570
270
730
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
1)
2)
25
380
MACHAKOS & MAKUENI
1)
in LM 5 (vs)
+
vs/s
(calc. for station 9237000 Makindu Met. Stn. with locally occurring Luvi-/Acrisols)
First rainy season
Second rainy season
Yield
Potential
(in % of
Optimum)
Crop variety
Estim.
average
yield
(kg/ha)
2)
Total
crop
failures
out of 10
seasons
Crop variety
Estim.
average
yield
(kg/ha)
2)
Total
crop
failures
out of 10
seasons
Very good
(80 - 100 %)
Good
(60 80 %)
Fair
(40 60 %)
Maize (DLC)
Tepary beans
Cowpeas (HB48/10E)
Cowpeas
(MTW 63; MTW 610)
Grams (KVR 26)
Soyabeans (Nyala)
Bambarra groundnuts
(N-Cameroon)
1070
930
840
510
480
480
600
690
530
480
1110
410
1
0
0
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
Poor
(20 40 %)
Grams (KVR 26)
740
420
600
390
340
3
3
3
3
2
Maize (KCB)
Bulrush millet
(Serere Comp. II)
Sorghum (Serena)
Sorghum (IS 8595)
Sorghum (IS 76)
Sorghum (Seredo)
Cowpeas (K 80)
Green grams
Black grams
Chickpeas
1160
680
370
900
700
700
1480
420
850
920
560
960
1210
540
680
450
560
740
580
1
3
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
1
1
3
3
3
1
1
1
1)
2)
26
381
MACHAKOS & MAKUENI
Appendix: Diagrams of Growing Periods in Semi-arid Zones Showing the Variability
27
382
MACHAKOS & MAKUENI
(
)

