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1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

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mi
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;jdka kv;a;=j
) c fuka miq ;=kS mia ;gqjlska jid fydka ;o lrkak' c jeiSu i|yd fhdod .; hq;af;ao jdkqyrKh l< ;jdka md;a;shlska ,nd.;a mia muKls' bkamiq msis jiqkla ^msre" bla& Nd;d lr ;jdk jiqka lrkak' km;d u,a nd,ahlska ;jdkg c,h imhkak' c me,u i|yd ;jdfkys f;;ukh ksism mj;ajd .ekSu jeo.;a f' c oud k 5 ) 7 miq c me,u wdrN f' tu wjia:df msre jiqk m%fYfuka bj;a lrkak' bkamiq kej; fma,s w;r jiqkla oukak' tuska ;jdfka f;;ukh wdrCIdu yd me, i;=gqodhlj jrOkh u isjk nj fmkSf.dia we;' ;o jeis we;s g muKla ;jdk wdjrKhlr ,m me, wdrCIdlr .kak'

2' c jemsu ilid .;a ;jdka md;a;s j, c fma,shg fkdoud taldldrj jemsu o l< yelsh' ta i|yd wjYH ;jdka md;a;s m%udKh" oekg ksrfoaYs; fma,s l%uh i|yd wjYH ixLHdfjka wvla muK olajd ^wlalrhla i|yd md;a;s 30 - 35 la muK& wvqlr .; yelsh' c lsf,da .%E 1 la i|yd iu; m%udKfha md;a;s 12 la muK iEfya' f ksid ;jdka msysgqf yd kv;a;= lsf hou wvq f' fujeks ;jdka md;a;s j, we;s me, w;r iqiq mr;rhla mej;Su ksid me, fydka jef' tksid ;jdfkka me, .,jk wjia:df isgqug kqiqiq ksid wmf;a hk me, ixLHdj o wvq f' me, je ixLHdjla isgqug iqiq ;;a;ajfha mj;sk ksid me, isgqu i|yd wjYH jkafka wvq llre tall ixLHdjls' ;jdka u; c jemsf l%uh f.dka w;r jvd ckms%h u i|yd by; lreKq uy;afia n,md ;sf'

;jdfkys me,j, jeu rj, k tl md;a;shlg hQhd .%E 15 c,h ,Sgr 4 1$2 ^.e 1& l hlr u,a nd,ahlska biskak' bkamiq m;%j, ;ejrS we;s hQhd Y%s; hr" msis c,h fhdod fidaod ykak' me,j, jhi i;s 2 jQ miqj md;a;sj,g imhk c,h ldkq f.a tjka md;a;s ;=,g ldkaug ie,eiaug o mqjk' flfia jqjo" fuys md;a;sj, ueo m%foaYh m%udKj;a wkaoug f;;a jkafka oehs uis,su;a h hq;=h' ;jdka oud uilg muK miq tk me, .e,ug k 10 lg muK fmr isg c me, lr .kak' f i|yd k 3 lg jrla ne.ska c,h fhdokak' i;s 4 -5 muK jhie;s" m;% 3 la fyda thg je ixLHdjla we;s ksfrda.S me, muKla isgqu i|yd fhdod .kak'

md;sksh keu;s kdYld j,a me,Efhys c bkahdfjka furgg f.kajkq ,nk iuyr c f;d. iu Y% mj;sk nj jdr;d ;sf' tksid Tnf.a f,dl= EKq ;jdk ksr;=rej mCIdlr n,d iafm;shd me,Ehg ;rula iudk md;Sksh j,a me,Eh olakg ,efk jydu .,jd kdYlr oukak'

