1

wr;dm,a j.df frda.

yqkd.ekSu iy md,kh
cc ccc o-c..
c+c ccc.O cOo..
c+cc ccccucouc.
cuc-.. occc-..
2
wr;dm,a Ydl jrOkfha iEu wjia:djlu foaY.=K
;;a;ajhka iy O jHd cklhka ksid wdlkao" l|" uQ,
ocd i odOm is td. O sOi si
Ydlfha fldgila fyda imQrK Ydlhu kdY f
qOcisd qtd.
1846 whr,ka;fha mYau wx.udr frda. ;;a;ajh
fya;=fjka wr;dm,a j.d imQrKfhkau kdYu ksid
Sms u.2 d id siOt qtd O OiOdi qtd.
O sdsOs Sms u. d ossd d qS
qtd qdO Sms .d ossd Odd osoc sOd
-ds d qtd.
fuhg wu;rj 1800 ffjria frda.hla ksid tlai;a
Oioiss oOss Oi D9Om qOtss did qO
O OiOdi qtd. tddc mt smid qiiO dsed
-iss OiOdiOm qsO qOdiom sOi si qOs
is 2.8 O sr qtd.
s9 si qOdiom OiO i 9s sOi orr ctsd
OOi sits sSd smiO qcim oims d
qss dd qdniOn O dO d. qOdiom OiO
mO, td0Oi, ssOO sdiomii Ots
OniDosds s si dO ms sOi uu d qDd
-LniOd oids9 tdiO qtd O OiOdi qtd. O
sOi Om is d scdc qDd Os qdO, dOd
O sOi Om is reiDd dddO Omc OOs s.
I. c qe:o (Phytopthora infestans)
smids qOdiom Oi dOs sisi OOmOm OiOs
ct sm is dOs sOi qds s mO sOi ois
dtsd s. s sOi oO OO 84u c OiOdi qtdd
1861 Anton de Bery iska Phytopthora infestans f,i
si ssi mc.
3
oo: ooo coeo
d, sdds qDd r- d oid dddOs
Omc s mO sOi did sss Oniod Os qdO
is ro s. O oid dddOs Omc s
sOi dddO dddim, S Ots sI Om c iscid
s. sOi diOd OOs ri sOts ddO oid
dddO qtd c dd o sd dimdc OOc id
5ss si oOsdiOd qtd.
:a
id OOss 3st qOOiOdc id od drs
9oOss si sdid s mO qiis si si
s9 tdiO qtd. qOdiom qidsc Om Os is Oi
soedsc si isc td. o q-iO
oidO idOm is qO OOd qOtss ssms9c
qtdOs qiis si iO drc qOdiom qidsc
d mds.
oo: oe
. ms ids om od Om qOs qtdOs sdd O
di mo sm sOI moe sid td.
2. mO OOs oid dddOs ddO s9 s
otmm9 did sm im s. O otmm9
zOt ottd qdSd ciO dO dOOd ss
OOs s.
4
8. odOm otdsd otmm9 Oi S.S. 8- d ciOd
sm ott mO OOs qtd O sOoe
dm td.
4. sOi r qOOiOmc 9oO id zOt ott
rid sI did s. OOts id Oms
qissd erd Os s.
. qidscc O sOi diOd s qiics td.
qidscOm OOO O zOt ottd sdd otmm9 qtd
s.
0. qidscs do oseCs qtd Os s is
S.S. -u d o tzO O od sdi si dO.
s sOi moe di ottmO cds mtsss Od
ottd qOdiom osc Om.
7. iOmc m sdsOs s qidsc Om do
oseCs qiid sdi m si dc dss d
s otmm9 soe s. s otmm9 oiss
di si O qidscs 5 oseC c Oi
otd td. sd qidscs qnsdO odOm
otdd ctd d ssitd. isc is dO
Od OOs s9 oOsdiOd qtd.
c:a
o q-iO iOOdO oims dO ts ssisdd
oims d Odic sm sici ts qOn s. soed
oddiO, odsOiD osc id, sOscd osc Oms
Oisd cOn idi d qi oims d sm ctd
td. dOc qiiDd Do qOdiom sO OiOd ri sici
ts ssidm d. qiiDd id sdi soedsc
o5i si dm d. Oss sO Oi soedd
cis9 d soO soeds dtss dts otm qtd
qOdiom id sdi Od dO o5i cS dm d.