B
r
a
c
k
e
t
s

m
e
a
n

i
t

m
a
y

b
e

m
o
r
e

b
u
t

l
a
c
k

o
f

r
a
i
n
f
a
l
l

r
e
c
o
r
d
s
28
383
MACHAKOS & MAKUENI
() Brackets mean it may be more but lack of rainfall records
29
384
MACHAKOS & MAKUENI
() Brackets mean it may be more but lack of rainfall records
30
385
386
Most of Machakos district lies to the west of Yatta plateau, and the Tana River forms the boundary in the
northeast. Relief dierences are great in some parts, but generally lessen towards the southeast. Apart from
the Chyulu Hills and an area near Tala, the underlying geology is Basement System rocks. Tese rocks are
mainly gneisses outcropping in a number of hills such as the Mua Hills, Machakos Hills etc; relicts of a very
old mountain belt.
Te soils of the mountains (unit MU1) have a variable fertility according to depth. Te soils of the hills
(HP1, HU2) have a variable fertility, too. On the associated footslopes soils are found which increase in clay
with depth and they have a moderately low fertility (FUC). Tese soils are also found together with those of
the uniform prole development and with humic topsoil (unit UU8). On the piedmont plains East of the
Chyulu Hills volcanic soils of unit YPC occur, rich in minerals but stony.
In the northwest part of the district, a number of plateaus on top of basalts contain soils of unit LB8 with
a moderate to high fertility, also soils with humic topsoil (LB16) with a high fertility. Soils with a marked
textural change below the topsoil (LB5) or a combination of soil units LB5 and LB8 occupy this area, too.
On the undulating topography, of the uplands, the dominant soils have low natural fertility (UUC2). In the
north they are associated with soils of unit UPFC having moderate to high natural fertility. In the southeast
of the district an association occurs of unit UUA with low fertility to moderately fertile soils. In the north-
east around Kagonde, soils with a low fertility occur on the uplands (UUC2).
Plains are found in a long fertile alluvial zone along the Athi River west of the Yatta plateau (AA1) and low
fertility in the area around Makindu (PnU2) and east of Mtito Andei (PnF1m). Soils of unit PdUC1 the
dissected erosional plains are stony or sandy, while soils of unit UUA occur on the non-dissected erosional
plains and have a better topography but a low fertility due their age. Only one area of volcanic footslope
ridges occurs near Tala (UU1). It has a moderate to high fertility.
LEGEND TO THE SOIL MAP OF MACHAKOS AND MAKUENI DISTRICTS
L Plateaus and High-Level Structural Plains
F Footslopes
Y Piedmont Plains
U Uplands, Upper, Middle and Lower Levels
Up Upland/Plain Transitional Lands
Pv Volcanic Plains
A Flood plains
La Lava Flows
V Minor Valleys
387
A Alluvial Sediments from Various Sources
B Basic and Ultra-Basic Igneous Rocks (basalts, nepheline phonolites; older basic tuffs included)
F Gneisses Rich in Ferromagnesian Minerals and Hornblende Gneisses
N Biotite Gneisses
P Pyroclastic Rocks
Q Quartzites
R Quartz-Feldspar Gneisses
U Undifferentiated Basement System Rocks (predominantly Gneisses)
U+ Undifferentiated Basement System Rocks with Volcanic Ash Admixture
V Undifferentiated or Various Igneous Rocks
3 Soil descriptions
MU1 Somewhat excessively drained, shallow to moderately deep, reddish brown, rocky and stony, sandy
clay loam:
Eutric CAMBISOLS, partly lithic phase; with LITHOSOLS, orthic LUVISOLS, eutric REGOSOLS
and Rock Outcrops
HP1 Well drained, moderately deep to deep, black, very friable and smeary, very gravelly loam, with a
humic top soil:
Mollic ANDOSOLS
HU2 Somewhat excessively drained, shallow, reddish brown, friable, rocky or stony, sandy clay loam:
Eutric REGOSOLS, lithic phase; with Rock Outcrops and calcic CAMBISOLS
LB1 Well drained, very deep, dark red, very friable clay:
Nito-rhodic FERRASOLS
LB6 Moderately well drained, very deep, dark greyish brown, frm clay, predominantly with a humic
topsoil: in places abruptly underlying a frm topsoil oI sandy clay loam to sandy clay:
Verto-luvic PHAEOZEMS; with eutric PLANOSOLS
LB7 ImperIectly drained, deep, dark greyish brown, frm clay (hardpan), abruptly underlying a topsoil oI
sandy loam:
Eutric PLANOSOLS
LB8 ImperIectly drained, very deep, dark grey to black, frm to very frm, bouldery and stony, cracking
clay; in places with a calcareous, slightly saline deeper subsoil; in places with a humic topsoil:
Pellic VERTISOLS, stony phase and partly saline phase; with verto-orthic GREYZEMS and orthic
RENDZINAS
LB16 ImperIectly drained, moderately deep to deep, very dark grey to black, frm to very frm, slightly
calcareous, cracking clay; in many places with a humic topsoil and a gravelly, calcareous deeper
subsoil:
Pellic VERTISOLS and orthic RENDZINAS
LB17 Well drained, shallow to deep, dark red, friable clay; in many places rocky and bouldery:
Nito-rhodic FERRALSOSL and chromic CAMBISOLS, lithic and/or bouldery phase
388
LRA Association of:
imperIectly drained, moderately deep, Iriable, dark greyish brown to black, very frm, gravelly,
cracking clay; in places saline; on gentle slopes:
Pellic VERTISOLS, partly saline phase PLANOSOLS
and
imperIectly drained, moderately deep, dark greyish brown to black, very frm, gravelly clay: abruptly
underlying a topsoil of gravelly sandy clay loam; on level higher parts:
Eutric PLANOSOLS
FUI Well drained, very deep, yellowish red to dark reddish brown, loose, loamy coarse sand to friable
sandy clay loam:
Chromic LUVISOLS, rhodic FERRALSOLS and luvic to ferralic ARENOSOLS
FU2 Well drained, very deep, dark red, loose coarse sand to friable sandy clay loam:
Rhodic FERRALSOLS; with ferralic ARENOSOLS and ferralo-chromic LUVISOLS
FUC Complex of:
somewhat excessively drained to well drained, deep to very deep, dark red to dark yellowish brown
soils of varying consistence and texture; in places gravelly:
Ferralic ARENOSOLS; with ferralo-chromic/orthic LUVISOLS and ACRISOLS
FPC Complex of:
well drained, shallow to deep, greyish brown to black, very friable and smeary, rocky or bouldery,
gravelly, sandy clay loam to caly; with a humic topsoil:
Mollic ANDOSOLS, rocky phase and haplic CHERNOZEMS, stony and partly lithic phase
UN1 Well drained, very deep, dark red, Iriable to frm clay:
Nito-rhodic FERRALSOLS
UN3 Well drained, moderately deep to deep, dark reddish brown to brown, Iriable to frm, sandy clay loam
to clay; in places with an acid humic topsoil:
Ferralo-orthic ACRISOLS; with dystric and humic CAMBISOLS and humic ACRISOLS
UQ1 Well drained, shallow to deep, dark red to yellowish brown, loose loamy sand to friable sandy clay
loam; in places rocky and stony:
Ferralic AERONOSOLS and ferralo-orthic LUVISOLS; partly lithic and stony phase
UU1 Well drained, moderately deep to deep, dark red to yellowish red, friable, sandy clay loam to clay:
Rhodic and orthic FERRALSOLS; with ferralo-chromic/orthic/ferric ACRISOLS
UU8 Well drained, moderately deep to very deep, reddish brown to dusky red, friable, sandy clay to clay;
in places shallow, stony and rocky; in places with an acid humic topsoil:
Rhodic FERRALSOLS; with humic CAMBISOLS and LITHOSOLS
UUA Association of:
well darined, moderately deep to deep, dark red to dark reddish brown, Iriable to frm, sandy clay to
clay; on slopes:
Chromic LUVISOLS
and
well drained, very deep, light brown to strong brown, very Iriable clay: on fat interfuves:
Orthic and xanthic FERRALSOLS
UUC2 Well drained, moderately deep to very deep, drk reddish brown to dark yellowish brown, friable to
frm, sandy clay to clay: in many places with a topsoil oI loamy sand to sandy loam:
Ferralo-chromic/orthic/ferric ACRISOLS and LUVISOLS; with FERRALSOLS
389
UUC3 Complex of:
well drained, shallow, black to very dark brown, very friable loam, with an acid humic topsoil; in
places rocky:
RANKERS
and
well drained, moderately deep, dark brown, friable clay loam, with a very thick acid humic topsoil:
Humic CAMBISOLS
UVA Association of:
well drained to imperfectly drained, moderately deep to very deep, dusky red to very dark greyish
brown, Iriable to frm, clay loam to caly: in many places stony and bouldery and/ or cracking: with
severe gully erosion and many rock outcrops:
Eutric NITISOLS; with chromic CAMBISOLS, bouldery phase, VERTISOLS and Rock Outcrops
and:
somewhat excessively darined, shallow, dark reddish brown, Iriable to frm, gravelly and bouldery
clay loam:
Chromic CAMBISOLS, lithic and bouldery phase
UpFC Complex of:
imperIectly drained, deep, black, frm, cracking, moderately calcareous clay (70):
Pellic VERTISOLS
and:
well drained, shallow to deep, dark red, Iriable to frm, compact clay (30):
Chromic LUVISOLS, partly lithic phase
PnF1 Well drained, deep to very deep, dusky red to dark red, friable sandy clay:
Rhodic FERRALSOLS
PnU2 Well drained, deep to very deep, dark red to strong brown, friable sandy clay to clay:
Rhodic and orthic FERRALSOLS
PnU+1 Well drained, moderately deep to very deep, dusky red to dark brown, Iriable to frm, sandy clay
loam to caly:
Ferralic and nito-chromic LUVISOLS
PdUC1 Complex of:
Well drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark red to yellowish brown, non-calcareous to moderately
calcareous, Iriable to frm, stony sandy clay loam, over petrocalcaic material or quartz gravel:
Calcic CAMBISOLS, lithic or petrocalcic phase; with chromic LUVISOLS
PvB2 Well drained, extremely deep, dusky red to dark reddish brown, friable clay:
Eutric NITISOLS
AA1 Well drained to imperfectly drained, very deep, brown to dark brown, friable, micaceous, slightly
calcareous, sandy loam, to clay loam; in places with a saline-sodic deeper subsoil:
Eutric FLUVISOLS
AA5 ImperIectly drained to poorly drained, very deep, dark reddish brown to dark greyish brown, frm
to very frm, cracking clay: in many places mottled and with a calcareous, saline and sodic deeper
subsoil:
Chromic VERTISOLS, saline-sodic phase
AA10 Moderately well drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark brown, friable, strongly calcareous, sandy
clay to clay loam, over petroclacic material:
Calcic CAMBISOLS, petrocalcic phase
Lava Excessively drained, exceedingly bouldry to stony, extremely rocky land:
Boulders and Rock Outcrops
390
VC Complex of:
well drained to poorly drained, shallow to deep, dark reddish brown to black, frm, silty clay to clay:
in places calcareous and /or cracking; in places rocky and stony:
GLEYSOLS, FLUVISOLS, CAMBISOLS, VERTISOLS etc.
391
MACHAKOS DISTRICT
Machakos District is one of the 13 districts that form Eastern Province. Divided into twelve administrative
divisions, the district borders Kitui and Mwingi Districts to the east, Makueni District to the south, Kajiado
to the west, Nairobi City and Tika District to the north-west, Muranga and Kirinyaga Districts to the
north and Mbeere District to the north-east. It has a total area of 6,281.4 km
2
. Out of this, 1982 km
2
only
are suitable for agricultural production (arable land).
According to the 1999 Housing and Population Census, the population of Machakos District was 906,644,
compared to 548,038 in 1979. Using the district population growth rate of 3.09%, its population is pro-
jected to rise to 1,229,142 in the year 2008. Te district has a high population growth due to preference
for a large family size, i.e. 4.9 persons/household; high rate of urbanization in Machakos Town, Athi River,
Tala, Kangundo, Matuu and Masii markets; increased settlement in areas that are of marginal agricultural
potential; and the subdivision of ranches thereby promoting sedentary small-scale farming practices, and
further sub-division of land for settlement. Te population is unevenly distributed. Population density is
144 persons/km
2
. Kangundo division has the highest population density of 512 persons/km
2
followed by
Kathiani with 462 persons/km
2
, while Athi River has the lowest with 51 persons/km
2
(Table 6). Te dis-
tribution in the rural areas is inuenced by the availability of water and soils to sustain agriculture. Tere
are large inter and intra-divisional variations in population density, and the divisions that consist of zones
2 - 4 and relatively fertile soils have higher population densities than the rest of the district (Table 6 - 8).
Te typical characteristic of agriculture in this region, i.e. small farms, dominates the district. Within this
context, it should be remembered that land use potentials vary considerably in the district. For instance, 1
ha of agricultural land in UM 3, i.e. Marginal Coee Zone is equal to about 10 to 15 ha in LM 5, the Lower
Midland Livestock-Millet Zone. Tus, these big dierences can occur from location to location, depending
on the Agro-Ecological Zones. A district average of 6.79 ha per household (5.48 people) and 1.23 ha per
person was available in 1979. Tis can be compared with the 1999 gure of 3.37 ha per household, i.e. 4.40
in 1979 to 0.75 ha per person in 1999 (including the non-arable semi-arid zones).
TABLE 6: POPULATION PER DIVISION, LOCATION AND SUB-LOCATION IN
MACHAKOS DISTRICT (Source: Census 1999)
DIVISION/LOCATION
AND SUB-LOCATION
Male Female Total
Number of
Households
Area in km
2
Density
MACHAKOS DISTRICT 442891 463753 906644 186297 6281.4 144
CENTRAL 70999 72275 143274 32131 491.5 292
MASAKU 8410 8014 16424 4579 4.8 3422
Mjini 4892 4546 9438 3127 2.8 3371
Eastleigh 3518 3468 6986 1452 2 3493
MUPUTI 4967 5025 9992 1925 20.9 478
Muputi 1741 1733 3474 655 9.5 366
Kivandini 3226 3292 6518 1270 11.4 572
KIMUTWA 7031 7161 14192 2876 193.4 73
Kaathi 1382 1573 2955 516 15.2 194
Kimutwa 3497 3502 6999 1450 20 350
Kyanzasu 1471 1477 2948 541 16 184
Konza 681 609 1290 369 142.2 9
KIIMA KIMWE 9334 9359 18693 4969 16.1 1161
Kiima Kimwe 976 1040 2016 368 3.6 560
Muthini 4407 4434 8841 2817 1.6 5526
Katoloni 2312 2228 4540 1140 4.6 987
Manyani 757 748 1505 304 2.1 717
Mbilini 882 909 1791 340 4.2 426
MUMBUNI 20151 20787 40938 9015 48.3 848
392
DIVISION/LOCATION
AND SUB-LOCATION
Male Female Total
Number of
Households
Area in km
2
Density
Kasinga 4049 4328 8377 1593 12.5 670
Upper Kiandani 4207 4201 8408 1956 7.4 1136
Misakwani 3857 4117 7974 1573 10.6 752
Mungala 3710 3782 7492 1473 8.6 871
Lower Kiandani 4328 4359 8687 2420 9.2 944
KATHEKA KAI 7456 6917 14373 2881 131.7 109
Katheka Kai 1500 1469 2969 520 9.3 319
Kitanga 1987 1784 3771 734 36.7 103
Katelembu 2541 2460 5001 1006 31.3 160
Mikuyu 1428 1204 2632 621 54.4 48
MUTITUNI 5553 6202 11755 2510 11.2 1050
Mutituni 2241 2317 4558 1007 2.7 1688
Nduu 1556 1780 3336 683 5 667
Kivutini 1756 2105 3861 820 3.5 1103
MUA HILLS 3522 3530 7052 1384 50.5 140
Mua Hills 1777 1793 3570 704 22 162
Kyaani 622 622 1244 251 13.9 89
Kyanda 1123 1115 2238 429 14.6 153
NGELANI 4575 5280 9855 1992 14.6 675
Ngelani 1597 1744 3341 705 6.6 506
Nzoweni 1341 1622 2963 559 3.4 871
Kamuthanga 1637 1914 3551 728 4.6 772
KALAMA 19268 21732 41000 7789 330.2 124
LUMBWA 5473 5714 11187 2087 185.9 60
Muumandu 5473 5714 11187 2087 185.9 60
KOLA 5574 6400 11974 2261 61 196
Iuni 2039 2293 4332 842 27.5 158
Katanga 3535 4107 7642 1419 33.5 228
KALAMA 8221 9618 17839 3441 83.3 214
Kiitini 3010 3415 6425 1249 33.2 194
Kyangala 3120 3882 7002 1401 31.2 224
Nziuni 2091 2321 4412 791 18.9 233
KANGUNDO 44420 46818 91238 18065 178.2 512
KIVAANI 6399 6721 13120 2544 36.7 357
Iia-Itune 2065 2223 4288 808 12.8 335
Ngumuti 2086 2198 4284 845 9.7 442
Katitu 1310 1364 2674 529 7.9 338
Miu 938 936 1874 362 6.3 297
KAWETHEI 7568 8079 15647 2971 35.5 441
Kawethei 1783 1820 3603 689 5.8 621
Mbusyani 1639 1786 3425 672 6.9 496
Kathaana 2503 2639 5142 960 15.9 323
Mukunike 1643 1834 3477 650 6.9 504
KANGUNDO 14123 14290 28413 5866 38.6 736
Muisuni 3101 3047 6148 1401 5.9 1042
Maiuni 2385 2155 4540 861 6.3 721
Matetani 3246 3503 6749 1290 11.7 577
Isinga 3219 3316 6535 1454 8.7 751
Ndundune 2172 2269 4441 860 6 740
KAKUYUNI 7513 8186 15699 3220 36.5 430
Kathome 1562 1757 3319 652 7.9 420
Kavilinguni 1727 1917 3644 770 8.3 439
Kakuyuni 1935 2110 4045 857 8.1 499
TABLE 6: Continued
393
TABLE 6: Continued
DIVISION/LOCATION
AND SUB-LOCATION
Male Female Total
Number of
Households
Area in km
2
Density
Kyevaluki 2289 2402 4691 941 12.2 385
KANZALU 8817 9542 18359 3464 30.9 594
Kikambuani 2950 3248 6198 1112 11.3 548
Kitwi 3507 3756 7263 1456 12.4 586
Mbilini 2360 2538 4898 896 7.2 680
KATHIANI 45156 49940 95096 18997 205.8 462
MITABONI 13006 14931 27937 5746 79.9 350
Mitaboni 3183 3526 6709 1399 15.8 425
Kinyau 2081 2315 4396 881 29.8 148
Miumbuni 1962 2080 4042 795 11.6 348
Mathunya 1734 2065 3799 765 7.2 528
Ngiini 2294 2794 5088 1074 8.3 613
Thinu 1752 2151 3903 832 7.2 542
KATHIANI 10781 11723 22504 4836 38.7 581
Lita 1628 1798 3426 740 6 571
Mbee 2241 2319 4560 936 7.3 625
Ngoleni 2407 2663 5070 1058 7 724
Kaiani 2011 2154 4165 849 11.3 369
Kathiani 2494 2789 5283 1253 7.1 744
KAEWA 9678 10668 20346 3860 37 550
Kaewa 2227 2474 4701 906 7 672
Kalunga 1973 2132 4105 838 4.9 838
Kithia 1715 1910 3625 708 5.4 671
Kauti 2020 2211 4231 737 10.6 399
Ithaeni 1743 1941 3684 671 9.1 405
IVETI 11691 12618 24309 4555 50.2 484
Iveti 1421 1588 3009 551 5.6 537
Kaliluni 3726 3909 7635 1418 11.6 658
Kombu 1913 2149 4062 806 5.2 781
Kitunduni 1750 1803 3553 661 7.7 461
Kaani 2881 3169 6050 1119 20.1 301
MASINGA 35644 38834 74478 13959 1094.1 68
MASINGA 7169 7780 14949 2793 191.2 78
Masinga 2123 2139 4262 879 47 91
Katulye 2027 2326 4353 714 59.4 73
Mukusu 1946 2034 3980 781 50.7 79
Musumaa 1073 1281 2354 419 34.1 69
KANGONDE 6146 6982 13128 2292 190.8 69
Kangonde 1688 1880 3568 611 75 48
Musingini 1483 1748 3231 549 46.5 69
Kikumini 1830 2071 3901 706 46.3 84
Mikuyuni 1145 1283 2428 426 23 106
KIVAA 7615 7836 15451 3184 272.4 57
Kivaa 3610 3448 7058 1617 112.8 63
Kaewa 1665 1785 3450 653 47.2 73
Iiani 1314 1410 2724 511 60 45
Kyondoni 1026 1193 2219 403 52.4 42
IKAATINI 2901 3202 6103 1160 60.4 101
Ikaatini 1067 1211 2278 423 20 114
Itunduimuni 1834 1991 3825 737 40.4 95
EKALAKALA 4934 5264 10198 1998 116.3 88
Ekalakala 3216 3353 6569 1332 73.2 90
Nzukini 1718 1911 3629 666 43.1 84
394
TABLE 6: Continued
DIVISION/LOCATION
AND SUB-LOCATION
Male Female Total
Number of
Households
Area in km
2
Density
KITHYOKO 6879 7770 14649 2532 263 56
Eendei 1255 1488 2743 461 54.3 51
Kithyoko 2157 2329 4486 806 58.1 77
Miangeni 1600 1804 3404 589 69.8 49
Thatha 1867 2149 4016 676 80.8 50
MATUNGULU 49339 50392 99731 20084 634.3 157
KYELENI 5437 5580 11017 2001 75 147
Kyeleni 2308 2459 4767 888 30.2 158
Kwosau 1507 1473 2980 494 12.3 242
Nzambani 998 1005 2003 365 15.3 131
Kituluni 624 643 1267 254 17.2 74
KALANDINI 4234 4228 8462 1576 21.4 395
Mbuni 1216 1155 2371 447 5 474
Kalandini 3018 3073 6091 1129 16.4 371
TALA 11124 11251 22375 4676 33.7 664
Sengani 4205 4301 8506 1780 13.4 635
Kyaume 3501 3484 6985 1556 6 1164
Katine 3418 3466 6884 1340 14.3 481
KOMA ROCK 4109 3704 7813 1601 244.8 32
Matuu 1492 1481 2973 551 48.7 61
Koma 737 497 1234 331 119.5 10
Mukengesya 596 421 1017 250 51.2 20
Kwale 1284 1305 2589 469 25.4 102
MATUNGULU 9547 10204 19751 4035 43.5 454
Kingoti 2583 2656 5239 1034 12.2 429
Kambusu 1876 2076 3952 813 5.8 681
Mwatati 1493 1607 3100 629 4.9 633
Katheka 1284 1374 2658 548 10.5 253
Matheini 2311 2491 4802 1011 10.1 475
NGULUNI 5316 5748 11064 2073 60.9 182
Nguluni 1677 1781 3458 639 10.9 317
Kithuani 1597 1748 3345 612 17.5 191
Tala/Kithimani 2042 2219 4261 822 32.5 131
KYANZAVI 9572 9677 19249 4122 155 124
Kiboko 3757 3813 7570 1670 37.7 201
Kianzabe 1568 1514 3082 626 41.6 74
Kayata 1656 1677 3333 701 25.9 129
Kwa Kumbu 908 928 1836 397 21.5 85
Uamani 1683 1745 3428 728 28.3 121
MAVOKO 27409 21527 48936 15569 957 51
SETTLED AREA 12374 10684 23058 7664 75.9 304
Athi River Township 11687 10009 21696 7512 38.1 569
Athi River North 687 675 1362 152 37.8 36
KATANI 6940 4555 11495 4290 174.9 66
Ngelani 2451 1659 4110 1407 94.7 43
Syokimau 3703 2281 5984 2511 38.5 155
Katani 786 615 1401 372 41.7 34
LUKENYA 8095 6288 14383 3615 706.2 20
Kinanie 2436 1982 4418 1071 130 34
Muthwani 2500 1834 4334 978 179.1 24
Mathatani 3159 2472 5631 1566 397.1 14
MWALA 42992 46219 89211 16685 481.5 185
VYULYA 4767 4974 9741 1727 34.5 282
395
TABLE 6: Continued
DIVISION/LOCATION
AND SUB-LOCATION
Male Female Total
Number of
Households
Area in km
2
Density
Vyulya 4767 4974 9741 1727 34.5 282
MASII 10651 11311 21962 4197 125.7 175
Mbaani 1215 1295 2510 461 16.3 154
Embui 1926 2024 3950 729 28.5 139
Utithini 2531 2725 5256 1149 22.4 235
Kithangaini 2843 2992 5835 1032 33.4 175
Mithini 2136 2275 4411 826 25.1 176
MWALA 14019 15101 29120 5362 176.4 165
Kibau 2521 2599 5120 1024 22.9 224
Maweli 1561 1711 3272 619 24.6 133
Mathunthini 2088 2470 4558 836 21.2 215
Kyawango 1266 1303 2569 460 36.5 70
Mango 2242 2336 4578 845 23.7 193
Myanyani 2189 2419 4608 821 31.2 148
Kamwala 2152 2263 4415 757 16.3 271
MBIUNI 13555 14833 28388 5399 144.9 196
Kabaa 3447 3714 7161 1385 41.1 174
Katitu 1996 2280 4276 832 16.2 264
Makiliva 1453 1661 3114 571 11.2 278
Mbiuni 1719 1911 3630 695 13.7 265
Mumbuni 2453 2544 4997 857 31.2 160
Ulaani 2487 2723 5210 1019 31.5 165
NDITHINI 15856 16502 32358 6462 316.8 102
MANANJA 4813 4849 9662 2045 63.3 153
Mananja 2937 3082 6019 1247 28.8 209
Kasuvilo 1876 1767 3643 798 34.5 106
MUTHESYA 5546 6081 11627 2276 102.3 114
Muthesya 2358 2656 5014 989 23.5 213
Kikule 993 855 1848 337 50.5 37
Kathukini 2195 2570 4765 950 28.3 168
NDITHINI 5497 5572 11069 2141 151.2 73
Kiateneni 2039 1952 3991 815 46.2 86
Ndithini 2328 2674 5002 947 19 263
Milaani 1130 946 2076 379 86 24
YATHUI 31014 34553 65567 11926 533 123
YATHUI 5143 5644 10787 1895 96.1 112
Kyangulumi 2068 2130 4198 718 33.2 126
Kyamatula 1942 2173 4115 750 28.9 142
Kwakala 1133 1341 2474 427 34 73
KIBAUNI 4100 4649 8749 1508 101.3 86
Kitile 669 774 1443 230 17.1 84
Kilala 1293 1385 2678 456 39 69
Itumbule 903 1049 1952 349 14.5 135
Mukaa 593 685 1278 241 16.3 78
Kiunduani 642 756 1398 232 14.4 97
IKALAASA 3848 4355 8203 1482 84.7 97
Ndithini 791 905 1696 304 21.6 79
Matulani 587 755 1342 243 28.8 47
Ngungi 1254 1402 2656 492 14.8 179
Kamuthwa 1216 1293 2509 443 19.5 129
MIU 5257 6038 11295 2104 71 159
Utithini 1689 1861 3550 681 21.5 165
Ngamba 942 1127 2069 389 11.6 178
396
DIVISION/LOCATION
AND SUB-LOCATION
Male Female Total
Number of
Households
Area in km
2
Density
Kyawikyo 742 819 1561 298 10.3 152
Kalamba 1152 1415 2567 440 16.7 154
Kikulumi 732 816 1548 296 10.9 142
WAMUNYU 5957 5931 11888 2298 96.7 123
Kilembwa 1035 1005 2040 385 23.9 85
Kambiti 1584 1502 3086 663 28.6 108
Kyawango 1885 1876 3761 816 17.9 210
Kaitha 1453 1548 3001 434 26.3 114
MUTHETHENI 6709 7936 14645 2639 83.2 176
Kalyambeu 1081 1289 2370 426 14.2 167
Kangethe 1000 1177 2177 397 10.3 211
Kionyweni 920 1137 2057 370 13.7 150
Kyethivo 1504 1947 3451 621 17.7 195
Nthaani 852 903 1755 336 8.3 211
Nyaani 1352 1483 2835 489 19 149
YATTA 60794 64961 125755 24630 1059 119
KATANGI 4258 4761 9019 1740 90.5 100
Katangi 2164 2416 4580 975 37.6 122
Mekilingi 2094 2345 4439 765 52.9 84
KYUA 4583 5240 9823 1714 144.6 68
Kyua 2731 3041 5772 1028 87.8 66
Syokisinga 1852 2199 4051 686 56.8 71
KINYAATA 7173 8145 15318 2664 206 74
Kinyaata 2202 2460 4662 855 60.8 77
Maathingau 2748 3082 5830 969 87.5 67
Makutano 2223 2603 4826 840 57.7 84
IKOMBE 6889 7958 14847 2623 126.9 117
Ikombe 3477 4032 7509 1356 76.3 98
Kitheuni 1954 2309 4263 717 31 138
Kyasioni 1458 1617 3075 550 19.6 157
MATUU 11246 11601 22847 5089 123.7 185
Matuu 3891 3858 7749 2370 19.2 404
Katulani 1653 1874 3527 674 30.7 115
Kaluluini 2945 2975 5920 1073 45.6 130
Kakumini 2757 2894 5651 972 28.2 200
KITHIMANI 10734 10617 21351 4097 151.7 141
Kithimani 2858 2553 5411 1247 63.6 85
Kambi ya Ndeke 2799 2978 5777 1004 47.5 122
Kithendu 5077 5086 10163 1846 40.6 250
NDALANI 9010 9199 18209 3661 132.6 137
Ndalani 2510 2629 5139 1009 28.8 178
Kivingoni 2898 3326 6224 1247 57.7 108
Mamba 3602 3244 6846 1405 46.1 149
MAVOLONI 6901 7440 14341 3042 83 173
Mavoloni 2658 2718 5376 1088 39.1 137
Kwandolo 2509 2835 5344 1184 28.3 189
Kisiiki 1734 1887 3621 770 15.6 232
TABLE 6: Continued
397
TABLE 7: COMPOSITION OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MACHAKOS DISTRICT PER DIVISION,
DIVISION/LOCATION
AND SUB-LOCATION
Farmers family
Number of
Households
Persons < 15years
Persons 15 years
& over
Total persons
MACHAKOS DISTRICT 2.12 2.75 4.87 186297
CENTRAL 1.94 2.52 4.46 32131
MASAKU 1.56 2.03 3.59 4579
Mjini 1.31 1.70 3.02 3127
Eastleigh 2.09 2.72 4.81 1452
MUPUTI 2.26 2.93 5.19 1925
Muputi 2.31 3.00 5.30 655
Kivandini 2.23 2.90 5.13 1270
KIMUTWA 2.15 2.79 4.93 2876
Kaathi 2.49 3.23 5.73 516
Kimutwa 2.10 2.73 4.83 1450
Kyanzasu 2.37 3.08 5.45 541
Konza 1.52 1.97 3.50 369
KIIMA KIMWE 1.64 2.12 3.76 4969
Kiima Kimwe 2.38 3.09 5.48 368
Muthini 1.37 1.77 3.14 2817
Katoloni 1.73 2.25 3.98 1140
Manyani 2.15 2.80 4.95 304
Mbilini 2.29 2.98 5.27 340
MUMBUNI 1.98 2.56 4.54 9015
Kasinga 2.29 2.97 5.26 1593
Upper Kiandani 1.87 2.43 4.30 1956
Misakwani 2.21 2.86 5.07 1573
Mungala 2.21 2.87 5.09 1473
Lower Kiandani 1.56 2.03 3.59 2420
KATHEKA KAI 2.17 2.82 4.99 2881
Katheka Kai 2.48 3.22 5.71 520
Kitanga 2.24 2.90 5.14 734
Katelembu 2.16 2.81 4.97 1006
Mikuyu 1.84 2.39 4.24 621
MUTITUNI 2.04 2.65 4.68 2510
Mutituni 1.97 2.56 4.53 1007
Nduu 2.13 2.76 4.88 683
Kivutini 2.05 2.66 4.71 820
MUA HILLS 2.22 2.88 5.10 1384
Mua Hills 2.21 2.86 5.07 704
Kyaani 2.16 2.80 4.96 251
Kyanda 2.27 2.95 5.22 429
NGELANI 2.15 2.79 4.95 1992
Ngelani 2.06 2.68 4.74 705
Nzoweni 2.31 2.99 5.30 559
Kamuthanga 2.12 2.75 4.88 728
KALAMA 2.29 2.97 5.26 7789
LUMBWA 2.33 3.03 5.36 2087
Muumandu 2.33 3.03 5.36 2087
KOLA 2.30 2.99 5.30 2261
Iuni 2.24 2.91 5.14 842
Katanga 2.34 3.04 5.39 1419
KALAMA 2.26 2.93 5.18 3441
Kiitini 2.24 2.91 5.14 1249
Kyangala 2.18 2.82 5.00 1401
398
DIVISION/LOCATION
AND SUB-LOCATION
Farmers family
Number of
Households
Persons < 15years
Persons 15 years
& over
Total persons
Nziuni 2.43 3.15 5.58 791
KANGUNDO 2.20 2.85 5.05 18065
KIVAANI 2.24 2.91 5.16 2544
Iia-Itune 2.31 3.00 5.31 808
Ngumuti 2.21 2.86 5.07 845
Katitu 2.20 2.85 5.05 529
Miu 2.25 2.92 5.18 362
KAWETHEI 2.29 2.97 5.27 2971
Kawethei 2.28 2.95 5.23 689
Mbusyani 2.22 2.88 5.10 672
Kathaana 2.33 3.03 5.36 960
Mukunike 2.33 3.02 5.35 650
KANGUNDO 2.11 2.74 4.84 5866
Muisuni 1.91 2.48 4.39 1401
Maiuni 2.29 2.98 5.27 861
Matetani 2.28 2.95 5.23 1290
Isinga 1.96 2.54 4.49 1454
Ndundune 2.25 2.92 5.16 860
KAKUYUNI 2.12 2.75 4.88 3220
Kathome 2.22 2.88 5.09 652
Kavilinguni 2.06 2.67 4.73 770
Kakuyuni 2.05 2.67 4.72 857
Kyevaluki 2.17 2.82 4.99 941
KANZALU 2.31 2.99 5.30 3464
Kikambuani 2.43 3.15 5.57 1112
Kitwi 2.17 2.82 4.99 1456
Mbilini 2.38 3.09 5.47 896
KATHIANI 2.18 2.83 5.01 18997
MITABONI 2.12 2.75 4.86 5746
Mitaboni 2.09 2.71 4.80 1399
Kinyau 2.17 2.82 4.99 881
Miumbuni 2.21 2.87 5.08 795
Mathunya 2.16 2.80 4.97 765
Ngiini 2.06 2.68 4.74 1074
Thinu 2.04 2.65 4.69 832
KATHIANI 2.03 2.63 4.65 4836
Lita 2.01 2.61 4.63 740
Mbee 2.12 2.75 4.87 936
Ngoleni 2.09 2.71 4.79 1058
Kaiani 2.14 2.77 4.91 849
Kathiani 1.84 2.38 4.22 1253
KAEWA 2.29 2.98 5.27 3860
Kaewa 2.26 2.93 5.19 906
Kalunga 2.13 2.77 4.90 838
Kithia 2.23 2.89 5.12 708
Kauti 2.50 3.24 5.74 737
Ithaeni 2.39 3.10 5.49 671
IVETI 2.32 3.01 5.34 4555
Iveti 2.38 3.08 5.46 551
Kaliluni 2.34 3.04 5.38 1418
Kombu 2.19 2.85 5.04 806
Kitunduni 2.34 3.04 5.38 661
TABLE 7: Continued
399
TABLE 7: Continued
DIVISION/LOCATION
AND SUB-LOCATION
Farmers family
Number of
Households
Persons < 15years
Persons 15 years
& over
Total persons
Kaani 2.35 3.05 5.41 1119
MASINGA 2.32 3.01 5.34 13959
MASINGA 2.33 3.02 5.35 2793
Masinga 2.11 2.74 4.85 879
Katulye 2.65 3.44 6.10 714
Mukusu 2.22 2.88 5.10 781
Musumaa 2.45 3.17 5.62 419
KANGONDE 2.49 3.23 5.73 2292
Kangonde 2.54 3.30 5.84 611
Musingini 2.56 3.32 5.89 549
Kikumini 2.40 3.12 5.53 706
Mikuyuni 2.48 3.22 5.70 426
KIVAA 2.11 2.74 4.85 3184
Kivaa 1.90 2.47 4.36 1617
Kaewa 2.30 2.98 5.28 653
Iiani 2.32 3.01 5.33 511
Kyondoni 2.40 3.11 5.51 403
IKAATINI 2.29 2.97 5.26 1160
Ikaatini 2.34 3.04 5.39 423
Itunduimuni 2.26 2.93 5.19 737
EKALAKALA 2.22 2.88 5.10 1998
Ekalakala 2.15 2.79 4.93 1332
Nzukini 2.37 3.08 5.45 666
KITHYOKO 2.52 3.27 5.79 2532
Eendei 2.59 3.36 5.95 461
Kithyoko 2.42 3.14 5.57 806
Miangeni 2.52 3.26 5.78 589
Thatha 2.59 3.36 5.94 676
MATUNGULU 2.16 2.80 4.97 20084
KYELENI 2.40 3.11 5.51 2001
Kyeleni 2.34 3.03 5.37 888
Kwosau 2.63 3.41 6.03 494
Nzambani 2.39 3.10 5.49 365
Kituluni 2.17 2.82 4.99 254
KALANDINI 2.34 3.03 5.37 1576
Mbuni 2.31 3.00 5.30 447
Kalandini 2.35 3.05 5.40 1129
TALA 2.08 2.70 4.79 4676
Sengani 2.08 2.70 4.78 1780
Kyaume 1.95 2.54 4.49 1556
Katine 2.24 2.90 5.14 1340
KOMA ROCK 2.12 2.76 4.88 1601
Matuu 2.35 3.05 5.40 551
Koma 1.62 2.11 3.73 331
Mukengesya 1.77 2.30 4.07 250
Kwale 2.40 3.12 5.52 469
MATUNGULU 2.13 2.76 4.89 4035
Kingoti 2.21 2.86 5.07 1034
Kambusu 2.12 2.75 4.86 813
Mwatati 2.14 2.78 4.93 629
Katheka 2.11 2.74 4.85 548
Matheini 2.07 2.68 4.75 1011
400
TABLE 7: Continued
DIVISION/LOCATION
AND SUB-LOCATION
Farmers family
Number of
Households
Persons < 15years
Persons 15 years
& over
Total persons
NGULUNI 2.32 3.01 5.34 2073
Nguluni 2.36 3.06 5.41 639
Kithuani 2.38 3.09 5.47 612
Tala/Kithimani 2.26 2.93 5.18 822
KYANZAVI 2.03 2.64 4.67 4122
Kiboko 1.97 2.56 4.53 1670
Kianzabe 2.14 2.78 4.92 626
Kayata 2.07 2.69 4.75 701
Kwa Kumbu 2.01 2.61 4.62 397
Uamani 2.05 2.66 4.71 728
ATHI RIVER 1.37 1.78 3.14 15569
SETTLED AREA 1.31 1.70 3.01 7664
Athi River Township 1.26 1.63 2.89 7512
Athi River North 3.90 5.06 8.96 152
KATANI 1.17 1.51 2.68 4290
Ngelani 1.27 1.65 2.92 1407
Syokimau 1.04 1.35 2.38 2511
Katani 1.64 2.13 3.77 372
LUKENYA 1.73 2.25 3.98 3615
Kinanie 1.80 2.33 4.13 1071
Muthwani 1.93 2.50 4.43 978
Mathatani 1.56 2.03 3.60 1566
MWALA 2.33 3.02 5.35 16685
VYULYA 2.45 3.19 5.64 1727
Vyulya 2.45 3.19 5.64 1727
MASII 2.28 2.96 5.23 4197
Mbaani 2.37 3.08 5.44 461
Embui 2.36 3.06 5.42 729
Utithini 1.99 2.58 4.57 1149
Kithangaini 2.46 3.19 5.65 1032
Mithini 2.32 3.02 5.34 826
MWALA 2.36 3.07 5.43 5362
Kibau 2.18 2.82 5.00 1024
Maweli 2.30 2.99 5.29 619
Mathunthini 2.37 3.08 5.45 836
Kyawango 2.43 3.15 5.58 460
Mango 2.36 3.06 5.42 845
Myanyani 2.44 3.17 5.61 821
Kamwala 2.54 3.29 5.83 757
MBIUNI 2.29 2.97 5.26 5399
Kabaa 2.25 2.92 5.17 1385
Katitu 2.24 2.90 5.14 832
Makiliva 2.37 3.08 5.45 571
Mbiuni 2.27 2.95 5.22 695
Mumbuni 2.54 3.29 5.83 857
Ulaani 2.23 2.89 5.11 1019
NDITHINI 2.18 2.83 5.01 6462
MANANJA 2.06 2.67 4.72 2045
Mananja 2.10 2.73 4.83 1247
Kasuvilo 1.99 2.58 4.57 798
MUTHESYA 2.22 2.89 5.11 2276
Muthesya 2.21 2.86 5.07 989
401
TABLE 7: Continued
DIVISION/LOCATION
AND SUB-LOCATION
Farmers family
Number of
Households
Persons < 15years
Persons 15 years
& over
Total persons
Kikule 2.39 3.10 5.48 337
Kathukini 2.18 2.83 5.02 950
NDITHINI 2.25 2.92 5.17 2141
Kiateneni 2.13 2.77 4.90 815
Ndithini 2.30 2.98 5.28 947
Milaani 2.38 3.09 5.48 379
YATHUI 2.39 3.11 5.50 11926
YATHUI 2.48 3.21 5.69 1895
Kyangulumi 2.54 3.30 5.85 718
Kyamatula 2.39 3.10 5.49 750
Kwakala 2.52 3.27 5.79 427
KIBAUNI 2.53 3.28 5.80 1508
Kitile 2.73 3.54 6.27 230
Kilala 2.56 3.32 5.87 456
Itumbule 2.43 3.16 5.59 349
Mukaa 2.31 2.99 5.30 241
Kiunduani 2.62 3.40 6.03 232
IKALAASA 2.41 3.13 5.54 1482
Ndithini 2.43 3.15 5.58 304
Matulani 2.40 3.12 5.52 243
Ngungi 2.35 3.05 5.40 492
Kamuthwa 2.46 3.20 5.66 443
MIU 2.34 3.03 5.37 2104
Utithini 2.27 2.94 5.21 681
Ngamba 2.31 3.00 5.32 389
Kyawikyo 2.28 2.96 5.24 298
Kalamba 2.54 3.29 5.83 440
Kikulumi 2.28 2.95 5.23 296
WAMUNYU 2.25 2.92 5.17 2298
Kilembwa 2.31 2.99 5.30 385
Kambiti 2.03 2.63 4.65 663
Kyawango 2.01 2.60 4.61 816
Kaitha 3.01 3.91 6.91 434
MUTHETHENI 2.42 3.13 5.55 2639
Kalyambeu 2.42 3.14 5.56 426
Kangethe 2.39 3.10 5.48 397
Kionyweni 2.42 3.14 5.56 370
Kyethivo 2.42 3.14 5.56 621
Nthaani 2.27 2.95 5.22 336
Nyaani 2.52 3.27 5.80 489
YATTA 2.22 2.88 5.11 24630
KATANGI 2.26 2.93 5.18 1740
Katangi 2.04 2.65 4.70 975
Mekilingi 2.53 3.28 5.80 765
KYUA 2.49 3.24 5.73 1714
Kyua 2.44 3.17 5.61 1028
Syokisinga 2.57 3.34 5.91 686
KINYAATA 2.50 3.25 5.75 2664
Kinyaata 2.37 3.08 5.45 855
Maathingau 2.62 3.40 6.02 969
Makutano 2.50 3.24 5.75 840
IKOMBE 2.46 3.20 5.66 2623
402
MACHAKOS & MAKUENI
TABLE 7: Continued
DIVISION/LOCATION
AND SUB-LOCATION
Farmers family
Number of
Households
Persons < 15years
Persons 15 years
& over
Total persons
Ikombe 2.41 3.13 5.54 1356
Kitheuni 2.59 3.36 5.95 717
Kyasioni 2.43 3.16 5.59 550
MATUU 1.95 2.54 4.49 5089
Matuu 1.42 1.85 3.27 2370
Katulani 2.28 2.96 5.23 674
Kaluluini 2.40 3.12 5.52 1073
Kakumini 2.53 3.28 5.81 972
KITHIMANI 2.27 2.94 5.21 4097
Kithimani 1.89 2.45 4.34 1247
Kambi ya Ndeke 2.50 3.25 5.75 1004
Kithendu 2.40 3.11 5.51 1846
NDALANI 2.16 2.81 4.97 3661
Ndalani 2.22 2.88 5.09 1009
Kivingoni 2.17 2.82 4.99 1247
Mamba 2.12 2.75 4.87 1405
MAVOLONI 2.05 2.66 4.71 3042
Mavoloni 2.15 2.79 4.94 1088
Kwandolo 1.96 2.55 4.51 1184
Kisiiki 2.05 2.66 4.70 770
48
403
MACHAKOS & MAKUENI
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4
1
7
3
7
TABLE 8: AVAILABLE LAND AREA IN MACHAKOS DISTRICT PER AEZ AND
49
404
MACHAKOS & MAKUENI
MAKUENI DISTRICT
Makueni District was carved o from Machakos District in 1992.It is one of the thirteen districts that form Eastern
Province and one among the four that comprise the Ukambani Region. Te district borders Kajiado District to the
west, Taita Taveta to the south, Kitui to the East and Machakos to the north. Te district comprises sixteen divisions
with sixty locations and one hundred and eighty seven sub locations (Table 9). Mtito Andei, Makindu, Kibwezi and
Kathonzweni are the largest divisions and are situated in the low potential areas of the district. Tulimani, Mbooni, Kil-
ungu and Mbitini Divisions are the smallest in that order.
According to the 1999 Population and Housing Census, Makueni District registered a total population of 771,545
people, which was projected to increase to 839,155 (2002), 938,605 (2006) and 992,667 (2008), respectively. Tus
its population density was 97 persons/km
2
in 1999. Te district is generally sparsely populated, except in Mboo-
ni and Kilungu Divisions (UM 4 Sunower-Maize Zone) which have fairly high population densities of about 400
persons/km
2
(Table 9). Te highest concentration of people is in the hilly areas of the district, which are rich in
natural resource potential while the least concentration is in the low lying and semi-arid divisions. Te high popu-
lation density and consequent scarcity of land have tended to push people out of their ancestral land in search of
settlement in the lower regions of the district. Tis has forced the government to open up new settlement schemes
in Kibwezi, Makindu, Mtito Andei and Nguu Divisions (namely: Kibwezi, Kiboko A, Kiboko B, Masongaleni and
Mikululo), to be found in the marginal agro-ecological zones LM 5 and LM 6 (Livestock-Millet Zone and Low-
er Midland Ranching Zones, respectively). Tere are more than 30,000 squatters in the district. Another contribut-
ing factor to the variations in population densities within the divisions is the inuence of upcoming centres in the
district. Tese centres oer both investment and employment opportunities. Examples of such are Wote, Kathon-
zweni, Matiliku, Kibwezi, Mtito Andei, Makindu and Mukuyuni, among others.
Even though Makueni portrays relatively large sizes of agricultural land available per household compared to Machakos
district; estimated at 4.3 ha per household of 5.3 persons (Table 10) (i.e. 0.8 ha/person), low unreliable rainfall and
shorter growing periods restrict optimal agricultural potential of the district.
According to the Makueni District Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP), the community view poverty as a state of
being unable to be self-reliant and the inability to bring up a family. Te interaction of the poor in the community and
the environment has aggravated the poverty situation in the district. People burn charcoal for sale as a coping mecha-
nism. About three-quarters of the people are poor and live below the poverty line. Te majority of the poor are women,
children and the disabled. HIV/AIDS epidemic is spreading rapidly district wide and this has led to increased poverty
levels. Te prevalence of HIV/AIDS infection increases with proximity to the Nairobi-Mombasa highway, where the
prevalence is above 30%. Te scourge of HIV/AIDS has had a devastating eect on the agriculture sector more than any
other. Over 80% of the rural population earn their living from agriculture with women contributing 80% of the labour.
HIV/AIDS is the leading killer among the productive segment (ages 15-45 years), majority of who are women owing
to the fact that they are more likely to contract it at an early age. Te eect of this is that the productivity in all sectors
has fallen due to absenteeism, sick o and deaths.
Te residents of the district suer three types of poverty: food poverty, which aicts 71.43%, absolute poverty 73.51%
and hardcore poverty 58.59%. Poverty in Makueni District is severest in Kalawa, Nguu and Kathonzweni Divisions
(Agroecological Zones LM 5 and LM 6). Certain pockets of these divisions are very dry and are only suitable for small
livestock keeping. Te incidence of poverty and its intensity varies across the district and among women and men. It
is more severe among women, a factor attributed to inequality and limited access to and ownership of assets, income
generating opportunities, essential economic services and decision making. Unemployment in the district has led the
youthful productive population to migrate to urban centres leaving the less able and aged in the villages. Tis has led to
a dependency syndrome, which aggravates the state of poverty in the district.
50
405
MACHAKOS & MAKUENI
TABLE 9: POPULATION PER DIVISION, LOCATION AND SUB-LOCATION IN MAKUENI
DIVISION/LOCATION
AND SUB-LOCATION
Male Female Total
Number of
Households
Area in
km
2
Density
MAKUENI DISTRICT 372639 398906 771545 144320 7965.8 97
TULIMANI 15354 17353 32707 6301 126 260
TULIMANI 15354 17353 32707 6301 126 260
Mavindu 2490 3020 5510 1065 15.6 353
Mbanya 1391 1681 3072 681 8.6 357
Iiani 3476 3801 7277 1305 36.7 198
Kalawani 4005 4397 8402 1639 36.4 231
Itetani 2329 2565 4894 894 20.9 234
Yandue 1663 1889 3552 717 7.8 455
MBOONI 26348 29635 55983 10331 141.6 395
MBOONI 14518 16348 30866 5888 62.4 495
Mutitu 4194 4536 8730 1755 21.7 402
Uthiuni 2141 2482 4623 886 7.6 608
Kyuu 3767 4232 7999 1437 16.8 476
Nzeveni 4416 5098 9514 1810 16.3 584
KITHUNGO 5954 6760 12714 2315 46.4 274
Kaliani 2216 2427 4643 809 21.3 218
Uvuu 1434 1658 3092 618 6.7 461
Ngai 2304 2675 4979 888 18.4 271
KITUNDU 5876 6527 12403 2128 32.8 378
Utangwa 2927 3209 6136 1062 15.4 398
Kitundu 2949 3318 6267 1066 17.4 360
KISAU 23804 26706 50510 9224 301.2 168
KISAU 7212 8214 15426 2706 91.3 169
Mukimwani 1793 2178 3971 711 21.5 185
Muthwani 2006 2218 4224 711 26.6 159
Ngoni 1944 2139 4083 730 20.9 195
Mangani 1469 1679 3148 554 22.3 141
KITETA 8963 10151 19114 3646 83.8 228
Kakuswi 2106 2357 4463 865 20.2 221
Ndituni 1486 1744 3230 587 14.9 217
Ngiluni 2875 3198 6073 1083 29.3 207
Kiambwa 2496 2852 5348 1111 19.4 276
WAIA 7629 8341 15970 2872 126.1 127
Sakai 1817 1965 3782 660 24.5 154
Usalala 2448 2617 5065 974 34.3 148
Nduluku 1852 2165 4017 727 35.9 112
Kako 1512 1594 3106 511 31.4 99
KALAWA 12673 13660 26333 4357 330 80
KALAWA 3994 4205 8199 1387 96.2 85
Malunda 1298 1288 2586 461 29 89
Mbukoni 1050 1087 2137 374 14.6 146
Kimeeni 865 985 1850 290 30.2 61
Kalawa 781 845 1626 262 22.4 73
KATHULUMBI 2839 3087 5926 998 89.2 66
Kathulumbi 904 940 1844 304 31.4 59
Syotuvali 1092 1202 2294 364 38.6 59
Mutembuku 843 945 1788 330 19.2 93
ATHI 2386 2697 5083 807 69 74
Kavumbu 652 702 1354 208 19 71
Miangeni 784 891 1675 268 21 80
51
406
MACHAKOS & MAKUENI
DIVISION/LOCATION
AND SUB-LOCATION
Male Female Total
Number of
Households
Area in
km
2
Density
Kinze 950 1104 2054 331 29 71
KATANGINI 3454 3671 7125 1165 75.6 94
Ititu 838 899 1737 303 18.3 95
Ndauni 1027 1072 2099 329 16.9 124
Thwake 882 906 1788 287 20.1 89
Kathongo 707 794 1501 246 20.3 74
KILOME 22319 23885 46204 8631 359.4 129
KIIMA KIU 9626 9700 19326 3491 257.8 75
Mavivye 2658 2932 5590 968 42.4 132
Kiima Kiu 1991 2099 4090 853 39.1 105
Ngaamba 4977 4669 9646 1670 176.3 55
MUKAA 6962 7809 14771 2862 51.4 287
Maiani 2632 2951 5583 1073 18.7 299
Kilome 4330 4858 9188 1789 32.7 281
KITAINGO 5731 6376 12107 2278 50.2 241
Kitaingo 3817 4262 8079 1532 21.6 374
Kiongwani 1914 2114 4028 746 28.6 141
KILUNGU 31556 36185 67741 12740 178.3 380
KITHEMBE 7053 7983 15036 2875 39.3 383
Kauti 1839 2048 3887 739 12.8 304
Nduu 2847 3199 6046 1169 14.4 420
Ndiani 2367 2736 5103 987 12.1 422
KIKOKO 8354 9570 17924 3433 33.2 540
Kalongo 3910 4553 8463 1628 16.7 507
Kithangathini 1700 1855 3555 688 6.1 583
Kisekini 2744 3172 5916 1117 10.4 569
ILIMA 8493 9847 18340 3372 57.6 318
Wautu 2163 2410 4573 809 17.4 263
Kyamuoso 4149 4803 8952 1638 26.9 333
Ndolo 2181 2634 4815 925 13.3 362
KILUNGU 3447 3914 7361 1376 22.1 333
Musalala 3447 3914 7361 1376 22.1 333
WATEMA 4209 4871 9080 1664 26.1 348
Kasunguni 1207 1433 2640 473 9 293
Mutucani 1126 1330 2456 444 4.9 501
Nguluni 1177 1315 2492 455 7.1 351
Kitandi 699 793 1492 292 5.1 293
KAITI 22052 24055 46107 8529 239.8 192
KEE 5704 6429 12133 2329 55.8 217
Ikalyoni 1376 1688 3064 638 11.2 274
Kivani 1586 1794 3380 646 17.5 193
Kyamwalye 1349 1514 2863 563 9.7 295
Makongo 1393 1433 2826 482 17.4 162
OKIA 8842 9640 18482 3378 96.8 191
Mukunyuni 3158 3417 6575 1248 22.9 287
Nzuuni 1608 1832 3440 607 9.9 347
Utaati 2954 3125 6079 1094 40.9 149
Kyuasini 1122 1266 2388 429 23.1 103
Kilala 7506 7986 15492 2822 87.2 178
Kaumoni 1481 1553 3034 514 11.6 262
KILALA 2517 2624 5141 977 23.1 223
Iuani 2450 2708 5158 956 32 161
Nthangu 1058 1101 2159 375 20.5 105
KASIKEU 17370 18349 35719 6852 270.9 132
52
407
MACHAKOS & MAKUENI
DIVISION/LOCATION
AND SUB-LOCATION
Male Female Total
Number of
Households
Area in
km
2
Density
KASIKEU 7593 8374 15967 2896 84.8 188
Kasikeu 3270 3478 6748 1284 31.5 214
Uvaleni 1744 1882 3626 665 15 242
Wathini 2579 3014 5593 947 38.3 146
KIOU 7183 6989 14172 2938 162.3 87
Kiou 956 962 1918 332 8.5 226
Kwale 1421 1322 2743 566 41.3 66
Muani 3051 3282 6333 1020 32.2 197
Sultan Hamud 1755 1423 3178 1020 80.3 40
MUMELA 2594 2986 5580 1018 23.8 234
Mumela 2594 2986 5580 1018 23.8 234
MBITINI 23411 25318 48729 8947 229.7 212
EMALI 4033 3737 7770 1962 58.9 132
Emali 2069 1746 3815 1340 31.6 121
Kwa Kakulu 863 887 1750 271 5.5 318
Tutini 1101 1104 2205 351 21.8 101
KAKUTHA 2842 3196 6038 1101 25.3 239
Mungyani 815 919 1734 341 4.6 377
Mandoni 747 840 1587 254 5.1 311
Kithumani 567 626 1193 220 8.2 145
Mwambwani 713 811 1524 286 7.4 206
KAVUTHU 3116 3461 6577 1094 28.1 234
Kavuthu 500 560 1060 172 7.8 136
Vulueni 1037 1169 2206 364 10.4 212
Masue 1579 1732 3311 558 9.9 334
Kyemundu 3245 3448 6693 1101 34.4 195
Kalini 1002 1005 2007 358 11.1 181
KYEMUNDU 605 665 1270 167 5.8 219
Mbeletu 612 641 1253 213 4.7 267
Mwasangombe 398 445 843 145 5.7 148
Yumbani 628 692 1320 218 7.1 186
MULALA 6192 6836 13028 2149 51.9 251
Iteta 1121 1318 2439 382 7.5 325
Katune 1379 1456 2835 464 8 354
Maatha 1297 1351 2648 422 15.6 170
Matiku 1085 1188 2273 372 8.7 261
Ngetha 1310 1523 2833 509 12.1 234
MUTYAMBUA 3983 4640 8623 1540 31.1 277
Katani 1029 1201 2230 389 12 186
Mutiswa 1092 1356 2448 457 5 490
Mutyambua 1862 2083 3945 694 14.1 280
WOTE 20092 20261 40353 7744 362.7 111
WOTE 17010 17066 34076 6694 310.1 110
Unoa 4086 3718 7804 1881 53.7 145
Kamunyolo 2557 2424 4981 1394 25.6 195
Kambi Mawe 1407 1434 2841 454 30.7 93
Kikumini 2472 2537 5009 783 58.7 85
Kitonyoni 1005 1096 2101 334 28.9 73
Muvau 2632 2746 5378 865 54.3 99
Mumbuni 1984 2146 4130 698 38.9 106
Itaa 867 965 1832 285 19.3 95
KAKO 3082 3195 6277 1050 52.6 119
TABLE 9: Continued
53
408
MACHAKOS & MAKUENI
DIVISION/LOCATION
AND SUB-LOCATION
Male Female Total
Number of
Households
Area in
km
2
Density
Kako 3082 3195 6277 1050 52.6 119
MATILIKU 18333 20534 38867 6893 240.6 162
KALAMBA 8109 8832 16941 2982 100.2 169
Nziu 2892 3098 5990 1051 37.9 158
Ikangavya 2177 2455 4632 827 27.4 169
Kalamba 3040 3279 6319 1104 34.9 181
NZAUI 4982 5662 10644 1944 62 172
Matiliku 2363 2709 5072 987 26.7 190
Kawala 2619 2953 5572 957 35.3 158
KITHUMBA 2575 2969 5544 1005 31.4 177
Kithumba 2575 2969 5544 1005 31.4 177
KILILI 2667 3071 5738 962 47 122
Kilili 2667 3071 5738 962 47 122
KATHONZWENI 31397 34341 65738 10798 880.7 75
KATHONZWENI 8749 9421 18170 2986 183.4 99
Kwakavisi 1866 2141 4007 626 47.6 84
Thavu 2267 2388 4655 702 48.7 96
Kavingoni 2096 2192 4288 676 43.2 99
Ituka 2520 2700 5220 982 43.9 119
MAVINDINI 6089 6622 12711 2010 145.5 87
Mavindini 3669 4026 7695 1280 93.7 82
Muusini 2420 2596 5016 730 51.8 97
MBUVO 4250 4668 8918 1470 119 75
Kiangini 2036 2237 4273 692 57.7 74
Kituluni 2214 2431 4645 778 61.3 76
KITISE 4103 4399 8502 1473 172.5 49
Kitise 2795 2997 5792 1004 110 53
Mwania 1308 1402 2710 469 62.5 43
KANTHUNI 3658 4124 7782 1239 111.6 70
Kanthuni 1358 1497 2855 451 41 70
Ivinga-Nzia 1186 1296 2482 382 35.1 71
Yekanga 1114 1331 2445 406 35.5 69
KITHUKI 4548 5107 9655 1620 148.7 65
Yinthungu 1220 1353 2573 436 39.3 65
Kimundi 1128 1235 2363 390 26.4 90
Kthuki 2200 2519 4719 794 83 57
NGUU 9529 9722 19251 3345 350.3 55
Nguu 1688 1618 3306 666 92.1 36
Nthungui 914 974 1888 306 30.9 61
Mukame-Ambeu 593 491 1084 274 44.6 24
Musamukye 181 153 334 86 16.6 20
MWEINI 2105 2205 4310 714 83.2 52
Mweini 746 804 1550 251 29.1 53
Yikivumbu 644 677 1321 205 21.4 62
Vololo 715 724 1439 258 32.7 44
ITHUMBA 4704 5046 9750 1608 125.4 78
Mii 1108 1181 2289 346 37.7 61
Masumba 732 814 1546 284 20.5 75
Kakili 781 877 1658 267 16.8 99
Kikumini 606 594 1200 211 20.2 59
Mithumoni 1010 1090 2100 335 21.7 97
Ndunguni 467 490 957 165 8.5 113
TABLE 9: Continued
54
409
MACHAKOS & MAKUENI
DIVISION/LOCATION
AND SUB-LOCATION
Male Female Total
Number of
Households
Area in
km
2
Density
WOLWA 1032 853 1885 357 49.6 38
Thithi 461 401 862 201 15.8 55
Mbukani 407 386 793 86 10.8 73
Makasa 164 66 230 70 23 10
MAKINDU 24917 25382 50299 9907 880.2 57
Twaandu 3032 3263 6295 1105 119.9 53
Ngaaka 930 1053 1983 349 36.5 54
Kalii 1242 1327 2569 431 50.4 51
Mitendeu 860 883 1743 325 33 53
KIBOKO 4169 3996 8165 1708 381.3 21
Kaasuvi 1683 1449 3132 809 164.3 19
Milili 1078 1088 2166 392 116.6 19
Kyale 1408 1459 2867 507 100.4 29
MAKINDU 7491 7642 15133 3317 178 85
Kiu 996 930 1926 413 34.9 55
Manyatta 3108 3118 6226 1663 11.6 537
Kai 1139 1193 2332 426 29 80
Kisingo 1398 1489 2887 504 32.2 90
Kamboo 850 912 1762 311 70.3 25
NGUUMO 10225 10481 20706 3777 201 103
Syumile 2379 2679 5058 795 68.8 74
Ndovoini 1785 1778 3563 661 35 102
Muuni 2923 2841 5764 1152 57.9 100
Kaunguni 3138 3183 6321 1169 39.3 161
KIBWEZI 39795 40441 80236 16282 944.8 85
Kikumbulyu 16600 17286 33886 7304 403 84
Ngandani 3367 3446 6813 1663 53.3 128
Mikuyuni 3227 3223 6450 1716 22.9 282
Mbui Nzau 1209 1309 2518 421 19.9 127
Kalungu 1527 1595 3122 564 23.6 132
Ndetani 1088 1129 2217 499 18.1 122
Kathyaka 3143 3236 6379 1309 103.2 62
Ngulu 3039 3348 6387 1132 162 39
MASONGALENI 10109 10016 20125 4141 356.8 56
Masimbani 4172 3974 8146 1893 146.1 56
Masongaleni 2564 2599 5163 963 41 126
Kyanguli 691 738 1429 285 21.6 66
Ulilinzi 2682 2705 5387 1000 148.1 36
UTITHI 9582 9763 19345 3522 127.1 152
Thange 5344 5458 10802 1895 67.2 161
Utithi 4238 4305 8543 1627 59.9 143
KINYAMBU 3504 3376 6880 1315 57.9 119
Kinyambu 3504 3376 6880 1315 57.9 119
MTITO-ANDEI 33601 33062 66663 13354 931.2 72
NGWATA 4805 4892 9697 1878 198.2 49
Mukange 4805 4892 9697 1878 198.2 49
KAMBU 4770 4800 9570 1731 100.8 95
Kambu 3291 3303 6594 1179 38 174
Kitengei 1479 1497 2976 552 62.8 47
MTITO-ANDEI 10231 9800 20031 4553 344 58
Kathekani 10231 9800 20031 4553 344 58
NTHONGINI 8322 7935 16257 3096 165.2 98
TABLE 9: Continued
55
410
MACHAKOS & MAKUENI
TABLE 9: Continued
DIVISION/LOCATION
AND SUB-LOCATION
Male Female Total
Number of
Households
Area in
km
2
Density
Mangelete 8322 7935 16257 3096 165.2 98
NZAMBANI 5473 5635 11108 2106 123 90
Muthingiini 5473 5635 11108 2106 123 90
TSAVO WEST 86 17 103 83 474.1 0
TSAVO WEST 86 17 103 83 474.1 0
Tsavo West N. Park 86 17 103 83 474.1 0
CHYULU GAME RES. 2 2 724.3
CHYULU GAME RES. 2 2 724.3
Chyulu Game Reserve 2 2 724.3
TABLE 10: COMPOSITION OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MAKUENI DISTRICT PER DIVISION,
DIVISION/LOCATION
AND SUB-LOCATION
Farmers family
Number of
Households Persons < 15 years
Persons 15years &
over
Total persons
MAKUENI DISTRICT 2.52 2.83 5.35 144320
TULIMANI 2.45 2.74 5.19 6301
TULIMANI 2.45 2.74 5.19 6301
Mavindu 2.44 2.74 5.17 1065
Mbanya 2.13 2.38 4.51 681
Iiani 2.63 2.95 5.58 1305
Kalawani 2.42 2.71 5.13 1639
Itetani 2.58 2.89 5.47 894
Yandue 2.34 2.62 4.95 717
MBOONI 2.55 2.86 5.42 10331
MBOONI 2.47 2.77 5.24 5888
Mutitu 2.34 2.63 4.97 1755
Uthiuni 2.46 2.76 5.22 886
Kyuu 2.62 2.94 5.57 1437
Nzeveni 2.48 2.78 5.26 1810
KITHUNGO 2.59 2.90 5.49 2315
Kaliani 2.71 3.03 5.74 809
Uvuu 2.36 2.64 5.00 618
Ngai 2.64 2.96 5.61 888
KITUNDU 2.75 3.08 5.83 2128
Utangwa 2.72 3.05 5.78 1062