md;Sksh j,a me,Eh

10

h<s n,an ksmojd .ekSu

c .%E 30-40 c ;jdka lr i;s 8 ) 10 muK ld,hlg miq ,nd .kakd" mo lr.;a l=vd EKq n,an" h<s n,an f,i ykajkq ,ef' fYaIfhka uy lkakfha f,dl=EKq j.d lsrSf nyq, jYfhka isgqug fhdod .kafka h<s n,an f' f i|yd uehs ) cqks udi j, ;jdka h hq;=h' h,a lkakfha h<s n,an isgqug woyia lrkafka k ta i|yd ;jdka h hq;af;a foienr" ckjd udi j, mj;sk ;o jeis j,ska miqjh' flfia fj;;a fuu ld,fha ;jdk mo lsrSu wmyiqh' tfiau fndfydag n,an yg.ekSuo j_,h' ;jdfka h<s n,an idod .ekSug we;s yelshdj m%fNao j,g wdfl ,CIKhls' wm iska j.d lrkq ,nk fndfyda m%fNao j,ska idr:l f,i h<s n,an ilid .ekSu wmyiqh' h<s n,an ksIamdokh i|ydo ;jdka md;a;s ieliSu" jdkqyrKh yd fmdfydr fhu idudkH EKq ;jdkl fuka is l< hq;=h' f i|yd - fydka ilia lrk ,o gr 3 . fika gr 75 muK m<, ^w 10 2 1$2& md;a;shlg f,dl= EKq c .%E 30 ) 40 ne.ska taldldrSj jmqrkak' fuu c ;=kS mia ;gqjlska jid msre j,ska jiqka lrkak' fi'' 75 ' 3

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11

 ieliSu
j.d lsrSug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk bvfuys m<uqj fika gr 30 ^whla& muK .eUqrg mi fmr,kak' h,a lkakfha l+Uqrej, j.d lrk g .eUqrg mi fmr,Su u.ska bvfuys c,jykh hqKq f' tys we;s .,a fndr wdh yels muK bj;a lrkak' fydka rE ldnksl fmdfydr fylaghdrhlg fgdka 10 ) 12 ^wlalrhlg fgdka 4 ) 5& muK oud mi iu l<j lrkak' fuu.ska wiajekak Yd, jYfhka je f' b;d fyd| c, jykhla we;s" je,s iys; mia mj;sk h<s l,dmSh m%foaYj, .s,ajQ md;a;s ilid .ekSu jvd iqiqh'
.s,ajQ md;a;s

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' 3

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12

c me, isgqu
me, f;dard .ekSu
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mr;rh
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fi'' 8 fi'' 10 fi'' 8
13

kdislafr" mQidfr jeks ;rula Yd, n,an yg .kakd m%fNao i|yd je mr;rho" rdmQr jeks m%fNao i|yd wvq mr;rho Nd;d lsrSu iqiqh' mig fydka ldnksl fmdfydr fhdod we;ak n,an Yd,Fjfhka je jk ksid wvq mr;rhlska me, isgq jkak' tg wf,h wmyiq" Yd,;ajfhka je n,an we;su j,lS' tg uOHia: m%udKfha n,an je m%udKhla ,efnk ksid wiajekako je f' je,s Y%s; mil k md;a;s u;g fydka c,h fhdod uvlr" frlalhlska weo l=vd we,s ilid me, isgqu jvd blaukah' fika gr 1 ) 1 1$2 ^w,a 1$2& muK .eUqka me, isgqu jvd iqiqh'

fmdfydr fhu
fuys i|yka fmdfydr ksrfoaY yqfola h m%foaYhl f,dl= EKq j.d lsrSf wkq.ukh l<hq;= fmd udrf.damfoaYhka jYfhka muKla i,ld lghq;= lrkak' mfia idrj;a nj" j.df jrOk ;Fjh iy fmdfydr fhdok wdldrh ie,ls,a,g f.k Tn iska fhh hq;= fmdfydr m%udKh wvq je lr .; yelsh' uQ,sl fmdfydr mig fydka Y% lrkak' u;=msg fmdfydr fhu mi f;;aj we;s g muKla l< hq;=h' f i|yd m<uqj j.djg c,h imhd c,h mig Wrd.ekSu isjk wjia:df tk" md;a;s u;=msg h;ka c,h / we;s g u;=msg fmdfydr taldldrj md;a;s j,g biskak' tla tla ,shoaog yrjk ,o c,h tu ,shoaogu Wrd .ekSug i,iajkak'

14

l,amssh yer fiiq m%foaY i|yd )

fhh hq;= wjia:dj fmdfydr jr.h m%udKh ^fyla' 1g' ls'.%E'&

uQ,sl fmdfydr )

me, isgqug k 1 fyda 2 fmr

hQhd ;s%;aj iqmr fmdiafma hqfha T*a fmdgEIa hQhd

65 100 50 65

1 jk u;=msg fmdfydr )
isgqjd i;s 3

2 jk u;=msg fmdfydr )
isgqjd i;s 6 hQhd hqfha T*a fmdgEIa 65 25

l,amsh m%foaYh i|yd )

fhh hq;= wjia:dj fmdfydr jr.h m%udKh ^fyla' 1g' ls'.%E'&

uQ,sl fmdfydr )

me, isgqug k 1 fyda 2 fmr

wefudaksh i,af*a ;s%;aj iqmr fmdiafma hqfha T*a fmdgEIa hQhd

150 100 50 65

1 jk u;=msg fmdfydr isgqjd i;s 3

2 jk u;=msg fmdfydr isgqjd i;s 6 hQhd hqfha T*a fmdgEIa 65 25

15

c, imdokh
w& u;=msg c, imdokh (Surface Irrigation)