5
Oss sOi oims dO ts ci odsOiD osc
idi d did Otcd s. cts Oi dOs oso
osc Oid o q-iO i Os si osc
sdiOi ts t5 d. cts Oi dOs Oioi,
OsdiD, O-di qic osc dOd O s q-iO
sOi odsOiDdiOd cdO. tddc diOr dsed
oOse Ois s sOi scs mc miO osc
s sOi ri 9oO odsOiDdiOd cdO.
Oisd oimssc oOd cmO sid sm
tssdisB, tssB, soiossB i dsmisOidtsmism idi
dm td. sOi diOd OOs ddO oO id
ssitd osc Om d rs mO sid s od
sOi Ocs dr td. sd sOOOr Ots osc Om
S qdOO -Oisd mO sid sm smtdm
(Metalaxyl), dtdm (Oxydaxyl), soiosidiB
(Propamocarb) idi dr td. sess -Oisd
mO sid sc drd Osss sdd dim dddOs
oOds qOOiOmc o.
mO sid scs9c sOi diOd otd oOss
sOscd iscsss d mO sid id odOm r
oseC scd sits oO Os sm sc s
iOOdO oims dr td.
Oi OiO dOd dO ts dOd Od oims dd sm
sOi td. rci. sm sOOOr oscs qOdiom
OiO, OO oOi d tdiO qtdd o q-iO
sOi qDd sm OOs sd c si9 OOei
dim Os t todt9O iOmc Os ss
O dim iO tO OiO Oiod d OiO
dsdi9O qsom s dim osoc i dss
s sOi oims d dr td. Ois si9
OOeiO mois oscOm osOi qsom cdOid, os,
om iOmcd OiO qiO9 d .
6
2. coO qe:o - (Alternaria solani)
r9 m dir dddOs sd s
sOi OOs s. m-dis sess mm ddds
s sOi OiOdi dsd, o q-iO s Os
is ss Oi si orrO OiOdi std.
oo: oe
s9Ot id odOm Os qs di zOt dd sm
mdO sOi moe qtd s. s dddO dOOd
im sm OOs od Om d5 ottd otmm9 qtd s.
O otmm9 sits ooei ds9c OmidiO sm d O
siO sOLi cds mtsB. s otmm9 od siO qdO
i dsB. dmidOds sOts otmm9 id dr d qtd
td. qiis O otmm9 dimd e dc zOt
ottd tsd, m si osOs dtss Od
qtd d s. oOO q-iO sOi iisnss cds
mtssss ids O i d o O . qiiDd
mo im sm qtd d, oO O mo mm Odd
5 od d ott ts tm si 9oOss
id si si md s. qiics OtO qOOiOmc
qOtss im sm q tdiOd qtd.
s sOi diOd s qidsc qics O O ott
sOs s. do oseC m Od soss9 dO. Os
qidsc oseCs Oc std .
7
c:a o
redO qDd, m dim dddO Omc s sOi
orrO tmdmd Otcd. qiDd odOm sOi
diOd si ssi oOds si oims dd sm sOts
id sdi o5i si d sOsc dm td.
mQrj wx.udrh md,kh i|yd mYau wx.udrhg fuka
sOi siOt OmdOi ts o iO sOi
moe soe dr oOd mO sid sc dm
d |tssB, tssdisB, dsmisOidtsmism, soiossB).
dddim sic s sOi oid Os ts dddim
si e qOdiom OiOd Oiod d sOscd dOs
ssimtsB.