Kitundu 2.77 3.11 5.88 1066
KISAU 2.58 2.89 5.48 9224
KISAU 2.69 3.01 5.70 2706
Mukimwani 2.63 2.95 5.59 711
Muthwani 2.80 3.14 5.94 711
Ngoni 2.64 2.96 5.59 730
Mangani 2.68 3.00 5.68 554
KITETA 2.47 2.77 5.24 3646
Kakuswi 2.43 2.73 5.16 865
Ndituni 2.59 2.91 5.50 587
Ngiluni 2.64 2.96 5.61 1083
Kiambwa 2.27 2.54 4.81 1111
WAIA 2.62 2.94 5.56 2872
Sakai 2.70 3.03 5.73 660
56
411
MACHAKOS & MAKUENI
DIVISION/LOCATION
AND SUB-LOCATION
Farmers family
Number of
Persons 15years &
over
Total persons
Usalala 2.45 2.75 5.20 974
Nduluku 2.60 2.92 5.53 727
Kako 2.87 3.21 6.08 511
KALAWA 2.85 3.20 6.04 4357
KALAWA 2.79 3.12 5.91 1387
Malunda 2.64 2.97 5.61 461
Mbukoni 2.69 3.02 5.71 374
Kimeeni 3.01 3.37 6.38 290
Kalawa 2.93 3.28 6.21 262
KATHULUMBI 2.80 3.14 5.94 998
Kathulumbi 2.86 3.21 6.07 304
Syotuvali 2.97 3.33 6.30 364
Mutembuku 2.55 2.86 5.42 330
ATHI 2.97 3.33 6.30 807
Kavumbu 3.07 3.44 6.51 208
Miangeni 2.95 3.30 6.25 268
Kinze 2.93 3.28 6.21 331
KATANGINI 2.88 3.23 6.12 1165
Ititu 2.70 3.03 5.73 303
Ndauni 3.01 3.37 6.38 329
Thwake 2.94 3.29 6.23 287
Kathongo 2.88 3.23 6.10 246
KILOME 2.52 2.83 5.35 8631
KIIMA KIU 2.61 2.93 5.54 3491
Mavivye 2.72 3.05 5.77 968
Kiima Kiu 2.26 2.53 4.79 853
Ngaamba 2.72 3.05 5.78 1670
MUKAA 2.43 2.73 5.16 2862
Maiani 2.45 2.75 5.20 1073
Kilome 2.42 2.72 5.14 1789
KITAINGO 2.51 2.81 5.31 2278
Kitaingo 2.49 2.79 5.27 1532
Kiongwani 2.55 2.85 5.40 746
KILUNGU 2.51 2.81 5.32 12740
KITHEMBE 2.47 2.76 5.23 2875
Kauti 2.48 2.78 5.26 739
Nduu 2.44 2.73 5.17 1169
Ndiani 2.44 2.73 5.17 987
KIKOKO 2.46 2.76 5.22 3433
Kalongo 2.45 2.75 5.20 1628
Kithangathini 2.44 2.73 5.17 688
Kisekini 2.50 2.80 5.30 1117
ILIMA 2.56 2.88 5.44 3372
Wautu 2.66 2.99 5.65 809
Kyamuoso 2.58 2.89 5.47 1638
Ndolo 2.45 2.75 5.21 925
KILUNGU 2.52 2.83 5.35 1376
Musalala 2.52 2.83 5.35 1376
WATEMA 2.57 2.88 5.46 1664
Kasunguni 2.63 2.95 5.58 473
Mutucani 2.61 2.92 5.53 444
Nguluni 2.58 2.90 5.48 455
Kitandi 2.41 2.70 5.11 292
KAITI 2.55 2.86 5.41 8529
KEE 2.46 2.75 5.21 2329
TABLE 9: Continued
57
412
MACHAKOS & MAKUENI
DIVISION/LOCATION
AND SUB-LOCATION
Farmers family
Number of
Persons 15years &
over
Total persons
Ikalyoni 2.26 2.54 4.80 638
Kivani 2.47 2.77 5.23 646
Kyamwalye 2.40 2.69 5.09 563
Makongo 2.76 3.10 5.86 482
OKIA 2.58 2.89 5.47 3378
Mukunyuni 2.48 2.79 5.27 1248
Nzuuni 2.67 3.00 5.67 607
Utaati 2.62 2.94 5.56 1094
Kyuasini 2.62 2.94 5.57 429
Kilala 2.59 2.90 5.49 2822
Kaumoni 2.78 3.12 5.90 514
KILALA 2.48 2.78 5.26 977
Iuani 2.54 2.85 5.40 956
Nthangu 2.71 3.04 5.76 375
KASIKEU 2.46 2.76 5.21 6852
KASIKEU 2.60 2.91 5.51 2896
Kasikeu 2.48 2.78 5.26 1284
Uvaleni 2.57 2.88 5.45 665
Wathini 2.78 3.12 5.91 947
KIOU 2.27 2.55 4.82 2938
Kiou 2.72 3.05 5.78 332
Kwale 2.28 2.56 4.85 566
Muani 2.93 3.28 6.21 1020
Sultan Hamud 1.47 1.65 3.12 1020
MUMELA 2.58 2.90 5.48 1018
Mumela 2.58 2.90 5.48 1018
MBITINI 2.57 2.88 5.45 8947
EMALI 1.87 2.09 3.96 1962
Emali 1.34 1.51 2.85 1340
Kwa Kakulu 3.04 3.41 6.46 271
Tutini 2.96 3.32 6.28 351
KAKUTHA 2.58 2.90 5.48 1101
Mungyani 2.40 2.69 5.09 341
Mandoni 2.95 3.30 6.25 254
Kithumani 2.56 2.87 5.42 220
Mwambwani 2.51 2.82 5.33 286
KAVUTHU 2.83 3.18 6.01 1094
Kavuthu 2.90 3.26 6.16 172
Vulueni 2.86 3.20 6.06 364
Masue 2.80 3.14 5.93 558
Kyemundu 2.87 3.21 6.08 1101
Kalini 2.64 2.96 5.61 358
KYEMUNDU 3.58 4.02 7.60 167
Mbeletu 2.77 3.11 5.88 213
Mwasangombe 2.74 3.07 5.81 145
Yumbani 2.85 3.20 6.06 218
MULALA 2.86 3.20 6.06 2149
Iteta 3.01 3.38 6.38 382
Katune 2.88 3.23 6.11 464
Maatha 2.96 3.32 6.27 422
Matiku 2.88 3.23 6.11 372
Ngetha 2.62 2.94 5.57 509
MUTYAMBUA 2.64 2.96 5.60 1540
Katani 2.70 3.03 5.73 389
Mutiswa 2.52 2.83 5.36 457
TABLE 10: Continued
58
413
MACHAKOS & MAKUENI
DIVISION/LOCATION
AND SUB-LOCATION
Farmers family
Number of
Persons 15years &
over
Total persons
Mutyambua 2.68 3.01 5.68 694
WOTE 2.46 2.75 5.21 7744
WOTE 2.40 2.69 5.09 6694
Unoa 1.96 2.19 4.15 1881
Kamunyolo 1.68 1.89 3.57 1394
Kambi Mawe 2.95 3.31 6.26 454
Kikumini 3.02 3.38 6.40 783
Kitonyoni 2.97 3.33 6.29 334
Muvau 2.93 3.29 6.22 865
Mumbuni 2.79 3.13 5.92 698
Itaa 3.03 3.40 6.43 285
KAKO 2.82 3.16 5.98 1050
Kako 2.82 3.16 5.98 1050
MATILIKU 2.66 2.98 5.64 6893
KALAMBA 2.68 3.00 5.68 2982
Nziu 2.69 3.01 5.70 1051
Ikangavya 2.64 2.96 5.60 827
Kalamba 2.70 3.03 5.72 1104
NZAUI 2.58 2.89 5.48 1944
Matiliku 2.42 2.72 5.14 987
Kawala 2.74 3.08 5.82 957
KITHUMBA 2.60 2.92 5.52 1005
Kithumba 2.60 2.92 5.52 1005
KILILI 2.81 3.15 5.96 962
Kilili 2.81 3.15 5.96 962
KATHONZWENI 2.87 3.22 6.09 10798
KATHONZWENI 2.87 3.22 6.09 2986
Kwakavisi 3.02 3.38 6.40 626
Thavu 3.13 3.51 6.63 702
Kavingoni 2.99 3.35 6.34 676
Ituka 2.51 2.81 5.32 982
MAVINDINI 2.98 3.34 6.32 2010
Mavindini 2.83 3.18 6.01 1280
Muusini 3.24 3.63 6.87 730
MBUVO 2.86 3.21 6.07 1470
Kiangini 2.91 3.26 6.17 692
Kituluni 2.81 3.16 5.97 778
KITISE 2.72 3.05 5.77 1473
Kitise 2.72 3.05 5.77 1004
Mwania 2.72 3.05 5.78 469
KANTHUNI 2.96 3.32 6.28 1239
Kanthuni 2.98 3.35 6.33 451
Ivinga-Nzia 3.06 3.43 6.50 382
Yekanga 2.84 3.18 6.02 406
KITHUKI 2.81 3.15 5.96 1620
Yinthungu 2.78 3.12 5.90 436
Kimundi 2.86 3.20 6.06 390
Kthuki 2.80 3.14 5.94 794
NGUU 2.71 3.04 5.76 3345
Nguu 2.34 2.62 4.96 666
Nthungui 2.91 3.26 6.17 306
Mukame-Ambeu 1.86 2.09 3.96 274
Musamukye 1.83 2.05 3.88 86
MWEINI 2.85 3.19 6.04 714
Mweini 2.91 3.26 6.18 251
TABLE 10: Continued
59
414
MACHAKOS & MAKUENI
DIVISION/LOCATION
AND SUB-LOCATION
Farmers family
Number of
Persons 15years &
over
Total persons
Yikivumbu 3.04 3.41 6.44 205
Vololo 2.63 2.95 5.58 258
ITHUMBA 2.86 3.21 6.06 1608
Mii 3.12 3.50 6.62 346
Masumba 2.57 2.88 5.44 284
Kakili 2.93 3.28 6.21 267
Kikumini 2.68 3.01 5.69 211
Mithumoni 2.95 3.31 6.27 335
Ndunguni 2.73 3.07 5.80 165
WOLWA 2.49 2.79 5.28 357
Thithi 2.02 2.27 4.29 201
Mbukani 4.35 4.87 9.22 86
Makasa 1.55 1.74 3.29 70
MAKINDU 2.39 2.68 5.08 9907
Twaandu 2.69 3.01 5.70 1105
Ngaaka 2.68 3.00 5.68 349
Kalii 2.81 3.15 5.96 431
Mitendeu 2.53 2.84 5.36 325
KIBOKO 2.25 2.53 4.78 1708
Kaasuvi 1.82 2.05 3.87 809
Milili 2.60 2.92 5.53 392
Kyale 2.67 2.99 5.65 507
MAKINDU 2.15 2.41 4.56 3317
Kiu 2.20 2.47 4.66 413
Manyatta 1.76 1.98 3.74 1663
Kai 2.58 2.89 5.47 426
Kisingo 2.70 3.03 5.73 504
Kamboo 2.67 3.00 5.67 311
NGUUMO 2.58 2.90 5.48 3777
Syumile 3.00 3.36 6.36 795
Ndovoini 2.54 2.85 5.39 661
Muuni 2.36 2.65 5.00 1152
Kaunguni 2.55 2.86 5.41 1169
KIBWEZI 2.32 2.61 4.93 16282
Kikumbulyu 2.19 2.45 4.64 7304
Ngandani 1.93 2.17 4.10 1663
Mikuyuni 1.77 1.99 3.76 1716
Mbui Nzau 2.82 3.16 5.98 421
Kalungu 2.61 2.93 5.54 564
Ndetani 2.09 2.35 4.44 499
Kathyaka 2.30 2.58 4.87 1309
Ngulu 2.66 2.98 5.64 1132
MASONGALENI 2.29 2.57 4.86 4141
Masimbani 2.03 2.27 4.30 1893
Masongaleni 2.53 2.83 5.36 963
Kyanguli 2.36 2.65 5.01 285
Ulilinzi 2.54 2.85 5.39 1000
UTITHI 2.59 2.90 5.49 3522
Thange 2.69 3.01 5.70 1895
Utithi 2.48 2.78 5.25 1627
KINYAMBU 2.47 2.77 5.23 1315
Kinyambu 2.47 2.77 5.23 1315
MTITO-ANDEI 2.35 2.64 4.99 13354
NGWATA 2.43 2.73 5.16 1878
Mukange 2.43 2.73 5.16 1878
TABLE 10: Continued
60
415
MACHAKOS & MAKUENI
DIVISION/LOCATION
AND SUB-LOCATION
Farmers family
Number of
Persons 15years &
over
Total persons
KAMBU 2.61 2.92 5.53 1731
Kambu 2.64 2.96 5.59 1179
Kitengei 2.54 2.85 5.39 552
MTITO-ANDEI 2.07 2.33 4.40 4553
Kathekani 2.07 2.33 4.40 4553
NTHONGINI 2.48 2.78 5.25 3096
Mangelete 2.48 2.78 5.25 3096
NZAMBANI 2.49 2.79 5.27 2106
Muthingiini 2.49 2.79 5.27 2106
TSAVO WEST 0.58 0.66 1.24 83
TSAVO WEST 0.58 0.66 1.24 83
Tsavo West N. Park 0.58 0.66 1.24 83
CHYULU GAME RES. 0.00 0.00 0.00 2
CHYULU GAME RES. 0.00 0.00 0.00 2
Chyulu Game Reserve 0.00 0.00 0.00 2
TABLE 10: Continued
61
416
MACHAKOS & MAKUENI
TABLE 10: Continued
MACHAKOS DISTRICT
Te district was once the largest but it has since been sub-divided and to create Makueni. Te potential for
agricultural is low, i.e. at about 183,200 ha since most of the district is semi-arid. Under rain-fed conditions
in small parts of the district Arabica coee is cultivated on about 9,500 ha of by smallholders. Te average
small farmer produces 900 kg/ha of clean coee per annum. Despite of the fact that climate is not very suit-
able for cotton growing some farmers in the district grow it. During the 2002/03 growing season 3,540 ha
were planted with cotton yielding roughly 270 kg/ha of seed cotton. Te production was low compared to
the eighties, therefore the government started a new cotton initiative in 2003.
TABLE 12: COFFEE AREA, PRODUCTION AND YIELD IN MACHAKOS DISTRICT
1980/81 5,436 5,165 950
1981/82 7,024 6,673 950
1982/83 8,030 7,709 960
1983/84 9,380 9,258 987
1984/85 11,152 8,587 770
1985/86 14,564 13,472 925
1986/87 9,340 8,984 962
1987/88 10,226 9,715 950
1988/89 10,285 9,212 896
1989/90 11,684 11,532 987
1990/91 11,654 11,083 951
1991/92 10,459 10,114 967
1992/93 14,395 13,027 905
1993/94 13,538 13,037 963
1994/95 13,544 9,575 707
1995/96 13,570 13,366 985
1996/97 13,350 12,856 963
1997/98 13,370 12,808 958
1998/99 13,350 12,736 954
1999/2000 13,370 12,782 956
2000/2001 13,341 13,088 981
2001/2002 12,000 11,028 919
2002/2003 9,500 10,750 920
62
417
MACHAKOS & MAKUENI
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TABLE 11: AVAILABLE LAND AREA IN MAKUENI DISTRICT PER AEZ AND
63
418
MACHAKOS & MAKUENI
TABLE 13: COTTON AREA, PRODUCTION AND YIELD IN MACHAKOS DISTRICT
1980/81 27,388 5,618 205
1981/82 28,000 3,500 125
1982/83 30,000 3,000 100
1983/84 30,175 19,613 650
1984/85 32,000 6,880 215
1985/86 12,000 2,400 200
1986/87 12,000 1,320 110
1987/88 5,150 1,700 330
1988/89 7,500 1,500 200
1989/90 6,900 897 130
1990/91 1,300 104 80
1991/92 3,140 1,225 390
1992/93 823 165 200
1993/94 6,000 4,500 750
1994/95 2,000 400 200
1995/96 2,505 877 350
1996/97 3,500 1,995 570
1997/98 5,000 2,500 500
1998/99 4,050 1,660 410
1999/2000 1,050 494 470
2000/2001 11,000 880 80
2001/2002 9,000 720 80
2002/2003 3,540 956 270
DEVELOPMENT AND TRENDS OF MAJOR CASH CROPS IN MAKUENI DISTRICT
Te agricultural potential of the district lies in livestock and a little smallholder farming and covers an esti-
mated area of 624,500 ha. Compared to Machakos district, climate is even more marginal for cotton farm-
ing. However, it is estimated that smallholder farmers still plant a few hundred hectares. Yields range from
80 to 270 kg/ha of seed cotton only.
TABLE 13: COTTON AREA, PRODUCTION AND YIELD IN MAKUENI DISTRICT
Year (Created 1994) Area (ha) Productions (tons) Yield (kg/ha)
1994/95 1,200 204 170
1995/96 1,250 200 160
1996/97 1,350 284 210
1997/98 500 115 230
1998/99 900 234 260
1999/2000 920 207 225
2000/2001 810 138 170
2001/2002 670 54 81
2002/03 454 123 271
64
419
3.5.4 FARM SURVEY
Inherently low fertile soils and an unfavourable climate make smallholder agriculture a rather risky enterprise in much
of Machakos and Makueni districts. Te Farm Survey was conducted in seven main agro-ecological zones and the re-
spective dominant subzones in Machakos and Makueni districts as shown in Table 16. Te sample farm sizes were: 0.86
ha (UM 3), 1.42 ha (UM 4), 0.92 ha (UM 5), 5.45 ha (LM 3), 2.88 ha (LM 4), 5.37 ha (LM 5+) and 3.68 ha (LM
5-) (Table 17). Compared to the Farm Survey of 1978, there is evidence of a tremendous decrease in farm sizes over
the years. For example, in 1978 the farm sizes in agro-ecological zones UM 2 4 averaged 5.6 ha. Tis decrease can be
explained in terms of the increasing population and the resulting subdivision of the land at the household level. With
the reduced farm size (which means continuous maize cropping) and low application of farm inputs (Table 17), it is no
wonder that crop yields, particularly of the staple maize crop are extremely low in the two districts (Table 19). Tere is
an urgent need for farmers to address the problem of soil infertility if there is any hope of improving the crop yields in
the near future.
In all the surveyed agro-ecological zones, the cattle kept are mainly of local zebu type (Table 17). Maize and beans still
remain the most important and dominant annual crops in all the surveyed seven agro-ecological zones (Table 18), even
in some areas where maize in particular is not suitable. A case in point here is AEZ LM5 which is better suitable for
millets. It is this mismatch of crops against the suitability of the agro-ecological zone that contributes to persistent crop
failures in these areas.
TABLE 16: FARM SURVEY AREAS IN MACHAKOS AND MAKUENI DISTRICTS
MACHAKOS
164 UM 3 s/m + s/m FUC
Kangundo Division, Kangundo Location,
Muisuni Sub Location
165 UM 4 s + s UUC 2
Central Division, Muvuti Location,
Muvuti Sub Location
166 LM 4 vs/s + vs/s AA 1
Yathui/Mwala Division, Kyawango Location,
Kyawango Sub Location
167 LM 4 s + s UU 1
Central Division, Katheka-Kai Location,
Katelembo Sub Location
MAKUENI 168 LM 3 s + s FUC
Mbitini Division, Mulala Location,
Iteta Sub Location
169 LM 5 - 4 vu +vs/s PnU 2
Makindu Division, Nguumo Location,
Muuni Sub Location
170 LM 5 vu +vs UUA
Kibwezi Division, Masongaleni Location,
Masongaleni Sub Location
Te yields of the basic food crop maize have generally declined because of soil fertility depletion and the vagaries of
weather. In the typical maize zone UM 4 on the rhodic Ferralsols, for example, the average yields during the 1
st
rainy
season according to the Farm Survey of 1978 were 1756 kg/ha compared to 710 kg/ha in 2004 with insucient inputs
(Table 19) Te reason behind this alarming decline is that the soils are decient of important micronutrients and the
farmers are not using inputs to enhance crop yield. While appreciating that fertilizer inputs are expensive for a majority
of the farmers in this area, crop yields can only be improved by giving back to the soil what has been removed! Increased
biomass production of composting plants like Tithonia, increased use of fertilizers and manure in order to maintain
soil fertility, and increased food output per unit area, is of immediate concern for the intensively cultivated smallhold-
ings of AEZs UM and LM3 & 4. Te mechanization of eld activities using oxen or cows as a source of draught power
is one way of increasing yields and returns to those farmers who still have enough land. Planting of perennial forages
should help to increase the output from livestock. A high yielding perennial cash crop that is drought resistant could be is drought resistant could be
a basis for earning cash income in the Lower Midlands. It is interesting to note that a majority of farmers are growing
mangoes in LM 4, which have a ready market in nearby market centres and Nairobi city. Some farmers have continued
to grow local mangoes in LM 5 but the quality is poor, though they could be used for the production of beverage con-
centrates. In LM 5 and IL 5 neem trees could be planted for use as bio-pesticide.
420
MACHAKOS & MAKUENI
CAL ZONES
66
421
422
423
424
425
426
MACHAKOS DISTRICT
Subzone: s/m + s/m, Soil Unit: UU 1 Survey area 164 (Muisuni)
Range
Land
ha
Livestock Numbers
Family
Adults
Casual
labourers
Number of children
under 14 years Dairy Zebu
Sheep &
Goats
Poultry
Avg.0 0.86 1.20 0.87 1.67 4.67 2.93 1.0 2.33
Avg.1 0.86 2.00 2.89 3.57 7.37 2.93 1.67 2.59
Up. Qu. 0.86 2 2 3 7.25 4 2 4
Lo. Qu. 0.40 0 0 0 0 2 0 1
Land Use
Range
Ann. Crops
ha
Perm. Crops
ha
ha
Fallow
ha
Other Use
ha
Avg.0 0.46 0.30 0.07 - 0.03
Avg.1 0.46 0.34 0.22 - -
Up. Qu. 0.60 0.20 0.06 - -
Lo. Qu. 0.30 0.10 0 - -
Range
Cropping
Diversity
Crops/year
Stocking Rate
Improved
Cattle % of
total cattle
Farm Land
TLU/ha
TLU/ha
Avg.0 3.1 1.5 1.0 2.7 15.4 10.1 28.0 58.0
Avg.1 3.2 2.6 3.4 - 8.6 11.2 - 91.7
Up. Qu. 5 2.6 2.4 - 32.5 29.6 - 100
Lo. Qu. 1 0 0 - - - - 0
Inputs Applied
Range
Improved
seed used %
of area
kg/ha
Manure
applied
t/ha
Plant protection
N P
2
O
5
K
2
O
Insecticide
kg/ha
Fungicide
kg/ha
Avg.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Avg.1 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Up. Qu. - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Lo. Qu. - - - - - - - - - - - - -
NOTES:
AC = Annual crops
427
428
MACHAKOS & MAKUENI
MACHAKOS DISTRICT
Subzone: s + s, Soil Unit: MU 1 Survey area 165 (Muvuti)
Range
Land ha
Livestock Numbers
Family
Adults
Casual
labourers
Number of children
Sheep &
Goats
Poultry
Avg.0 1.42 0 1.8 3.97 108.0 2.97 0.80 2.63
Avg.1 1.42 - 3.0 5.17 270.0 2.97 3.43 3.16
Up. Qu. 1.85 0 3 6 12.75 4 0.25 3.25
Lo. Qu. 0.50 0 0 0.75 0 2 0 1
Land Use
Range
Ann. Crops
ha
Perm. Crops
ha
ha
Fallow
ha
Other Use
ha
Avg.0 0.89 0.14 0.39 - -
Avg.1 0.89 0.40 0.59 - -
Up. Qu. 1.20 0 0.80 - -
Lo. Qu. 0.40 0 0 - -
Range
Cropping
Intensity
Crops/year
Stocking Rate
Improved
Cattle % of
total cattle
Farm Land
TLU/ha
TLU/ha
Avg.0 1.1 0 1.5 1.7 0 5.8 7.8 0
Avg.1 2.1 0 2.5 - 0 6.0 - -
Up. Qu. 2.0 0 6.2 - - - - 0
Lo. Qu. 0 0 0 - 0 0 - 0
Inputs Applied
Range
Improved
seed used %
area
Manure
applied t/ha
Plant protection
N P
2
O
5
K
2
O
Insecticide
kg/ha
Fungicide
kg/ha
Avg.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Avg.1 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Up. Qu. - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Lo. Qu. - - - - - - - - - - - - -
NOTES:
AC = Annual crops
76
429
MACHAKOS & MAKUENI
TABLE 17c: ASSETS, LAND USE, FARMING INTENSITY AND INPUTS IN AEZ LM 4 OF
MACHAKOS DISTRICT
Subzone: vs/s + s/vs, Soil Unit: AA 1 Survey area 166 (Kyawango)
Range
Land ha
Livestock Numbers
Family
Adults
Casual
labourers
Number of children
Sheep &
Goats
Poultry
Avg.0 2.88 2.17 1.73 7.57 13.90 3.37 3.07 1.57
Avg.1 2.88 6.50 2.48 9.08 18.13 3.61 5.75 2.35
Up. Qu. 3.5 3.25 3 11.25 23.25 4.25 3 2.25
Lo. Qu. 1.03 0 0 1.75 0.75 2 0 0
Land Use
Range
Ann. Crops
ha
Perm. Crops
ha
ha
Fallow
ha
Other Use
ha
Avg.0 1.50 0.37 1.01 - -
Avg.1 1.50 0.40 1.31 - -
Up. Qu. 1.60 0.20 1.70 - -
Lo. Qu. 0.95 0 0.08 - -
Range
Cropping
Diversity
Crops/year
Stocking Rate
Improved
Cattle % of
total
cattle
Farm Land
TLU/ha
TLU/ha
Avg.0 3.5 0.6 0.42 1.4 1.4 1.0 3.3 55.6
Avg.1 3.75 1.7 0.60 - 3.9 1.4 - 70.9
Up. Qu. 4.25 2.5 2.14 - 4.3 3.6 - 3.8
Lo. Qu. 2.0 0 0 - 0 0 - 0
Inputs Applied
Range
Improved
used seed
% area
kg/ha
Manure
applied
t/ha
Plant protection
N P
2
O
5
K
2
O
Insecticide
kg/ha
Fungicide
kg/ha
Avg.0 3.7 - 7.9 - - - 4.6 - - - - -
Avg.1 - 11.1 - 17.0 - - - 5.0 - - - - -
Up. Qu. - 5.6 - 15.7 - - - 5.3 - - - - -
Lo. Qu. - 0 - 0 - - - 0.4 - - - - -
NOTES:
AC = Annual crops
77
430
TABLE 17d: ASSETS, LAND USE, FARMING INTENSITY AND INPUTS IN AEZ UM 5 OF
MACHAKOS DISTRICT
Subzone: vs/s + vs, Soil Unit: LRA Survey area 167 (Katelembo)
Range
Land
ha
Livestock Numbers Family
Adults
Casual
laborers
Number of children
under 14 years Dairy Zebu Sheep & Goats
Avg.0 0.92 0 3.53 4.5 3.30 0.2 2.7
Avg.1 0.92 0 4.42 6.75 3.30 1.0 3.2
Up. Qu. 1.0 0 6.0 8.25 4 0 4.3
Lo. Qu. 0.4 0 1.0 0 2 0 1
Land Use
Range
Ann. Crops
ha
Perm. Crops
ha
ha
Fallow
ha
Other Use
ha
Avg.0 0.79 0 0.08 - -
Avg.1 0.79 0 0.59 - -
Up. Qu. 0.90 0 0.10 - -
Lo. Qu. 0.40 0 0 - -
Range
Cropping
Diversity
Crops/year
Stocking Rate
Improved
Cattle % of
total
cattle
Farm Land
TLU/ha
Pasture & Fodder
TLU/ha
Avg.0 1.0 0 3.8 4.3 0 - - 0
Avg.1 1.0 0 4.8 - 0 6.9 8.0 0
Up. Qu. 1.0 0 15 - - - - 0
Lo. Qu. 1.0 0 1 - 0 - - 0
Inputs Applied
Range
Improved
used seed %
area
kg/ha Manure
applied t/ha
Plant protection
N P
2
O
5
K
2
O
Insecticide
kg/ha
Fungicide
kg/ha
Avg.0 0 0.3 - 0.3 - - - 2.5 - - - - -
Avg.1 0 10 - 10 - - - 4.0 - - - - -
Up. Qu. 0 0 - 0 - - - 2.5 - - - - -
Lo. Qu. 0 0 - 0 - - - 0 - - - - -
NOTES:
AC = Annual crops
431
MAKUENI DISTRICT
Subzone: s + s, Soil Unit: FUC Survey area 168 (Iteta)
Range
Land
ha
Livestock Numbers
Family
Adults
Casual
laborers
Number of children
Sheep &
Goats
Poultry
B/
hives
Rabbits
Avg.0 5.45 0.37 4.0 17.53 11.5 0.23 0.33 3.23 1.40 1.53
Avg.1 5.45 5.50 5.5 17.53 19.2 2.33 10.0 3.23 3.23 2.56
Up. Qu. 5.25 0 7.3 18.5 20 0 0 4 3 3
Lo. Qu. 1.88 0 0 5 0 0 0 2 0 0
Land Use
Range
Ann. Crops
ha
Perm. Crops
ha
ha
Fallow
ha
Other Use
ha
Avg.0 4.01 0.04 1.41 - -
Avg.1 4.01 0.40 1.69 - -
Up. Qu. 2.85 0 2.40 - -
Lo. Qu. 1.15 0 0.73 - -
Range
Cropping
Diversity
Crops/year
Stocking Rate
Improved Cattle
% of total cattle
Farm Land
TLU/ha
TLU/ha
Avg.0 3.1 0.1 0.7 1.1 0.3 2.8 4.3 8.5
Avg.1 3.1 1.6 1.4 - 3.6 3.2 - 83.3
Up. Qu. 3.0 0 1.6 - 0 3.0 - 0
Lo. Qu. 3.0 0 0 - 0 0 - 0
Inputs Applied
Range
Improved
seeds used
% area
kg/ha
Manure
applied
t/ha
Plant protection
N P
2
O
5
K
2
O
Insecticide
kg/ha
Fungicide
kg/ha
Avg.0 - - - - - - - 14.8 - - - - -
Avg.1 - - - - - - - 18.5 - - - - -
Up. Qu. - - - - - - - 2.4 - - - - -
Lo. Qu. - - - - - - - - - - - - -
NOTES:
AC = Annual crops
432
TABLE 17f: ASSETS, LAND USE, FARMING INTENSITY AND INPUTS IN AEZ LM 5+ OF
MAKUENI DISTRICT
Subzone: vu + vs/s, Soil Unit: PnU 2 Survey area 169 (Muuni)
Range
Land
ha
Livestock Numbers
Family
Adults
Casual
labourers
Number of children
Sheep &
Goats
Poultry B/hives
Avg.0 5.37 0.07 3.27 11.8 12.67 0.79 5.03 0.8 3.10
Avg.1 5.37 2 4.45 11.8 15.83 3.96 5.03 3.0 3.44
Up. Qu. 3.90 0 6 15.75 15.75 0 6 1 4.25
Lo. Qu. 2.8 0 0 6 4.5 0 3.75 0 1
Land Use
Range
Ann. Crops
ha
Perm. Crops
ha
ha
Fallow
ha
Other Use
ha
Avg.0 4.70 0.01 0.66 - -
Avg.1 4.70 0.22 1.65 - -
Up. Qu. 2.85 0 1.05 - -
Lo. Qu. 1.8 0 1.0 - -
Range
Cropping
Diversity
Crops/year
Stocking Rate
Improved Cattle %
of total cattle
Farm Land
TLU/ha
TLU/ha
Avg.0 3.6 0.02 0.6 0.8 0.2 4.9 6.8 2.1
Avg.1 3.6 0.7 1.39 - 4.27 8.6 - 50.0
Up. Qu. 4.3 0 2.14 - 0 19.2 - 0
Lo. Qu. 3.0 0 0 - 0 0 - 0
Inputs Applied
Range
Improved
used seed
% area
kg/ha
Manure
applied
t/ha
Plant protection
N P
2
O
5
K
2
O
Insecticide
kg/ha
Fungicide
kg/ha
Avg.0. - - - - - - - 2.3 - - - - -
Avg.1 - - - - - - - 3.2 - - - - -
Up. Qu. - - - - - - - 2.8 - - - - -
Lo. Qu. - - - - - - - 0 - - - - -
NOTES:
AC = Annual crops
433
TABLE 17g: ASSETS, LAND USE, FARMING INTENSITY AND INPUTS IN AEZ LM 5 OF
MAKUENI DISTRICT
Subzone: vu + vs, Soil Unit: PnU 2 Survey area 170 (Masongaleni)
Range
Land
ha
Livestock Numbers
Family
Adults
Casual
laborers
Number of children
Sheep &
Goats
Poultry Donkey
Avg.0 3.68 0.9 3.7 10.9 1.6 0.03 2.9 1.3 1.93
Avg.1 3.68 3 4.3 12.2 9.6 1 3.0 2.1 2.9
Up. Qu. 3.30 1 5 15.3 0 0 4 2 3
Lo. Qu. 1.20 0 2 4.8 0 0 2 0 0
Land Use
Range
Ann. Crops
ha
Perm. Crops
ha
ha
Fallow
ha
Other Use
ha
Avg.0 2.45 0.3 0.82 - -
Avg.1 2.45 0.45 0.91 - -
Up. Qu. 1.60 0.50 1.20 - -
Lo. Qu. 0.80 0.12 0.28 - -
Range
Cropping
Diversity
Crops/year
Stocking Rate
Improved
Cattle % of
total cattle
Farm Land
TLU/ha
TLU/ha
Avg.0 4.1 0.3 1.0 1.6 1.2 4.5 7.0 15.0
Avg.1 4.3 1.3 1.7 8.9 11.5 - 50.0
Up. Qu. 5.0 0.3 1.5 3.0 13.8 - 21.2
Lo. Qu. 3.0 0 1.7 0 8.7 - 0
Inputs Applied
Range
Improved
used seed
% area
kg/ha
Manure
applied
t/ha
Plant protection
N P
2
O
5
K
2
O
Insecticide
kg/ha
Fungicide
kg/ha
Avg.0 - - - - - - - 1.7 - - - - -
Avg.1 - - - - - - - 2.3 - - - - -
Up. Qu. - - - - - - - 3.1 - - - - -
Lo. Qu. - - - - - - - 0 - - - - -
NOTES:
AC = Annual crops
434
TABLE 18a: CROPPING PATTERNS IN AEZ UM 3 OF MACHAKOS DISTRICT
Subzone: s/m + s/m, Soil Unit: UU 1 Survey area 164 (Muisuni)
First Rainy Season
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Arrow Roots 0.00 0.20 0 0 0.2 1.51
Beans 0.16 0.36 0.60 0.12 4.69 35.48
Capsicum 0.00 0.2 0 0 0.2 1.51
Cassava 0.01 0.20 0 0 0.4 3.03
French beans 0.01 0.13 0 0 0.25 1.89
Ground nut 0.00 0.05 0 0 0.05 0.38
Kales 0.04 0.13 0.06 0 1.2 9.08
Maize 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.20 5.06 38.28
Onions 0.01 0.15 0 0 0.3 2.27
Sweet potatoes 0.01 0.11 0 0 0.22 1.66
Tomatoes 0.02 0.13 0.1 0 0.65 4.92
Second Rainy Season
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Arrow Roots 0.01 0.20 0 0 0.2 1.45
Capsicum 0.01 0.15 0 0 0.3 2.17
Cassava 0.01 0.2 0 0 0.4 2.89
French Beans 0.01 0.13 0 0 0.25 1.81
Ground nuts 0.00 0.05 0 0 0.05 0.36
Kales 0.03 0.13 0.1 0 1.3 9.39
Maize & Beans 0.35 0.39 0.60 0.18 10.69 77.24
Onions 0.01 0.15 0 0 0.3 2.17
Sweet potatoes 0.01 0.2 0 0 0.2 1.45
Tomatoes 0.02 0.14 0 0 0.15 1.08
Total Sample Area 0.46 13.84
Perennial Crops
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Avocado 0.01 0.03 0.01 0 0.30 4.49
Bananas 0.02 0.05 0.02 0 0.55 8.23
Coffee 0.18 0.22 0.2 0.10 5.26 78.74
Guavas 0.00 0.01 0 0 0.06 0.90
Macadamia 0.01 0.05 0.01 0 0.40 5.99
Mangoes 0.00 0.02 0 0 0.10 1.50
Passion fruits 0.00 0.01 0 0 0.01 0.15
NOTES:
435
TABLE 18b: CROPPING PATTERNS IN AEZ UM 4 OF MACHAKOS DISTRICT
Subzone: s + s, Soil Unit: MU 1 Survey area 165 (Muvuti)
First Rainy Season
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Cassava 0.00 0.13 0 0 0.13 0.56
Cow peas 0.02 0.16 0 0 0.63 2.72
Maize & beans 0.68 0.73 0.93 0.4 20.46 88.38
Pigeon peas 0.06 0.25 0.03 0 1.73 7.47
Pumpkins 0.01 0.20 0 0 0.20 0.86
Second Rainy Season
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Cow peas 0.01 0.15 0 0 0.30 1.36
Maize & beans 0.67 0.72 0.93 0.32 20.16 91.26
Pigeon peas 0.05 0.20 0.11 0 1.63 7.38
Perennial Crops
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Bananas 0.03 0.18 0 0 0.90 21.43
Coffee 0.11 0.54* 0 0 3.20 76.19
Paw paws 0.00 0.10 0 0 0.10 2.38
NOTES:
* = Few farmers on higher favourable places
436
TABLE 18c: CROPPING PATTERNS IN AEZ LM 4 OF MACHAKOS DISTRICT
Subzone: vs/s + s/vs, Soil Unit: AA 1 Survey area 166 (Kyawango)
First Rainy Season
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Butter nuts 0.00 0.05 0 0 0.05 0.11
Cow peas 0.27 0.35 0.37 0.05 8.08 17.93
Green grams 0.01 0.2 0 0 0.2 0.44
Maize & beans 0.98 1.05 1.2 0.68 29.4 65.25
Water melons 0.04 1.2 0 0 1.20 2.66
Pigeon peas 0.20 0.36 0.31 0 6.13 13.60
Second Rainy Season
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Cow peas 0.28 0.35 0.37 0.07 8.52 18.32
Green grams 0.01 0.2 0 0 0.44 0.95
Maize & beans 1.04 1.11 1.2 0.69 31.07 66.82
Pigeon peas 0.22 0.36 0.31 0 6.47 13.91
Perennial Crops
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Citrus 0.15 0.91 0 0 4.47 40.20
Mangoes 0.18 0.68 0.01 0 5.45 49.01
Oranges 0.01 0.4 0 0 0.40 3.60
Paw paws 0.03 0.27 0 0 0.80 7.19
NOTES:
437
TABLE 18d: CROPPING PATTERNS IN AEZ UM 5 OF MACHAKOS DISTRICT
Subzone: vs/s + vs, Soil Unit: LRA Survey area 167 (Katelembo)
First Rainy Season
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Maize & beans 0.59 0.59 0.73 0.3 17.75 75.21
Sorghum 0.20 0.8 0 0 5.85 24.79
Second Rainy Season
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Maize & beans 0.59 0.59 0.73 0.3 17.75 75.21
Sorghum 0.20 0.8 0 0 5.85 24.79
NB: No Perennial Crops were reported in this Survey Unit.
NOTES:
438
TABLE 18e: CROPPING PATTERNS IN AEZ LM 3 OF MAKUENI DISTRICT
Subzone: s + s, Soil Unit: FUC Survey area 168 (Iteta)
First Rainy Season
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Beans 0.34 0.42 0.45 0.1 10.2 12.36
Cow peas 0.26 0.27 0.4 0.1 7.85 9.52
Green grams 0.37 0.4 0.5 0.2 10.8 13.09
Maize 0.90 1.08 1.2 0.18 27.25 33.03
Bulrush millet 0.00 0.1 0 0 0.1 0.12
Pigeon peas 0.86 1.61 1.3 0 25.7 31.15
Sorghum 0.02 0.3 0 0 0.6 0.73
Second Rainy Season
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Beans 0.49 0.58 0.69 0.1 14.55 12.19
Cow peas 0.31 0.32 0.4 0.1 9.17 7.68
Green grams 0.24 0.30 0.25 0.06 7.08 5.93
Maize 1.60 1.60 1.95 0.8 47.95 40.18
Bulrush millet 0.00 0.1 0 0 0.1 0.08
Pigeon peas 1.31 1.36 2.4 0.35 39.3 32.93
Sorghum 0.04 0.3 0 0 1.2 1.01
Perennial Crops
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Citrus 0.01 0.2 0 0 0.1 7.87
Mangoes 0.03 0.52 0 0 1.16 91.34
Oranges 0.00 0.12 0 0 0.01 0.79
NOTES:
439
TABLE 18f: CROPPING PATTERNS IN AEZ LM 5 (-4) OF MAKUENI DISTRICT
Subzone: vu + vs/s, Soil Unit: PnU 2 Survey area 169 (Muuni)
First Rainy Season
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Beans 0.30 0.47 0.4 0 8.4 8.36
Cow peas 0.50 0.58 0.8 0.2 14.5 14.43
Dolichos lab lab 0.01 0.40 0 0 0.4 0.40
Finger millet 0.00 0.10 0 0 0.1 0.10
Green grams 0.00 0.01 0 0 13.9 13.83
Maize & beans 1.65 2.05 2.4 1.2 49.4 49.15
Bulrush millet 0.01 0.20 0 0 0.2 0.20
Pearl millet 0.04 0.65 0 0 1.3 1.29
Pigeon peas 0.32 1.36 0 0 9.5 9.45
Sorghum 0.10 0.25 0.2 0 2.8 2.79
Second Rainy Season
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Beans 0.54 0.58 0.65 0.2 16.15 11.47
Cow peas 0.43 0.50 0.4 0.2 13 9.23
Finger millet 0.01 0.13 0 0 0.4 0.28
Green grams 0.38 0.42 0.4 0.2 11.4 8.09
Maize & beans 2.12 2.12 2.85 1.4 63.6 45.15
Bulrush millet 0.01 0.20 0 0 0.2 0.14
Pearl millet 0.04 0.33 0 0 1.3 0.92
Pigeon peas 1.04 1.74 2 0 31.3 22.22
Sorghum 0.12 0.25 0.2 0 3.5 2.48
Perennial Crops
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Avocado 0.00 0.09 0 0 0.09 26.47
Bananas 0.00 0.04 0 0 0.04 11.76
Mangoes 0.01 0.08 0 0 0.16 47.06
Paw paws 0.00 0.01 0 0 0.05 14.71
NOTES:
440
TABLE 18g: CROPPING PATTERNS IN AEZ LM 5 OF MAKUENI DISTRICT
Subzone: vu + vs, Soil Unit: PnU 2 Survey area 170 (Masongaleni)
First Rainy Season
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Beans 0.81 0.87 0.9 0.38 24.0 37.59
Cassava 0.02 0.20 0 0 0.6 0.94
Cotton 0.01 0.15 0 0 0.3 0.47
Cow peas 0.18 0.42 0.13 0 5.5 8.61
Dolichos 0.00 0.10 0 0 0.1 0.16
Finger millet 0.01 0.13 0 0 0.4 0.63
Green grams 0.07 0.73 0 0 2.2 3.45
Kales 0.01 0.20 0 0 0.2 0.31
Maize & beans 0.73 0.75 0.9 0.4 21.8 34.14
Bulrush millet 0.02 0.17 0 0 0.5 0.78
Pigeon peas 0.26 0.56 0.4 0 7.9 12.37
Sweet potatoes 0.01 0.09 0 0 0.35 0.55
Second Rainy Season
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Beans 0.69 0.79 0.8 0.18 20.6 28.26
Cassava 0.02 0.25 0 0 0.5 0.69
Cow peas 0.13 0.33 0.1 0 4 5.49
Finger millet 0.01 0.13 0 0 0.4 0.55
Green grams 0.12 0.88 0 0 3.5 4.80
Maize 1.11 1.11 1.6 0.4 33.3 45.68
Bulrush millet &
beans
0.01 0.15 0 0 0.3 0.41
Pigeon peas 0.33 0.71 0.65 0 10 13.72
Sweet potatoes 0.01 0.10 0 0 0.3 0.41
Perennial Crops
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Avocado 0.01 0.17 0 0 0.34 2.76
Bananas 0.08 0.16 0.1 0 2.30 18.70
Citrus 0.08 0.20 0.1 0 2.54 20.65
Guavas 0.01 0.14 0 0 0.29 2.36
Mangoes 0.15 0.26 0.16 0 4.37 35.53
Oranges 0.05 0.14 0.02 0 1.53 12.44
Paw paws 0.03 0.10 0.01 0 0.93 7.56
NOTES:
441
3.5.5 INTRODUCTION TO THE ACTUAL LAND USE SYSTEMS AND
POTENTIAL INTENSIFICATION BY BETTER FARM MANAGEMENT
Due to many subzones in this district group, this introduction deals with the more important one only. A
more detailed description can be found together with calculations of protability in the Farm Management
Guidelines of each district and in the KARI Fertilizer Use Manual (Muriuki and Qureshi, 2001).
Subzone UM 3 s/m + s/m of the Marginal Coee Zone
Tis is a Marginal Coee Zone with two short to mediumcropping seasons, represented in Muisuni sub-location
of Machakos district. Average annual rainfall is between 900 - 1000 mm. Te 66 % reliability of rainfall
during the rst rainy season (March May) and the second rainy season (October February) is similar, i.e.
300 390 mm. Te dominant soils are rhodic and orthic Ferralsols (Table 19). Te annual subsistence crop
mix consists of the following in order of importance: maize, beans, kales, tomatoes, cassava, onions, sweet
potatoes, capsicum, arrow roots and ground nuts (Table 18). Maize is usually intercropped with beans. No
farmer reported growing improved maize variety in this zone (Table 19). Te yields of maize are generally
very low because of soil infertility. Te cash crops grown in this zone in order of importance are: coee,
French beans, bananas, macadamia nuts, avocados, mangoes, guavas and passion fruits (Table 18). Maca-
damia growing is increasingly becoming important in this zone because of better cash returns compared to
coee.
Tere is evidence of land conservation through terracing in this zone. Research has shown that a combina-
tion of run o-harvesting and farmyard manure signicantly increases grain yields in these semi-arid areas.
Farmers should therefore be encouraged to embrace these technologies if crop yields, particularly of cereal
grains and legumes, are to improve. During the Small Farm Survey that was conducted in February 2004,
the farmers listed their critical problems as follows:
1. Small land size: Due to the increasing human population, the land is increasingly becoming subdivided
to units that are no longer economically viable.
2. Low income: Tere are no viable income-generating enterprises available within their locality.
3. High cost of inputs: Te available farm inputs like fertilisers, pesticides and fungicides are expensive and
hence out of reach to the majority of the farmers. Tis explains why a majority of them apply very little
or no inputs at all to their farming enterprises.
4. Poor coee prices: For a long time now, the market price of coee has discouraged farmers from caring
the crop. Majority of the farmers have pruned back the crop and largely plant maize and legumes in what
was once a purely sole cropped coee plantation. Current attempts to revamp the coee industry are yet
to convince the farmers to revert back to its production.
5. Inadequate o-farm income: Majority of farmers lack any other alternative income o their farms. In the
absence of income generating enterprises in the area, income levels are very low and poverty is real. Te
consequences of such conditions are detrimental to any sought of development of the area.
6. Inadequate availability of pure breeds in livestock: Most farmers keep livestock breeds, which are of poor
quality, hence fetching very low prices in markets. Te dead weight of such breed of animals is very low
and discourages would be buyers from purchasing such animals. If any purchase does take place, then the
prices oered are extremely very low. Farmers are yet to embrace the need of improving their livestock
through cross breeding.
7. Inadequate market channels: Unavailability of market for farmers produce discourages many farmers
from engaging in serious market oriented farming enterprises. Tis problem is compounded by the ex-
isting poor road infrastructure. Most of the existing feeder roads are impassable, particularly during the
rainy season. Tis results in heavy losses of farm produce at this point in time. Cases of farmers selling
their farm produce at a throw away prices are very common in this area.
442
ECOLOGICAL UNIT
1)
UM 3, s/m + s/m, UU 1
Survey area 164 (Muisuni)
Crop Yields
3)
and
Inputs
Subzone: s/m+ s/m (Periods in days
2)
: 1
st
nd
rainy season:
100 110)
Unit with predom. Soil: UU 1= rhodic and orthic FERRALSOLS; with ferralo-chromic/
orthic/ferric ACRISOLS
st
mm
2
nd
out 15 years
Maize local or
Kat. CB pure
stand
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
I=low II=med.
4)
III=high
5)
AEU Pot.
6)
I=low II=med.
4)
III=high
5)
AEU Pot.
6)
1400
-
-
-
-
1409
-
-
-
-
2893
?
-
-
?
ca. 4500 980
-
-
-
-
983
-
-
-
-
1929
*
-
-
*
ca. 4000
Hybrid maize
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Maize
intercropped
with beans
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
beans
190
-
-
-
-
beans
335
-
-
-
-
beans
335
-
-
-
-
beans
ca. 800
beans
194
-
-
-
-
beans
252
-
-
-
-
beans
252
-
-
-
-
beans
ca. 700
Hybrid maize
intercropped
with beans
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
- - - - - -
NOTES
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
management
* Potential not known; no experimental results
443
Subzone UM 4 s + s of the Sunower - Maize Zone
Tis is the Sunower-Maize Zone with two short cropping seasons found in Muvuti sub-location of Machakos
district. Te average annual rainfall is between 800 - 950 mm. Te 66 % reliability of rainfall during the rst
rainy season (March May) and the second rainy season (October February) is between 250 - 350 mm,
respectively. Te dominant soil type is eutric Cambisols (Table 19). Te area is increasingly experiencing
population pressure. Tis explains why most of the farms are small in size (1.42 ha) (Table 17). Te majority
of farmers are subsistent, relying mainly on the production for home consumption and disposing o any
surplus to the nearest local markets.
During the Small Farm Survey conducted in February 2004, the majority of farmers interviewed apply very
little or no farm inputs at all (Table 17). Tey rely mainly on using local seed material, which they have been
selecting for years. Use of manure is very limited because they keep very few animals due to land scarcity, and
inorganic fertiliser is beyond their reach. Tis explains the low soil fertility status and hence low productiv-
ity of the farms. Even though most farms have bench terraces to conserve the soil, most of them are poorly
maintained, thus rendering them less eective in controlling soil erosion.
Te main subsistence food crops grown in order of importance are maize, beans, pigeon peas, cowpeas,
cassava and pumpkins (Table 18). Te yields of the staple maize crop are considerably low in this zone
compared to the agroecological unit potential (Table 19). Te reason for the low yields is the decline in
soil fertility, which is not being replenished by the farmers. Tis problem must be seriously addressed if the
food security situation in this zone is to be maintained in the coming years. Te Perennial crops are coee,
bananas and paw paws. Some farmers are now growing improving their fruit trees by planting the grafted
types and tissue culture bananas. Tis has considerably increased the productivity of these fruits thus earn-
ing some extra cash for the household. Surprisingly, though this is a sunower zone, very few farmers grow
this crop. Most farmers indicated that they would wish to grow it but the constraints of access to seed and
eventually market for the crop has discouraged them from engaging in this enterprise.
444
ECOLOGICAL UNIT
1)
UM 4, s + s, MU 1
Survey area 165 (Muvuti)
Crop, Yields
3)
and
Inputs
AEZ: UM 4 SUNFLOWER MAIZE ZONE
2)
: 1
st
nd
days)
Unit with predom. Soil: MU 1 =eutric CAMBISOLS, partly lithic phase; with LITHOSOLS,
orthic LUVISOLS, eutric REGOSOLS and Rock Outcrops
st
rainy season:
250 - 350 mm
2
nd
out of 15 years
Maize local/ KCB
pure stand
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
I=low II=med.
4)
III=high
5)
AEU Pot.
6)
I=low II=med.
4)
III=high
5)
AEU Pot.
6)
- 427
-
-
-
-
977
-
-
-
-
* - 905
-
-
-
-
2186
-
-
-
-
*
Improved maize
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
- - - ca. 3000 - - - ca. 3500
Maize local
Intercropped
with
beans
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
- - - ? - - *
Improved maize
intercropped
with beans
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
- - - - - -
NOTES:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
management
445
Subzone UM 5 vs/s + vs of the Livestock-Sorghum Zone
Tis is the Livestock-Sorghum Zone with a very short to short and a very short cropping season typied by
Katelembo sub-location of Machakos district. Te average annual rainfall is between 600 - 750 mm. Te
66 % reliability of rainfall during the rst rainy season (March May) is between 150 - 250 mm and in the
second rainy season (October February) it is between 150 - 230 mm. Te dominant soils are pellic Verti-
sols (Table 19). Majority of farmers produce for subsistence focusing on the growing of local maize varieties,
beans and sorghum (Table 18). Cereal intercrops are common in this zone. Several reasons for intercropping
were mentioned during eld interviews. Spreading risk of crop failure due to low erratic rainfall and small
cropping land were noted as the main reasons. Inter-cropping as a risk spreading strategy addresses pests as
well as drought. Te poorer farmers are more vulnerable to the shocks and stress resulting from the unpre-
dictable climatic conditions than the richer farmers. Tis has led to the abandonment of local sorghum
varieties due to lack of planting seed material. Tere is need for breeders and crop protection researchers
to focus on a seed initiative that would reduce seed losses/shortages and provide the resource-poor farm-
ers with choice of more varieties. Such an initiative could include research on improved seed preservation
technology(s). Crop protection research could explore the possibility of using the already available packaged
innovations from KARI. In addition, the possibility of introducing seed bulking among farmer eld schools
should be explored. Livestock keeping could be a suitable source of income but it only comprises the local
breeds. Te majority of farmers keep local breeds of oxen used in the ploughing of farms and for transport-
ing produce.
446
ECOLOGICAL UNIT
1)
UM 5, vs/s + vs, LRA
Survey area 166 (Katelembo)
Crop, Yields
3)
and Inputs
AEZ: UM 5 LIVESTOCK SORGHUM ZONE
Subzone: vs/s + vs (Periods in days
2)
: 1
st
nd
rainy season: 50 65 days)
Unit with predom. Soil: LRA = pellic VERTISOLS, partly saline phase and eutric
PLANOSOLS
st
rainy season:
150 250 mm
2
nd
out 15 years
Maize local
pure stand
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
I=low II=med.
4)
III=high
5)
AEU Pot.
6)
I=low II=med.
4)
III=high
5)
AEU Pot.
6)
792
-
-
-
-
892
-
-
-
-
1125
-
-
-
2
* 310
-
-
-
-
334
-
-
-
-
675
-
-
-
-
Improved
maize
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
- - - - - -
Maize local
intercropped
with beans
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
479
-
-
-
-
1483
-
-
-
0.5
1667
-
-
0.8
* 483
-
-
-
-
666
-
-
-
-
1125
-
-
-
-
*
Improved
maize
intercropped
with beans
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
- - - - - -
NOTES:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
management
447
Subzone LM4 vs/s + s/vs of the Marginal Cotton Zone
Tis is the Marginal Cotton Zone with a very short to short and a short to very short cropping season typied by
Kyawango sub-location of Machakos district. Te average annual rainfall is between 700 - 800 mm. Te
66 % reliability of rainfall during the rst rainy season (March May) is between 190 - 300 mm and the
second rainy season (October February) is between 250 - 350 mm. (Table 19). Te predominant soils are
eutric Fluvisols (Table 19). Tere exist a few isolated soil conservation structures like bench terraces though
neglected. During the Small Farm Survey conducted in February 2004, farmers reported growing the fol-
lowing subsistence food crops in order of importance: maize, beans, cowpeas, pigeon peas, water melons,
green grams and butter nuts (Table 18). Te use of farm inputs like fertilizer and manure is restricted to
only a few farmers who have some o-farm income. Majority of the farmers use very little farm inputs. Te
perennial crops grown include fruit trees: mangoes, citrus, paw paws and oranges. Tere is evidence that
many farmers are adopting the growing of grafted mangoes, avocados, citrus and pawpaws. Tis enterprise
is generating the much-needed income for a majority of households. Livestock keeping comprises mainly
the local breeds of cattle, sheep and the Galla goats. Access to markets by farmers has been identied as the
most critical problem being experienced. Tis explains why the farm gate prices for most of their produce
are very low.
448
ECOLOGICAL UNIT
1)
LM 4, vs/s + s/vs, AA 1
Survey Area 167 (Kyawango)
Crop, Yields
3)
and
Inputs
Subzone: vs/s +s/vs (Periods in days
2)
: 1
st
nd
Unit with predom. Soil: AA 1 = eutric FLUVISOLS
st
rainy season:
190 300 mm
2
nd
out of 15 years
Maize local/ DLC
pure stand
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
I=low II=med.
4)
III=high
5)
AEU Pot.
6)
I=low II=med.
4)
III=high
5)
AEU Pot.
6)
135
-
-
-
-
634
-
-
-
-
1291
-
-
-
-
* 540
-
-
-
-
1605
-
-
-
-
2773
-
-
-
-
*
Hybrid maize
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
- - - - - -
Maize local/ DLC
intercropped
with beans
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
beans
49
-
-
-
-
beans
239
-
-
-
-
beans
437
-
-
-
-
beans
135
-
-
-
-
beans
456
-
-
-
-
beans
943
-
-
-
-
Hybrid maize
intercropped
with beans
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
NOTES:
1)
2)
Figures of these cereals growing periods should be reached or surpassed in 6 out of 10 years; growing periods may be considered longer due
to immediately Iollowing second rainy season by middle rains. Then the second growing period is shorter than the given fgures
3)
4)
5)
6)
management
449
Tis is the Cotton Zone with two short cropping seasons occurring in Iteta sub-location of Makueni district.
Te average annual rainfall is between 800 - 900 mm. Te 66 % reliability of rainfall during the rst rainy
season (March May) is between 250 - 350 mm and the second rainy season (October February) is be-
tween 250 - 350 mm. Te soils in this zone are ferralic Arenosols (Table 19). Te existing soil conservation
measures in this Subzone include terraces fortied by Napier grass to provide fodder for livestock.
According to the Small Farm Survey conducted in February 2004, farmers grew the following annual food
crops in order of importance: maize, pigeon peas, green grams, beans, cowpeas, sorghum and millet (Table
18). Maize is intercropped with the legumes and the yields are relatively very low (Table 19). Seed material
used for planting is of local variety. Tere is very little or no use of improved seed varieties and farm inputs
by the farmers. Most farmers indicated that they have no extra income to invest in improved farming tech-
nologies or purchase farm inputs. Evidence of severe nitrogen decit can be seen from the yield dierences
under sole crop and intercrop (Table 19). Under the intercrop, higher yields are obtained because of nitro-
gen accumulation by legumes. Note that although this is a Cotton Zone, no farmer reported growing it.
Its importance has diminished due to the poor market prices of the crop. Improved mangoes have replaced
cotton in importance because the cash returns from it are much higher. Fruit trees play a signicant role
here as household cash earners. Te most important fruit trees include: mangoes, citrus and oranges. Tere is
increased demand for grafted varieties of these fruits. Livestock keeping mainly consists of local cattle breeds
and goats. Most farmers keep several oxen and use during land preparation and transportation of produce
from their farms after harvest.
450
ECOLOGICAL UNIT
1)
LM 3, s + s, FUC
Survey Area 168 (Iteta)
Crop, Yields
3)
and
Inputs
2)
: 1
st
nd
Unit with predom. Soil: FUC = ferralic ARENOSOLS; with ferralo-chromic /orthic
LUVISOLS and ACRISOLS
st
rainy season:
250 350 mm
2
nd
out of 15 years
Maize local/ KCB
pure stand
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
I=low II=med.
4)
III=high
5)
AEU Pot.
6)
I=low II=med.
4)
III=high
5)
AEU Pot.
6)
372
-
-
-
-
405
-
-
-
-
498
-
-
-
-
* 168
-
-
-
-
205
-
-
-
-
217
-
-
-
-
*
Hybrid maize
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
- - - - - -
Maize local/ KCB
intercropped
with beans
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
1127
-
-
-
0.4
2110
-
-
-
0.6
2741
-
-
-
1.0
* 200
-
-
-
-
840
-
-
-
-
931
-
-
-
-
*
Maize Var.H622
intercropped
with
beans
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
- - - - - -
NOTES:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
management
451
Subzone LM 5+ vu + vs/s of the Livestock-Millet Zone
Tis is a Livestock-Millet Zone with very uncertain rst rains and a very short to short cropping season, occurring
in Muuni/Tande sub-Locations of Makueni district. Te average annual rainfall is between 600 - 700 mm.
Te 66 % reliability of rainfall during the rst rainy season (March May) is between 80 - 160 mm and the
second rainy season (October February) is between 180 - 250 mm. Te soils have been developed on non-
dissected erosional plains (rhodic and orthic Ferralsols) (Table 19). Te + sign means that this zone tends
toward zone 4. Inspite of the very uncertain rst rainy season, farmers try to plant maize because in 4 out of
10 years, the growing period reaches 65 days or more. During the Farm Survey of 2004, it was observed that
a majority of the farmers do not use any inputs to improve their farm productivity. Adoption of new farming
technologies is almost non-existent (Table 17). Te farming enterprises are restricted to basically growing
the following crops in order of importance: maize, beans, cowpeas, green grams, pigeon peas, sorghum,
nger and pearl millets and dolichos beans (Table 18). Maize is generally intercropped with these legumes.
Te low average yield of maize is compensated by a relatively large acreage. Te yields are relatively higher
when intercropped with beans because of nitrogen build up which is taken up by the maize crop. Livestock
keeping comprises the local breed cattle, where the oxen dominate the stock. Te oxen are mainly used for
land preparation and also transporting the farm produce.
452
ECOLOGICAL UNIT
1)
LM 5+, vu + vs/s, PnU 2
Survey area 169 (Thande)
Crop, Yields
3)
and
Inputs
Subzone: vu + vs/s (Periods in days
2)
: 1
st
nd
Unit with predom. Soil: PnU 2 = rhodic and orthic FERRALSOLS
st
rainy season:
80 160 mm
2
nd
rainy season: 180 - 250 mm in at 10 out
of 15 years
Maize local pure
stand
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
I=low II=med.
4)
III=high
5)
AEU
Pot.
6)
I=low II=med.
4)
III=high
5)
AEU
Pot.
6)
340
-
-
-
-
649
-
-
-
-
712
-
-
-
-
* 201
-
-
-
-
232
-
-
-
-
746
-
-
-
-
*
Improved maize
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
- - - - - -
Maize local/ DLC
intercropped
with beans