EKq me, isgqjd i;shla muK .;jk f;la md;a;s u;=msg isg fika gr 5 - 7 1$2 ^w,a 2 - 3& muK .eUqrla olajd f;;ukh mj;ajd .; yels jk m c,h imhkak' mfiys je,s iajNdjh wl k klg fojrla muK ne.ska jqjo c,h fhu wjYH h yelsh' j.df uq,a wjia:df" u,a nd,ahlska fyda k,hlg j;=r u,la ilr fyda c,h fhu jvd iqiqh' fuu.ska me, j, jeu blaukska wdrN f' ) bkamiqj iEu klu fyda k follg jrla ne.ska fyda c,h fhdokak' flfia fj;;a bvfuys c,h r mej;Sf iajNdjhla mj;sk nj fmfka k" c,h imhk ld, wka;rh k 3 - 4 jrla f,i mj;ajd .kak' kuq;a c,h ysu ksid m;% ueka leu wdrN jk wjia:djg j.dj m;a fkdug j. n,d .kak' wiajekak fk,Sug i;s follg muK fmr j.djg c,h iemhSu k;r lrkak' f,dl= EKq j.dj i|yd c,h iemhSf jvd;au ckms%h l%uh jkafka md;a;s u; ilid.;a ldKq f.a c,h imhd md;a;shg Wrd .ekSug ie,eiauhs'

h<s l,dmfha nyq, jYfhka olakg ,efnk r;= - Uqre mia iys; m%foaYj, ilid.;a w 2 1$2 - 3 muK m<, iy w 9 - 10 muK .lska hq;a Wia md;a;s 3 - 4 jgjk fia iu;a kshrla ilid .kak' fujeks kshrlska jg we;s md;a;sj, Wi" iu ugulska mej;Su c, imdokfha myiqjla f' ishu md;a;s jgd c,h .uka l< yels jk m ldKq ilid .kak' idudkHfhka f wkaoug ilid.;a md;a;shl EKq me, fma,s 7 - 8 muK isgqh yelsh' kuq;a" md;a;sfha ueo m%foaYfha we;s EKq me, j,g ldKq f.a imhk c,h ,efnkafka wvq m%udKhls' tfiau md;a;sfhys ueo m%foaYh olajd c,h Wrd.ekSug o ie,lshhq;= ld,hla .; f' fuu ;;ajh j,ld .ekSu i|yd EKq me, isgqug fmr md;a;sh ueka la w;g w,a 4 muK m<, yd w,a 3 muK .eUqr iys; l=vd ldKqjla ilid .kak' fuu ldKqj fomi EKq me, fma,s 3 - 4 ne.ska isgqjkak' md;a;sh jgd we;s ldKq f.a .uka lrk c,h md;a;sh ueo we;s fuu l=vd ldKqj f.a o .uka lrk ksid j.df ishu me, j,g taldldrj wjYH ;r c,h ,ef' fuh wiajekak jeugo fya;=jls'

16

kshr m%Odk ldKqj jlalv fhda; l=vd ueo ldKqj

wd& CIq c, imdok l%u (Micro Irrigation)