8. :o oe o O aa: c<o: e ooD:g
oo:
(Rhizoctonia solani)
fuu frda. Rhizoctonia solani s9 mO s qtd dO.
qOdiom Oi dOs t oscd s sOi ctd td
Os qdO sess oOs, sscOmsd, Odd
Oiois s OOm mO ctd td. s sOi
diOd Od td iOd id mO qtd ss
3st od Od td. dOc sdmsOi9 Dois sm
o Omc, Od dOs ms id sdi Omc Od
td si dimd s sOi diOd o dm Od s.
Ots qOdiom qidsc s osOs sOi Oniod
s. Oss s sOi diOd s m-dt sOi
c ssi ts Ot tmdmmd ctd Otcd s.
8
s sOi 88 c sOiosc ms siss qtd qdO
9uu c Odd osocs c qtd. oO s sOi
smiO oOi OniodO qtd. O sd qtdsd Do qOdiom
s sOi diOd Oniod qtd tdiO.
sOi si Os is 8-uz d o s. Os
Oss Do qOdiomOm q-dO d d, q-dO Om oicO
is d, qOdiom qidss do oseCs d5
ottd di dd Ots diO otmm9 qtd d qsdOtO O
qidsc d md d sdsOs. Do qOdiom
seoicssc s sOi ts tmdmd Oid
Otcd s. O sdO Oss Do qOdiom s s
sOi Oniod qtd tdiO.
c:a o
s sOi m sm ctd tdsd sdd m dim
dddO sd. ois Oss s sOi otdsOsss
qicd sOi Do qidsc s. ssOi, sdir ott, d
q-dO d Do qOdiom qidsc ss s dddO
tmd d Dd q dO d td. s sOi
diOds DoisOm cO dimd os Od td ts
odsOiD[i ssiOs sis qOOt u8 d en
iOt dd qss dss s sOi oims dO
d td.
9
4. o a qto ooa t/ o
Fusarium spp
s smid oOi Oniod qtd sOid. mO qtd
Osss r9 sc dddOs qtd oscOm.
ids m sOi diOd s qiics ss m
qidsc d s. qidsc Om zOt ott otmm9,
sim odOm qO ott ts c sOi moes s.
D:o98 qto Oa o
i sOi qdsOs s di Otcd sOi dddOd Os
qdO qidsc tdm si osios s s.
oOss dc ottd isdSs otmm9 qidsc
do qtd Os qdO qiid od tdmd, do
oses sdscd Om qtd d sOi moe s. qidsc
do qtd Os mo dss im d, qidsc dr dO
qtd d O dO dm mO OOs d s. ctdtd
ttd mO Dois, qidsc d os qtd Os sOi
ottd DDm Om ctd td. qOtss ssms9c qidsc
Om qtd td is si sOI diOd qidsc dm
qtdm s.
c:a o
is qO Os sm qOs ssmss s sOi
tmd d sm oims dm td. is O qidsc i
ssidss i Do qm Oss i dOs sdi ri
8z dsssim S sdi i dss s oims
dm td s.
10
5' nelahd frda.
nelahdkq ysgq ueu (Ralstonia solanacerum)
O qOOi Omc zOt d smc sOs s
dddO r9 sc d osc Om mO ctd
td. sOOds O Om s did isci Os qdO
cd qtsdiO, sciO |dtsdmi S) 3sDmis
O orid Om sess ctd td s. m-dis
s dddO mO ctd tdsd mm ddds
OiOs dm. q uu q rOdOs Omc ss
Os Oi is di m.
oo: oe
oO sOi moe sid
tdsd r9 s Omc. Oi
dims od qOs tm
ikaOHd ld,fha h:d ;;a;ajhg
odOs qdO o ssc s
dddO soe dm td.