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
1213
7)
-
-
-
-
1529
7)
-
-
-
-
1861
7)
-
-
-
-
* 282
-
-
-
-
465
-
-
-
-
1834
-
-
-
-
*
Improved maize
intercropped
with beans
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
- - - - - -
NOTES:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
management
7)
These relatively high amounts seem to be not averages but yields of good seasons
453
Subzone LM 5 vu + vs of the Livestock-Millet Zone
Tis is the extremely harsh climatic environment of the Livestock-Millet Zone with very uncertain rst rains
and a very short cropping season as typied by Masongaleni sub-location of Makueni district. Te average an-
nual rainfall is between 600 - 700 mm. Te 66 % reliability of rainfall during the rst rainy season (March
May) is between 50 - 160 mm and the second rainy season (October February) is between 150 - 220
mm. Te soils have been developed on non-dissected erosion plains (rhodic and orthic Ferralsols) (Table
19). During the Small Farm Survey conducted in 2004, it was observed that majority of the farmers do not
use any inputs to improve their farm productivity. Adoption of new farming technologies is minimal among
the resource-poor farmers. Te would denitely require support through some form of credit system. Te
crop diversity is restricted to growing the following crops in order of importance: beans, maize, pigeon peas,
cowpeas, green grams, cassava, sweet potatoes, cotton, kales and dolichos beans (Table 18). Crop failure for
maize in this zone is a frequent phenomenon. Despite the fact that the rst rainy season is very uncertain
and the second one has a very short but reliable growing period, the average yields of maize though low, are
much higher in the rst rainy season (Table 19). In 4 out of 10 seasons, enough rainfall is received for 60 or
more days of a growing period, but there are more total crop failures (which most farmers forget to include
in the average). Tere is very little millet planted because these farmers have migrated from areas with no
tradition of millet growing. Tey still consider millet as a poor mans crop. Te perennial crops comprise of
mangoes (Table 18). Livestock keeping comprises the local breed cattle, where the oxen dominate the stock.
Te households with oxen mainly use them for land preparation and also transporting the farm produce
from the farms after harvesting.
454
ECOLOGICAL UNIT
1)
LM 5, vu + vs, PnU 2
Survey area 170 (Masongaleni)
Crop, Yields
3)
and
Inputs
Subzone: vu + vs (Periods in days
2)
: 1
st
nd
rainy season: 45 - 55 days)
st
rainy season:
50 160 mm
2
nd
rainy season: 150 -220 mm in at least 10
out of 15 years
Maize local pure
stand
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
I=low II=med.
4)
III=high
5)
AEU Pot.
6)
I=low II=med.
4)
III=high
5)
AEU Pot.
6)
741
-
-
-
-
934
-
-
-
-
994
7)
-
-
-
-
188
-
-
-
-
282
-
-
-
-
420
-
-
-
-
?
Improved maize
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
- - - - - -
Maize local
intercropped
with beans
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
1200
7)
-
-
-
0.2
1398
7)
-
-
-
0.3
1557
7)
-
-
-
0.5
? 283
-
-
-
-
683
-
-
-
-
703
-
-
-
-
?
Improved maize
intercropped
with beans
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
- - - - - -
NOTES:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
management
7)
Amounts seem to be not averages but yields of good seasons
? Potential for local maize not known; no experimental results
455
Te Fertiliser Use Recommendation Project of the GTZ (1986 - 92) had four trial sites in the former Mach-
akos district: one was located on Ferralsols at Kilome Upete in UM3 and another in Katumani National
Dryland Farming Research Center in UM4 on a mixture of Ferralsols and Cambisols, while the third was in
Makutano which is within zone LM3-4 on Acrilsols with low fertility and the fourth in Kampi-ya-Mawe on
Acrisols and Arenosols in LM4(-5). For the other zones, subzones and units Muriuki and Qureshi showed
which results from other districts could be representative (see map of Fertiliser Recommendations and Farm
Survey Areas) and made curves for fertiliser response
1
.
Recommended rates of an AEU increase towards the wetter subzone and decrease into a drier subzone if the
soil unit extends there (see dark and light grey shades in the small maps). We have tended to lower the rates
due to the low nancial basis of the smallholder farmers. Te optimum can be calculated from the curve for-
mulas in Muriuki & Qureshi Fertiliser Use Manual, KARI, Nairobi 2001. In the long run the sustainable
amount of nutrients must be applied to the soil in order to maintain the nutrient content. Some quantities
for it can be seen in the chapter 3.1 under General Remarks.
system for the inputs could help the farmers a great deal if it was in place. Where scientic sources for
quantifying the rates are lacking, some conclusions have been drawn from the dierence of inputs and yields
between the low and high production levels of the Farm Survey 2004/05. An empty column Other Nutri-
ents Recommended does not mean that there is no fertiliser to be added, but it simply indicates lack of trial
results. Crop physical signs of nutrient deciencies and methods of alleviating this are shown in Muriuki,
A.W. and Qureshi, J.N. (2001), Table 1&2, p.22-23.
Finally it must be mentioned again that fertilising of the soil alone will only increase the yields in the short
term. Te micronutrients that are not included in the fertiliser become exhausted sooner than later. Tus,
manuring almost up to the full return of the extracted nutrients is inevitable in order to have a stable agro-
biological system with continuous crop production
2
.
On the other hand even macronutrients like potassium (K) which is not usually mentioned based on the as-
sumption that it is still enough in the soil, must be applied in the long run because 1 t of maize needs 23 kg
K, 1 t of sorghum even 45 kg, 1 t of groundnuts 50 kg. Cassava is less demanding, only 7 kg K per t, but
needs additionally 2 kg of cobalt (Co) and 1 kg of magnesium (Mg)
3
.
1
2
3
456
457
458
MACHAKOS & MAKUENI
ECOLOGICAL UNITS UM3 s/m + s/m, UU1 & 8, UUC2
of the MARGINAL COFFEE ZONE
Crop varieties
and Season
Recommended
Fertiliser Rates
Average Yield
Increase if this
Rate is Applied
Average Yield
Increase if 5 t/ha
Manure are Applied
kg/ha
Other Nutrients
Recommended
kg/ha kg/ha
First Rainy Season
Ca, K, Mg after
some cropping
seasons without
manuring
Kat. CB maize 50 N + 30 P 1769 310
Maize & beans 40 N 520 maize 570 m., 100 b.
Sorghum 40 N 820 -
Second Rainy Season
Kat. CB maize 50 N + 30 P ca. 2000
1)
540
Maize & beans 30 N 1275 maize 580 m., 40 b.
Permanent
Coffee 45 C.A.N.
2)
ca.500 *
Sources: MURIUKI & QURESHI: Fertiliser Use Manual 2001, p.138; KARI and GTZ: Fertiliser Use Recomm.,
Vol.23 Machakos District, Nairobi 1994; conclusions from the Farm Survey 2004, area 164; IRACC:
Small Holder Farming Handbook 1997, p.147.
1)
Climatic conditions are more favourable for maize in 2
nd
rainy season
2)
Per 10 trees per year (see. IRACC 1997, p. 147)
* No data available
ECOLOGICAL UNITS UM 4 s + s & s/vs + s/vs, UUC2
of the MAIZE- SUNFLOWER ZONE
Recommended
Fertiliser Rates
Average Yield
Increase if this
Rate is Applied
Average Yield
Increase if 5 t/ha
Manure are Applied
kg/ha
Other Nutrients
Recommended
kg/ha kg/ha
First Rainy Season
Ca, K, Mg after
some cropping
seasons without
manuring
Maize KCB 20 N + 20 P ca.450
1)
ca.300
Maize & beans 20 P ca.400 maize *
Sorghum (at s/vs) 30 N ca.380
1)
*
Second Rainy Season
Maize KCB 30 N 330
1)
ca.400
Maize & beans not economical *
Sunfower (at s)
170 SSP
2)
+
100 C.A.N.
3)
ca.800 *
Small Holder Farming Handbook 1997, p.111.
1)
Under present prices fertilisers are not economical, response farming to the character of the season
recommended and manure.
2)
at planting
3)
top dressing; * No data available
106
459
460
MACHAKOS & MAKUENI
ECOLOGICAL UNIT UM 4 s + s, UU1 of the MAIZE-SUNFLOWER
ZONE
Recommended
Fertiliser Rates
Average Yield
Increase if this
Rate is Applied
Average Yield
Increase if 5 t/ha
Manure are Applied
kg/ha
Other Nutrients
Recommended
kg/ha kg/ha
First Rainy Season
Maize KCB 75 N + 25 P 1230 170
1)
Lime, K, Mg
Sunfower
170 SSP
3)
+
100 C.A.N.
4)
ca. 800 *
2)
Second Rainy Season
Maize KCB 25 N 223 *
2)
Sunfower
170 SSP
3)
+
100 C.A.N.
4)
ca. 800 *
Sources: MURIUKI & QURESHI: Fertiliser Use Manual 2001, p.126 & 140; KARI and GTZ: Fertiliser Use
Recomm., Vol.23 Machakos District, Nairobi 1994; conclusions from the Farm Survey 2004, area 167;
IRACC: Small Holder Farming Handbook 1997, p.111.
1)
Together with 50N & 50P 1250 kg more yield
2)
Recommended for soil improvement and better water storage capacity in any case.
3)
at planting
4)
top dressing
* No data available
ECOLOGICAL UNIT LM 4 vs/s + vs/s, PdUC1 of the MARGINAL
COTTON ZONE
Recommended
Fertiliser Rates
Average Yield
Increase if this
Rate is Applied
Average Yield
Increase if 5 t/ha
Manure are Applied
kg/ha
Other Nutrients
Recommended
kg/ha kg/ha
First Rainy Season
Ca, K, Mg after
some cropping
seasons without
manuring
Maize DLC 30 N 440 ca.300
Maize & cowpeas (30 P)
1)
(200)
1)
*
Second Rainy Season
Maize & cowpeas not economical *
Biseasonal (2
nd
to 1
st
r.s.)
Cotton 150 DSP ca.500 *
Pigeon peas 25 P 400 340
Small Holder Farming Handbook 1997, p.155; * No data available
1)
May be not economical
108
461
462
MACHAKOS & MAKUENI
ECOLOGICAL UNIT LM 4 vs/s + vs/s, UUC2 of the MARGINAL COTTON
ZONE
Crop varieties and
Season
Recommended
Fertiliser Rates
kg/ha
Average Yield
Increase if this
Rate is Applied
kg/ha
Average Yield
Increase if 5 t/ha
Manure are Applied
kg/ha
Other Nutrients
Recommended
First Rainy Season
Ca, K, Mg after
some cropping
seasons without
manuring
1)
Maize & cowpeas not economical -
Second Rainy Season
Maize DLC not economical, drought risk ca.400
1)
Maize & cowpeas 20 P 420 maize -
Biseasonal (2
nd
to 1
st
r.s.)
Cotton
150 SSP
2)
+
80 C.A.N.
3)
*
Pigeon peas 10 P
4)
30
4)
-
Sources: MURIUKI & QURESHI: Fertiliser Use Manual 2001, p.138; KARI and GTZ: Fertiliser Use Recomm., Vol.23
Machakos District, Nairobi 1994; conclusions from the Farm Survey 2004, area 166; IRACC: Small
Holder Farming Handbook 1997, p.155.
1)
May be less but manuring is necessary for humus content and moisture storage capacity of the soil.
2)
at planting
3)
top dressing if the rainy season develops positive, otherwise uneconomical; * No data available
4)
May be uneconomical
ECOLOGICAL UNIT LM 5 vu + vs, UUA of the LIVESTOCK-MILLET
ZONE
Recommended
Fertiliser Rates
kg/ha
Average Yield
Increase if this
Rate is Applied
kg/ha
Average Yield
Increase if 5 t/ha
Manure are Applied
kg/ha
Other Nutrients
Recommended
First Rainy Season
No fertiliser because of very uncertain growing period.
Second Rainy Season
Fertiliser uneconomical because of very short and risky growing period.
Manure recommended.
Sources: MURIUKI & QURESHI: Fertiliser Use Manual 2001, p.138; KARI and GTZ: Fertiliser Use Recomm.,Vol.23
Machakos District, Nairobi 1994; conclusions from the Farm Survey 2004, area 170
110
463
ECOLOGICAL UNIT LM 5 vs + vs/s, UUC2 of the LIVESTOCK-MILLET
ZONE
Recommended
Fertiliser Rates
kg/ha
Average Yield
Increase if this
Rate is Applied
kg/ha
Average Yield
Increase if 5 t/ha
Manure are Applied
kg/ha
Other Nutrients
Recommended
First Rainy Season
Fertiliser uneconomical because of very short and risky
growing period. Manure recommended.
Second Rainy Season
K & Mg after
some cropping
seasons without
manuring
Maize DLC 20 N ca.400 ca.350
Maize & cowpeas 20 N ca.400 maize -
Sorghum 30 N ca.350 -
Small Holder Farming Handbook 1997.
464
465
466 468
467
3.6 MWINGI AND KITUI DISTRICTS GROUP
Introduction 3
Tables 5 a-e: Climatic Yield Potentials in Semi-arid Zones 25
Appendix: Diagrams of Growing Periods in Semi-arid Zones Showing the Variability 30
Soil Map 37
Mwingi District
Table 6: Population in Mwingi District 41
Table 7: Composition of Households in Mwingi District 7: Composition of Households in Mwingi District 7: Composition of Households in Mwingi District 45
Table 8: Available Land Area in Mwingi District per AEZ and Household 49
Kitui District
Table 9 Population in Kitui District 53
Table 10: Composition of Households in Kitui District 58
Table 11: Available Land Area in Kitui District per AEZ and Household 64
Development and Trends of Major Crops in Mwingi District 67
Table 12: Cotton 67
Development and Trends of Major Cash Crops in Kitui District 68
Table 13: Coee 68
Table 14: Cotton 69
Tables 15 a-k: Farming Activities in the Agro-Ecological Zones 70
MWINGI & KITUI 1
468
LM4 vs/s + s/vs of the Marginal Cotton Zones 92
Tables 19 a-f: Increase of Yields by Better Farm Management 93 - 103
LM5+ vs + vs/s of the Livestock-Millet Zone 94
LM5- vu + vs of the Livestock-Millet Zone 96
UM3-4 s/m + s of the Transitional Marginal Coee Zone 98
LM4 s/vs + s of the Marginal Cotton Zone 100
LM5 vu + vs/s of the Livestock-Millet Zone 102
Tables 20 a-d: Fertiliser and Manure Recommendations: 106 - 109
UM3 - 4 s/m + s & UM4 s + s, UUC2
of the Marginal Coee & Maize-Sunower Zones 106
LM4 s/vs + s & vs/s + s/vs, UUC2 of the Marginal Cotton Zone 107
LM5 vs + vs/s & vs + vs, UU3 of the Livestock-Millet Zone 108
LM& IL5 vu + vs/s, UUA of the Livestock-Millet Zones 109
MWINGI & KITUI 2
469
MWINGI & KITUI 3
INTRODUCTION
Te central part of Kitui and Mwingi Districts consists of an undulating plateau at about 1 100 m altitude,
surmounted by ridges and hills which rise to 1 700 m. Tere are only two short or very short rainy seasons
with a 66% rainfall reliability during the growing period of 250 390 mm and 280 490 mm, divided
by two distinct dry seasons. Te total annual average is between 750 and 1 150 mm. In view of the evapo-
transpiration and the water requirement curves of the leading crops, the rainfall is just enough for the agro-
ecological zones class 4, i.e. UM4 = Maize-Sunower Zone in the Upper Midlands and LM4 = Marginal
Cotton Zone in the Lower Midlands. Due to a localised, unfavourable anomaly of temperatures (Table 2),
cotton can only be grown up to 1 200 m here, compared to 1 250 1 500 m further west. On the other
hand, Zone UM4 starts at such a low altitude that pigeon peas still grow and are widely planted, more so
than sunowers, so that the name Maize-Pigeon Pea Zone would actually be more suitable.
Te highest hills catch some clouds from the southeast trade winds after the rst rainy season, enabling cof-
fee trees to survive on certain favourable locations. Tis is therefore a mixed zone, UM3-4.
Downhill towards the Lower Midlands, the climate is too dry for a Cotton Zone (LM3) and even the Mar-
ginal Cotton Zone (LM4), which is also too dry for successful maize cultivation. Cotton is grown in this zone
as a cash crop. Te main area of the district, the peneplain around the central Upper Midlands, belongs to
the Livestock-Millet Zones (LM5 and IL 5), where early maturing bulrush millet, proso and foxtail millets
should be the leading grain varieties. Very early maturing sorghum is also possible there. At present, maize
is still widely planted, with subsequent crop failures and a high risk of famine
1)
. To have at least something
to eat in especially dry years in which the rains are insucient even for sorghum and millets, new perennial
crops like bualo gourds (from Arizona) and marama beans (from Kalahari) may be advisable. Tey have
edible seeds rich in protein and form big nutritious tubers after a few rainy seasons.
Since almost all the area of Kitui and Mwingi districts is situated in the semi-arid to arid zones with uncer-
tain rainfall conditions for rainfed farming, many diagrams of the growing periods were included to show
the risky variations between bad and good seasons. By receiving data of the ocean ow and air pressure tele-
connections, the Meteorological Department can give an early warning for the second rainy season already
in August: If an Anti-ENSO situation is forecast, the median rainfall drops to almost half and the probabil-
ity of a drought doubles, for instance at Mutomo it was from 350 mm to 185 mm in the last decades, and
the median growing period decreased from 60 to 50 days. In such a situation it is recommended that the
minor millets and tepary beans be planted to get at least a crop, and a third of the livestock must be sold o
before they become too emaciated and the prices decrease drastically.
Te chances in ENSO-years are not as clear as the increased risks in Anti-ENSO conditions. Te rainfall
is (apart of extremely heavy El Nio rains) is only a bit higher, and the growing period lasts about 10 days
longer, but this could mean that maize growing is possible instead of the low yielding millet
2)
. If the agro-
humid conditions start already in October, then there is an 80% chance to get a good maize crop even with
a higher yielding maize variety.
In the rst rainy season, the inuence of the ENSO-System is less important. To get a broad picture of the
chances, two additional maps of the seasonal rainfall, excluding the abnormal dry years without an agro-
humid period were constructed for the whole district group.
An increasing problem is the exhaustion of the soils which are already poor by nature. Boma manure is al-
1)
For the unreliability of rainfall see H.M.H.Braun: Te Reliability of Rainy Seasons in Machakos and Kitui Districts. Kenya Soil
Survey M 12, Nairobi 1977.
2)
See C. Shisanya: Chances and risks of maize and beans growing in the semi-arid areas of South-East Kenya during expected de-
cient, normal and above normal rainfall of the short rainy seasons.(= Materialien zur Ostafrika-Forschung, H.23) Geographische Materialien zur Ostafrika-Forschung, H.23) Geographische
Gesellschaft Universitt Trier 1996, p. 133-137.
470
MWINGI & KITUI
ready being used. In future it may become necessary to recycle even human sewage to the elds.
In the Ranching Zone (IL 6), the annual average rainfall is between 350 and 550 mm; the 66% reliability
during the rst rainy season is only 80-100 mm, during the second rainy season 130-150 mm.
Te maps of seasonal rainfall show the amount falling during the median (more representative than the aver-
age) growing period (including the grass growing period because large parts of the district have no agrohu-
mid period). Additionally the rainfall of the ten day-decade before the growing period is taken into account
too because it is the time of building up the soil moisture to reach growing conditions.
For development proposals and activities see the Reports on the integrated project in Mwingi District sup-
ported by GTZ.
4
471
MWINGI & KITUI 5
472
MWINGI & KITUI 6
No. and
altitude
Name of
Station
Agro Ecol.
Zone
Subzone
Kind of
records
Annual
rainfall
mm
9038000 Katse LM5 Average 675 30 20 77 173 32 4 0 0 1 54 180 104
750 m Dispensary vs/s + vs/s 66% rel.
1
618 0 0 19 124 10 0 0 0 0 19 160 61
9038001 Enziu IL 5 Av. 581 36 16 43 141 29 0 1 1 3 35 201 75
680 m Dispensary vs + vs 66%
2
470 5 0 18 120 0 0 0 0 0 0 170 20
9038002 Muvukoni LM5 Av. 513 22 22 54 133 32 0 0 0 1 33 127 89
884 m Dispensary vs + vs 66% 398 8 0 22 103 0 0 0 0 0 0 116 47
9038003 Mwingi LM4 Av. 726 30 25 100 141 32 2 2 2 3 43 246 100
1036 m Mission vs + s/vs 66% 622 8 6 37 120 16 0 1 0 0 18 190 68
9038004 Tseikuru IL 5 Av. 585 29 12 62 135 32 0 0 0 0 43 196 75
9038005 Ngomeni IL 5 Av. 607 16 17 65 113 22 0 7 1 38 52 201 77
9038006 Tharaka LM4 - 5 Av. 830 38 26 107 266 52 6 0 5 3 62 233 91
914 m ChieIs Camp vs/s + vs/s 66% 570 4 0 46 184 10 0 0 0 0 23 131 31
9038007 Kyuso, D.O.s LM4 - 5 Av. 818 35 32 93 192 50 1 0 3 2 72 243 105
747 m OIfce vs/s + vs/s 66% 591 14 0 79 159 3 0 0 0 0 31 133 66
9038008 Mwingi LM4 - 5 Av. 722 39 35 79 151 28 2 1 1 4 42 236 103
1052 m Agric. Stn. vs + vs/s 66% 614 4 1 28 142 9 0 0 0 0 13 170 64
9038013 Kamuwongo LM5 Av. 654 29 16 65 162 14 0 0 0 0 52 205 89
980 m Prim. School vs + vs/s 66%
2
560 3 0 22 145 5 0 0 0 0 19 150 60
9137076 Katiteni Ranch. LM5 Av. 578 24 18 62 132 38 3 1 2 6 39 191 62
1250 m Coop. Society vs + vs 66% 500 13 0 45 110 30 0 0 0 0 5 162 31
9137092 Kyusyani LM5 Av. 655 35 24 68 158 34 10 1 4 7 41 190 83
1025 m ChieIs OIfce vu + vs/s 66%
2
561 5 6 10 120 10 0 0 0 1 2 165 62
9137094 Mutonguni LM4 Av. 729 20 23 62 170 33 2 3 2 14 86 224 91
1077 m Day Sec. Sch. s/vs + s 66% 615 4 5 45 145 15 0 0 0 2 28 165 60
9137095 Ithookwe LM 3 Av. 1181 48 38 175 282 51 6 2 7 9 105 331 127
1115 m Agric. Station s + s 66%
2
890 30 25 90 195 18 2 0 2 3 30 245 85
9137096 Tiva LM5 Av. 621 17 30 79 129 48 3 1 3 3 40 190 78
1036 m Market vu + vs/s 66% 510 0 7 12 90 23 0 0 0 0 5 130 30
9138000 Kitui LMUM 3-4 Av. 1079 41 30 130 250 57 5 3 6 7 88 319 143
1158 m Agric. Stn. s/vs + s 66% 835 25 20 75 160 20 1 0 0 2 12 240 90
9138001 Mutomo LM4 (-5) Av. 844 35 22 66 134 28 5 4 4 11 45 361 129
914 m Agric. Stn. vu + vs/s 66% 562 9 0 9 75 15 0 0 0 0 0 200 41
9138002 Kitui Mulango LM4 Av. 916 50 34 99 190 41 3 1 4 9 81 272 130
960 m Afr. Inland Miss. s/vs + s 66%
2
710 30 22 60 100 15 1 0 0 2 10 220 85
9138003 Kitui LMUM 3-4 Average 1003 35 30 113 245 51 4 1 5 9 79 281 152
1158 m Sec. School s + s 66%
1
780 20 20 68 138 17 1 0 0 2 10 225 98
9138004 Zombe IL 5 Av. 734 33 27 88 122 24 3 1 2 5 39 287 103
600 m ChieIs Camp vu + vs/s 66% 650 12 0 36 92 7 0 0 0 0 9 227 65
9138005 Migwani UM4 Av. 793 15 23 79 197 37 2 1 2 6 74 251 107
1200 m Health Centre s + s 66%
2
680 5 4 30 155 15 0 0 0 0 28 198 65
9138006 Kanziko IL 5 Av. 655 27 30 84 114 18 2 1 3 6 29 227 116
690 m ChieIs Centre vu + vs 66% 480 6 0 15 64 13 0 0 0 0 4 193 80
9138007 Voo IL 5 Av. 523 21 16 61 111 16 1 0 2 2 42 141 108
600 m Dispensary vu + vs 66% 333 1 0 10 76 4 0 0 0 0 3 84 52
9138008 Mui LM4 - 5 Av. 796 36 15 92 159 29 4 2 4 7 55 282 111
853 m ChieIs Camp vs + vs/s 66% 668 7 0 20 104 13 0 0 1 0 22 158 33
473
MWINGI & KITUI 7
No. and
altitude
Name of
Station
Agro Ecol.
Zone
Subzone
Kind of
records
Annual
rainfall
mm
9138009 Nuu LM5 Av. 659 31 13 57 127 21 1 1 2 7 52 240 107
905 m ChieIs Centre vs + vs/s 66%
2
485 7 0 10 85 15 0 0 0 1 20 200 65
9138010 Mutha IL 5 Av. 635 32 20 72 141 12 1 0 4 8 18 233 93
660 m ChieIs Camp vu + vs 66% 495 14 0 53 91 0 0 0 0 0 0 148 46
9138011 Endau IL 5 Av. 823 41 31 89 149 34 3 1 6 3 27 312 128
517 m Dispensary vu + vs 66% 638 1 1 31 134 9 0 0 0 0 7 174 80
9138012 Mutito LM4 Av. 790 22 19 70 144 29 2 2 2 3 71 302 124
838 m ChieIs Camp vs + vs/s 66% 580 4 3 20 100 8 0 0 0 0 18 190 40
9138013 Ikanga LM5 Av. 681 21 35 80 122 52 2 0 2 5 48 228 86
853 m ChieIs Camp vs + s/vs 66% 565 4 14 11 95 15 0 0 0 1 1 205 65
9138014 Kitui UM4 Av. 1033 41 40 116 260 52 6 2 5 11 80 310 110
1180 m Water Dam s + s 66% 810 5 15 50 205 30 2 0 1 3 15 255 70
9138016 Kyome UM4 Av. 792 30 27 75 201 55 4 4 4 8 74 235 75
1240 m Sec. School s + s 66%
2
679 8 5 28 157 20 0 0 0 1 28 190 50
9138018 Kiviuni LM5 Av. 630 33 34 71 119 33 2 2 4 5 80 206 41
785 m Prim. School vu + vs/s 66%
9138024 Inyuu IL 5 Av. 689 34 16 68 138 28 0 0 1 11 55 238 100
715 m Dispensary vs + vs/s 66%
9138037 Kisasi LM5 Av. 654 36 30 56 111 59 1 0 4 16 63 172 106
995 m ChieIs Camp vs + vs/s 66%
9138040 Mutito UM 3 - 4 Av. 1031 66 37 82 218 45 7 6 4 12 98 293 163
1328 m Forest Station s + s 66%
9138045 Kyawea UM 3 - 4 Av. 1029 33 26 73 304 70 8 7 7 14 105 271 111
1450 m Forest Reserve s + s 66%
2
800 19 17 40 230 36 2 1 2 4 20 205 75
9138046 Kabonge UM4 - 3 Av. 910 25 35 74 228 80 7 14 4 11 103 298 131
1348 m Forest Reserve s + s 66%
2
706 15 22 41 170 38 1 2 0 3 20 230 80
9238006 Ikutha IL 5 Av. 680 41 19 66 133 19 1 4 2 3 43 234 113
732 m Agric. Station vu + vs/s 66% 505 10 3 16 55 12 0 0 0 0 5 175 45
9238018 Bushwackers IL 5 Av. 589 44 21 66 90 53 2 1 4 6 29 171 102
700 m Safari Camp vu + vs 66%
1
2
3
Not calculated or estimated because not enough years available to GTZ.
Table 1: Continued
474
MWINGI & KITUI 8
475
MWINGI & KITUI 9
476
MWINGI & KITUI 10
477
MWINGI & KITUI 11
478
MWINGI & KITUI 12
No. and
altitude
Name of
Station
AEZ
1)
Kind of
records
Temperature inC
Belt
limits
9138000
1160 m
Kitui. D.C.
(operating
since 1961). .
LM 4
Mean max. 27.7 29.7 29.8 27.9 26.4 25.7 24.9 25.4 27.3 28.4 26.8 26.1 27.2
1230 m
LM
700 m
Mean temp. 21.9 23.2 23.6 22.6 21.4 20.1 19.2 19.6 20.7 21.8 21.8 21.4 21.4
Mean min. 16.2 16.7 17.4 17.4 16.4 14.5 13.6 13.8 14.1 15.3 16.8 16.8 15.7
Abs. min. 13.6 13.6 14.4 15.6 13.4 10.3 10.7 10.7 11.4 11.6 14.4 11.7 10.3
9138014
1180 m
Kitui Dam
2)
UM 4
Mean max. 27.5 28.8 28.3 26.7 25.9 24.9 24.3 24.9 26.6 27.7 26.3 26.2 26.5
not
typical
Mean temp. 20.2 21.6 22.1 21.6 20.3 18.7 17.9 18.6 19.7 21.4 21.2 20.2 20.3
Mean min. 12.9 14.4 15.9 16.5 14.7 12.5 11.6 12.4 12.8 15.1 16.1 14.2 14.1
Abs. min 7.9 6.9 9.7 10.9 7.8 6.1 4.5 6.7 5.8 8.6 12.2 10.8 4.5
1)
2)
Local microclimate due to the dam and valley basin causes 1C too low temperatures. Also the global warming
adds about 0.3C.
No. and
altitude
Name of
Station
Type
1
AEZ
Year
in mm
% of
PET
9038000 Katse interp.
167 170 194 160 145 146 145 164 178 200 146 147 1960 675 34%
750 m Dispensary LM 5
9038004 Tseikuru interp.
163 168 196 166 163 155 158 168 191 211 148 143 2030 585 29%
594 m Dispensary IL 5
9038005 Ngomeni interp.
162 164 193 164 160 151 152 162 185 208 145 140 1985 607 30%
716 m Dispensary LM 5
9038007 Kyuso, D.O.s interp.
167 170 193 159 145 144 146 165 179 198 147 148 1958 818 42%
747 m OIfce LM 4-5
9038008 Mwingi interp.
167 168 187 155 140 124 122 140 161 180 151 152 1847 722 39%
1052 m Agric. Stn. LM 5-4
9138000 Kitui interp.
141 139 158 138 128 115 121 136 151 164 129 127 1646 1079 66%
1158 m Agric. Stn. LM-UM
3-4
9138001 Mutomo interp.
165 167 201 168 150 134 137 152 179 208 170 160 1992 844 42%
914 m Agric. Stn. LM
4(-5)
9138002 Kitui Mulango interp.
165 163 182 157 145 132 137 150 163 195 163 161 1913 916 48%
960 m Afr. Inl. Miss. LM 4
9138003 Kitui interp.
141 140 156 137 128 115 121 137 151 165 128 128 1646 1003 61%
1158 m Sec. School LM-UM
3-4
9138004 Zombe interp.
176 181 208 175 162 154 158 168 193 212 173 163 2123 734 35%
600 m ChieIs Camp IL 5
9138005 Migwani interp.
164 163 180 149 135 118 115 127 155 172 140 145 1763 793 45%
1200 m Health Centre UM 4
479
MWINGI & KITUI
No. and
altitude
Name of
Station
Type
1
AEZ
Year
in mm
% of
PET
9138006 Kanziko interp.
181 177 202 179 179 170 174 183 191 215 180 170 2201 655 30%
690 m ChieIs Centre IL 5
9138007 Voo interp.
184 181 207 179 174 167 172 179 193 217 183 173 2208 523 24%
9138008 Mui interp.
167 169 191 157 143 137 138 156 173 192 150 151 1925 796 42%
853 m Chiefs Camp LM4-5
9138010 Mutha interp.
180 177 202 174 170 163 167 176 188 216 180 171 2164 635 28%
660 m ChieIs Camp IL 5
9138011 Endau interp.
189 178 204 185 189 191 195 199 196 217 186 178 2306 823 36%
9138014 Kitui calc.
141 140 157 137 126 114 120 136 150 164 128 127 1640 1033 63%
1180 m Water Dam UM3-4
9238006 Ikutha interp.
179 176 201 177 175 165 169 180 190 214 178 168 2172 680 30%
732 m Agric. Stn. IL 5
1)
Type of equation: calc. = calculated by formula of PENMAN & MCCULLOCH with albedo for green grass 0.2, see
Agricultural & Forestry Journal, Vol. 30, No.3, p. 286-295; interp. = interpolated from neighbouring stations,
considering altitude and rainfall difference.
Table 3: Continued
13
480
MWINGI & KITUI
Agro-
Ecological
Zone
Subzone
Altitude
in m
Ann. mean
temperature
inC
Ann. av.
rainfall
in mm
66% reliability
of rainfall
1)
1
st
rainy s.
in mm
2
nd
rainy s.
in mm
1
st
rainy s.
in days
2
nd
rainy s.
in days
Total
2)
in days
UM3-4
Transitional Marg.
Coffee Zone
s/m + s 1340-1620 20.2-18.6 900-1050 300-350 400-490 105-115 85-105 190-220
UM 4
Sunfower-Maize
Zone
s + s 1200-1550 21.0-19.0 850-1000 230-330 380-450 85-105 85-105 170-210
LM3
Cotton Zone
s + s Very small and many steep slopes, mainly Forest Reserve
LM 4
Marginal Cotton
Zone
s/vs + s
760-1280 24.0-20.9
800-1000 220-300 380-450 75-85 85-105 160-190
3)
vs/s + s/vs 750-880 180-220 300-380 55-75 75-85 130-160
3)
vs + s/vs 700-820 150-200 280-350 45-55 75-85 120-140
3)
vu + s/vs 720-820 150-250 300-350 35-45 75-85 110-130
3)
LM5
Lower Midland
Livestock-Millet
Zone
vs + vs/s
760-910 24.0-23.2
650-790 150-200 220-300 45-55 55-75 -
vs + vs 600-780 160-200 150-220 45-55 45-55 -
vu + vs/s 600-750 110-150 170-300 20-45 55-75 -
(vs) + vs 600-650 110-160 130-180 35-50 40-55 -
vu + vs 550-630 90-150 150-200 20-40 45-55 -
LM6
Lower Midland
Ranching Zone
b r No rainfed agriculture possible except with runoff-catching techniques
IL 5
Inner Lowland
Livestock-Millett
Zone
vu + vs/s
550-760 25.8-24.0
450-550 100-160 150-220 35-50 40-55 -
vu + vs 500-700 100-130 150-300 20-40 40-55 -
IL 6
Inner Lowland
Ranching Zone
b r No rainfed agriculture possible except with runoff-catching techniques
1)
Amounts surpassed normally in 10 of 15 years, falling during the agro-humid period which allows growing of most cultivated
plants.
2)
Only added if rainfall continues at least for survival of certain long term crops.
3)
From second to rst rainy season of the following year, not counting the stop during the dry season.
14
481
MWINGI & KITUI 15
482
MWINGI & KITUI 16
Very small (in pockets), mixed with UM 4
UM 3-4
s/m +s
= Margi nal Coff ee Zone,
t ransi t i onal t o Zone 4 wi t h a short t o medi um and short croppi ng
season
Good yi e l d pot e nt i a l ( a v 6080% of t he opt i mum)
1
st
rainy season, start norm, end of March: E. mat. maize like Katumani Comp. B, e. mat.
sorghum like 2KX17 (below 1500m): e. mat. sunfower like Hybrid S 345 (below 1500m):
e. mat. cabbages, onions
2
nd
rainy season, start norm, end of Oct.: V.e. mat. maize like Dryland composite (but less kg
than Katumani maize of its fair yield class), e. mat. foxtail and proso millet (7080%);e.
mat. sorghum and ratoon sorghum (e. oI Oct. July): e. mat. sunfower
Whole year: Pineapples on deep soils, avocados, oranges, Macadamia nuts, sisal
Fa i r yi e l d pot e nt i a l ( a v. 40 60% of t he opt . )
1
st
rainy season: Finger millet; m. mat. beans, sweet potatoes; kales, tomatoes
2
nd
rainy season: E. mat. maize like KCB; e. mat. beans, cowpeas and pigeon peas (lower
places); cabbages, kales, tomatoes
Whole year: Paw paws, citrus, passion fruits, bananas, mangoes
Poor yi e l d pot e nt i a l ( a v. 2040% of t he opt . )
0.71.5 ha/LU on secondary high grass savanna with Zebra grass (Hyparrhenia rufa); down
to about 0.2 ha/LU feeding Bana grass, maize stalks, fodder legumes, and planting horse
tamarinds (Leucaena tricandria) or other forage (see Table XII)
UM 4 = Sunf l ower Mai ze Zone
UM 4
s + s
= Sunnower Maize Zone
(see Diagram Kitui Agr. OIfce)
1
st
rainy season, start norm. end of March: Katumani maize (~60%),
1)
Dryland Comp. maize,
e. mat. foxtail and proso millet, v.e. mat. sorghum like IS 8595, ratoon of sorghum, e. mat.
beans, e. mat. cowpeas: dwarI sunfower and Hybrid S 345: onions (~60)
2
nd
rainy season: start norm. end of Oct.: The same but additionally ratoon sorghum like 2KX
17(e. oI Oct.July), e. mat. beans, dolichos bonavist beans: e. mat. sunfower
Whole year: Sisal
1
st
rainy season: Finger millet; m. mat. beans, dolichos beans; sweet potatoes; tomatoes
2
nd
rainy season: Sweet potatoes: pigeon peas (to frst rainy season), cow peas: tomatoes
Whole year: Cassava, paw paws, pineapples, citrus, Macadamia nuts, castor
1 1.5 ha/LU on high grass savanna with Zebra grass (Hyparrhenia rufa); down to ca. 0.2
ha/LU feeding Bana grass (if well manured) and other forage (see Table XII), planting horse
tamarind (Leucaena tricandria) and saltbush (Atriplex nummularia) as best palatable shrubs
Very small and many steep slopes. Potential nearly as LM 4 but Katumani Comp. B maize,
sweet potatoes, beans and cotton good on the few patches of good soils
483
MWINGI & KITUI 17
LM 4
s/vs + s
with a short to very short and a short cropping season
Ve r y good yi e l d pot e nt i a l ( a v. >80% of t he opt . )
1
st
rainy season, start norm. end of March: E. mat. proso millet like Serere 1
2
nd
rainy season, start norm. end of Oct.: E. mat. proso millet
Whole year, best planting time end of Oct.: Castor C 15. sisal, buffalo gourds (light soils)
2
and Marama beans
3)
, Vigna lobatifolia
4)
1
st
rainy season: Dryland comp. maize, v. e. mat. sorghum like 8595, e. mat. like Serena,
ratoon of sorghum, e. mat. bulrush millet (bird rejecting awned variety recommended from
I.C.R.I.S.A.T.)
5
; v. e. mat. beans, tepary beans, v.e. mat. bambarra groundnuts (on sandy
poor soils), v.e. mat. cowpeas, black and green grams, chick peas (esp. on heavy black
soils): v.e. mat. sunfower, v.e. mat. rai (oilseed Brassica juncea), e. mat. onions
2
nd
rainy season: The same but more reliable, plus ratoon sorghum 2KX17(e. of O. b. of
July), e. mat. beans, dolichos beans, pigeon peas, e. mat. sunfower like HS 345: v.e. mat.
pumpkins
Whole year, best planting time end of Oct.: Cassava (on light soils), mangoes
1
st
rainy season: Katumani Comp.B maize (~40% on medium soils, preventing runoff
50 60%); e. mat. sweet potatoes; dolichos beans, v.e. mat. beans; v.e. mat. pumpkins,
kales, tomatoes
2
nd
rainy season: Kat. C. B maize (~60%); e. mat. beans like Canadian Wonder and Mexican
142; e. mat. sweet potatoes; cotton (2
nd
to 1
st
rainy season on deep black soils), e. mat.
groundnuts like Makulu Red, e. mat. sweet potatoes, cotton (2
nd
to 1
st
rainy season on deep
black soils), e. mat. soya beans; cabbages, tomatoes
Whole year: Cassava on less suitable medium soils, paw paws, custard apples, guavas, lemons,
oranges
484
MWINGI & KITUI 18
1
st
rainy season: Sweet potatoes near water to keep plant material (if well watered good yield
potential)
2
nd
rainy season: Cotton on less suitable medium soils, tobacco (good yields with add. Irrigation
in youth stage)
Whole year: Bananas, avocados, cashew nuts
1.52 ha/LU on undestroyed natural pasture with Red oats grass (Themeda triandra); if degraded
well improvable with Maasai love grass (Eragrostis superba) and grazing rotation; down to
about 0.2 ha/LU feeding Bana grass and leaves of horse tamarinds (Leucaena tricandria), add.
forage like moth bean vines and fodder sorghum a.o. (see Table XII
LM 4
vs/s + s/vs
with a very short to short and a short to very short cropping season
1
st
rainy season, start norm. end of March: E. mat. foxtail or proso millet
2
nd
rainy season, start norm. end of Oct.: Dryland composite maize (~60%), e. mat. sorghum
like Serena or v.e. mat. like IS 8595 (7080%);e. mat. bulrush millet (bird rejecting awned
variety recommended from I.C.R.I.S.A.T.)5), e. mat.foxtail or proso millet (70-80%), v.
e. mat. bambarra groundnuts (70 80%, on sandy soils), v.e. mat. moth beans, v. e. mat.
tepary beans (7080%), v. e. mat. cowpeas, black and green grams, chick peas (esp. on
heavy black soils), v. e. mat. beans like Katheka 1 (higher places): v. e. mat. sunfower
(7080%; e. mat. 60-70% but more kg/ha), v.e.mat. rai (oilseed); v.e. mat. pumpkins, e.
mat. onions
Whole year, best planting time end of Oct.: Castor C15, sisal, buffalo gourds (light soils)
2
and Marama beans (light and medium soils)
3
, Vigna lobatifolia
4
, e. mat. cassava (on light
soils)
1
st
rainy season: V. e. mat. tepary beans, e. mat. groundnuts like Makulu Red, v.e. mat bambarra
groundnuts, v.e. mat. cowpeas (4050%), v.e. mat. moth beans (5060%); green grams (40-
50): v.e. mat. sunfower, rai (oilseed), v.e. mat. pumpkins
2
nd
rainy season: Katumani Comp. B maize (if runoff is prevented nearly 60%); dolichos
beans, e. mat. beans like Canadian Wonder or Mexican 142 (higher places); cotton (on deep
black soils), e. mat. groundnuts like Valencia, e. mat. soya beans; e. mat. sweet potatoes;
cabbages, tomatoes
Whole year: Cassava (on medium soils), mangoes, custard apples, guavas, lemons, paw
paws
1
st
rainy season: Sweet potatoes (to keep plant material with add. watering during dry season,
good yields if well watered)
2
nd
rainy season: Cotton (on medium soils)
Whole year: Bananas, oranges
1.63 ha/LU on undestroyed natural pasture; if destroyed, well improvable with Buffel grass
(Cenchrus ciliaris) and grazing rotation; down to about 0.5ha/LU with saltbush (Atriplex
nummularia), Mesquite (Prosopis iulifora) and on good soils with horse tamarinds (Leucaena)
as palatable shrubs and Makueni guinea grass (Panicum maximum), fodder legumes like moth
bean vines (hay) and fodder sorghum (silage) as add. forage, esp. in dry seasons
LM 4
vs+s/vs
with a very short and a short to very short cropping season
(see diagram Mwingi)
2
nd
rainy season, start norm. end of Oct.: Dryland composite maize (~60%), e mat. sorghum
like Serena or v.e. mat. like IS 8595 (7080%), e. mat. bulrush millet(bird rejecting awned
variety), e. mat. foxtail or proso millet (7080%); v.e. mat. bambarra groundnuts (70-80%
on sandy soils), v.e. mat. moth beans, v.e. mat. tepary beans (70-80%), v.e. mat. cowpeas,
black and green grams, chick peas (esp. on heavy black soils), v. e. mat. Katheka 1 beans
(higher pl., 60 70): v.e. mat. sunfower like Russian dwarf (7080), e. mat. sunfower
like Issanka (6070%); v.e. mat. pumpkins, e. mat. onions
Whole year, best planting time end of Oct.: Castor C15, sisal, buffalo gourds (light soils)
2)
3)
, Vigna lobatifolia
4)
, e. mat. cassava (on light
soils)
485
MWINGI & KITUI 19
1
st
rainy season, start b. of April: V.e. mat. foxtail millet; cowpeas for leaves, sweet potatoes
near water to keep plant materials (if well watered good yield pot.)
2
nd
rainy season: Katumani Comp.B maize (if runoff is prevented nearly 60%); dolichos beans,
e. mat. beans like Canadian Wonder or Mexican 142 (higher places), pigeon peas; cotton
(on deep black soils), e. mat. groundnuts like Valencia, e. mat. soya beans; e. mat. sweet
potatoes; cabbages, tomatoes
Whole year: Cassava (on medium soils)
2
nd
rainy season: Cotton (on medium soils)
Whole year: Paw paws
1.8-3.5ha/LU on undestroyed natural pasture; if degraded well improvable with Buffel grass
(Cenchrus ciliaris) and grazing rotation; down to about 0.6ha/LU with saltbush (Atriplex),
Mesquite (Prosopis) and on good soils with horse tamarinds (Leucaena tricandria) as palatable
shrubs, and legumes like moth bean vines (hay) and fodder sorghum (silage) as additional
forage, esp. in dry season.
LM 4 (-5)
vu+vs/s
with a very uncertain rainy season and a very short to short second cropping season
(with a tendency to Zone 5)
According to the annual average rainfall sum above 800mm (compared to a potential
evapotranspiration below 2000 mm), this area around Mutomo belongs to the Marginal Cotton
zone. But the uncertainty oI the frst rainy season is a limiting Iactor (see Diagr. Growing
Periods oI Mutomo in the appendix). Dry conditions occur in more than 50 oI the frst
rainy seasons which are the yield sensitive time of capsule forming for cotton. Local farmers
experienced that and are reluctant to plant cotton. Therefore the Zone is named LM 4(-5)
because on the other hand the climate is not too dry for maize, Dry Land Comp. maize has a
fair chance in the second rainy season (see Table 5a). Therefore it is not yet a millet zone.
486
MWINGI & KITUI 20
Good yi e l d pot e nt i a l ( on Ca mbi s ol s , on Fe r r a l s ol s f a i r , s e e Ta bl e 5b)
2
nd
rainy season, start normally middle to end of Oct.: E. mat. pearl millet (Kat./PM1, PM2,
PM3); Proso millet (Kat. Pro 1), foxtail millet, (1 Se 285), tepary beans, moth beans,
dolichos beans (Kat/DL-1); black and green grams (KVR 26, Kat. Dengu 26); chick peas
(on heavy black soils); v.e. mat. pumpkins, e. mat. onions
Whole year, best planting time end of Oct.: Late mat. cassava (KME 1, Muchericheri); sisal,
castor (C15); buffalo gourds, Marama beans
1
st
rainy season, start norm. middle to end of March (but very risky): Proso millet (Serere 1),
foxtail millet (Ise 285); moth beans, grams (KVR 26, Kat. Dengu 26), chickpeas (on heavy
black soils)
2
nd
rainy season: DLC Maize, KCB Maize, fnger millet (Ekalakala, Kat./FM 1), e. mat. bulrush
millet (Serere Comp. II), v.e. mat. sorghum (IS 8595), e. mat. sorghum (Serena, Seredo,
KARI Mtama 1); v.e. mat. beans (Katheka b.=Kat/Bean 1), e.mat. beans (Mwitemania,
Mwezi moja, Kat X 56), cow peas (MTW 63, MTW 610, K 80); e. mat sweet potatoes;
e.mat. soya beans (Nyala), e. mat. groundnuts (Makulu Red); cabbages, tomatoes
1
st
rainy season (very risky): DLC maize; tepary beans, v. e. mat. Katheka beans (Kat/Bean 1),
v.e. mat. cow peas, e. mat. dolichos beans (Kat/DL-1), black grams
2
nd
rainy season: Cotton; pigeon peas, e. mat. beans (like Mwezi moja or Rosecoco), e. mat.
sunfower
More crop varieties and yield estimates on different soils, see Table 5 a & b
2-4ha/LU on undestroyed nat. pasture; if degraded well improvable with buffel grass (Cenchrus
ciliaris) and grazing rotation; down to less than 0.5 ha/LU with saltbush (Atriplex), Mesquite
(Prosopis) and on good soils with horse tamarinds (Leucaena tricandria) as palatable shrubs,
fodder legumes like moth bean vines (hay) and fodder sorghum (silage) as add. forage, esp.
in dry seasons
LM 5 = Li vest ock- Mi l l et Zone
Runoff-water harvesting methods are especially important for agriculture (see Chapter 2.6)
LM 5
vs+vs/s
with a very short and a very short to short cropping season
1
st
rainy season, start norm. b. of April : V.e. mat. foxtail and hog millet, cowpeas for leaves
2
nd
rainy season, start norm. end oI Oct: E. mat. Ioxtail and proso millet: v.e. mat. sunfower,
v.e. mat. rai (oilseed)
2)
, Marama beans
3)
, Vigna lobatifolia
4)
Opuntia var.without
prickles
1
st
rainy season: Nearly as LM 5 vs + vs
2
nd
rainy season: Dryland comp. maize, e. mat. bulrush millet(50-60%, awned variety
recommended), v.e. mat. sorghum (50-60%); v. e. mat. bambarra groundnuts (on light
poor soils) v. e. mat. tepary beans, v.e. mat. moth beans, v.e. mat. Katheka 1 beans (higher
places, 40-50): e. mat. sunfower, e. mat. soya beans: v.e. mat. pumpkins, e. mat. onions
(in ENSO years all these crops have a good potential)
Whole year: Castor C-15, sisal. cassava
2.5-4,5 ha/LU on undestroyed nat. pasture
7)
, if degraded well improvable with horsetail grass
(Chloris roxburghiana) and grazing rotation; down to about 0.5 ha/LU with saltbush (Atriplex
nummularia) and Mesquite (Prosopis iulifora), Iodder legumes like moth bean vines (hay) and
silage of fodder sorghum for the dry season
LM 5
vu+vs/s
with a verv uncertain hrst rainv season
6)
and a very short to short cropping season
(2
nd
rains)
2
nd
rainy season, start norm. end of Oct.: E. mat. foxtail and hog millet: dwarI sunfower, v.e.
rai (oilseed)
Whole year: Buffalo gourds (light soils)
2)
3)
487
MWINGI & KITUI
2
nd
rainy season: Dryland Comp. maize (~40%), e. mat. proso millet (50-60%), e. mat. bulrush
millet (awned var.), v.e. mat. fnger millet, v.e. mat. sorghum: v.e. mat. Katheka beans,
v.e. mat. tepary beans, v.e. mat. moth beans (50-60%), v.e. mat. cowpeas (40-50%), green
grams, chick peas (on h. bl. soils): e. mat. sunfower like Issanka (~40), e. mat. soya
beans like Nyala, v.e. mat. pumpkins, e. mat. onions
Whole year: Castor C-15, sisal, e. mat. cassava, neem trees
1
st
rains season, start norm. b. of April: V.e. mat. foxtail and bulrush millet, v.e. mat. sorghum;
e. mat. cowpeas, green grams
2
nd
rains: Katumani comp.B maize, pigeon peas
3-5 ha/LU on undestroyed natural pasture, if degraded well improvable with horsetail grass
(Chloris roxburghiana) and grazing rotation; down to about 0.6 ha/LU with saltbush (Atriplex),
Mesquite (Prosopis iulifora) and Algarrobo (Prosopis chilensis), moth bean vines (hay) silage
of fodder sorghum for dry seasons
LM 5
vu + vs
with a verv uncertain hrst cropping season ana a verv short secona one
Very small, potential almost as in IL 5 vu + vs
21
488
MWINGI & KITUI
IL 5
(vs) + vs
= Inner Lowland Livestock Millet Zone
with a very short (weak) cropping season and a better very short second one
(see Diagram Ngomeni and Table 5e)
No fair yields during the 1
st
rainy season
2
nd
rainy season, start norm. end of Oct.: V.e. mat. foxtail millet like Ise 285; tepary beans,
moth beans, v. e. mat. grams like KVR 26
2)
, Marama beans
3)
, yeeb nuts, neem trees, Vigna lobatifolia,
Opuntia var. without prickles
1
st
rainy season, start norm. end of March: V.e. mat. proso millet like Serere 1, v.e. mat. foxtail
millet like Ise 285, tepary beans, moth beans, grams like KVR 26
2
nd
rainy season, DLC maize, v.e. mat. pearl millet like Kat PM 2, v.e. mat. proso millet like
Kat pro 1, e. mat. sorghum like KARI Mtama 1, e. mat. bulrush millet like Serere Comp.
II and black grams, v.e. mat. cowpeas like K 80, v.e. mat. groundnuts like Makulu Red
(on sandy soils), dolichos beans like Kat/DL-1, chickpeas on heavy black soils, v.e. mat.
pumpkins
Whole year: Sisal (40-50%), castor
Runoff-catching agriculture see Chapter 2.6
3.5-5 ha/LU on undestroyed short grass bushland with horsetail grass (Chloris roxburghiana)
predominant
7)
; down to about 0.8 ha/LU with saltbush (Atriplex) as best palatable shrub, moth
bean vines (hay) and fodder sorghum as silage for dry seasons, others see Table XII
IL 5
vu + vs
with a verv uncertain hrst rains
6)
and a very short cropping season (2
nd
rains)
Potential as above but cropping chances in 1
st
rainy season very marginal, in 2
nd
rainy season
more reliable. Stocking rates roughly the same but more fodder reserves necessary as palatable
shrubs, silage of fodder sorghum, and hay of moth bean vines, others see Table XII.
IL 5
vu+vs/s
= Inner Lowland LivestockMillet Zone
with a verv uncertain hrst one ana a verv short to short cropping season (2
nd
rainy
season)
(see Diagram Ikutha)
2
nd
rainy season, start end of Oct. E.mat.foxtail and hog millet: dwarI sunfower, v.e.mat. rai
(oilseed)
2)
, Marama beans
3)
, Vigna lobatifolia
4)
, Opuntia var. without
prickles
1
st
rainy season: Nearly as in LM 5 vu + vs/s
2
nd
rainy season: Dryland comp. maize, e. mat. bulrush millet (50-60%, awned variety
recommended), v.e. mat. sorghum (50-60%); v.e. mat. bambarra groundnuts (on light poor
soils), v. e. mat. tepary beans, v.e. mat. moth beans (50-60%), v. e. mat. cowpeas, green
grams, chick peas (on heavy black soils), v.e. mat. beans like Kat 1 (higher places, 40-
50): e. mat. sunfower, e. mat. soya beans, v.e. mat. pumpkins, e. mat. onions (in ENSO
years all these crops have a good potential)
Whole year: Castor C-15, sisal, e. mat. cassava, neem trees, yeeb nuts
Almost as in LM 5 vu + vs/s
2.5-5 ha/LU on undestroyed natural pasture
7)
, if degraded well improvable with horsetail grass
(Chloris roxburghiana) and grazing rotation; down to about 0.5 ha/LU with saltbush (Atriplex
nummularia), Mesquite (Prosopis iulifora), Iodder legumes like moth bean vines (hay) and
silage of fodder sorghum for dry seasons
22
489
MWINGI & KITUI
IL 5
vs + vs
1
st
rainy season, start norm. b. of April: V.e. mat. foxtail and hog millet
2
nd
rainy season, start norm. end of Oct.: The same
Whole year: Buffalo gourds, Marama beans, Opuntia var. without prickles (fruit and vegetable,
also fodder)
Fa i r t o poor yi e l d pot e nt i a l
1
st
rainy season: E. mat. foxtail and proso millet,dwarf sorghum (~40%), v.e. mat. green
grams (40-50%), v.e. mat. moth beans, v.e. mat. tepary beans (40-50%), v.e. mat. cowpeas
(~40), chick peas (on h. bl. soils), dwarI sunfower, v.e. mat. bambarra groundnuts (on
light poor soils); v.e. mat. pumpkins
2
nd
rainy season: The same but less risky
Whole year: Sisal, castor, Vigna lobatifolia
Runoff-water harvesting agriculture see Chapter 2.6
About 3-5 ha/LU on undestroyed short grass bushland with horsetail grass (Chloris
roxburghiana) predominant
7)
; down to about 0.6 ha/LU with saltbush (Atriplex) as best
palatable shrub, moth bean vines hay and fodder sorghum as silage for dry seasons, and other
forage, see Table XII
23
490
MWINGI & KITUI
IL 6 = Inner Lowl and Ranchi ng Zone
IL 6
br
= Inner Lowland Ranching Zone
Stocking rate more than 4.5 ha/LU, especially in unsuitable bushland. Game cropping and
game ranching with eland, oryx, gerenuk, kudu could give higher production per ha than cattle
and this game need no water for weeks during dry seasons
1)
Average yield may be only fair due to different rainfall reliability in UM 4 (see Map of First Rainy season)
2)
It produces after some seasons big tubers. Bitter substances can be washed out. From Arizona, cultivation in
Africa still experimental
3)
It produces beans and tubers, even in very dry years. From Kalahari, still experimental. For footnotes 3 & 4
see Nat. Academy of Science: Tropical legumes. Washington 1979
4)
It produces tubers, also in dry years. Still experimental
5)
International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad, India
6)
It means probability for minimum growing period of at least 45 days is less than 60%. Cultivation is therefore
too risky except with special techniques (see Fig. 2.6.1 & 2.6.2 in Chapter 2.6)
7)
With present denudation of grasses and spread of dry thickets due to overgrazing up to 10 ha/LU are necessary
in LM 5
24
491
MWINGI & KITUI
TABLES 5a-e: CLIMATIC YIELD POTENTIALS IN SEMI-ARID SUBZONES
1)