CIq c, imdok l%u j, fCIa;%fha t,k ,o k, moaO;shla u.ska yd c, fmdmhla Nd;fhka f,dl= EKq md;a;s u;g c, imdokh flfr' f i|yd fnda.h u;=mska CIq iqreula wdldrhg iqre ysia u.ska fyda ng moaO;sfha ilr we;s c, x ircl (%mria - Drippers) u.ska x wdldrhg fyda c,h ,ndh yel' fuu ng moaO;sfhys m%Odk md,l tallhla wvx.= f' thg fmdfydr fhf Wmdx. lg,hla o ilsu u.ska c,h iu. djH fmdfydr fnda.fha wjYH;djh wkqj ,ndh yel' CIq c, imdok l%u u.ska mdxY= f;;uk ;;ajh ksr;=reju fCIa;% Od;d wjia:df mj;ajd .ekSug yelsu ksid mi u;=msg ;o ia:rhla iEu je<lS b;d fyd| jd;dY%hla uQ, uKav,hg ,ef' fuhg wu;rj mdxY= WIaKFjh uQ, uKav,hg ys;lr ugul mj;ajdf.k hdu ksid wfkl=;a c, imdok l%u yd ieif fuu l%uh u.ska f,dl= EKq wiajekak .=Kd;aulj yd m%udKd;aulj jelr .ekSug yels f' tksid j.df wdr:l jdisodhl ;;ajh je f' fuu lreKq j,g wu;rj fujeks c, imdok l%u ksid" u;=msg c, imdok l%u u.ska c,h imhk gg jvd 30]-50] lska muK c,h b;s lr .ekSug o yels f'

f,dl=EKq me,fhys uq,a moaO;sh w,a 6 - 9 muK .eUqrlg ysfoa' tksid c,h iemhSu u.ska fuu .eUqr olajd md;a;sj, mi f;;a lsrSu iEfya' flfia jqjo" ,jK;djh ;rula rg fyda mj;sk c,h fhdokafka k" idudkH m%udKhg jvd je c, m%udKhla fhdokak" fuu.ska lsjq, ksid we;sh yels wys;lr ;;ajh wvqlr .; yelsh'

17

msgdr c, imdok l%ufha kshrj,a je m%udKhla fhd .kska" l=vd ,sh ilialr ^l=vd fi wdldrhg& tu ,shj, me, isgqu isf' fug j.d N+fha bv kshrj,a i|yd jehu idfmaCIj jeh' CIq c,imdok l%u j," m%udKfhka Yd, ,sh Nd;d flfr' f ksid f,dl= EKq isgqu i|yd je bv m%udKhla ,ef' tuska tall fCIa;%hl me, ixLHdj jelr" tuska wiajekako jelr .; yelsf' f,dl= EKq j, fkd.eUqre uq, uKav,hla we;s neka uq, uKav, .eUqr yels;dla jelr .ekSu i|yd fnda.h msysgqfuka miq ;djld,sl c, ys;djhla fnda.hg ,ndu o jeo.;a f' th uq, uKav,h .eUqrg jrOkh ug rel=,ls' tf,iu" j.df ff wjidk wjfha m;% w.%ia: lvd yef,k g c, imdokh iSud lsu fyda k;r lsuo l< hq;=h'

mdrYal k, u; ilr we;s c, x ircl (Drippers) u.ska ksh; ld,dka;r j, ksr;=rej c,h iemfha' tu.ska f,dl= EKq j.dlr we;s mfia ukd f;;uk ;;a;ajhla mj;ajd .ekSug yels f' tfiau f,dl= EKq i|yd wdidokh h yels Ydl frda. yd mdxY= frda. md,kh lsu fuu c, imdok l%uh ksid b;d myiqf' mdxY= f;;ukh yd mig fhh yels ridhksl jHo myiqfjka fuu.ska md,kh l< yelsu fuhg fya;=jhs'
mdxY= f;f rgdj

x c, imdokh
(Drip Irrigation)
x wdldrhg l%l ms<sfj,lg fnda. uQ, moaO;shg fika c,h imhk fuu l%uh u.ska jeh jk c, m%udKh" idudkH l%uh i|yd wjYH jk c, m%udKfhka y wvla muK f' fuh Yd, c, b;shls' f i|yd fmr ;SrKh lr.;a mr;rhlg fCIa;%fha we;s k, moaO;sfha fmd,st;s,Ska

f,dl=EKq j.d lrk mia j._h yd fhdod .kakd k, moaO;sfha c,x ircl u.ska jrlg ,ndfok c, m%udKh wkqj mfia mdrYalj yd mi ;=, isriaj my,g c,h me;sf wdldrh ie,ls,a,g .; hq;=h' f,dl= EKq j.d lrk r;= Uqre mi" we, fod, wdYs%; h mi iy r;= ly fmdfid,sla mia j._ i|yd ksh; c,h f;f rgdjla ,nd .ekSu i|yd md;a;s ie,iqu yd mdrYal k, yd fhh hq;= c, x ircl j._h my; olajd we;' md;a;shl . gr 20 - 50 muK h hq;=h' fuh Nd;d lrkq ,nk c, fmdmfha yd mdrYal k, j, IalNh wkqj iy c, ircl j, ^%mria& iajNdjh wkqj fjkia h yelsh'