O s tm odd
Od otddd si Od idiOd
od td. qiid id
dOt d, d ott tsd
soe dm td qdO o
qOOi Omc dr zOt ott ts ctd td. dc d
i 9oOss t i Os qdO td0i Oms
Otss e (ooze) sdsOs qssdd tm9 Omsc
ottmO sOs dO sid td s.
qiid qidsc Om sim od zOt ott ts oO
ss ctd d td qdO cdd qiics si qtdmd
d s. qidscs osOi ssi Ois Oms
|qt) td0i e o si O dts Om o qtm
11
dDss sOi osOs sid td. qiid
qidscs doi t sim od Oms q ott
Ot ottd e tmd ctd d td s.
c:a o
s sOi oims d dOd siss ssitd
OOd sOtOc en iOt d qss dss i
ssOi Do qOdiom OiO ri sici tsss is
qO dO d td. sOi oid ssiOs sis
rci.- qssdd isn, ds, en iOt dd,
Do qm doi Os c sici ssi o ss OdsO
mOi si ctmm qmmi OisO sdi idi dd
qsOiOss dm d. odsOiD osc Oi d did
oims dd OOd d Oio oscd s sOi
tmd d odsOiDdiOd ssicdO.
6' lmdo frda.h$uD l=Kq u (Erwinia caratovora)
d5oic sOi si qidsc Om s d s.
sOio qtd5 qOdiom Oi dOs sisi O Om s
sOi dddO qtd qdO m-dis sOOOrs om O
oOds 9 Om sOi qtd td. sess s9
si Os Oi is m qd sss qiOcdiO Ot
sc dddO Omc.
oo: oe
sdds r dddOd oOdsss s9 id OOss
3st qOOiOdc s sOi ts qtd. sOm
Ots d5 ott otmm9 dsr oicOs m OOs
Os O sOoe dm td. qiiDd id d ottss
ddO dOt O OiOd sosOs qdO OiOd dtss dts
si Oss s sOi dddO qtd s. otm ro
qOOisc sOi qiis ss otm so dOts. od
r qd sOim , tms9 dddO qtd dOOs qdO,
12
oO S . sdd dim dddO
si OdO O oOds 9 Om drs
qidsc d ss s.
wdlkao j, u;=msg ;;a;aj mj;sk
wjia:dj, fuu frda. ldrl
td0iO odi ssm qiics
dOs qdO, qidss s OO9 dts qtd dO. s
Ois Oms oOissc isc d ss
s. Oi osOs s dddO sOt Osss
isddO si sOi s is O qidscs. d O od
sO sddO d9 si q ottss oOds qdO ssOi
odOms osOs sOs s.
c:a o
ssOi Do qm OiO idi dss, si soiOoeiO
ssm oOdOi tsss i ssiOs sis
rci.- isn en iOt dd qss dss
osOs s dddO OmdOi d td.
qiid OiOds mi ssi qm Do sm idi
ssidd, qm doi ss Otmdd sOi OmdOi
ts sm
rodi s. Ois qOndiO Oi om 9oics
dss Otmd d qdO is qO Os sm qOs
Odd, Ot Or sOiOO d Otmtd d.
7 eot8 oo: Common scab Streptomyces
scabies
o m qi9mddiOd ssisosOs smids qOdiom Oi
dOs t oscd soi sOid. ss Os
qOs is -2z d dO9 Os qdO qiid qmOm
s sOsrrsoir q q ois Oss
moi. qiiDd qm Do sm
13
sici ssid d. ssOi qm Om isooeO isc
si dss s.
oo: oe
sOis qiO9d qOOisc s di zOt ottd
otmm9 sm ctd td. oO s otmm9 im dc
OO9 si qdOd ttd O5 OiOd soss9 dOs
qdO O qidsc O Ois Oms ot5s
OiOd sosO. s otmm9 Od Odd ss
qidscs doss Ot oid OO, O OiOd
soss9 dO.
sOi moes qiics qtd
dOs OOd qOD qsOc,
oscs qsOc, sOi diOds
icm qsOc sOs td.
iuyr wjia:d j, wdlkao u;=msg
ctmd qidiO sOi moe
soss9 dO.
s sOi diOd Oid didi OiOd soss9
dOsss o ieSd qOOisc. oi- o.O. q .2
Oi q |qi9md) qOOisc sOi dOdiO q s. s9
si m-dis ddO oscs qi9md oi- dddOsc
s td0i qiics sisi cds ssimtss
di om sdds redO oOid s sOi
diOd Ods9 tdiOd qtdd Ot redO
q sdds, m st- Oid ddO s. s9
si ttm Otm o Omc sOi qtds9 oOsdiO
m. om O oOds oi- Oid q dddO Omc
td0iO s did q. sOi diOd d
qOdiom qiiO ssi dss r cOn si qd
d s sOi diOd qtd td.