in LM 4 (-5) vu + vs/s
(calc. for station 9138001 Mutomo with Medium Soils (e.g. Cambisols)
2)
)
First rainy season
Second rainy season
Yield
Potential
(in % of
Optimum)
Crop variety
Estim.
average
yield
(kg/ha)
2)
Total crop
failures
out of 10
seasons
Crop variety
Estim.
average
yield
(kg/ha)
2)
Total crop
failures
out of 10
seasons
Good
(60 80 %)
Pearl millet (Kat/PM1,PM2)
Tepary beans
Katheka b. (Kat/Bean1)
Cowpeas (HB48/10E)
Black grams
Grams (KVR 26)
Grams (Kat. Dengu 26)
Chickpeas
Bambarra groundnuts
(N. Cameroon)
1410
1100
1100
1950
760
720
750
1050
890
740
660
1190
950
620
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Fair
(40 60 %)
Grams (KVR 26)
1390
1220
520
430
690
2
2
2
3
3
Maize (DLC)
Bulrush millet
(Serere Comp. II)
Sorghum (IS 8595)
Sorghum (Serena)
Sorghum (IS 76)
Sorghum (Seredo)
Beans (Kat X 56)
Beans (Mwitemania)
Beans (Mwezi moja)
Cowpeas
(MTW 63, MTW 610)
Cowpeas (K 80)
Green grams
Soyabeans (Nyala) Nyala) )
1330
1250
590
2370
780
1710
1580
1000
1350
1700
840
480
600
890
1040
750
690
1370
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
3
1
1
0
0
0
Poor
(20 40 %)
Maize (DLC)
Tepary beans
Katheka b. (Kat/Bean 1)
Cowpeas (HB48/10E)
Cowpeas
(MTW 63, MTW 610)
Soyabeans (Nyala)
Dolichos b. (Kat/DL-1)
Black grams
760
430
400
410
520
410
750
560
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
Beans (Rosecoco)
Sunfower (252)
Sunfower (Hybrid S 345)
690
450
540
3
3
3
1)
2)
Crop potentials on heavy soils are generally one level lower than on medium soils; e.g. for Second rainy season: Bulrush millet (Serere
Comp. II) produces about 1390 kg/ha (compared to about 2370 kg/ha on medium soils).
25
492
MWINGI & KITUI
1)