18

f,dl= EKq j.df x c,imdokh i|yd k, moaO;sh msysgqu ^m<uq wdldrh&

c, fmdmfha isg mefKk c,h ^Wm fn ye k,h - mSiS fyda fmd,st;s,Ska&

fi'' 30 c,jyk ldKq fyda ta fjkqfjka fjkal, bv mdrYal k, ^fmd,st;s,ska& fol ne.ska tla md;a;shlg

c, ircl hdno c, ircl folla w;r mr;rh fi'' 40 - 60 mdrYal k,h yd c,jyk ldKqj w;r mr;rh fi'' 30 mr;rh fi'' 60 gr 1'2 ^w 4&
md;a;shlg mdrYal k, 2la fhd x c, imdokh islrk whqre

{ ............

............

f,dl= EKQ isgqjk mr;rh - fi'' 10 10 ^w,a 4 4& md;a;shl m<, - ' 1'2 isg 1'6 olajd ^fi'' 120- 160& ^w 4 isg 5'3& md;a;shl Wi - fi'' 10 ^w,a 4& c,jyk ldKq - fi'' 20- 30 md;a;shl . - ' 20-50 ^jd ng moaO;s ie,eiau wkqj yd N+h wkqj fuh fjkia h yelsh c, ircl ^%mria& - mehlg ,Sgr 1'2 - 2'0 hdno c, ircl folla w;r mr;rh - fi'' 40 - 60 by; olajd we;af;a ksh; f,i c,h fn yef ie,iqulg fh ng moaO;shls' fuu ie,eiau f,dl= EKq i|yd c,h ,nd f b;d iqiqu wdldrhhs'

19

f,dl= EKq j.df x c,imdokh i|yd k, moaO;sh msysgqu ^fojeks wdldrh&

Wmfnyere k,h ^mSiS fyda fmd,st;s,Ska&

fmdmfha isg c, iemhq k,h fmd,st;s,ska mdrYal k, c,ircl folla w;r mr;rh fi' 40 %mria ^c,ircl& mehlg ,S 2-3 c,jyk ldKq fi'' 20-30 m<,

{..............

..............

mr;rh fi' 40 fi' 80

f,dl= EKq md;a;shlg tla mdrYal k,hla uska x c, imdokh islrk whqre

md;a;shl m<, f,dl= EKQ me, w;r mr;rh c,jyk ldKqj md;a;shl . md;a;shl Wi c, ircl ^%mria& c, ircl folla w;r mr;rh

fi'' 80 ^w 2'7& fi'' 10 10 ^ w,a 4 4& fi'' 20 - 30 ' 20 - 50 ^jd ie,eiau wkqj fjkia h yel& fi'' 10 mehlg ,Sgr 2 - 3 fi'' 40

20

md;a;s j, Wi fika gr 18 - 30 muK u iqiqf' md;a;s 2 la w;r fika gr 30 muK m<, c,jyk ldKq b l, hq;=h' b;d h<s ld, j, fujeks ldKq fkdue;sj jqjo md;a;s ielish yels kuq;a fujeks bv m%udKhla md;a;s w;r ;sfuka j.d md,k lghq;= myiq f' md;a;shl m<, fika gr 80 - 120 la muK h yelsh' tla md;a;shlg mdrYal k, folla fhh hq;=h' fuu mdrYal k,j, fika gr 40 l mr;rhlska c, x ircl ;sh hq;=h' fuu ircl u.ska mehlg ,Sgr 1'2 - 2'0 olajd irckhla ,ndh hq;=h' tg k 2 lg jrla mehl muK ld,hla c,h ,ndu u.ska EKq md;a;sfhys mi wjYH ugug f;;alr .; yelsh'

m%dfhda.sl jYfhka by; olajd we;s lreKq" j.d lrk mia j._h" m%foaYfha jdIamSlrK W;aiafok f.h" EKq j.dlrk lkakh" WIaKFjh hk lreKq u; iq jYfhka fjkiah yelsh' my; rg h<s l,dmfha fnda.fha Wmu jrOk wjfha fylaghdr 1 la i|yd klg c,h >k gr 60 - 65 l m%udKhla ^klg ,s gr 8 - 9& muK wjYH f'
c,h iu. fmdfydr fhu (Fertigation)