14
c:a o
qiid qidsc Do sm idi dss sOi diOd sO
soedd sOic s. ssOi Do qOdiom sOi
diOd Od 9Om cO si iOt dd qs
s d, sdir soisiO o Odd d Ots d s
sOi OmdOi d td qdO o S d sOi
dddO m st- sd Os O sos si qtd.
8. ooOoe a qto ooa oo:
co oo: o8 ooOoe oo: (PLRV)
m-diO qtd5 qOdiom Oi dOs t Od ois m
Oss ctd td sOi dddOd. sOi dO qOOiOs
Omc qOs is 8uz cdOi r i td.
oo: oe
soedsc scidiOd sOi ctd td.
u. oOds Oi dss dmc Oidi s qtd dOs
sOi si ro od r qd sOim , od ,
d ott qtscs |9 Ots) OiOd soss9
dO. O osc Om sOi qiics O od c9,
Od si sOI ottd s. sis o qOOiOsc
qiics ss sOi moe soss9 dd O
ssis.
u2. cdd qiics soss9 dOsss
qiicd Do O OiOs Omc. or od mi sdir
ott tsO.
15
c:a o
Do qOdiom OiOdc s9 sOi moe soss9 dOs otr
s qOOisc mOi si d s otd OmdOi d
td. Oids s qtd dOs sOid si
Oidis q osc dim oOis OiO
ri sdiOi d d.
oOds S, m qiOcdiO, qDd Ot i re,
q redO s dim dddOs ddds q
d sd s. ddds oims ri disdmO
s dm oO ddiS dsS sid idi dss sOi
OmdOi d td.
qoo:c ooOoe (PVY)
s ssOO dO d ssOOd smc sO. s
sOi si dO dc sdir ott tsO. od sOim s9
ssOO tOt OtoO OiOs Om cds mtss
ssOO sOi 5. qiid Do s si ddds s
sOi si Os qdO cOt qOOiOdc qOs is 8uz
sdd r .
oo: oe
osc qsO sOi moe sOs s.
otm dOt , od stS Ot0, od i
sOm ott std cds td.
ods otdd t siO d5
ottss Os qdO Oi i
ssiOs oscOm d ott otmm9
|d moe) c
Oss qtd s.
16
c:a o
ssOi Do qOdiom id s smiO oOo
dsS sid idss ddds oims d s s
OmdOi d td. Do OiOd qiiDd otm mOi si
dd sOi oims Om s.
qoo:c ooOoe (PVX)

sc d ssOO sOid sm sO. s sOi
dddO si qtd Os qOs is uz d Oi Ot
qdO qiiDd Do qOdiom s, qiiDd idOm e
s, sior rodO sd s i d9dOtOs
s sOi otdsO. Os qiiDd id ssOi id
oO c sOi otdO sd s.
oo: oe
mi sdir dc sdir ottss d d od s sOi
si d td.
c:a o
sOi moe ottm O O id mOi si d
ssOi Do qOdiom OiO idi dss sOi
oims dr td.
17
l yoj;a frda.h (Black heart)
s oec os si qtd Os sOi dddOd ssiO did
cnidd sds si ssi dddOd. soedsc
isc s qOOiOs scsdc ctd td qdO
qidsc Om s qidiO sm Oid ssimtD s dddO
qtd d sd s. ssOi qidsc sm d os so-
ssc qiiDd qm doi t i-m sdis nOs
d ottd cds mtsB. isc s dddO Ot
qidsc d o qOott ts sdd O Oi-
Od sosOs qdO cdd qiis si qidsc sm
si s. s9 dddO Oid dO d Ot redO
OOm Oids sd s. s9 si Do qOdiom i
ds9c Oids s sm Os oc ssitzOt sm
qOi i sdi dtD d.
18