in LM 4 (-5) vu + vs/s
(calc. for station 9138001 Mutomo with with locally occurring Ferralsols
2)
)
First rainy season
Second rainy season
Yield
Potential
(in % of
Optimum)
Crop variety
Estim.
average
yield
(kg/ha)
3)
Total crop
failures
out of 10
seasons
Crop variety
Estim.
average
yield
(kg/ha)
3)
Total crop
failures
out of 10
seasons
Good
(60 80 %)
Fair
(40 60 %)
Tepary beans
Katheka beans (Kat/Bean1)
Cowpeas (HB 48/10E)
Cowpeas (MTW 63; MTW
610)
Cowpeas (K 80)
Black grams
Grams (KVR 26)
Grams (Kat Dengu 26) Kat Dengu 26)
Chickpeas
Soyabeans (Nyala)
Cameroon)
920
720
720
920
1360
600
540
530
650
710
720
590
580
480
780
660
490
430
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
2
1
1
2
1
2
2
3
Poor
(20 40 %)
Tepary beans
Cowpeas (HB48/10E)
Cowpeas (MTW
63;MTW 610)
Grams (KVR 26)
Black grams
Chickpeas
730
430
670
300
240
330
390
360
250
310
330
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
3
3
3
Maize (DLC)
Maize (KCB)
II)
Sorghum (Seredo)
Sorghum (Serena)
Sorghum (IS 8595)
Sorghum (IS 76)
Beans (Kat X 56)
Beans (Mwitemania)
Green grams
920
1080
820
380
510
1520
850
1050
1020
1100
540
510
320
540
770
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
1
3
1)
2)
On extremely leached Luvisols/Acrisols risk of TCF during the First rainy season is generally too high for cropping (>33%); during the
Second rainy season yield potentials on these soils are about one level lower than on Ferralsols.
3)
26
493
MWINGI & KITUI
1)

in LM 5 (-4) vs(or vs/s) + vs/s
(calc. for station 9038007 Kyuso with locally occurring Ferralsols)
First rainy season
Second rainy season
Yield
Potential
(in % of
Optimum)
Crop variety
Estim.
average
yield
(kg/ha)
2)
Total crop
failures
out of 10
seasons
Crop variety
Estim.
average
yield
(kg/ha)
2)
Total crop
failures
out of 10
seasons
Very good
(80 - 100 %)
Good
(60 80 %)
Grams (KVR 26)
980
650
1
1
Fair
(40 60 %)
Maize (DLC)
Pearl millet
(Kat/PM1,PM2)
Tepary beans
Cowpeas (HB 48/10E)
Cowpeas
(MTW 63; MTW 610)
Grams (KVR 26)
Bambarra nuts
(N-Cameroon, they grow
also on very poor soils)
1050
860
1100
1560
720
1010
1550
490
500
610
640
480
400
2
2
2
0
1
0
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
Maize (DLC)
Tepary beans
Cowpeas (HB 48/10 E)
Cowpeas (MTW 63;
MTW 610)
Cowpeas (K 80)
Black grams
Chickpeas
Soyabeans (Nyala)
Bambarra groundnuts
(N-Cameroon)
1100
440
860
1100
800
1720
640
600
750
750
660
530
880
720
1260
500
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
Poor
(20 40 %)
Bulrush millet
(Serere Comp. II)
Black grams
Dolichos beans
(Kat/DL-1)
Chickpeas
Soybeans (Nyala)
Groundnuts
(Makulu Red)
1330
390
350
520
430
830
820
2
3
2
3
3
3
3
Maize (KCB)
Bulrush millet
(Serere Comp. II)
Sorghum (Serena)
Sorghum (Seredo)
Sorghum (IS 76)
Sorghum (IS 8595)
Green grams
1150
910
1560
570
1120
870
1100
740
1340
530
840
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1)
2)
27
494
MWINGI & KITUI
1)
in LM 5 (-4) vs(or vs/s)
+
vs/s
(calc. for station 9038007 Kyuso with locally occurring Luvi-/Acrisols)
First rainy season
Second rainy season
Yield
Potential
(in % of
Optimum)
Crop variety
Estim.
average
yield
(kg/ha)
2)
Total
crop
failures
out of 10
seasons
Crop variety
Estim.
average
yield
(kg/ha)
2)
Total
crop
failures
out of 10
seasons
Very good
(80 - 100 %)
Good
(60 80 %)
Fair
(40 60 %)
1190
770
1200
710
2
2
2
2
Tepary beans
Cowpeas (HB 48/10 E)
Cowpeas
(MTW 63; MTW 610)
Grams (KVR 26)
Bambarra nuts
(N-Cameroon)
1320
570
490
610
700
570
420
400
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
Poor
(20 40 %)
Maize (DLC)
PM2)
Bulrush millet
(Serere Comp. II)
Tepary beans
Grams (KVR 26)
750
560
720
660
980
300
470
340
430
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
3
Maize (DLC)
Maize (KCB)
Bulrush millet
(Serere Comp. II)
Sorghum (Serena)
Sorghum (Seredo)
Sorghum (IS 76)
Sorghum (IS 8595)
Cowpeas (K 80)
Green grams
Black grams
Chickpeas
Soyabeans (Nyala)
810
800
290
610
700
900
510
1010
430
830
590
740
510
900
520
450
460
610
560
980
530
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
2
1
3
1
1
1
1
2
3
1)
2)
28
495
MWINGI & KITUI
TABLE 5e: CLIMATIC YIELD POTENTIALS OF SEASONAL CROPS
1)

in IL 5 (vs) + vs
(calc. for station 9038005 Ngomeini with with locally 0ccurring Ferralsols
2)
)
First rainy season
Second rainy season
Yield
Potential
(in % of
Optimum)
Crop variety
Estim.
average
yield
(kg/ha)
3)
Total crop
failures
out of 10
seasons
Crop variety
Estim.
average
yield
(kg/ha)
3)
Total crop
failures
out of 10
seasons
Good
(60 80 %)
Fair
(40 60 %)
Tepary beans
Moth beans
Grams (KVR 26)
Grams (Kat. Dengu 26)
1310
530
780
540
440
2
2
1
1
1
Poor
(20 40 %)
Tepary beans
Grams (KVR 26)
970
630
740
530
340
380
230
450
2
2
3
2
3
2
3
3
Maize (DLC)
Maize (KCB)
II)
Sorghum (IS 8595)
Sorghum (Seredo)
Sorghum (Serena)
Sorghum (IS 76)
Cowpeas (HB 48/10E)
Cowpeas (MTW 63, MTW
610)
Cowpeas (K 80)
Green grams
Black grams
Chickpeas
Soyabeans
Bambarra nuts (N.
Cameroon)
830
850
670
340
800
630
620
1220
400
940
640
810
760
500
470
590
610
380
490
650
570
400
330
540
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
1
3
3
3
1)
2)
On extremely leached Luvisols/Acrisols risk of TCF during the First rainy season is generally too high for cropping (>33%); only short
cycled crops (in particular Hog/Proso/Foxtail millets) have some chances, during the Second rainy season.
3)
29
496
MWINGI & KITUI
Appendix: Diagrams of Growing Periods in Semi-arid Zones Showing the Variability
(
)