x c,imdok l%u u.ska" djH fmdfydr" fl ld,dka;r j," c,h iu. hlr" k, moaO;sh ;=,ska iemhSu jvd;a jdisodhlh' f i|yd c, iemhq moaO;shg fmdfydr fhf Wmdx. lg,hla ilr .; hq;= f' fuys imqrKfhka c,fha hfjk fmdfydr j._ muKla Nd;d l<hq;= w;r fl ld,dka;r j, fnda.fha wjYH;djh wkqj fmdfydr fhfuka EKq n,an j, nr yd Yd,;ajh je f' wiajkq .=Kd;auh o by<hhs' kg fj<omf,a we;s hQhd iy fjk;a c,fha hfjk fmdfydr j._ fuf,i fhd.; yel' idudkH wdldrhg w;ska fmdfydr fhdok wjia:dj, o tfia fhfuka miq jd moaO;sh ls%hd;aul lsfuka fmdfydr mi iu. Y% fnda.hg Wrd .ekSu myiq lrhs'

f,dl= EKq j.df me, isg jQ uq,a wjfha klg foj;djla ne.ska yd fydka uq,a jevqkq miq klg fyda k 2 g jrla ne.ska fyda c,h ,ndu l< hq;=h' mfia fika gr 15-20 .eUqrla muK olajd f;;ajk m c,h iemhSu jeo.;a f'

21

iqre c, imdokh
(Sprinkler Irrigation)

iqre c, imdok moaO;shla u.ska c,h iqrejd yerSf" 100] l f;f rgdjla mig ,efnk m iqre ysia ixia:dmkh l< hq;=h' Wod( iqre ysfia f;f wrh gr 5 k mdrYal k, w;r mr;rh gr 5 h hq;= w;r mdrYal k, w;r iqre ysia j, mr;rh gr 5 h hq;=h'

x c, imdokh yd ieif iqre c, imdokh f,dl= EKq j.djg b;d W; jkafka f,dl= EKq n,an fl mr;r j,ska fCIa;%fha isgqjk neks' u;=msg c, imdok l%uhl wjYH jk c, m%udKfhka 2$3 la muK m%udKhla iqre c, imdokh i|yd ;su iEfya' iqre c, imdok moaO;shla msysgqf tla iqre ysilska ^iams%kala,rhlska& wfkla iqre ysfia mduq,g c,h iqrejd ,k wdldrfhka mdxY= f;f rgdjla ,efnk wkaoug c, iemhq moaO;sh fCIa;%fha msysgqh hq;=h'

22

f,dl= EKq j.dj i|yd 100] l f;f rgdjla ,efnk wkaoug f;f wrh gr 5la we;s iams%kala,r ilr we;s whqre c, jyk ldKq c, fmdmfha isg mSvkhla hgf;a ksl=;a lrk c,h ^mS''iS' fyda fmd,st;s,ska k, uska&

iam%skala,r ysia fmd,st;s,Ska mdrYal k,h c, jyk ldKq ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

mr;rh gr 5

''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

isre ysi

by, ke= k,h

23

f,dl= EKq j.djlg iqre ysia iys; k, moaO;sh fhdok wdldrh

f,dl= EKq isgqjk mr;rh -

fika gr 10 fika gr 10 ^w,a 4 4&

md;a;shl Wi -

fika gr 10

md;a;shl . m<, -

f,dl= EKq j.dj i|yd mehlg ,Sgr 50 isg ,Sgr 180 olajd c, mudjla iqrejd yk iy f;f wrh gr 2 isg gr 8 muK jQ mrdihl ishq c, x iqrejd yeh yels iqre ysia Nd;h iqiqh' Nd;d l<hq;= iqre ysi ishq c, x iqrejd yk wdldrfha tlla (Micro Sprinkler ) u u.ska c, x Yd, fuka Ydlhg yd mig isjk ydksh j,lajd .; yelsh f,dl= EKq Ydlj, uQ, moaO;s ys we;s .eUqr f;hk m" fmr ;SrKh lr.;a ld, mfohla ;=< km;d fyda k follg j;djla ne.ska fyda c,h iemhsh hq;=h' tfiau" j.df jO_l wjfha mfia f;;ukh fCIa;% Od;d wjia:djg wdikakj ksr;=reju mj;ajd .; hq;=h' fuu.ska je wiajekakla ,nd .ekSug yels f' x c, imdokh i|yd wjYH jk wdldrhgu iqre c, imdokh i|yd o md;a;s ilia l< hq;=h' fCIa;%fha c, jykh b;d i;=gqodhl jk bv i|yd iy jrIdj fkd,efnk h,s ld, j, iamS%kala,r fhdod c, imdokh lrkafka k" md;a;s j, m<, gr 2-5 muK ugula olajd jqjo mj;ajd.; yelsh' flfia kuq;a j.d ld,h ;=< ,efnk yis jeis u.ska ,efnk wu;r c,h j.d fuka bj;a lsu i|yd iqiq jk wkaoug ldKq moaO;shla ieliSu fYaIfhka jeo.;a f'