B
r
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a
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30
497
MWINGI & KITUI
D
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1
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6
8

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31
498
MWINGI & KITUI
(
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32
499
MWINGI & KITUI
(
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33
500
MWINGI & KITUI
(
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34
501
MWINGI & KITUI
(
)

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s

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35
502
MWINGI & KITUI
(
)

B
r
a
c
k
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t
s

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a
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t

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36
503
MWINGI & KITUI 37
504
MWINGI & KITUI 38
Apart from the Yatta Plateau and the range of hills in the central part of the districts, topography is undu-
lating and gives way to plains towards the east. Various gneisses of the Basement System are bedrock and
are exposed in the hills east of Kitui and Mutomo, and northeast of Endau. Te soils occur in wide zones
running north/south, as determined by parent materials and climate; the latter becomes progressively drier
to the east and the soils more sandy.
Te soils of the hills (map unit HUC) are usually shallow and stony. Occasionally they may be somewhat
more fertile (unit HU2) and occur also with the former unit in spots too small to be shown on the map. On
the associated foothills, the soils are of moderately low to high fertility (unit FU122). Te uplands also in
the western part of the district carry soils characterized by an increase of clay with depth, unit UU2 of low
fertility. To the east they are associated with soils forming the so-called red sand plain (unit PsU1). Tey are
low fertility and beyond rain-fed agriculture. Soils of the unit PsO
3
occur near the eastern district boundary.
Tey have a hardpan and are of low natural fertility. Tese soils are often found together with soils of low to
moderate fertility (unit PsO
4
) but they are out of agricultural zones.
Along the major water channels on the at river basins, soils of moderate to high fertility occur (unit PtU1).
Tese soils portray variable fertility and are associated with those of unit PtU2. Te alluvial soils (AA1 and
AA5) have a high fertility. Most of the soils in the plains are of low to moderately low fertility and show a
sodic/salinity hazard, especially in the bottomlands.
LEGEND TO THE SOIL MAP OF MWINGI AND KITUI DISTRICTS
L Plateaus and High-Level Structural Plains
F Footslopes
Y Piedmont Plains
U Uplands, Upper, Middle and Lower Levels
Up Upland/Plain Transitional Lands
Ps Sandy Plains
Pt Sedimentary Plains of Upper River Terraces
B Bottomlands
La Lava Flows
V Minor Valleys
A Alluvial Sediments from Various Sources
B Basic and Ultra-Basic Igneous Rocks (basalts, nepheline phonolites; older basic tuffs included)
F Gneisses Rich in Ferromagnesian Minerals and Hornblende Gneisses
O Plio-Pleistocene Bay Sediments
505
MWINGI & KITUI 39
R Quartz-Feldspar Gneisses
U Undifferentiated Basement System Rocks (predominantly Gneisses)
C Complex
3 Soil descriptions
HU2 Somewhat excessively drained, shallow, reddish brown, friable, rocky or stony, sandy clay loam:
Eutric REGOSOLS, lithic phase; with Rock Outcrops and calcic CAMBISOLS
HUC Complex of:
excessively drained to well drained, shallow, dark red to brown, friable, sandy clay loam to clay; in
many places rocky, bouldery and stony and in places with an acid humic topsoil:
Dystric REGOSOLS, lithicphase; with LITHOSOLS, humic CAMBISOLS, lithic phase and Rock
Outcrops
LB17 Well drained, shallow to deep, dark red, friable clay; in many places rocky and bouldery:
Nito-rhodic FERRASOLS and chromic CAMBISOLS, lithic and /or bouldery phase
FUI Well drained, very deep, yellowish red to dark reddish brown, loose, loamy coarse sand to friable
sandy clay loam:
Chromic LUVISOLS, rhodic FERRALSOLS and luvic to ferralic ARENOSOLS
FU2 Well drained, very deep, dark red, loose coarse sand to friable sandy clay loam: Rhodic
FERRALSOLS; with ferralic ARENOSOLS and ferralo-chromic LUVISOLS
YU5 Well drained, very deep, dark red, friable, sandy clay to clay: Ferralo-chromic LUVISOLS
UU3 Well drained, moderately deep to deep, dark red to yellowish red, Iriable to frm, sandy clay to clay,
often with topsoil of loamy sand:
Chromic LUVISOLS and ferralo-ferric/chromic/orthic LUVISOLS
UUA Association of:
well darined, moderately deep to deep, dark red to dark reddish brown, Iriable to frm, sandy clay to
clay; on slopes:
Chromic LUVISOLS
and
well drained, very deep, light brown to strong brown, very Iriable clay: on fat interfuves:
Orthic and xanthic FERRALSOLS
UC1 Complex of:
somewhat of somewhat excessively drained to well drained, shallow to very deep, dark reddish brown
to yellowish brown, loose to friable, loamy sand to sandy clay loam; in places rocky and stony:
Ferralic ARENOSOLS, with orthic FERRALSOLS, ACRISOLS a.o. partly lithic and stony phase
UUC2 Well drained, moderately deep to very deep, drk reddish brown to dark yellowish brown, friable to
frm, sandy clay to clay: in many places with a topsoil oI loamy sand to sandy loam:
Ferralo-chromic/orthic/ferric ACRISOLS and LUVISOLS; with FERRALSOLS
UpFC Complex of:
imperIectly drained, deep, black, frm, cracking, moderately calcareous clay (70):
Pellic VERTISOLS
and
well drained, shallow to deep, dark red, Iriable to frm, compact clay (30):
Chromic LUVISOLS, partly lithic phase
506
MWINGI & KITUI 40
PnF1 Well drained, deep to very deep, dusky red to dark red, friable sandy clay:
Rhodic FERRALSOLS
PnU2 Well drained, deep to very deep, dark red to strong brown, friable sandy clay to clay:
Rhodic and orthic FERRALSOLS
PdUC1 Complex of:
Well drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark red to yellowish brown, non-calcareous to moderately
calcareous, Iriable to frm, stony sandy clay loam, over petrocalcaic material or quartz gravel:
Calcic CAMBISOLS, lithic or petrocalcic phase; with chromic LUVISOLS
PsO3 ImperIectly drained, moderately deep, brown, extremely frm, moderately calcareous, non-saline but
moderately sodic clay (hardpan), with a thin topsoil of sealing sandy loam:
Luvi-orthic SOLONETZ
PsO4 Poorly drained, deep, dark grey, frm, moderately calcareous, slightly sodic clay, with soIt surIace:
Calcaric GLEYSOLS, sodic phase
PsU1 Well drained, deep to very deep, dark red to dusky red, friable, sandy loam to sandy clay loam,
predominantly more acid:
Ferralo-chromic ACRISOLS; with ferralic ARENOSOLS and ferric LUVISOLS
PtU1 Well drained to moderately well drained, deep, dark brown, Iriable to frm, slightly calcareous, clay
loam to clay:
Eutric CAMBISOLS
PtU2 Well drained, deep, dark reddish brown to reddish brown, friable, sandy clay loam to sandy clay, over
pisocalcic material:
Calcic LUVISOLS, pisocalcic phase
AA1 Well drained to imperfectly drained, very deep, brown to dark brown, friable, micaceous, slightly
calcareous, sandy loam, to clay loam; in places with a saline-sodic deeper subsoil:
Eutric FLUVISOLS
AA5 ImperIectly drained to poorly drained, very deep, dark reddish brown to dark greyish brown, frm
to very frm, cracking clay: in many places mottled and with a calcareous, saline and sodic deeper
subsoil:
BU2 ImperIectly drained, very deep, dark grey to dark brown, very frm, slightly to moderately calcareous,
moderately sodic clay, with a saline deeper subsoil:
507
MWINGI & KITUI
MWINGI DISTRICT
Mwingi District is one of the 13 districts of Eastern Province. It was hived o from Kitui District in July
1993. Te district borders Kitui District to the south, Machakos District to the west, Mbeere and Ta-
raka_Nithi to the north and Tana River District to the east. Te district covers an area of approximately
10,030 km
2
. It is divided into 9 administrative divisions namely: Central, Migwani, Nuu, Nguni, Kyuso,
Mumoni Ngomeni, Mui and Tseikuru (Table 6). Te divisions are further divided into 38 locations and
129 sub-locations.
According to the 1999 Population and Housing Census, Mwingi District had a population of 303,828. Te
population has been growing at an average annual growth rate of 3.1% and it is projected to be 364,905 in
the year 2005 and 399,904 by the year 2008. Te district as a whole had a population density of 30 persons/
km
2
in 1999. Migwani Division has the highest population density in the district. During the 1999 popu-
lation census, it had a population density of 101 persons/km
2
followed by Central with 69 persons/km
2
.
Ngomeni had the lowest population density of 7 persons/km
2
. Te high population density of Migwani
Division is inuenced by climate. Migwani Division is one of the most productive divisions in the district. It
does not have severe water problems as other divisions. Te same applies to the Central Division, which also
has a high population density of 69 persons/km
2
. Central Division density is also inuenced by the Mwingi
Town, which has a high population. Ngomeni Division has a low population density because of climatic
factors coupled with insecurity and low infrastructure development. Te same applies to Nuu, Tseikuru and
Nguni. Te available agricultural land per household according to the 1999 population census was 15.52 ha
per household of 5.16. In other words the available agricultural land per person is ca. 3.0 ha. (Tables 7 & 8).
Tis seeming large hectarage of land per person can be attributed to the large tracts of land in the extremely
marginal divisions, where the population densities are very low and most of the land is less productive.
TABLE 6: POPULATION PER DIVISION, LOCATION AND SUB-LOCATION IN MWINGI
DISTRICT (Source: Census 1999) Census 1999)
DIVISION/LOCATION
AND SUB-LOCATION
Male Females Total
Number of
Households
Area in km
2
Density
MWINGI DISTRICT 141778 162050 303828 58863 10030 30
CENTRAL 39726 43961 83687 16912 1204.5 69
MWINGI 15440 16542 31982 7311 291.4 110
Mwingi 4592 4466 9058 2746 9 1006
Ithumbi 1560 1720 3280 590 45.8 72
Kivou 1634 1801 3435 608 34.2 100
Enziu 2471 2868 5339 1021 98.7 54
Kavuvwani 1982 2230 4212 765 39.5 107
Kyanika 2379 2402 4781 1233 24.4 196
Kanzui 822 1055 1877 348 39.8 47
MUMBUNI 6213 6858 13071 2568 112.5 116
Katalwa 1743 1883 3626 721 34 107
Nzeluni 978 1124 2102 418 17 124
Kisovo 1434 1650 3084 581 30.5 101
Nzatani 1339 1421 2760 546 23.5 117
Ilalambyu 719 780 1499 302 7.5 200
KIOMO 7180 8367 15547 2753 362.8 43
Kiomo 2455 2763 5218 884 61 86
41
508
MWINGI & KITUI
DIVISION/LOCATION
AND SUB-LOCATION
Male Females Total
Number of
Households
Area in km
2
Density
Kairungu 1811 2128 3939 681 139.9 28
Kyethani 2914 3476 6390 1188 161.9 39
ENDUI 3056 3516 6572 1300 175.8 37
Kathoka 1499 1784 3283 651 73.4 45
Katitika 1008 1070 2078 413 60.5 34
Nyaanya 549 662 1211 236 41.9 29
WAITA 5151 5752 10903 1975 202.7 54
Mwambui 1122 1253 2375 434 45.2 53
Ikusya 1054 1272 2326 388 40.6 57
Waita 1421 1556 2977 567 44 68
Thonoa 1554 1671 3225 586 72.9 44
KANZANZU 2686 2926 5612 1005 59.3 95
Kanzanzu 1034 1158 2192 411 24.1 91
Mathyakani 790 856 1646 305 18.5 89
Kalisasi 862 912 1774 289 16.7 106
MIGWANI 26150 30757 56907 10529 565.6 101
MIGWANI 8171 9734 17905 3418 109.2 164
Kyambo 1330 1520 2850 652 11.9 239
Itoloni 1721 1949 3670 692 18 204
Kaliluni 1258 1595 2853 527 22.3 128
Nzauni 1900 2355 4255 757 22.4 190
Muivu 1962 2315 4277 790 34.6 124
NGUUTANI 7450 8853 16303 2837 153.4 106
Nzawa 2404 2962 5366 946 43.5 123
Ngongoni 2401 2921 5322 990 34.3 155
Nzalae 2645 2970 5615 901 75.6 74
THITANI 6106 7030 13136 2426 235.2 56
Kavaini 1874 2199 4073 725 63.5 64
Thaana 976 1145 2121 394 61.3 35
Kanyaa 1616 1836 3452 715 14.4 240
Yenzuva 878 973 1851 313 43 43
Winzyieei 762 877 1639 279 53 31
KYOME 4423 5140 9563 1848 67.8 141
Thokoa 1105 1284 2389 468 16.7 143
Kyome 1595 1777 3372 646 21.6 156
Musuani 860 1011 1871 364 15.7 119
Kasevi 863 1068 1931 370 13.8 140
MUUMONI 17498 20109 37607 6991 1066.3 35
THARAKA 2406 2611 5017 906 188.1 27
Gakombe 1088 1181 2269 413 76 30
Kanyengya 374 439 813 155 30.5 27
Gaciongo 944 991 1935 338 81.6 24
KANTHUNGU 2314 2664 4978 958 172.6 29
TABLE 6: Continued
42
509
MWINGI & KITUI
DIVISION/LOCATION
AND SUB-LOCATION
Male Females Total
Number of
Households
Area in km
2
Density
Kanthungu 1118 1295 2413 459 88.6 27
Kamaindi 754 832 1586 292 46.5 34
Gatoroni 442 537 979 207 37.5 26
KAKUYU 8213 9567 17780 3204 459.1 39
Ikongo 835 1021 1856 358 101.2 18
Musosya 1591 1885 3476 609 59.8 58
Tyaa 1882 2176 4058 733 85.3 48
Kakuyu 2811 3266 6077 1068 154.5 39
Kyandali 1094 1219 2313 436 58.3 40
KATSE 2984 3370 6354 1263 182.3 35
Mukonga 580 669 1249 253 71.4 17
Mbarani 1043 1179 2222 474 35.9 62
Konyu 775 849 1624 300 48.3 34
Kamathitu 586 673 1259 236 26.7 47
MUTANDA 1581 1897 3478 660 64.2 54
Mutanda 375 477 852 172 16.6 51
Wangutu 591 646 1237 233 25.2 49
Kaliwa 615 774 1389 255 22.4 62
NUU 17258 19303 36561 7185 1694.2 22
Nuu 3632 3996 7628 1545 284.4 27
Ngaani 1483 1578 3061 671 93.4 33
Nyaani 1233 1398 2631 513 104.9 25
Mwambiu 916 1020 1936 361 86.1 22
MUI 4203 4710 8913 1809 190.3 47
Ngoo 1691 1983 3674 687 66.6 55
Ngungi 960 1120 2080 442 39 53
Ngiluni 1552 1607 3159 680 84.7 37
KALITINI 3111 3389 6500 1318 179.5 36
Kitise 1104 1155 2259 478 59.7 38
Itiko 1001 1175 2176 430 56.7 38
Yumbu 1006 1059 2065 410 63.1 33
MUTYANGOMBE 2522 2792 5314 954 145.9 36
Ngieni 1278 1416 2694 495 64.5 42
Mwangeni 1244 1376 2620 459 81.4 32
WINGEMI 3790 4416 8206 1559 894.1 9
Malawa 1824 2072 3896 790 760 5
Kyangati 1966 2344 4310 769 134.1 32
KYUSO 15728 18544 34272 6291 804.4 43
Kyuso 4485 5104 9589 1715 199.8 48
Gai 2591 2892 5483 979 118.1 46
Gaaei 1894 2212 4106 736 81.7 50
KIMANGAO 4697 5762 10459 1939 256.3 41
Kimu 1799 2158 3957 746 61.7 64
TABLE 6: Continued
43
510
MWINGI & KITUI
DIVISION/LOCATION
AND SUB-LOCATION
Male Females Total
Number of
Households
Area in km
2
Density
Maseki 869 1203 2072 377 52.8 39
Kiseuni 610 750 1360 259 67.6 20
Kimangao 1419 1651 3070 557 74.2 41
MIVUKONI 3505 4104 7609 1433 259.2 29
Katuka 497 557 1054 195 38.1 28
Twimyua 1403 1611 3014 590 84 36
Kamula 837 950 1787 330 76.4 23
Mataka 490 635 1125 185 35.3 32
Manzuva 278 351 629 133 25.4 25
KAMUWONGO 3041 3574 6615 1204 89.1 74
Kamuwongo 1206 1308 2514 456 29.1 86
Kyandoo 480 609 1089 207 14.8 74
Itiva Nzou 659 806 1465 254 30.3 48
Tulanduli 696 851 1547 287 14.9 104
TSEIKURU 10765 12902 23667 4772 1326.1 18
TSEIKURU 4113 4884 8997 1874 258.1 35
Kaivirya 699 852 1551 329 53.5 29
Ngongoni 416 484 900 170 40.4 22
Nziitu 1324 1481 2805 641 64.7 43
Ngalange 989 1189 2178 397 64.6 34
Kasyathyuni 685 878 1563 337 34.9 45
MUSAVANI 3474 4197 7671 1583 331 23
Kaningo 549 633 1182 248 114.1 10
Usueni 1255 1463 2718 549 72.4 38
Kyenini 1085 1298 2383 493 87.9 27
Ngereni 585 803 1388 293 56.6 25
MUSYUNGWA 3178 3821 6999 1315 737 9
Kyandani 1020 1221 2241 402 167.6 13
Kathiani 880 1070 1950 361 79.6 24
Kitovoto 1278 1530 2808 552 489.8 6
NGUNI Division 9570 10845 20415 4018 1751.1 12
NGUNI 4427 5040 9467 1862 277 34
Mwasuma 1808 2086 3894 822 78.3 50
Mathyakani 946 1056 2002 367 57.7 35
Kyavyuka 1673 1898 3571 673 141 25
UKASI 5143 5805 10948 2156 1474.1 7
Mbuvu 2064 2326 4390 887 229.7 19
Kamutiu 732 874 1606 315 72.6 22
Ukasi 1335 1506 2841 552 397.6 7
Mwalali 1012 1099 2111 402 774.2 3
NGOMENI 5083 5629 10712 2165 1618.1 7
Ngomeni 2665 3010 5675 1189 960.2 6
Kavuti 633 744 1377 319 53.7 26
TABLE 6: Continued
44
511
MWINGI & KITUI
DIVISION/LOCATION
AND SUB-LOCATION
Male Females Total
Number of
Households
Area in km
2
Density
Kalwa 735 858 1593 315 76.4 21
Ikime 623 729 1352 274 362.9 4
Kavaani 644 679 1323 281 467.2 3
MITAMISYI 2418 2619 5037 976 657.9 8
Mitamisyi 625 632 1257 275 261.1 5
Kamusiliu 529 624 1153 207 50.8 23
Ndtani 622 673 1295 226 69.2 19
Kimela 642 690 1332 268 276.8 5
TABLE 7: COMPOSITION OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MWINGI DISTRICT PER DIVISION,
DIVISION/LOCATION
AND SUB-LOCATION
Farmers Family
Number of
Households
Persons <15 years
Persons 15 years
& over
Total persons
MWINGI DISTRICT 2.56 2.60 5.16 58863
CENTRAL 2.46 2.49 4.95 16912
MWINGI 2.17 2.20 4.37 7311
Mwingi 1.64 1.66 3.30 2746
Ithumbi 2.76 2.80 5.56 590
Kivou 2.80 2.85 5.65 608
Enziu 2.60 2.63 5.23 1021
Kavuvwani 2.73 2.77 5.51 765
Kyanika 1.92 1.95 3.88 1233
Kanzui 2.68 2.72 5.39 348
MUMBUNI 2.53 2.56 5.09 2568
Katalwa 2.50 2.53 5.03 721
Nzeluni 2.50 2.53 5.03 418
Kisovo 2.63 2.67 5.31 581
Nzatani 2.51 2.55 5.05 546
Ilalambyu 2.46 2.50 4.96 302
KIOMO 2.80 2.84 5.65 2753
Kiomo 2.93 2.97 5.90 884
Kairungu 2.87 2.91 5.78 681
Kyethani 2.67 2.71 5.38 1188
ENDUI 2.51 2.55 5.06 1300
Kathoka 2.50 2.54 5.04 651
Katitika 2.50 2.53 5.03 413
Nyaanya 2.55 2.58 5.13 236
WAITA 2.74 2.78 5.52 1975
Mwambui 2.72 2.76 5.47 434
Ikusya 2.97 3.02 5.99 388
TABLE 6: Continued
45
512
MWINGI & KITUI
Waita 2.61 2.64 5.25 567
Thonoa 2.73 2.77 5.50 586
KANZANZU 2.77 2.81 5.58 1005
Kanzanzu 2.65 2.69 5.33 411
Mathyakani 2.68 2.72 5.40 305
Kalisasi 3.05 3.09 6.14 289
MIGWANI 2.68 2.72 5.40 10529
MIGWANI 2.60 2.64 5.24 3418
Kyambo 2.17 2.20 4.37 652
Itoloni 2.63 2.67 5.30 692
Kaliluni 2.69 2.73 5.41 527
Nzauni 2.79 2.83 5.62 757
Muivu 2.69 2.73 5.41 790
NGUUTANI 2.85 2.89 5.75 2837
Nzawa 2.81 2.86 5.67 946
Ngongoni 2.67 2.71 5.38 990
Nzalae 3.09 3.14 6.23 901
THITANI 2.69 2.73 5.41 2426
Kavaini 2.79 2.83 5.62 725
Thaana 2.67 2.71 5.38 394
Kanyaa 2.40 2.43 4.83 715
Yenzuva 2.93 2.98 5.91 313
Winzyieei 2.92 2.96 5.87 279
KYOME 2.57 2.61 5.17 1848
Thokoa 2.53 2.57 5.10 468
Kyome 2.59 2.63 5.22 646
Musuani 2.55 2.59 5.14 364
Kasevi 2.59 2.63 5.22 370
MUUMONI 2.67 2.71 5.38 6991
THARAKA 2.75 2.79 5.54 906
Gakombe 2.73 2.77 5.49 413
Kanyengya 2.60 2.64 5.25 155
Gaciongo 2.84 2.88 5.72 338
KANTHUNGU 2.58 2.62 5.20 958
Kanthungu 2.61 2.65 5.26 459
Kamaindi 2.70 2.74 5.43 292
Gatoroni 2.35 2.38 4.73 207
KAKUYU 2.75 2.80 5.55 3204
Ikongo 2.57 2.61 5.18 358
Musosya 2.83 2.88 5.71 609
Tyaa 2.75 2.79 5.54 733
Kakuyu 2.82 2.87 5.69 1068
Kyandali 2.63 2.67 5.31 436
KATSE 2.50 2.53 5.03 1263
Mukonga 2.45 2.49 4.94 253
TABLE 7: Continued
46
513
MWINGI & KITUI
Mbarani 2.33 2.36 4.69 474
Konyu 2.69 2.73 5.41 300
Kamathitu 2.65 2.69 5.33 236
MUTANDA 2.62 2.65 5.27 660
Mutanda 2.46 2.50 4.95 172
Wangutu 2.63 2.67 5.31 233
Kaliwa 2.70 2.74 5.45 255
NUU 2.53 2.56 5.09 7185
Nuu 2.45 2.49 4.94 1545
Ngaani 2.26 2.30 4.56 671
Nyaani 2.55 2.58 5.13 513
Mwambiu 2.66 2.70 5.36 361
MUI 2.45 2.48 4.93 1809
Ngoo 2.65 2.69 5.35 687
Ngungi 2.34 2.37 4.71 442
Ngiluni 2.31 2.34 4.65 680
KALITINI 2.45 2.48 4.93 1318
Kitise 2.35 2.38 4.73 478
Itiko 2.51 2.55 5.06 430
Yumbu 2.50 2.54 5.04 410
MUTYANGOMBE 2.76 2.81 5.57 954
Ngieni 2.70 2.74 5.44 495
Mwangeni 2.83 2.88 5.71 459
WINGEMI 2.61 2.65 5.26 1559
Malawa 2.45 2.48 4.93 790
Kyangati 2.78 2.82 5.60 769
KYUSO 2.70 2.74 5.45 6291
Kyuso 2.77 2.82 5.59 1715
Gai 2.78 2.82 5.60 979
Gaaei 2.77 2.81 5.58 736
KIMANGAO 2.68 2.72 5.39 1939
Kimu 2.63 2.67 5.30 746
Maseki 2.73 2.77 5.50 377
Kiseuni 2.61 2.65 5.25 259
Kimangao 2.74 2.78 5.51 557
MIVUKONI 2.64 2.67 5.31 1433
Katuka 2.68 2.72 5.41 195
Twimyua 2.54 2.57 5.11 590
Kamula 2.69 2.73 5.42 330
Mataka 3.02 3.06 6.08 185
Manzuva 2.35 2.38 4.73 133
KAMUWONGO 2.73 2.77 5.49 1204
Kamuwongo 2.74 2.78 5.51 456
Kyandoo 2.61 2.65 5.26 207
Itiva Nzou 2.86 2.91 5.77 254
TABLE 7: Continued
47
514
MWINGI & KITUI
Tulanduli 2.67 2.72 5.39 287
TSEIKURU 2.46 2.50 4.96 4772
TSEIKURU 2.38 2.42 4.80 1874
Kaivirya 2.34 2.37 4.71 329
Ngongoni 2.63 2.67 5.29 170
Nziitu 2.17 2.20 4.38 641
Ngalange 2.72 2.76 5.49 397
Kasyathyuni 2.30 2.34 4.64 337
MUSAVANI 2.40 2.44 4.85 1583
Kaningo 2.37 2.40 4.77 248
Usueni 2.46 2.49 4.95 549
Kyenini 2.40 2.43 4.83 493
Ngereni 2.35 2.39 4.74 293
MUSYUNGWA 2.64 2.68 5.32 1315
Kyandani 2.77 2.81 5.57 402
Kathiani 2.68 2.72 5.40 361
Kitovoto 2.52 2.56 5.09 552
NGUNI 2.52 2.56 5.08 4018
NGUNI 2.52 2.56 5.08 1862
Mwasuma 2.35 2.39 4.74 822
Mathyakani 2.71 2.75 5.46 367
Kyavyuka 2.63 2.67 5.31 673
UKASI 2.52 2.56 5.08 2156
Mbuvu 2.46 2.49 4.95 887
Kamutiu 2.53 2.57 5.10 315
Ukasi 2.55 2.59 5.15 552
Mwalali 2.61 2.65 5.25 402
NGOMENI 2.46 2.49 4.95 2165
Ngomeni 2.37 2.40 4.77 1189
Kavuti 2.14 2.17 4.32 319
Kalwa 2.51 2.55 5.06 315
Ikime 2.45 2.49 4.93 274
Kavaani 2.34 2.37 4.71 281
MITAMISYI 2.56 2.60 5.16 976
Mitamisyi 2.27 2.30 4.57 275
Kamusiliu 2.76 2.81 5.57 207
Ndtani 2.84 2.89 5.73 226
Kimela 2.47 2.50 4.97 268
TABLE 7: Continued
48
515
MWINGI & KITUI
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TABLE 8: AVAILABLE LAND AREA IN MWINGI DISTRICT PER AEZ AND HOUSEHOLD
49
516
MWINGI & KITUI
KITUI DISTRICT
Kitui District is one of the 13 districts of Eastern Province. It is located in the southern part of Kenya. It
borders Machakos and Makueni districts to the west, Mwingi District to the north, Tana River District
to the east and Taita Taveta District to the south. Te district covers an area of approximately 20,402 km
2
including 6,290.3 km
2
occupied by the uninhabited Tsavo National Park. Te district is divided into 10
administrative divisions namely: Central, Chuluni, Matinyani, Mwitika, Mutitu, Ikutha, Yatta, Mutonguni,
Mutomo and Mutha (Table 6). Te divisions are further divided into 57 locations and 187 sub-locations.
From Table 9 it can be observed that Mutha Division is the largest while Matinyani and Mutonguni Divi-
sions are the smallest. Central Division, which hosts the District headquarter has the largest number of loca-
tions and sub-locations while Mutitu Division has the lowest number of sub-locations. Table 9 also shows
population density by division. Central, Matinyani and Mutonguni divisions had the highest densities of
153, 151 and 148 persons/km
2
, respectively in 1999. Ikutha, Mwitika and Mutha Divisions had the lowest
population densities of 6.0, 8.0 and 9.0 persons/km
2
, respectively (Table 9). Te low densities, coupled with
vastness of the divisions make provision of essential services such as water, health and education expensive.
An average household of 5.33 people had 23.94 ha land at its disposal, i.e. 4.43 ha per person in 1979. How-
ever, individual holdings diered considerably in size, e.g. in the Inner Lowland Ranching Zone IL 6, with
263,800 ha, 193.44 ha per household was calculated. Tis scenario was more or less similar in 1999 and is
still valid today. Te available agricultural land per household was 0.82 ha per household of 4.44 persons in
1979 compared to the 1999 gure of 0.6 ha for an equivalent number of persons per household, i.e. 4.40
in 1979 to 0.14 ha per person in 1999 (Tables 10 & 11). Land potential largely determines the population
densities between divisions. Mutonguni, Central and Matinyani Divisions have high densities due to high
land potentials while the low population densities in Mwitika, Mutha, Yatta and Ikutha Divisions are at-
tributed to low land potentials. Climatic conditions also inuence the settlement patterns. Mwitika, Mutha
and Ikutha Divisions experience harsh climatic conditions and have very low settlements. Tese areas also
border Tana River District in the eastern side and experience occasional banditry attacks.
Kitui District has had a relatively high population growth since independence. Population size increased
from 216,547 persons in 1969 to 303,960 in 1979, 412,528 in 1989 and 515,422 in 1999. Te population
is projected to increase to 628,591 in 2008. Tis projection is based on the 1999 population census, and
assumes a growth rate of 2.23%. Tis trend is likely to create a negative impact on the economic welfare
of over 60 per cent of the people who are currently below the poverty line. Poverty is a major development
challenge in the district. People in the district dene poverty as the inability to meet basic needs, such as
food, shelter, clothing and medical services. Te poor constitute about 66% of the total population. In other
words, at least two in every three people are poor. Te district is predominantly low potential (66%) with
32%being medium potential and only 2% being of high agricultural potential. It is therefore evident that
most divisions fall within the low to medium potential areas.
A number of causes of poverty in the district have been identied, and these include:
(a) Hostile climatic conditions: Te climate of the district is hot and dry for the most part of the
year, characterised by unreliable and erratic rainfall pattern. Tis hinders intensive land use and
other related development activities.
(b) Low agricultural productivity: Tis is attributed to use of unproductive traditional farming
methods, low soil fertility coupled with unpredictable weather, inadequate extension services,
high cost of inputs and inadequate seeds. Tis has lead to food shortages, making the district a
perpetual net importer of food and reliant on famine relief.
(c) Large family sizes: Te average family size in the district is 5.3 members. As a result more than
50 % of the family income is spent on food. Other basic non-food items also claim a sizeable
percentage of this income thereby draining the family resources and leaving very little for other
investments.
(d) High incidence of human diseases: Te district has a very high disease prevalence rate e.g. ma-
laria, respiratory diseases, diarrhoea, skin diseases, intestinal worms, urinary track infections, eye
50
517
MWINGI & KITUI 51
infections, dental diseases, ear infections and pneumonia. Tese are the top ten causes of morbid-
ity, while malaria, anaemia, diarrhoea, bronco pneumonia and AIDS are the causes of high mor-
tality. Te diseases take a large share of the family resources in the form of drugs and other health
care services.
(e) Under-developed infrastructure: Most of the road network in the district are either earth roads
and are in very pathetic state and become impassable during the rainy season. Tis hinders trading
and marketing of farm produce as well as making access to hospitals and schools very dicult.
Farmers end up being exploited by middlemen, as they cannot access markets for their products.
Electricity supply, which is limited to Kitui Town and a few other market centres, is essential for
spurring economic activities.
(f ) Insecurity: Te district borders Tana River District, which is prone to banditry attacks and cattle
rustling. Agricultural and livestock activities have thus been aected. Te eastern parts of Mwitika
and southern Mutomo Divisions are worst hit.
(g) Poor marketing systems: Te district has no properly organized markets. Tere are many market
centres but farmers and traders lack storage facilities and access to market information. Farmers
sell their products through agents (middlemen) at throwaway prices.
(h) Unemployment: many students who complete schooling are unable to obtain gainful employ-
ment due to lack of opportunities in the area. Lack of crucial resources for production such as
electricity and credit due to lack of collateral security inhibit the development of opportunities for
self-employment for those aspiring to do so. Lack of employment means lack of income necessary
for meeting basic needs such as food, shelter, health, education and clothing.
(i) Cultural practices: Cultural beliefs have negatively impacted technology adoption.
Te HIV/AIDS scourge has in the recent years slowly impeded development in the district. Te prevalence
rate in the district is 14%, while hospital bed occupancy by such patients in hospitals stands at 40%. Cur-
rently, the number of HIV/AIDS orphans is 1,450 while the total number of people who have tested posi-
tive for HIV is 1,690. Despite over 90% awareness, the scourge continues to rise, and the eects are far
reaching. Te disease has weakened the economically productive population. Te most aected age group
is between 15 and 49 who constitute the majority of the workforce. Prevalence of the scourge is highest in
Kitui and Mutomo Townships because of their proximity to the Kitui-Kibwezi-Mombasa highway. Other
urban centres that have high incidence rate include Mutitu, Kabati, Wikililye and Mutonguni. Te scourge
has contributed signicantly to high incidences of poverty. Te greatest impact has been on the widows who
are left with the heavy burden of caring for their households. Tis explains the increasing number of female-
headed households in the district. Te number of AIDS orphans has also been on the increase, resulting in
a rise in the number of families headed by orphans. Most of the orphans are forced to drop out of school
due to lack of school fees. Others become street children as a coping mechanism. A large amount of family
resources is used for medication and other forms of care to the infected.
518
MWINGI & KITUI 52
TABLE 9: POPULATION PER DIVISION, LOCATION AND SUB-LOCATION IN KITUI
DIVISION/LOCATION
AND SUB-LOCATION
Male Female Total
Number of
Households
Area in km
2
Density
KITUI DISTRICT 243045 272377 515422 97196 20402 25
YATTA 20019 21627 41646 7648 1175 35
YATTA 8225 9150 17375 3177 300.6 58
Nyanyaa 1043 1215 2258 432 32.7 69
Makusya 1734 1966 3700 708 61.8 60
Ilika 2699 2969 5668 1002 99.2 57
Ndunguni 2749 3000 5749 1035 106.9 54
KWA VONZA 3104 3053 6157 1376 470.4 13
Mikuyuni 2254 2497 4751 946 149.9 32
Kanyonyoni 850 556 1406 430 320.5 4
KANYANGI 8690 9424 18114 3095 404 45
Syomunyu 3524 3806 7330 1287 150.2 49
Mandongoi 5166 5618 10784 1808 253.8 42
KABATI 46534 53202 99736 18595 667.8 149
KAUWI 7232 8270 15502 2912 132.9 117
Kauwi 4918 5547 10465 2030 75.1 139
Mutanda 839 941 1780 257 17.5 102
Kivani 1575 1782 3357 625 40.3 83
KALIA 3183 3465 6648 1282 18.8 354
Kyondoni 1328 1443 2771 516 5.7 486
Katheuni 852 919 1771 347 8.2 216
Kalia 1003 1103 2106 419 4.9 430
KIMUTHULA 3459 3933 7392 1311 50.7 146
Kimuthula 2652 2969 5621 982 39.3 143
Kasaini 807 964 1771 329 11.4 155
KATHIVO 1757 1975 3732 687 35 107
Kalindilo 870 1002 1872 346 15.2 123
Kwa -Mulungu 887 973 1860 341 19.8 94
USIANI 2458 2834 5292 946 38.9 136
Yalatani 721 811 1532 278 17.1 90
Usiani 1737 2023 3760 668 21.8 172
MUTONGUNI 5977 7061 13038 2450 48.8 267
Mithini 2209 2482 4691 869 20.1 233
Kaimu 3768 4579 8347 1581 28.7 291
MUTULU 2673 3082 5755 1071 13.5 426
Maseki 492 633 1125 218 2.1 536
Maini 708 822 1530 267 3.8 403
Kathuma 1033 1106 2139 408 5 428
Kitumbi 440 521 961 178 2.6 370
KWA-MUTONGA 3204 3666 6870 1267 111.4 62
Syokithumbi 620 700 1320 230 24.8 53
Mutonga 1350 1488 2838 522 42.2 67
Mithikwani 1234 1478 2712 515 44.4 61
519
MWINGI & KITUI 53
DIVISION/LOCATION
AND SUB-LOCATION
Male Female Total
Number of
Households
Area in km
2
Density
KAKEANI 3182 3931 7113 1430 41.4 172
Kangi 1348 1653 3001 609 9.7 309
Kakeani 1834 2278 4112 812 31.7 130
KAUMA 2519 2978 5497 950 19.1 288
Musosya 1137 1338 2475 432 8.6 288
Kauma 1382 1640 3022 518 10.5 288
KALIMANI 2378 2566 4944 984 21.2 233
Kyambusya 797 905 1702 339 10.6 161
Kavuvuu 923 1028 1951 402 6.8 287
Nzakame 658 633 1291 243 3.8 340
MUSENGO 4873 5545 10418 1995 46.4 225
Musengo 4378 4999 9377 1795 39 240
Kakumuti 495 546 1041 200 7.4 141
KATUTU 3539 3896 7435 1310 89.7 83
Katutu 3559 3896 7455 1310 89.7 83
CENTRAL 59069 64673 123742 24792 808.6 153
KYANGWITHYA W 8189 8718 16907 3494 111 152
Mbusyani 744 794 1538 326 6.7 230
Tungutu 2974 3045 6019 1282 21.3 283
Utooni 1729 1868 3597 783 31.1 116
Mulutu 1799 2025 3824 732 28.2 136
Ndumoni 943 986 1929 371 23.7 81
KYANGWITHYA E 14419 16377 30796 5802 109.3 282
Ivaini 1929 2349 4278 795 22.1 194
Museve 2659 3142 5801 1065 31.5 184
Kaveta 2155 2386 4541 862 8.3 547
Misewani 2864 3030 5894 1193 11.5 513
Mutune 1848 2218 4066 734 11.5 354
Mulundi 2964 3252 6216 1153 24.4 255
MALIKU 4888 5175 10063 1927 149.3 67
Kavisuni 1856 1891 3747 709 48.4 77
Maliku 1299 1423 2722 542 53.1 51
Kathungi 1733 1861 3594 676 47.8 75
TOWNSHIP 7848 7585 15433 4109 7.8 1979
Kalundu 1286 1079 2365 804 0.4 5913
Township 4836 4703 9539 2350 4 2385
Manyengo 1726 1803 3529 955 3.4 1038
MULANGO 7481 8083 15564 2870 65.5 238
Kyangunga 1586 1759 3345 581 16.2 206
Wikililye 3455 3623 7078 1374 25.3 280
Wii 1031 1095 2126 370 11.8 180
Kyambiti 1409 1606 3015 545 12.2 247
KATULANI 3854 4439 8293 1582 46.8 177
TABLE 9: Continued
520
MWINGI & KITUI
TABLE 9: Continued
DIVISION/LOCATION
AND SUB-LOCATION
Male Female Total
Number of
Households
Area in km
2
Density
Katulani 2482 2895 5377 1059 36.4 148
Kwa Muli 1372 1544 2916 523 10.4 280
MIAMBANI 8632 9988 18620 3429 258.4 72
Kenze 1501 1622 3123 613 65.6 48
Mutula 1818 2096 3914 678 42.9 91
Kamandio Malili 2329 2781 5110 952 60.8 84
Munganga 1501 1773 3274 601 56.6 58
Nzaaya 1483 1716 3199 585 32.5 98
ITOLEKA 3758 4308 8066 1579 60.5 133
Kavuta 1214 1390 2604 491 24 109
Itoleka 2544 2918 5462 1088 36.5 150
CHULUNI 34298 38043 72341 12977 521.5 139
NZAMBANI 11000 12079 23079 4229 156.9 147
Kyanika 4364 4704 9068 1643 26.5 342
Maluma/Thumula 5239 5863 11102 1969 57.9 192
Ngungi 1397 1512 2909 617 72.5 40
NZANGATHI 3748 4133 7881 1497 86 92
Nzangathi 3748 4133 7881 1497 86 92
MBITINI 8360 9332 17692 3231 116.9 151
Kanzau 1383 1534 2917 534 20.2 144
Mbitini 3306 3582 6888 1303 47.1 146
Katwala 2415 2810 5225 922 29.3 178
Mosa 1256 1406 2662 472 20.3 131
KISASI 5812 6306 12118 2149 59.7 203
Ngangani 1859 2081 3940 593 9.9 398
Kitungati 1878 2101 3979 750 22.4 178
Masimbini 2075 2124 4199 806 27.4 153
MBUSYANI 5378 6193 11571 1871 102 113
Ngiluni 1178 1411 2589 490 45.4 57
Mbusyani 1487 1799 3286 589 18 183
Nguuni 1395 1571 2966 490 27.2 109
Mukameni 1318 1412 2730 302 11.4 239
MUTITU 11245 12615 23860 4988 837.2 28
MUTITU 4201 4702 8903 1924 183.8 48
Musukini 1322 1486 2808 611 41.4 68
Kitoo 1629 1823 3452 752 37.5 92
Masasini 515 556 1071 230 44.1 24
Itiko 735 837 1572 331 60.8 26
KALIKU 2566 2928 5494 1093 409.8 13
Manyoeni 739 868 1607 330 199.8 8
Kawala 863 986 1849 393 87.8 21
Kavutei 446 514 960 189 72.6 13
Kyaimu 518 560 1078 181 49.6 22
54
521
MWINGI & KITUI
TABLE 9: Continued
55
DIVISION/LOCATION
AND SUB-LOCATION
Male Female Total
Number of
Households
Area in km
2
Density
ZOMBE 4478 4985 9463 1971 243.6 39
Malatani 1501 1667 3168 660 101 31
Thua 1760 1945 3705 757 82.1 45
Ngungi 580 625 1205 269 29.9 40
Kasunguni 637 748 1385 285 30.6 45
MWITIKA 9246 10456 19702 3871 2836 7
MALALANI 2484 2753 5237 1005 1224.4 4
Makuka 386 484 870 173 219.3 4
Malalani 678 760 1438 273 226.4 6
Syou 619 645 1264 233 118.6 11
Twambui 801 864 1665 326 660.1 3
ENDAU 2741 2992 5733 1106 1291 4
Kathua 478 486 964 144 99.9 10
Yiuku 593 660 1253 247 58.2 22
Ndetani 1186 1360 2546 516 184.5 14
Katumbi 484 486 970 199 948.4 1
MWITIKA 4021 4711 8732 1760 320.6 27
Kikuu 1119 1301 2420 507 66.8 36
Mwitika 893 1038 1931 376 91.3 21
Katikoni 460 539 999 187 46.1 22
Kavingo 769 924 1693 355 2.5 677
Makongo 780 909 1689 335 113.9 15
MUTOMO 36940 42895 79835 14869 5435.9 15
MUTHA 2234 2436 4670 878 2876.2 2
Kaatene 745 795 1540 268 100 15
Kalambani 280 343 623 111 828.8 1
Ngaani 1209 1298 2507 499 1947.4 1
NDAKANI 2655 3156 5811 1062 512.4 11
Isaa 633 743 1376 271 33.6 41
KaliaKatune 818 1000 1818 319 292.9 6
Ndakani 1204 1413 2617 472 185.9 14
MATHIMA 3503 4179 7682 1447 231.4 33
Mivuni 836 1017 1853 348 33.5 55
Kiimani 669 771 1440 284 58.6 25
Kivyuni 704 830 1534 261 39.1 39
Kengo 646 783 1429 280 54.5 26
Kiati 648 778 1426 274 45.7 31
MUTOMO 3690 4167 7857 1301 124.3 63
Kandae 592 611 1203 165 10.6 113
Kitoo 1720 2013 3733 645 67.2 56
Mwala 1378 1543 2921 491 46.5 63
KIBWEA 4389 5112 9501 1934 187.8 51
Kibwea 1900 2218 4118 755 99.8 41
522
MWINGI & KITUI
TABLE 9: Continued
DIVISION/LOCATION
AND SUB-LOCATION
Male Female Total
Number of
Households
Area in km
2
Density
Kawelu 2489 2894 5383 1179 88 61
KYATUNE 5324 6204 11528 2134 264.4 44
Yongela 981 1159 2140 395 30.8 69
Ngwani 1412 1577 2989 575 51.9 58
Kyatune 2265 2641 4906 895 105.2 47
Ndatani 666 827 1493 269 76.5 20
IKANGA 8024 8877 16901 3085 227.4 74
Kathungu 3572 3902 7474 1386 69 108
Ilusya 2802 3101 5903 1068 102.6 58
Ithumula 1650 1874 3524 631 55.8 63
VOO 4445 5441 9886 1874 421.9 23
Nthunguni 1225 1526 2751 508 147.6 19
Kyaango 1162 1407 2569 476 72.9 35
Kyangini 509 610 1119 220 65.9 17
Imale 453 557 1010 199 39.7 25
Kasasi 1096 1341 2437 471 95.8 25
KYAMATU 2676 3323 5999 1154 590.1 10
Kyamatu 1077 1287 2364 455 68.4 35
NZANZU 504 599 1103 194 65.3 17
Muthungue 195 1437 1632 505 456.4 4
IKUTHA 25694 28866 54560 9456 8120 7
KANZIKU 2882 3443 6325 1126 199.6 32
Kivandeni 811 942 1753 288 30.2 58
Mwanianga 591 664 1255 231 26.5 47
Kyanyaa 211 257 468 82 10.6 44
Keutunda 910 1092 2002 373 56.2 36
Kituvwi 359 488 847 152 76.1 11
Simisi 2208 2557 4765 739 212.6 22
Ilamba 288 339 627 107 96.1 7
Simisi 844 1000 1844 270 59.3 31
Ekani 1076 1218 2294 362 57.2 40
KASAALA 2820 3215 6035 1058 149.1 40
Uyini 968 1066 2034 358 57.8 35
Kasaiani 977 1101 2078 342 43.2 48
Nzamba 875 1048 1923 358 48.1 40
IKUTHA 5696 6416 12112 2145 297.2 41
Ngwate 1334 1453 2787 491 62.6 45
Ndili 1262 1296 2558 493 55.6 46
Maaini 326 322 648 115 19.2 34
Ngawuni 466 534 1000 198 27.6 36
Kyoani 1200 1461 2661 462 60.6 44
Kiangu 1108 1350 2458 386 71.6 34
MALUMA 3454 3664 7118 1249 295 24
56
523
MWINGI & KITUI
TABLE 9: Continued
57
DIVISION/LOCATION
AND SUB-LOCATION
Male Female Total
Number of
Households
Area in km
2
Density
Maluma 1791 1888 3679 680 173.6 21
Muambani 987 1068 2055 333 70.6 29
Monguni 676 708 1384 236 50.8 27
KALIVU 3692 4088 7780 1190 302.1 26
Kalivu 1433 1653 3086 533 124.4 25
Makaie 1092 1203 2295 397 75 31
Katilini 1167 1232 2399 260 102.7 23
ATHI 4931 5483 10414 1949 374.1 28
Kilawa 1313 1464 2777 567 63.4 44
Kituti 2538 2871 5409 971 232.4 23
Kisiio 1080 1148 2228 411 78.3 28
TSAVO EAST 11 6290.3
Tsavo East 11 6290.3
TABLE 10:COMPOSITION OF HOUSEHOLDS IN KITUI DISTRICT PER DIVISION,
DIVISION/
LOCATION AND
SUB-LOCATION
Farmers family
Number of
Households
Persons < 15 years
Persons 15 years
& over
Total
KITUI DISTRICT 2.52 2.78 5.30 97196
YATTA 2.59 2.86 5.45 7648
YATTA 2.60 2.87 5.47 3177
Nyanyaa 2.48 2.74 5.23 432
Makusya 2.48 2.74 5.23 708
Ilika 2.69 2.97 5.66 1002
Ndunguni 2.64 2.92 5.55 1035
KWA VONZA 2.13 2.35 4.47 1376
Mikuyuni 2.39 2.64 5.02 946
Kanyonyoni 1.55 1.72 3.27 430
KANYANGI 2.78 3.07 5.85 3095
Syomunyu 2.71 2.99 5.70 1287
Mandongoi 2.83 3.13 5.96 1808
KABATI 2.55 2.82 5.36 18595
KAUWI 2.53 2.79 5.32 2912
Kauwi 2.45 2.71 5.16 2030
Mutanda 3.29 3.64 6.93 257
Kivani 2.55 2.82 5.37 625
KALIA 2.46 2.72 5.19 1282
Kyondoni 2.55 2.82 5.37 516
Katheuni 2.42 2.68 5.10 347
Kalia 2.39 2.64 5.03 419
524
MWINGI & KITUI
DIVISION/
LOCATION AND
SUB-LOCATION
Farmers family
Number of
Households
Persons < 15 years
Persons 15 years
& over
Total
KIMUTHULA 2.68 2.96 5.64 1311
Kimuthula 2.72 3.00 5.72 982
Kasaini 2.56 2.83 5.38 329
KATHIVO 2.58 2.85 5.43 687
Kalindilo 2.57 2.84 5.41 346
Kwa -Mulungu 2.59 2.86 5.45 341
USIANI 2.66 2.94 5.59 946
Yalatani 2.62 2.89 5.51 278
Usiani 2.67 2.95 5.63 668
MUTONGUNI 2.53 2.79 5.32 2450
Mithini 2.56 2.83 5.40 869
Kaimu 2.51 2.77 5.28 1581
MUTULU 2.55 2.82 5.37 1071
Maseki 2.45 2.71 5.16 218
Maini 2.72 3.01 5.73 267
Kathuma 2.49 2.75 5.24 408
Kitumbi 2.56 2.83 5.40 178
KWA-MUTONGA 2.58 2.85 5.42 1267
Syokithumbi 2.73 3.01 5.74 230
Mutonga 2.58 2.85 5.44 522
Mithikwani 2.50 2.76 5.27 515
KAKEANi 2.36 2.61 4.97 1430
Kangi 2.34 2.59 4.93 609
Kakeani 2.41 2.66 5.06 812
KAUMA 2.75 3.04 5.79 950
Musosya 2.72 3.01 5.73 432
Kauma 2.77 3.06 5.83 518
KALIMANI 2.39 2.64 5.02 984
Kyambusya 2.38 2.64 5.02 339
Kavuvuu 2.31 2.55 4.85 402
Nzakame 2.52 2.79 5.31 243
MUSENGO 2.48 2.74 5.22 1995
Musengo 2.48 2.74 5.22 1795
Kakumuti 2.47 2.73 5.21 200
KATUTU 2.70 2.98 5.68 1310
Katutu 2.70 2.99 5.69 1310
CENTRAL 2.37 2.62 4.99 24792
KYANGWITHYA W 2.30 2.54 4.84 3494
Mbusyani 2.24 2.48 4.72 326
Tungutu 2.23 2.46 4.70 1282
Utooni 2.18 2.41 4.59 783
TABLE 10: Continued
58
525
MWINGI & KITUI 59
DIVISION/
LOCATION AND
SUB-LOCATION
Farmers family
Number of
Households
Persons < 15 years
Persons 15 years
& over
Total
Mulutu 2.48 2.74 5.22 732
Ndumoni 2.47 2.73 5.20 371
KYANGWITHYA E 2.52 2.79 5.31 5802
Ivaini 2.56 2.82 5.38 795
Museve 2.59 2.86 5.45 1065
Kaveta 2.50 2.77 5.27 862
Misewani 2.35 2.59 4.94 1193
Mutune 2.63 2.91 5.54 734
Mulundi 2.56 2.83 5.39 1153
MALIKU 2.48 2.74 5.22 1927
Kavisuni 2.51 2.77 5.28 709
Maliku 2.39 2.64 5.02 542
Kathungi 2.53 2.79 5.32 676
TOWNSHIP 1.78 1.97 3.76 4109
Kalundu 1.40 1.54 2.94 804
Township 1.93 2.13 4.06 2350
Manyengo 1.76 1.94 3.70 955
MULANGO 2.58 2.85 5.42 2870
Kyangunga 2.73 3.02 5.76 581
Wikililye 2.45 2.70 5.15 1374
Wii 2.73 3.02 5.75 370
Kyambiti 2.63 2.90 5.53 545
KATULANI 2.49 2.75 5.24 1582
Katulani 2.41 2.67 5.08 1059
Kwa Muli 2.65 2.93 5.58 523
MIAMBANI 2.58 2.85 5.43 3429
Kenze 2.42 2.67 5.09 613
Mutula 2.74 3.03 5.77 678
Kamandio Malili 2.55 2.82 5.37 952
Munganga 2.59 2.86 5.45 601
Nzaaya 2.60 2.87 5.47 585
ITOLEKA 2.43 2.68 5.11 1579
Kavuta 2.52 2.78 5.30 491
Itoleka 2.38 2.64 5.02 1088
CHULUNI 2.65 2.93 5.57 12977
NZAMBANI 2.59 2.86 5.46 4229
Kyanika 2.62 2.90 5.52 1643
Maluma/Thumula 2.68 2.96 5.64 1969
Ngungi 2.24 2.48 4.71 617
NZANGATHI 2.50 2.76 5.26 1497
Nzangathi 2.50 2.76 5.26 1497
TABLE 10: Continued
526
MWINGI & KITUI
DIVISION/
LOCATION AND
SUB-LOCATION
Farmers family
Number of
Households
Persons < 15 years
Persons 15 years
& over
Total
MBITINI 2.60 2.87 5.48 3231
Kanzau 2.59 2.87 5.46 534
Mbitini 2.51 2.78 5.29 1303
Katwala 2.69 2.98 5.67 922
Mosa 2.68 2.96 5.64 472
KISASI 2.68 2.96 5.64 2149
Ngangani 3.16 3.49 6.64 593
Kitungati 2.52 2.79 5.31 750
Masimbini 2.47 2.73 5.21 806
MBUSYANI 2.94 3.25 6.18 1871
Ngiluni 2.51 2.77 5.28 490
Mbusyani 2.65 2.93 5.58 589
Nguuni 2.88 3.18 6.05 490
Mukameni 4.29 4.75 9.04 302
MUTITU 2.27 2.51 4.78 4988
MUTITU 2.20 2.43 4.63 1924
Musukini 2.18 2.41 4.60 611
Kitoo 2.18 2.41 4.59 752
Masasini 2.21 2.44 4.66 230
Itiko 2.26 2.49 4.75 331
KALIKU 2.39 2.64 5.03 1093
Manyoeni 2.31 2.56 4.87 330
Kawala 2.23 2.47 4.70 393
Kavutei 2.41 2.67 5.08 189
Kyaimu 2.83 3.13 5.96 181
ZOMBE 2.28 2.52 4.80 1971
Malatani 2.28 2.52 4.80 660
Thua 2.32 2.57 4.89 757
Ngungi 2.13 2.35 4.48 269
Kasunguni 2.31 2.55 4.86 285
MWITIKA 2.42 2.67 5.09 3871
MALALANI 2.48 2.74 5.21 1005
Makuka 2.39 2.64 5.03 173
Malalani 2.50 2.77 5.27 273
Syou 2.58 2.85 5.42 233
Twambui 2.43 2.68 5.11 326
ENDAU 2.46 2.72 5.18 1106
Kathua 3.18 3.51 6.69 144
Yiuku 2.41 2.66 5.07 247
Ndetani 2.34 2.59 4.93 516
Katumbi 2.32 2.56 4.87 199
TABLE 10: Continued
60
527
MWINGI & KITUI 61
DIVISION/
LOCATION AND
SUB-LOCATION
Farmers family
Number of
Households
Persons < 15 years
Persons 15 years
& over
Total
MWITIKA 2.36 2.60 4.96 1760
Kikuu 2.27 2.51 4.77 507
Mwitika 2.44 2.70 5.14 376
Katikoni 2.54 2.80 5.34 187
Kavingo 2.27 2.50 4.77 355
Makongo 2.39 2.65 5.04 335
MUTOMO 2.55 2.82 5.37 14869
Mutha 2.53 2.79 5.32 878
Kaatene 2.73 3.02 5.75 268
Kalambani 2.67 2.95 5.61 111
Ngaani 2.39 2.64 5.02 499
NDAKANI 2.60 2.87 5.47 1062
Isaa 2.41 2.67 5.08 271
KaliaKatune 2.71 2.99 5.70 319
Ndakani 2.63 2.91 5.54 472
MATHIMA 2.52 2.79 5.31 1447
Mivuni 2.53 2.80 5.32 348
Kiimani 2.41 2.66 5.07 284
Kivyuni 2.79 3.09 5.88 261
Kengo 2.42 2.68 5.10 280
Kiati 2.47 2.73 5.20 274
MUTOMO 2.87 3.17 6.04 1301
Kandae 3.46 3.83 7.29 165
Kitoo 2.75 3.04 5.79 645
Mwala 2.83 3.12 5.95 491
KIBWEA 2.33 2.58 4.91 1934
Kibwea 2.59 2.86 5.45 755
Kawelu 2.17 2.40 4.57 1179
KYATUNE 2.57 2.84 5.40 2134
Yongela 2.57 2.84 5.42 395
Ngwani 2.47 2.73 5.20 575
Kyatune 2.60 2.88 5.48 895
Ndatani 2.64 2.91 5.55 269
IKANGA 2.60 2.88 5.48 3085
Kathungu 2.56 2.83 5.39 1386
Ilusya 2.63 2.90 5.53 1068
Ithumula 2.65 2.93 5.58 631
VOO 2.51 2.77 5.28 1874
Nthunguni 2.57 2.84 5.42 508
Kyaango 2.56 2.83 5.40 476
Kyangini 2.42 2.67 5.09 220
TABLE 10: Continued
528
MWINGI & KITUI
DIVISION/
LOCATION AND
SUB-LOCATION
Farmers family
Number of
Households
Persons < 15 years
Persons 15 years
& over
Total
Imale 2.41 2.66 5.08 199
Kasasi 2.46 2.72 5.17 471
KYAMATU 2.47 2.73 5.20 1154
Kyamatu 2.47 2.73 5.20 455
NZANZU 2.70 2.98 5.69 194
Muthungue 1.54 1.70 3.23 505
IKUTHA 2.74 3.03 5.77 9456
KANZIKU 2.67 2.95 5.62 1126
Kivandeni 2.89 3.20 6.09 288
Mwanianga 2.58 2.85 5.43 231
Kyanyaa 2.71 3.00 5.71 82
Keutunda 2.55 2.82 5.37 373
Kituvwi 2.65 2.93 5.57 152
Simisi 3.06 3.38 6.45 739
Ilamba 2.78 3.08 5.86 107
Simisi 3.24 3.59 6.83 270
Ekani 3.01 3.33 6.34 362
KASAALA 2.71 2.99 5.70 1058
Uyini 2.70 2.98 5.68 358
Kasaiani 2.89 3.19 6.08 342
Nzamba 2.55 2.82 5.37 358
IKUTHA 2.68 2.96 5.65 2145
Ngwate 2.70 2.98 5.68 491
Ndili 2.46 2.72 5.19 493
Maaini 2.68 2.96 5.63 115
Ngawuni 2.40 2.65 5.05 198
Kyoani 2.74 3.02 5.76 462
Kiangu 3.02 3.34 6.37 386
MALUMA 2.71 2.99 5.70 1249
Maluma 2.57 2.84 5.41 680
Muambani 2.93 3.24 6.17 333
Monguni 2.79 3.08 5.86 236
KALIVU 3.11 3.43 6.54 1190
Kalivu 2.75 3.04 5.79 533
Makaie 2.75 3.03 5.78 397
Katilini 4.38 4.84 9.23 260
ATHI 2.54 2.81 5.34 1949
Kilawa 2.33 2.57 4.90 567
Kituti 2.65 2.92 5.57 971
Kisiio 2.58 2.85 5.42 411
TABLE 10: Continued
62
529
MWINGI & KITUI 63
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TABLE 11: AVAILABLE LAND AREA IN KITUI DISTRICT PER AEZ AND HOUSEHOLD
530
MWINGI & KITUI
DEVELOPMENT AND TRENDS OF MAJOR CASH CROPS IN MWINGI DISTRICT
Tere are only a few ha of the semihumid zone UM3-4 which had a bit of coee but due to the low prices
the production has almost ceased now. For cotton there is only a limited area of Marginal Cotton Zone LM4
available. Increased prices have raised interest again. Te government, in accordance with the AGOA USA
initiative to increase African production, has encouraged farmers during the last few years to plant cotton
even in the drier zone LM5. Terefore the average yields of about 130 kg/ha for the district are very low, less
than 7% of the optimum which is around 2000 kg/ha! Te yields could be improved at least in the wetter
years by applying more organic manure into the elds.
TABLE 12: COTTON AREA, PRODUCTION AND YIELD IN MWINGI DISTRICT
(1997 2004) (Source: Ministry of Agriculture, DAOs Annual Reports and CBS)
Year
(Created 1997)
Area (ha) Production (tons) Yield (kg/ha)
1997 250 17.5 70
1998 230 16.8 73
1999 280 2.12 8
2000 150 0 0
2001 624 19.8 32
2002 650 91.6 141
2003 730 90.1 123
2004 1029 131.2 127
66
531
MWINGI & KITUI 67
DEVELOPMENT AND TRENDS OF MAJOR CASH CROPS IN KITUI DISTRICT
Te natural conditions of the district are suitable for ranching and subsistence farming. Te agricultural
potential land is approximately 816,100 ha. Small hectareage of coee are found near Kitui town in the
AEZ-UM3-4 covering some 20 ha and yielding 100.4 kg/ha of clean coee per annum. Te Kitui ginnery
ginned uctuating amounts of between 1,500-6,500 kg of seed cotton between 1974 and 1980, which
probably reects the varying levels of productive rainfall in the district. It is estimated that currently 2,000
ha are under cotton producing an average of 308.5 kg of seed cotton per ha.
TABLE 13: COFFEE AREA, PRODUCTION AND YIELD IN KITUI DISTRICT (Source:
Ministry of Agriculture, DAOs Annual Reports and CBS)
Year Area (ha) Production (tons) Yield (kg/ha)
1980/81 45 2.7 60
1981/82 50 1.5 30
1982/83 45 6.7 149
1983/84 45 7.2 160
1984/85 45 7.6 169
1985/86 45 9 200
1986/87 45 7.6 169
1987/88 28.1 4.7 167
1988/89 - - -
1989/90 28.5 2.3 81
1990/91 28.5 2.3 81
1991/92 28 3.9 139
1992/93 30 1.5 50
1993/94 21 1.68 80
1994/95 21 0.84 40
1995/96 20 1.5 75
1996/97 15 0.9 60
1997/98 14 1.4 100
1998/99 14 1.4 100
1999/00 15 1.95 130
2000/01 20 1.4 70
2001/02 22 1.1 50
2002/03 18 0.9 50
532
MWINGI & KITUI 68
TABLE 14: COTTON AREA, PRODUCTION AND YIELD IN KITUI DISTRICT (Source:
Year Area (ha) Production (tons) Yield (kg/ha)
1980/81 7500 450 60
1981/82 8500 255 30
1982/83 8000 240 30
1983/84 8000 400 50
1984/85 9500 950 100
1985/86 11000 880 80
1986/87 6580 592 90
1987/88 10000 700 70
1988/89 9000 8730 970
1989/90 10000 9500 950
1990/91 11000 1210 110
1991/92 7666 1303 170
1992/93 1200 251 209
1993/94 1500 367 245
1994/95 2000 1000 500
1995/96 2000 966 483
1996/97 2000 1500 750
1997/98 1500 900 600
1998/99 1500 280 187.5
1999/00 1800 756 420
2000/01 1950 449 230
2001/02 2000 560 280
2002/03 1850 888 480
533
MWINGI & KITUI 69
CAL ZONES
534
MWINGI & KITUI 70
535
MWINGI & KITUI 71
536
MWINGI & KITUI 72
537
MWINGI & KITUI 73
538
MWINGI & KITUI 74
539
MWINGI & KITUI 75
3.6.4 FARM SURVEY IN MWINGI AND KITUI DISTRICTS
Soils with inherently depleted micro and macronutrients coupled with unreliable rainfall in space and
time makes rain-fed farming a dicult task in Kitui and Mwingi districts. Te Farm Survey was conducted
in six main agro-ecological zones and the respective dominant subzones in Kitui and Mwingi districts as
shown in Table 26. Te sample farm sizes were: 3.24 ha (UM 3 - 4), 2.83 & 2.97 ha (LM 4 in Mwingi and
Kitui, respectively), 7.01 ha (LM 5+), 9.51 ha (LM 5), and 5.0 ha (LM 5-) (Table 27). Tere has been no
signicant decrease in farm sizes since the last Farm Survey of 1978 because there was space for the growing
population, but this reserve is now going to be nished, and farmers need large plots for the livestock to
compensate for the frequent crop failures. In all the surveyed agro-ecological zones, the cattle kept are of lo-
cal zebu type (Table 27). Eorts should be made to improve the livestock sector by establishing functioning
markets where farmers could sell their animals. Tis could be the safety net out for the farmers, given that
crop production enterprises have been constrained by the unfavourable rainfall conditions. Maize is still the
dominant staple in all the surveyed six agro-ecological zones (Table 28), even though its suitability in most
of these AEZs is wanting! Te widespread maize planting is due to the mistaken belief that that improved
maize varieties like Katumani Comp. B and Makueni DLC will grow and yield better in these semi-arid and
arid regions. Te yield gures shown in Table 29 do not consider total crop failures and are also based on the
assumption that farmers are able to plant in time, i.e. are able to make use of the entire vegetation period and
that the season performance is above normal. A campaign to create awareness among the farmers is needed
in order for them to change their dietary habits to the more climatically suitable crops of sorghum, millets
and the drought tolerant pulses of green grams, pigeon peas and cowpeas.
Oxen-drawn mechanisation of eld activities that enable the farmers to make the best use of the total veg-
etation period and extension service advise which centres around farming recommendations for semi-arid
and arid regions may help the farming population to produce what they need during most years. Concerted
eorts should be made to intensify water - harvesting technologies which may help to start some irrigation
activities in this region.
TABLE 16: FARM SURVEY AREAS IN MWINGI AND KITUI DISTRICTS
MWINGI
171 LM 4 vs/s + s/vs UUC 2
Migwani Division, Migwani Location,
Kaliluni and Kyamboa Sub Locations
172 LM 4 - 5 vs/s + vs/s UU3
Kyuso Division, Kimangao Location,
Kimangao/Kimu Sub Location
173 LM 5 (vs) + vs PnU 2
Ngomeni Division, Ngomeni Location,
Kavuti and Ikime Sub Locations
KITUI 174 UM 3 - 4 s/m+ s HUC
Matinyani Division, Kauma Location,
Kauma Sub Location
175 LM 4 s/vs +s UUC 2
Chuluni Division, Kisasi Location,
Ngangani Sub Location
176 LM 5 vu +vs/s UUA
Mutomo Division, Kibwea Location,
Uae Sub Location
540
MWINGI & KITUI 78
541
MWINGI & KITUI 79
TABLE 17a: ASSETS, LAND USE, FARMING INTENSITY AND INPUTS IN AEZ LM 4 OF
MWINGI DISTRICT
Subzone: vs/s + s/vs, Soil Unit: UUC 2 Survey area 171 (Kaliluni & Kyamboo)
Range
Land
ha
Livestock Numbers
Family
Adults
Casual
laborers
Number of children
under 14 years
Dairy Zebu
Sheep &
Goats
Poultry Donkey
Avg.0 2.83 0.67 3.43 5.40 5.57 0.07 3.70 1.91 2.23
Avg.1 2.83 3.33 3.81 6.00 15.18 1.00 3.70 2.12 2.58
Up. Qu. 2.50 0 6 7 12.75 0 4 2 3
Lo. Qu. 1.15 0 2 4 0 0 2 1 1
Land Use
Range
Ann. Crops
ha
Perm. Crops
ha
ha
Fallow
ha
Other Use
ha
Avg.0 1.39 0.08 0.42 - -
Avg.1 1.39 0.13 0.42 - -
Up. Qu. 1.76 0.10 0.50 - -
Lo. Qu. 0.80 0 0.20 - -
Range
Cropping
Diversity
Crops/year
Stocking Rate
Improved
Cattle % of
total cattle
Farm Land
TLU/ha
Crops TLU/ha
Avg.0 2.1 0.3 1.2 1.6 1.6 8.2 11.1 16.3
Avg.1 2.42 1.30 1.35 - 24.8 25.8 - 69.4
Up. Qu. 3.0 0 2.4 - 0 30 - 0
Lo. Qu. 1.0 0 1.74 - 0 11.5 - 0
Inputs Applied
Range
Improved
used seed
% area
kg/ha
Manure
applied
t/ha
Plant protection
N P
2
O
5
K
2
O
Insecticide
kg/ha
Fungicide
kg/ha
Avg.0 - 2.0 - 2.4 - - - 2.3 - - - - -
Avg.1 - 11.8 - 14.5 - - - 3.2 - - - - -
Up. Qu. - 0 - - - - - 2.5 - - - - -
Lo. Qu. - 0 - - - - - 0 - - - - -
NOTES:
AC = Annual crops
542
MWINGI & KITUI 80
TABLE 17b: ASSETS, LAND USE, FARMING INTENSITY AND INPUTS IN AEZ LM 5 OF
MWINGI DISTRICT
Subzone: vs + vs/s, Soil Unit: UUC 3 Survey area 172 (Kimangao & Kimu)
Range
Land
ha
Livestock Numbers
Family
Adults
Casual
laborers
Number of
children under
14 years
Dairy Zebu
Sheep &
Goats
Poultry Donkey
B/
hives
Avg.0 7.01 0 4.23 11.03 9.40 1.20 1.0 2.83 0.70 2.60
Avg.1 7.01 - 5.29 11.82 9.72 1.71 30.0 2.83 3.50 2.79
Up. Qu. 8.1 0 7.25 16.25 15.0 2.0 0 3 0 4
Lo. Qu. 3.3 0 2 4.75 5.0 0 0 2 0 1.75
Land Use
Range
Ann. Crops
ha
Perm. Crops
ha
ha
Fallow
ha
Other Use
ha
Avg.0 3.51 0.29 3.21 - -
Avg.1 3.51 0.30 3.56 - -
Up. Qu. 3.60 0 4.50 - -
Lo. Qu. 1.80 0 1.50 - -
Range
Cropping
Diversity
Crops/year
Stocking Rate
Improved
Cattle % of
total cattle
Farm Land
TLU/ha
Crops
TLU/ha
Avg.0 5.8 0 0.6 0.9 0 1.3 1.9 -
Avg.1 5.8 0 0.8 - 0 9.8 - -
Up. Qu. 7.0 0 0.9 - 0 12.9 - -
Lo. Qu. 4.0 0 0.7 - 0 3.9 - -
Inputs Applied
Range
Improved
used seed
% area
kg/ha
Manure
applied
t/ha
Plant protection
N P
2
O
5
K
2
O
Insecticide
kg/ha
Fungicide
kg/ha
Avg.0 - - - - - - - 0.7 - - - - -
Avg.1 - - - - - - - 4.2 - - - - -
Up. Qu. - - - - - - - 0 - - - - -
Lo. Qu. - - - - - - - 0 - - - - -
NOTES:
AC = Annual crops
543
MWINGI & KITUI 81
TABLE 17c: ASSETS, LAND USE, FARMING INTENSITY AND INPUTS IN AEZ LM 5 OF
MWINGI DISTRICT
Subzone: vu + vs, Soil Unit: PnU 2 Survey area 173 (Kavuti & Ikime)
Range
Land
ha
Livestock Numbers
Family
Adults
Casual
labourers
Number of
children under
14 years
Dairy Zebu
Sheep &
Goats
Poultry Donkey
B/
hives
Avg.0 5.00 0 17.47 16.9 13.5 1.47 4.9 2.00 0.74 3.8
Avg.1 5.00 - 17.47 16.9 13.5 2.44 10.5 1.97 2.10 4.1
Up. Qu. 4.97 0 24.5 20.5 18.5 2 10 2 1 5
Lo. Qu. 3.24 0 8 8 8 0 0 2 0 3
Land Use
Range
Ann. Crops
ha
Perm. Crops
ha
ha
Fallow
ha
Other Use
ha
Avg.0 4.74 0.12 0.14 - -
Avg.1 4.74 0.13 2.40 - -
Up. Qu. 4.80 0.17 0 - -
Lo. Qu. 3.20 0.04 0 - -
Range
Cropping
Intensity
Crops/year
Stocking Rate
Improved
Cattle % of
total cattle
Farm Land
TLU/ha
TLU/ha
Avg.0 3.9 0 3.5 -* 0 -* -* -
Avg.1 3.9 0 4.5 - 0 28.4 -
Up. Qu. 5.00 0 5.1 - - - -
Lo. Qu. 3.00 0 2.5 - - - -
Inputs Applied
Range
Improved
seed used
% area
kg/ha
Manure
applied
t/ha
Plant protection
N P
2
O
5
K
2
O
Insecticide
kg/ha
Fungicide
kg/ha
Avg.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Avg.1 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Up. Qu. - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Lo. Qu. - - - - - - - - - - - - -
NOTES:
AC = Annual crops
* Not counted because oI an unrealistic high fgure due to common grazing
544
MWINGI & KITUI 82
TABLE 17d: ASSETS, LAND USE, FARMING INTENSITY AND INPUTS IN AEZ UM 3-4 OF
KITUI DISTRICT
Subzone: s/m + s, Soil Unit: HUC Survey Area 174 (Kauma)
Range
Land
ha
Livestock Numbers
Family
Adults
Casual
labourers
Number of children
under 14 years
Dairy Zebu
Sheep &
Goats
Poultry Donkey
Avg.0 3.24 0.20 3.53 4.67 16.03 0.07 2.0 3.2 2.13
Avg.1 3.53 1.50 4.42 5.19 37.00 1.00 2.0 4.3 2.67
Up. Qu. 3.00 0 5.25 5.25 18.75 0 2 5 3
Lo. Qu. 1.0 0 1.75 2 0 0 1 0 1
Land Use
Range
Ann. Crops
ha
Perm. Crops
ha
ha
Fallow
ha
Other Use
ha
Avg.0 1.95 0.18 1.11 - -
Avg.1 1.95 0.34 1.24 - -
Up. Qu. 1.60 0.20 1.20 - -
Lo. Qu. 0.80 0 0.20 - -
Range
Cropping
Diversity
Crops/year
Stocking Rate
Improved
Cattle % of
total cattle
Farm Land
TLU/ha
TLU/ha
Avg.0 3.4 0.1 1.1 1.3 0.2 3.2 3.8 5.7
Avg.1 3.7 0.7 1.8 3.4 9.0 50.0
Up. Qu. 5.0 0 2.6 0 13.1 0
Lo. Qu. 2.0 0 1.8 0 8.7 0
Inputs Applied
Range
Improved
seed used
% area
kg/ha
Manure
applied t/ha
Plant protection
N P
2
O
5
K
2
O
Insecticide
kg/ha
Fungicide
kg/ha
Avg.0 - 11.4 - 17.8 - - - - - - - - -
Avg.1 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Up. Qu. - - - - - - - 10.0 - - - - -
Lo. Qu. - - - - - - - 0.7 - - - - -
NOTES:
AC = Annual crops
545
MWINGI & KITUI 83
KITUI DISTRICT
Subzone: s/vs +s, Soil Unit: UUC 2 Survey Area 175 (Ngangani)
Range
Land
ha
Livestock Numbers
Family
Adults
Casual
labourers
Number of
children under
14 years
Dairy Zebu
Sheep &
Goats
Poultry Donkey
Avg.0 2.97 0.10 2.57 5.43 0.17 0.23 2.80 2.98 1.40
Avg.1 3.14 1.50 4.81 6.79 5.00 1.00 2.90 5.26 2.33
Up. Qu. 3.00 0 4.25 8 0 0.25 4 2.63 2
Lo. Qu. 0.98 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0
Land Use
Range
Ann. Crops
ha
Perm. Crops
ha
ha
Fallow
ha
Other Use
ha
Avg.0 2.40 0.15 0.42 - -
Avg.1 2.40 0.19 0.55 - -
Up. Qu. 2.02 0.20 0.40 0.38 -
Lo. Qu. 0.67 0.05 0.08 0.18 -
Range
Cropping
Diversity
Crops/year
Stocking Rate
Improved
Cattle % of
total cattle
Farm Land
TLU/ha
TLU/ha
Avg.0 5.9 0.1 0.9 1.3 0.3 6.1 8.2 3.7
Avg.1 5.9 0.7 2.0 7.2 21.0
1)
21.7
Up. Qu. 8.0 0 4.4 0 55.3
1)
0
Lo. Qu. 3.8 0 0 0 0 0
1) Unrealistic high fgure due to common grazing land
Inputs Applied
Range
Improved
seed used
% area
Manure
applied
t/ha
Plant protection
N P
2
O
5
K
2
O
Insecticide
kg/ha
Fungicide
kg/ha
Avg.0 ? ca. 20* - 0.3 - - 4.18 - - - - -
Avg.1 - ca. 25* - 10.0 - - 7.81 - - - - -
Up. Qu. - - - - - - 3.7 - - - - -
Lo. Qu. - - - - - - 0 - - - - -
NOTES:
AC = Annual crops
? = May be this question was forgotten but yields in Tab. 19e indicate that improved maize is used.
* The survey obtained no exact fgures but the figures in Tab. 19e allow this estimate.
546
MWINGI & KITUI 84
KITUI DISTRICT
Subzone: i + vs/s, Soil Unit: UUA Survey Area 176 (Uae)
Range
Land
ha
Livestock Numbers
Family
Adults
Casual
labourers
Number of children
under 14 years
Dairy Zebu
Sheep &
Goats
Poultry
B/
hives
Avg.0 9.51 0.07 6.73 16.00 - 0.7 3.83 0.53 2.60
Avg.1 9.51 2.0 6.97 17.14 - 10.0 3.83 1.14 3.55
Up. Qu. 12.0 0 10 24.25 - 0 4.25 1 4
Lo. Qu. 6.0 0 3 9 - 0 2 0 0
Land Use
Range
Ann. Crops
ha
Perm. Crops
ha
ha
Fallow
ha
Other Use
ha
Avg.0 4.24 0.06 0.23 - -
Avg.1 4.24 0.09 1.36 - -
Up. Qu. 5.30 0.10 0 - -
Lo. Qu. 2.80 0 0 - -
Range
Cropping
Diversity
Crops/year
Stocking Rate
Improved
Cattle % of
total cattle
Farm Land
TLU/ha
Crops TLU/ha
Dairy Zebu Sheep & Goats Dairy Zebu Sheep & Goats
Avg.0 5.1 0.01 0.71 0.34 0.32 - - 0.4
Avg.1 5.1 0.23 0.73 0.36 1.62 5.1 2.5 13.3
Up. Qu. 6.0 0 0.83 0.40 - - - 0
Lo. Qu. 4.0 0 0.5 0.3 - - - 0
Inputs Applied
Range
Improved
seed used
% area
kg/ha
Manure
applied
t/ha
Plant protection
N P
2
O
5
K
2
O
Insecticide
kg/ha
Fungicide
kg/ha
Avg.0 - - - - - - - 1.4 - - - - -
Avg.1 - - - - - - - 2.9 - - - - -
Up. Qu. - - - - - - - 2.6 - - - - -
Lo. Qu. - - - - - - - 0 - - - - -
NOTES:
AC = Annual crops
547
MWINGI & KITUI 85
TABLE 18a: CROPPING PATTERNS IN AEZ LM 4 OF MWINGI DISTRICT
Subzone: v s/s + s/v s, Soil Unit: UUC 2 Survey Area 171 (Kaliluni & Kyamboo)
First Rainy Season
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Cotton 0.03 0.27 0 0 0.8 0.96
Cow peas 0.03 0.18 0 0 0.9 1.08
Green grams 0.02 0.17 0 0 0.5 0.60
Maize 1.12 1.12 1.5 0.66 33.68 40.25
Maize & Beans 1.08 1.16 1.5 0.6 32.43 38.75
Pigeon peas 0.50 0.74 0.73 0 14.86 17.76
Sorghum 0.02 0.26 0 0 0.51 0.61
Second Rainy Season
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Cow peas 0.03 0.18 0 0 0.9 1.14
Green grams 0.02 0.17 0 0 0.5 0.64
Maize 1.12 1.12 1.5 0.66 33.68 42.81
Maize & Beans 1.08 1.16 1.5 0.6 32.43 41.22
Pigeon peas 0.36 0.71 0.54 0 10.65 13.54
Sorghum 0.02 0.26 0 0 0.51 0.65
Perennial Crops
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Mangoes 0.03 0.06 0.04 0 0.98 61.25
Bananas 0.00 0.04 0 0 0.08 5
Citrus 0.00 0.1 0 0 0.1 6.25
Paw paws 0.01 0.04 0 0 0.26 16.25
Guavas 0.01 0.04 0 0 0.18 11.25
NOTES:
548
MWINGI & KITUI 86
TABLE 18b: CROPPING PATTERNS IN AEZ LM 5 OF MWINGIDISTRICT
Subzone: v s + v s/s, Soil Unit: UUC 3 Survey Area 172 (Kimangao)
First Rainy Season
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Bulrush Millet 0.03 0.4 0 0 0.8 0.93
Cotton 0.16 0.52 0.4 0 4.7 5.48
Cow peas 0.39 0.41 0.43 0.2 11.6 13.52
Green grams 0.56 0.58 0.8 0.2 16.73 19.50
Maize 0.77 0.97 1.05 0.55 23.2 27.04
Maize & Beans 0.56 1.12 0.85 0 16.8 19.58
Millet 0.15 0.35 0.4 0 4.53 5.28
Pigeon peas 0.07 0.33 0 0 2.41 2.81
Sorghum 0.17 0.31 0.4 0 5.03 5.86
Second Rainy Season
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Bulrush Millet 0.03 0.4 0 0 0.8 0.76
Cotton 0.18 0.53 0.4 0 5.3 5.06
Cow peas 0.43 0.46 0.5 0.2 12.8 12.23
Green grams 0.58 0.60 0.85 0.4 17.43 16.65
Maize 0.95 1.23 1.2 0.45 28.4 27.13
Maize & Beans 0.73 1.45 1.2 0 21.8 20.83
Millet 0.26 0.43 0.5 0 7.76 7.41
Pigeon peas 0.07 0.30 0.03 0 2.13 2.03
Sorghum 0.28 0.39 0.43 0 8.26 7.89
Perennial Crops
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Mangoes 0.02 0.08 0.01 0 0.75 8.62
Indigenous Trees
(Melia volkanse)
0.00 0.00 0 0 0.04 0.46
Avocado 0.00 0.14 0.00 0 0.14 1.61
Paw paws 0.26 0.77 0.06 0 7.45 85.63
Passion Fruits 0.01 0.16 0 0.32 3.68
NOTES:
549
MWINGI & KITUI 87
TABLE 18c: CROPPING PATTERNS IN AEZ LM 5 OF MWINGI DISTRICT
Subzone: vu + vs, Soil Unit: PnU 2 Survey area 173 (Kavuti & Ikime)
First Rainy Season
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Bulrush millet 0.67 1 0.9 0 20 16
Cow peas 0.89 0.99 1.2 0.8 26.6 21.28
Green grams 0.83 0.86 1.2 0.6 24.8 19.84
Maize & beans 1.55 1.61 2 1.2 46.6 37.28
Sorghum 0.23 0.54 0.4 0 7 5.6
Total Sample Area 4.17 125 100
Second Rainy Season
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Bulrush millet 0.45 0.91 0.8 0 13.6 9.56
Cow peas 1 1.03 1.3 0.7 30 21.10
Green grams 1.07 1.07 1.4 0.8 32 22.50
Maize & beans 2.09 2.17 2.8 1.6 62.8 44.16
Sorghum 0.13 0.38 0.4 0 3.8 2.67
Perennial Crops
Crop
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Indigenous Trees
(Melia volkensii)
0.12 0.13 0.17 0.04 3.7 100
NOTES:
550
MWINGI & KITUI 88
TABLE 18d: CROPPING PATTERNS IN AEZ UM3 - 4 OF KITUI DISTRICT
Subzone: s/m + s, Soil Unit: HUC Survey area 174 (Kauma)
First Rainy Season
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Cabbages 0.00 0.1 0 0 0.1 0.17
Cassava 0.02 0.24 0 0 0.48 0.82
Cow peas 0.01 0.1 0 0 0.4 0.68
Kales 0.00 0.02 0 0 0.06 0.10
Maize 0.94 0.94 1.2 0.6 28.06 47.94
Maize & beans 0.82 0.82 1.2 0.4 24.51 41.88
Onions 0.00 0.01 0 0 0.01 0.02
Pigeon peas 0.10 0.39 0.2 0 3.08 5.26
Sugar Cane 0.03 0.24 0 0 0.95 1.62
Sunfower 0.01 0.2 0 0 0.2 0.34
Sweet potatoes 0.01 0.28 0 0 0.28 0.48
Tomatoes 0.01 0.08 0 0 0.40 0.68
Second Rainy Season
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Cabbages 0.01 0.09 0 0 0.18 0.31
Cow peas 0.04 0.24 0 0 1.2 2.06
Kales 0.00 0.05 0 0 0.09 0.15
Maize 1.03 1.03 1.2 0.8 30.88 52.96
Maize & beans 0.71 0.74 0.9 0.35 21.44 36.77
Onions 0.01 0.03 0 0 0.19 0.33
Pigeon peas 0.13 0.43 0.2 0 3.88 6.65
Sunfower 0.01 0.2 0 0 0.2 0.34
Tomatoes 0.01 0.06 0 0 0.25 0.43
Perennial Crops
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Avocado 0.05 0.10 0.10 0 1.40 33.02
Bananas 0.03 0.06 0.05 0 1.03 24.29
Coffee 0.01 0.1 0 0 0.1 2.36
Mangoes 0.02 0.24 0 0 0.89 20.99
Oranges 0.03 0.09 0.00 0 0.76 17.92
Paw paws 0.00 0.01 0 0 0.06 1.42
NOTES:
551
MWINGI & KITUI 89
TABLE 18e: CROPPING PATTERNS IN AEZ LM 4 OF KITUI DISTRICT
Subzone: s/vs + s, Soil Unit: UUC 2 Survey area 175 (Ngangani)
First Rainy Season
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Cassava 0.01 0.17 0 0 0.33 0.46
Cotton 0.03 0.46 0 0 0.92 1.29
Cow peas 0.08 0.18 0.11 0 2.35 3.29
Finger millet 0.00 0.1 0 0 0.1 0.14
Green grams 0.06 0.13 0.09 0 1.62 2.27
Kales 0.01 0.15 0 0 0.3 0.42
Maize 0.69 0.69 0.95 0.30 20.68 28.92
Maize & beans 0.55 0.61 0.6 0.22 16.51 23.09
Maize & cotton 0.16 1.2 0 0 4.8 6.71
Maize & pigeon peas 0.38 0.75 0.45 0 11.31 15.82
Maize & sorghum 0.03 0.45 0 0 0.9 1.26
Pigeon peas 0.20 0.47 0.2 0 6.11 8.55
Pumpkins 0.02 0.19 0 0 0.75 1.05
Sorghum 0.01 0.11 0 0 0.32 0.45
Sweet potatoes 0.01 0.17 0 0 0.33 0.46
Tomatoes 0.01 0.06 0 0 0.18 0.25
Second Rainy Season
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Cassava 0.01 0.14 0 0 0.43 0.60
Cotton 0.03 0.46 0 0 0.92 1.27
Cow peas 0.08 0.19 0.11 0 2.25 3.12
Green grams 0.06 0.14 0.14 0 1.82 2.52
Kales 0.01 0.15 0 0 0.3 0.42
Maize 0.69 0.69 0.95 0.30 20.68 28.65
Maize & beans 0.54 0.62 0.6 0.20 16.19 22.43
Maize & cotton 0.16 1.2 0 0 4.8 6.65
Maize & pigeon peas 0.39 0.73 0.45 0 11.71 16.22
Maize & sorghum 0.03 0.33 0 0 1 1.39
Pigeon peas 0.20 0.47 0.2 0 6.11 8.46
Pumpkins 0.02 0.22 0 0 0.65 0.90
Sorghum 0.01 0.14 0 0 0.42 0.58
Sweet potatoes 0.01 0.17 0 0 0.33 0.46
Tomatoes 0.01 0.06 0 0 0.18 0.25
552
MWINGI & KITUI 90
TABLE 18e: Continued
Perennial Crops
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Avocado 0.00 0.01 0 0 0.03 0.66
Bananas 0.02 0.04 0.03 0 0.6 13.16
Cashew Nuts 0.00 0.01 0 0 0.03 0.66
Castard Apples 0.02 0.05 0.02 0 0.73 16.01
Citrus 0.00 0.03 0 0 0.06 1.32
Guavas 0.01 0.04 0 0 0.16 3.51
Lemons 0.01 0.02 0.01 0 0.15 3.29
Mangoes 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.01 1.74 38.16
Nzambalao 0.00 0.02 0 0 0.02 0.44
Oranges 0.02 0.03 0.03 0 0.59 12.94
Paw paws 0.01 0.03 0.02 0 0.42 9.21
Tangerines 0.00 0.01 0 0 0.03 0.66
NOTES:
553
MWINGI & KITUI 91
TABLE 18f: CROPPING PATTERNS IN AEZ LM 5+ OF KITUI DISTRICT
Subzone: vu +vs/s, Soil Unit: UUA Survey area 176 (Uae)
First Rainy Season
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Cassava 0.00 0.05 0 0 0.1 0.13
Cow peas 0.19 0.31 0.4 0.2 8.8 11.13
Finger millet 0.00 0.05 0 0 0.05 0.06
Green grams 0.38 0.44 0.4 0.2 11.5 14.54
Maize 1.14 1.18 1.6 0.4 34.2 43.24
Maize & beans 0.25 0.75 0.65 0 9.7 12.26
Bulrush millet 0.15 0.34 0.25 0 4.4 5.56
Pigeon peas 0.35 1.02 0.8 0 5 6.32
Sorghum 0.16 0.37 0.25 0 4.9 6.19
Sunfower 0.01 0.4 0 0 0.4 0.51
Sweet potatoes 0.00 0.05 0 0 0.05 0.06
Second Rainy Season
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Cow peas 0.41 0.46 0.6 0.2 12.3 9.93
Green grams 0.51 0.55 0.8 0.2 15.3 12.35
Maize 1.65 1.65 2.05 1.1 49.6 40.03
Maize & beans 0.45 0.79 0.8 0 13.5 10.90
Finger millet 0.19 0.47 0.4 0 5.6 4.52
Pigeon peas 0.65 1.02 0.8 0 19.4 15.66
Sorghum 0.26 0.37 0.4 0 7.8 6.30
Sunfower 0.01 0.4 0 0 0.4 0.32
Perennial Crops
Crops
Average
0
ha
Average
1
ha
Upper
Quartile
ha
Lower
Quartile
ha
ha %
Bananas 0.00 0.01 0.00 0 0.08 5.48
Cashew nuts 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00
Custard apples 0.01 0.4 0 0 0.06 4.11
Guavas 0.04 0.1 0.04 0 0.1 6.85
Mangoes 0.00 0.09 0.00 0 1.11 76.03
Paw paws 0.00 0.03 0 0 0.11 7.53
NOTES:
554
MWINGI & KITUI 92
3.5.5 INTRODUCTION TO THE ACTUAL LAND USE SYSTEMS AND
POTENTIAL INTENSIFICATION BY BETTER FARM MANAGEMENT
A more detailed description can be found together with calculations of protability in the Farm Manage-
ment Guidelines of each district.
Subzone LM 4, vs/s + s/vs of the Marginal Cotton Zone
Tis is the Marginal Cotton Zone with a very short and a short to very short cropping season found in Kaliluni
and Kyamboo Sub-locations of Mwingi district. Te dominant soils are orthic/ferric Acrisols and Luvisols.
Te 66% rainfall reliability during the rst rainy season is 180 220 mm and 300 380 mm in the second
rainy season (Table 19a). Te average farm size in this zone is 2.83 ha and a majority of farmers do not use
any farm inputs (Table 17a). Te annual crops grown in order of importance are: maize, beans, pigeon peas,
cowpeas, cotton and sorghum. Nitrogen decit is the main factor contributing to the low maize yields in
this zone. Tere is a slight improvement in the maize yields when intercropped with beans, which accumu-
late nitrogen through biological nitrogen xation with indigenous soil bacteria. Pigeon peas, which are also
good accumulators of nitrogen, are the main cash crop and hence cash earner in this zone. More farmers
could attempt to grow the more drought tolerant crop varieties like bulrush millet Serere Comp. II or foxtail
millet ISe 285, among others. Tese two crops could be more suitable than even the maize that is continu-
ously grown here. Te only real cash crop grown is cotton. Tis crop is slowly regaining prominence in this
zone once more after many years of neglect due to improved market prices of the crop.
Te perennial crops grown in order of importance are: mangoes, paw paws, guavas, citrus and bananas
(Table 18a). Fruit production could be improved through micro-water harvesting methods that enhance
the water supply to the fruit plants. Farmers should also be encouraged to plant improved planting mate-
rial, e.g. grafted paw paws, mangoes and tissue culture bananas (which take only 18 months to rst fruit!).
Tis would greatly improve the quality of the produce and hence fetch more cash income for the farmers.
Tere is an urgent need to expose the farmers to fruit preservation technologies such as solar drying. Tis
would increase the shelf life of most of the produce, hence attracting a wider market from the source. For
example, dried mangoes or mango crisps are currently on high demand in European markets. Many farmers
keep livestock of local zebu type, particularly oxen, for ploughing purposes. Tere is evidence of Napier grass
growing along soil conservation structures to provide fodder for the livestock. Most farmers conserve crop
residues for feeding livestock during the long dry season.
555
MWINGI & KITUI 93
TABLE 19a: INCREASE OF YIELDS BY BETTER FARM MANAGEMENT IN MAIN AGRO-
ECOLOGICAL UNIT
1)
OF LM 4
Subzone: vs/s + s/vs, Soil Unit: UUC 2 Survey Area 171 (Kaliluni & Kyamboo)
Crop, Yields
3)
and
Inputs
Subzone: vs/s + s/vs (Periods in days
2)
: 1
st
nd
Unit with predom. Soil: UUC 2 = ferralo -chromic/ orthic/ferric ACRISOLS and
LUVISOLS; with FERRALSOLS
st
rainy season:
190 300 mm
2
nd
rainy season: 250 350 mm
in at least 10 out of 15 years
Maize local pure
stand
Yields
3)
Kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N Kg/ha
P
2
O
5
Kg/ha
K
2
O Kg/ha
Manure t/ha
I=low II=med.
4)
III=high
5)
AEU Pot.
6)
I=low II=med.
4)
III=high
5)
AEU Pot.
6)
653
-
-
-
-
657
-
-
-
-
878
-
-
-
-
* 430
-
-
-
-
450
-
-
-
-
605
-
-
-
-
*
Improved maize
like DLC
Yields
3)
Kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N Kg/ha
P
2
O
5
Kg/ha
K
2
O Kg/ha
Manure t/ha
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1950 -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1800
Maize local
Intercropped
with beans
Yields
3)
Kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N Kg/ha
P
2
O
5
Kg/ha
K
2
O Kg/ha
Manure t/ha
1530
-
-
-
-
1886
-
-
-
-
1955
-
-
-
-
* 1246
-
-
-
-
1267
-
-
-
-
1283
-
-
-
-
*
Improved maize
intercropped
with beans
Yields
3)
Kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N Kg/ha
P
2
O
5
Kg/ha
K
2
O Kg/ha
Manure t/ha
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Notes
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
* Potential for local maize is not known, no experimental results
556
MWINGI & KITUI 94
Subzone LM 5+, vs + vs/s of the Livestock Millet Zone
Tis is the Livestock Millet Zone with a very short and a very short to short cropping season as represented by
Kimangao and Kimu Sub-locations of Mwingi district. Te dominant soils are humic Cambisols. Te 66 %
rainfall reliability during the rst rainy season is 150 200 mm and 220 300 mm (Table 19b). Te +
sign means that there is a tendency towards zone 4. Terefore farmers plant maize even though the yields are
very low (Table 19b). Te inhabitants of this zone (new immigrants from the more populated high potential
areas) have no tradition of growing the more drought resilient millet. Te rst rainy season gets higher yields
on average, even though the growing period expected in 6 out of 10 years is shorter. However, some seasons
are longer and result to good yields, apart from the serious nitrogen deciency, which can be recognized
by the higher maize yields when intercropped with nitrogen accumulating beans. To optimise maize yields,
manure should be applied, but not too much since it requires adequate water supply.
Te annual crops grown in order of importance are: maize, beans, green grams, cowpeas, sorghum, cotton,
nger millet, pigeon peas and bulrush millet. Te Perennial crops mainly consist of high value fruit, i.e. paw
paws, mangoes, passion fruits and avocados (Table 18b). Farmers also grow indigenous trees, mainly Melia
volkensii, and earn cash income from it through sale of timber.
557
MWINGI & KITUI 95
TABLE 19b: INCREASE OF YIELDS BY BETTER FARM MANAGEMENT IN MAIN AGRO-
ECOLOGICAL UNIT
1)
OF ZONE LM 5+
Subzone: vs + vs/s, Soil Unit: UUC 3 Survey Area 172 (Kimangao)
Crop, Yields
3)
and
Inputs
AEZ: LM5+ LIVESTOCK MILLET ZONE
Subzone: vs + vs/s (Periods in days
2)
: 1
st
rainy season: 4555; 2
nd
rainy season: 5575)
Unit with predom. Soil: UUC 3 = RANKERS and humic CAMBISOLS
st
rainy season:
200 280 mm
2
nd
Maize local pure
stand
Yields
3)
Kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N Kg/ha
P
2
O
5
Kg/ha
K
2
O Kg/ha
Manure t/ha
I=low II=med.
4)
III=high
5)
AEU Pot.
6)
I=low II=med.
4)
III=high
5)
AEU Pot.
6)
378
-
-
-
-
740
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
* *
-
-
-
280
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
*
Improved maize
like DLC
Yields
3)
Kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N Kg/ha
P
2
O
5
Kg/ha
K
2
O Kg/ha
Manure t/ha
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1500 -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1100
Maize local
Intercropped
with beans
Yields
3)
Kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N Kg/ha
P
2
O
5
Kg/ha
K
2
O Kg/ha
Manure t/ha
994
-
-
-
-
-
1336
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
* 16
-
-
-
-
-
638
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
*
Improved maize
intercropped
with beans
Yields
3)
Kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N Kg/ha
P
2
O
5
Kg/ha
K
2
O Kg/ha
Manure t/ha
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Notes
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
* Potential for local maize is not known, no experimental results
558
MWINGI & KITUI 96
Subzone LM 5- vu + vs of the Livestock Millet Zone
Te - abbreviation indicates a tendency toward zone 6. Tis subzone has a very uncertain rst and a very
short second cropping season. It is represented by Kavuti and Ikime Sub-locations of Mwingi district. Tis
Subzone and the same of IL 5 the worst of zone 5, they represent the limit of rain-fed cultivation. Te 66%
reliability rainfall during the rst rainy season is 90 150 mm and 150 200 mm in the second rainy season
(Table 19c).
Farmers attempt to grow the following crops: maize, beans, cowpeas, green grams and bulrush millet (Table
18c). Tis zone is however not suitable for growing maize. Crop failure is persistent in this zone. Livestock
is therefore the mainstay of the economy of this zone, with average farm sizes of 5 ha. Te perennial crop
comprises the indigenous tree Melia volkensii, which is exploited for timber.
559
MWINGI & KITUI 97
ECOLOGICAL UNIT
1)
ZONE LM 5-, vu + vs, PnU 2
Survey area 173 (Kavuti & Ikime)
Crop, Yields
3)
and
Inputs
AEZ: LM5- LIVESTOCK MILLET ZONE
Subzone: vu + vs (Periods in days
2)
: 1
st
nd
st
rainy season:
90 150 mm
2
nd
Maize local pure
stand
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
I=low II=med.
4)
III=high
5)
AEU Pot.
6)
I=low II=med.
4)
III=high
5)
AEU Pot.
6)
-
-
-
-
-
440
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
* -
-
-
-
-
490
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
*
Improved maize
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
- - - - - -
This zone
is not
suitable
for maize
Maize local
intercropped
with beans
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
- 90 - * - 923
-
-
-
-
- *
Improved maize
intercropped
with beans
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
- - - - - -
NOTES:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
* Potential for local maize is not known; no experimental results
560
MWINGI & KITUI 98
Subzone UM 3-4, s/m + s of the Marginal Coee Zone
Te Zone UM 3 is very small and transitional to Zone 4. Since the former leading cash crop coee is cur-
rently insignicant due to very low market prices, it is not necessary to analyse this separately. Tis Subzone
in Kitui district is represented by Kauma Sub-location. Te zone is well suited for the production of short
cycle cereals such as: e. mat. maize, sorghum and millets. Maize grows very well in the upper parts of the sub-
zone. Te legumes grown in order of rank include: beans, pigeon peas and cowpeas (Table 19d). It should
be pointed out here that cowpea is more susceptible to pest infestation and as such requires high inputs of
insecticides, which unfortunately are beyond the reach of a majority of smallholder farmers. Te fruit crops
grown in order of importance include: avocados, bananas, mangos, oranges and paw paws. Fruit produc-
tion could be improved through micro-water harvesting methods that enhance the water supply to the fruit
plants. Farmers should also be encouraged to plant improved planting material, e.g. grafted oranges, avoca-
dos, mangoes and tissue culture bananas (which take only 18 months to rst fruit!). Tis would greatly im-
prove the quality of the produce and hence fetch more cash income for the farmers. Tere is an urgent need
to expose the farmers to fruit preservation technologies such as solar drying. Tis would increase the shelf
life of most of the produce, hence attracting a wider market from the source. For example, dried mangoes
or mango crisps are currently on high demand in European markets. Vegetable production in this Subzone
is limited to the growing of kales, tomatoes and onions, mainly for home consumption. In some cases, the
surplus is sold for cash in nearby market centres. Tere is also a need to expose farmers to technologies of
drying vegetables so as to increase their shelf life. Other important food crops suited to this subzone include:
cassava and sweet potatoes. Te latter is grown in river valleys where adequate water supply is assured. Te
popular cash crop currently grown is sunower. It is encouraging to note that self help women groups have
come up to establish sunower oil extraction facilities. Besides the extracted oil is being used for cooking
purposes in many of the households, it is a source of income too.
Farmers are practicing various soil and water conservation measures in this Subzone. Attention is also focus-
ing on improving the soil fertility. Te use of ox-plough in land preparation in this zone has the following
advantages (if the farmers still has enough land):
x Land preparation costs to the farmer are minimised.
x A large acreage of land can be prepared within a short period of time.
x Te resultant ridges after ploughing and during weeding help to conserve soil water, which becomes
available to the crops.
Te use of Vetiver grass in fortifying Fanya juu structures is practiced in this zone. Besides serving as an ero-
sion control measure, it serves as fodder for animals during an extremely dry season. Te agro-forestry tree
Leuceana tricandria is appropriate for this Subzone. It can be used as a source of green manure for the soil as
well as a source of protein for livestock. Soil fertility improvement measures being practiced in this subzone
include: compost manure and the use of eective micro-organism (EM) technology, which enhances the
bio-degradation of compost. If the above listed conservation measures are well implemented, the sustain-
ability of land and eventually the livelihoods of the smallholder farmers in this subzone will signicantly
improve.
561
MWINGI & KITUI 99
ECOLOGICAL UNIT
1)
UM 3 4, s/m + s, HUC
Survey area 174 (Kauma)
Crop, Yields
3)
and
Inputs
AEZ: UM 3 - 4 TRANSITIONAL MARGINAL COFFEE ZONE
Subzone: s/m + s (Periods in days
2)
: 1
st
rainy season: 105 - 115,
2
nd
Unit with predom. Soil: HUC = dystric REGOSOLS, lithic phase; with LITHOSOLS,
humic CAMBISOLS, lithic phase and Rock Outcrops
st
rainy season:
300 -350 mm
2
nd
rainy season: 400 -490 mm
Maize local pure
stand
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
I=low II=med.
4)
III=high
5)
AEU Pot.
6)
I=low II=med.
4)
III=high
5)
AEU Pot.
6)
368
-
-
-
-
499
-
-
-
-
534
-
-
-
-
* 183
-
-
-
-
212
-
-
-
-
272
-
-
-
-
*
Improved maize
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
- - -
2000
on
Cambisols
- - -
2500
on
Cambisols
Maize local
intercropped
with beans
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
818
-
-
-
-
975
-
-
-
-
1331
-
-
-
2.0
* 195
-
-
-
-
334
-
-
-
-
383
-
-
-
-
*
Improved maize
intercropped
with beans
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
- - - - - -
NOTES:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
562
MWINGI & KITUI 100
Subzone LM 4 s/vs + s of the Marginal Cotton Zone
Tis is the Marginal Cotton Zone with a short to very short and a short cropping season as found in Ngangani
Sub-location of Kitui district. It is dominated by soils of lower middle-level uplands. Te soils are well-
drained, moderately deep to deep, dark reddish brown to dark yellowish brown (Acrisols; with Luvisols and
Ferralsols). Te rainfall variability in this subzone is high, and hence the reliability is low. Te rst rainy
season can rely only at an amount of more than 220 mm in 6 out of 10 seasons, the second rainy season at
360 mm, that means 4 seasons will get less than that. Te food crops grown in order of importance include:
short cycle maize (Makueni DLC and local varieties), which is intercropped with pigeon peas, beans, cow-
peas and green grams, sorghum and cotton. Other food crops grown are sweet potatoes, cassava, nger mil-
let and pumpkins. Tere is a great diversication of crops in this subzone (Table 18e). Te maize yields are
however low when grown as sole cropping. Yields improve slightly when it is intercropped with a legume,
perhaps because of the accumulation of nitrogen by the legume crop (Table 19e). Te important fruit crops
grown here in order of importance are: mangoes, custard apples, bananas, oranges, paw paws, guavas, citrus,
tangerines and nzambalau (Table 18e). Cotton production had been relegated to the periphery due to poor
market prices. With the enactment of the USA initiative of African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA),
where member countries are required to produce locally 75% of all the cotton exported to the USA, many
smallholder farmers are putting back their land under cotton production once more.
563
MWINGI & KITUI
ECOLOGICAL UNIT
1)
LM 4, s/vs + s, UUC 2
Survey area 175 (Ngangani)
Crop, Yields
3)
and
Inputs
Subzone: s/vs + s (Periods in days
2)
: 1
st
nd
Unit with predom. Soil: UUC 2= ferralo - chromic/ orthic /ferric ACRISOLS and
LUVISOLS; with FERRALSOLS
st
rainy season:
220 300 mm
2
nd
Maize local pure
stand
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
I=low II=med.
4)
III=high
5)
AEU Pot.
6)
I=low II=med.
4)
III=high
5)
AEU Pot.
6)
551
-
-
-
-
807
-
-
-
-
817
-
-
-
-
* 104
-
-
-
-
147
-
-
-
-
192
-
-
-
-
*
Improved maize
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
- - - - - -
Maize local
7)
intercropped
with beans
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
2169
10
10
-
0.4
2416
30
20
-
-
3848
40
30
-
-
* 451
-
-
-
-
0.1
528
-
-
-
-
0.2
763
-
-
-
-
0.2
*
Improved maize
intercropped
with beans
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
- - - - - -
NOTES:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
There is some improved maize included but it was not separated in the interviews of the farm survey (which is also a bit
doubtIul in the very contrasting yield fgures)
101
564
MWINGI & KITUI
Subzone LM 5 vu + vs/s of the the Millet and Dryland Maize Subzone
Tis is the subzone with a very uncertain rst and a very short to short second cropping season. It is typically
represented by Uae Sub-location in Kitui district and dominated by senile plateau soil over gneiss and mig-
matite of moderate to low natural fertility (chromic Luvisol). Te 66 % rainfall reliability during the rst
rainy season is 110 150 mm and 170 300 mm in the second rainy season (Table 19f ). Because of the
low rainfall, the traditional bulrush millet is the most reliable crop which is supplemented by a considerable
livestock population, therefore this subzone belongs to the Livestock-Millet Zone, although people here
rank maize as the rst food crop and put millet at the second place. With the new short to very short cycle
maize variety Dryland Composite 1 (Makueni Composite), which needs only 75 days to physical maturity
and 250 mm of rain, they are at a two- third probability chance of success in the second rainy season. As
such, we refer to this subzone as the Livestock-Millet-Dryland Maize subzone. Pastureland comprises three
times the amount of cultivated land there, which demonstrates the importance of livestock. Cowpeas are
ranked at the 3
rd
place in the crop list and are the best- suited legume in this AEU. Te leaves might be dried
as a vegetable for the dry season. Green grams and sorghum take the 4
th
and 5
th
place in the crop list. As the
AEU is partly suitable for maize, it is the same for early maturing beans like Kat B 1. Situated at the limit
of the lower midlands, it will not be too hot for beans but marginal anyhow, therefore they rank at place 6.
Tey are followed by pigeon peas, which are marginal too (Table 18f ).
Apart from the locally severe water problems, the future main problem will be the exhaustion of the soils
that have a very low nutrient storage capacity by nature. Applying manure, thus transferring nutrients from
the 75% pastureland to the 25% agricultural land, can still compensate this loss of fertility. On average, 9.5
ha are available per farming family. But in one generation this land available will decrease to about 5 ha per
family, which means only two hectares remain for livestock, and this would be pasture for only one cow. For
fodder planting it is too dry except for the saltbush (Atriplex nummularia), Acacia and the vines of tepary
beans, which would be a source of nitrogen xation. Ox- ploughing will become very dicult due to lack
of fodder for oxen. Some farmers have a few fruit crops: mangoes, paw paws, bananas, guavas and custard
apples (Table 18f ), mainly planted with a bit of water harvesting.
102
565
MWINGI & KITUI
ECOLOGICAL UNIT
1)
LM 5+, vu +vs/s, UUA
Survey area 176 (Uae)
Crop, Yields
3)
and
Inputs
Subzone: vu + vs/s (Periods in days
2)
: 1
st
nd
Unit with predom. Soil: UUA = chromic LUVISOLS; orthic and xanthic FERRALSOLS
st
mm
2
nd
Maize local pure
stand
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
I=low II=med.
4)
III=high
5)
AEU Pot.
6)
I=low II=med.
4)
III=high
5)
AEU Pot.
6)
753
-
-
-
-
1125
-
-
-
-
1221
-
-
-
1
* 58
-
-
-
-
206
-
-
-
-
1500
-
-
-
2
*
Improved maize
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
- - - - - -
Maize local
intercropped
with beans
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
1296
-
-
-
-
1316
-
-
-
-
1832
-
-
-
2
* 301
-
-
-
-
313
-
-
-
-
1800
-
-
-
2
*
Improved maize
intercropped
with beans
Yields
3)
kg/ha
Fertilizer:
N kg/ha
P
2
O
5
kg/ha
K
2
O kg/ha
Manure t/ha
- - - - - -
NOTES:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
103
566
MWINGI & KITUI
Te Fertiliser Use Recommendation Project of the GTZ (1986 - 92) had two trial sites in the former Kitui
district. But no reliable results came out. For most zones, subzones and units results from other districts
could be representative (see map of Fertiliser Recommendations and Farm Survey Areas), and curves for
fertiliser response could be found
1
.
Recommended rates of an AEU increase into the wetter subzone and decrease into the drier subzone if the
soil unit extends there (see dark and light grey shades in the small maps). We have tended to lower the rates
due to the low nancial basis of the smallholder farmers. Te optimum can however be calculated from the
curve formulas in Muriuki & Qureshi Fertiliser Use Manual, KARI, Nairobi 2001. In the long run the
sustainability amount must be applied to maintain the nutrient content. Some quantities for it can be seen
in the chapter 3.1 under General Remarks.
Higher recommendations are given in the Smallholder Farming Handbook of the IRACC and MSS, Nairobi
1997, but the economic investment and risk is too high for the local farmers here. A rural small credit system
for the inputs could help a great deal. Where scientic sources for quantifying the rates are lacking, some
conclusions have been made from the dierence in inputs and yields between the low and high production
there is nothing to be applied. It simply means trial results are lacking. Signs of deciencies in crops and the
methods of alleviating can be found in Muriuki, A.W. and Qureshi, J.N. (2001), Table 1&2, p.22-23.
Finally it must be mentioned again that fertilising alone will increase the yields only in the short term. Te
micronutrients not included in the fertiliser become exhausted. Manuring almost up to the full return of
the extracted nutrients is inevitable in order to have a stable agrobiological system with continuous produc-
tion
2
.
3
.
1
2
3
104
567
MWINGI & KITUI 105
568
MWINGI & KITUI
ECOLOGICAL UNITS UM 3-4 & 4 s/m + s & s + s, UUC 2 of the MARGINAL
COFFEE ZONE and the MAIZE-SUNFLOWER ZONE
Crop varieties and
Season
Recommended
Fertiliser Rates
Average Yield
Increase if this
Rate is Applied
Average Yield
Increase if 5 t/ha
Manure is Applied
Other Nutrients
Recommended
kg/ha kg/ha kg/ha
First rainy season
Maize KCB 50 N + 30 P
2
O
5
1500 in s/m,
1400 in s
ca. 800 in s/m,
ca. 600 in s
Ca, K, Mg after
some cropping
seasons without
manuring
Maize & beans 40 N + 30 P 700 (maize) *
Sunfower 100 C.A.N., 150 SSP
1)
Second rainy season
Maize KCB 50 N + 30 P ca. 1400 ca. 650
Maize & beans 30 N