O m%udK h yels kuq;a fydka c,h nei hk whqre ieliQ gr 20 10 jeks md;a;s jvd;a iqiqh' N+ ie,eiau yd CIq jd ie,eiau wkqj fuu . m<, fjkia h yel'
c, jyk ldKqj -

fika gr 20 - 30 yd wkqrEm . m<, wkqj" iqre ysi yd tys by, ke.= k,fha Wi - ksIamdokh l< iud.f ms;r j,g wkql+,j iqre ysia fCIa;%fha il, hq;=h' W( iqre ysfiys f;f IalNh gr 10 jk g 50] w;s msys; f rgdj ,nd.ekSug gr 5 5 mr;rfhka iqre ysia il, hq;=h'
fmd,j ugf isg iqre ysig Wi -

fnda.hg by,ska c,h m;s; jk wdldrhg Wi iSre udre l< hq;=h'

24

j.dj l%ufhka jefv;au iqre ysia by<g tiu u.ska mdxY= f;f rgdj yd c,h m;s;u Ydlhg ydkshla fkdjk m taldldj is lr.; yelsh' iqre ysia u.ska ,ndfok c,fhka imQrK j.d fCIa;%hu f;ulg Ndckh jk w;r" tu.ska uQ, uKav,fha wjYH .eUqrg c,h ,efnk m c, imdok ld, iSudj ;SrKh l<hq;=h'
fmdfydr fhu

moaO;sh ;=,ska djH fmdfydr heug m%:u kd 10 - 15 l muK ld,hla msis c,h iqrejd yer ta iu.u fmdfydr fhf Wmdx. lg,fha lrdu jD; lr fmdfydr djKh iqrejd yerSu' f wkaoug fmdfydr djKh iqrejd yefuka miq kd 15 la muK ^fmdfydr fhf k, j, lrdu jid&" kej; msis c,h muKla iqrejd ykak' tu.ska m;% u; m;s; jQ ;kql fmdfydr djKh fia mi u;g jeug ie,eiah yelsh'

x c, imdokfha fukau iqre ysia u.ska o djH fmdfydr muKla fnda.hg ,nd h yelsh' f i|yd c, iemhq k, moaO;shg fmdfydr fhf Wmdx. lg,hla wu;rj ilr .; hq;= f'
kuq;a m;% u;g hlrk ,o fmdfydr iqrejd yef we;sh yels ydks je<elau i|yd iams%kala,r Nd;fha my; i|yka ls%hdjka ms<sn|j fYaIfhka ie,ls,su;a jkak'

iqre ysia u.ska c,h iu. fmdfydr iqrejd yef fnda.fha m;% ms<siaiSu jeks .eg we;sh yels neka by; lreKq ksishdldrj ls%hd;aul lsu i|yd ;dCIK ks<Odrsfhl=f.aa iydh ,nd .ekSu iqiq f' idudkHfhka Nd;d lrk fmdfydr w;ska fhf" ta ta jO_l wjka i|yd ksrfoaYs; fmdfydr m%udKh" EKq j.dj ;=, taldldj mi u;g iqrejd ykak' ke;fyd;a fma,s w;r ;ekam;a lrkak' bkamiqj" iqre c, moaO;sh ls%hd;aul lsfuka" uQ, uKav, l,dmhg ukd f,i fmdfydr ,eug ie,eiah yel'

c,fha imQrKfhkau hjk fmdfydr j, ;kql djKhla ksr;=rej iqrejd yeug ie,iq lsrSu' fnda.fha jO_l wjh wkqj ilid.;a fmdfydr wkqmd; wvx.= lsrSu' tu khg fyda jdrhg fhh hq;= c, m%udKh iu. fmdfydr Y%Khla f,i fhu'