2)
1250 (maize)
3)
*
Permanent
Coffee 50 C.A.N.
4)
* *
Sources: MURIUKI & QURESHI: Fertiliser Use Manual 2001, p. 138 (extrapolated from Machakos District);
conclusions from Farm Survey 2004, area 174; IRACC: Small Holder Farming Handbook 1997, p. 147.
1)
Maximum rates. Single Super Phosphate at planting, Calcium Ammonium Nitrate as top dressing.
2)
Phosphate remnants from 1
st
rainy season in soil.
3)
Climatic conditions more favourable for maize & beans in 2
nd
rainy season.
4)
Per 10 trees per year (acc. to IRACC 1997, p. 147); * No data available
106
569
MWINGI & KITUI
ECOLOGICAL UNITS LM 4 s/vs + s & vs/s + s/vs, UUC 2 of the MARGINAL
COTTON ZONE
Crop varieties and
Season
Recommended
Fertiliser Rates
Average Yield
Increase if this
Rate is Applied
Average Yield
Increase if 5 t/ha
Manure is Applied
Other Nutrients
Recommended
kg/ha kg/ha kg/ha
First rainy season
Maize DLC in s/vs 50 N + 20 P ca. 450 ca. 600
Ca, K, Mg after
some cropping
seasons without
manuring
Maize DLC in vs/s none, too risky - -
Maize & cowpeas in
s/vs
20 P 400 (maize)
Second rainy season
Maize KCB in subz. s 20 N + 20 P ca. 500 ca. 650
Maize DLC in s/vs 20 N + 20 P ca. 450 ca. 600

Maize DLC &
cowpeas
20 P 400 (maize) *
Biseasonal
Cotton 50 N + 50 P ca. 600 *
Sources: MURIUKI & QURESHI: Fertiliser Use Manual 2001, p. 135 & 138 (extrapolated from Tharaka, Machakos
and Makueni Districts); conclusions from Farm Survey 2004, area 171 & 175; IRACC: Small Holder
Farming Handbook 1997, p. 155; * No data available
107
570
MWINGI & KITUI
ECOLOGICAL UNITS LM 5 vs + vs/s & vs + vs, UU 3 of the LIVESTOCK-
MILLET ZONE
Crop varieties
and Season
Recommended
Fertiliser Rates
Average Yield
Increase if this
Rate is Applied
Average Yield
Increase if 5 t/ha
Manure is Applied
Other Nutrients
Recommended
kg/ha kg/ha kg/ha
First rainy season
Sorghum & millet
In the very short growing
period vs comm. fertilisers
are uneconomical.
ca. 500 *
Second rainy season
In vs/s:
Maize DLC & cowpeas
1)
30 P ca. 200 (maize) ?
*
Bulrush millet
2)
40 P ca. 1600 ca. 900
Sorghum 20 N + 30 P ca. 500 ca. 550
In vs growing period see
footnote
3)
.
Sources: MURIUKI & QURESHI: Fertiliser Use Manual 2001, p. 132 (extrapolated from Gachoka); conclusions
from Farm Survey 2004, area 172 & 173.
1)
No nitrogenous fertiliser is necessary if cowpeas are inoculated with nitrogen accumulating rhizobia.
2)
Nitrogen ist most economically given by manure.
3)
In the very short cereals growing period vs, commercial fertilisers are uneconomical due to the climatic risk, and there is
enough manure available; * No data available
108
571
MWINGI & KITUI
ECOLOGICAL UNITS LM & IL 5 vu + vs/s, UUA of the LIVESTOCK-MILLET
ZONES
Crop varieties
and Season
Recommended
Fertiliser Rates
Average Yield
Increase if this
Rate is Applied
Average Yield
Increase if 5 t/ha
Manure is Applied
Other Nutrients
Recommended
kg/ha kg/ha kg/ha
First rainy season
In the very uncertain growing period vu
commercial fertilisers are uneconomical.
*
Second rainy season
Maize DLC 30 P ca. 250 ca. 300 *
Bulrush millet 40 P ca. 1000 ca. 600
Sources: MURIUKI & QURESHI: Fertiliser Use Manual 2001, p. 132 (extrapolated from Gachoka); conclusions
from Farm Survey 2004, area 176; * No data available
109

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FARM MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK OF KENYA

dystric HISTOSOLS, lithic phase; with LITHOSOLS and rock outcrops

humic ANDOSOLS, partly lithic phase

LITHOSOLS; with verto-luvic PHAEOZENS, lithic phase and rock outcrops

LITHOSOLS and humic CAMBISOLS

ando-humic NITISOLS; with humic ANDOSOLS

verto-eutric NITISOLS; with mollic NITISOLS

pellic VERTISOLS, stony phase and partly saline phase

rhodic and orthic FERRALSOLS; with ferralo-chromic/orthic/ferric ACRISOLS

chromic LUVISOLS, with ferralo-chromic/orthic/ferric LUVISOLS

ferralo-chromic/orthic/ferric ACRISOLS; with LUVISOLS and FERRALSOLS

chromic LUVISOLS, partly lithic phase

Maize & beans 30 N

Maize DLC in s/vs 20 N + 20 P ca. 450 ca. 600

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