25

j,a me,E md,kh

j,a me,E w;ska .e,u lrkafka k me, isgqjd i;s 2 " 4 iy 6 is lrkak' j,a me, brSu i|yd ,S W,lska fyda lrhlska mia nqre,a l< g EKq me, weo jeu iy uq,a lehdu ksid m;% w.sia lymdg uerS hhs' fuh me,j, jeu nd, ug fya;=jk ksid j,a me, Wrd u b;d m%fYfuka is lrkak' tfia ke;fyd;a ridhksl j,a kdYl Nd;d lsrSu u.skao j,a urokh b;d idr:lj lr.; yelsh' fuuska w;ska j,a fk,Su i|yd wjYH jk llrejka fidhd .ekSf .egjo u yrjd .; yelsh' tfiau th jvd ,dNodhlo f' flfia jqjo j,a me,E md,kh idr:l lr .ekSu i|yd b;du;a ksjer wdldrhg j,a kdYl Nd;d l< hq;=h'

m<uqfjkau j.d fuys wegjrd" l<dre jeks N+.; fldgia iys; j,a me,E ;sf k me, isgqug k 14 g fmr .a,hsfmdfiaa 360 g/l SL j,a kdYlfhka fylaghdrhlg ,Sgr 4 - 6 ^wlalrhlg ,s ,Sgr 1600-2400& ne.ska fhdokak' bkamiqj md;a;s j, EKq me, isgqjd wjika jQ jydu ksrfoaYs; mQrj ksr.uk j,a kdYlhla ksjer wdldrhg fhdod j,a me,E md,kh lr .kak' fuh idr:l ug k md;a;s u;=msg ishqj ieliS ;sh hq;=h' ishq u;=msgla ;su u.ska me, jk j,a me, kdY lsrSug fya;= jk" j,a kdYlfha ;=kS mg,hla md;a;sh u;=msg we;s lr .; yels f' mQrj ksr.uk j,akdYl fhfuka miqj i;s 3-4 muK ld,hla j.df j,a me,E idr:lj md,kh lr.; yelsh' bkamiqj me,fjk j,a me,E jrla fyda fojrla muK w;ska .,jd u l< hq;=h'

26

f i|yd my; i|yka j,a kdYl Nd;d l< yelsh'

we,laf,dar" 480 g/l EC fylaghdrhlg ,Sgr 3-5

fuu j,a kdYl fhfuka idr:l m%;sM, ,nd .ekSug k ) ) fhdok wjia:df md;a;sj, f;;ukh ;sh hq;=h' ) j,a kdYl fhdod i;s 3 muK .;jk ;=re j.df mia nqre,a lsrSu jeks lghq;= fkdl< hq;=h' ) mia leg rys;j md;a;sfha u;=msg ishqj ilia lr ;sh hq;=h'

^wlalrhlg ,s ,Sgr 1200 - 2000& idr:lj j,a me,E md,kh lr.ekSu i|yd me, isgqjd j,a me, u;=ug fmr fuu j,a kdYlh fhh hq;=h' f i|yd me, isgjQ ku fyda thg miqk fuu j,a kdYlh wksjdrhfhkau fhdokak' je,s iys; milg k fuu j,a kdYlfhka ,s ,Sgr 1200 o" ue iys; milg k ,s ,Sgr 2000 o fhdokak' je,s milg je idkakhlska fh g fnda.hg ydks h yelsh'

Tlais*afjdrf*ka" 240 g/l EC fylaghdrhlg ,S' 0'5-1

^wlalrhlg ,s ,Sgr 200 - 400& fuh me, isgjQ ku fyda k 4-5 ;=, fhh hq;=h' j,a me, u;=ug fmr fyda hd;ka u;=jQ j,a me, j,g fhfuka idr:l md,khla we;s f' fuu j,a kdYlh me, isgqfuka miq fhdokafka k ksh; idkakhgu ksjerj Y%lr fhh hq;=h' je idkakhlska fhjfyd;a m;% w. ms,siaiSula we;s ug bv ;sf' kuq;a w;ska yg .kakd m;%j,g tu.ska ydks fkdjk w;r th wiajekakgo n, fkdmdhs' ue iys; mila i|yd j,a kdYlfhka wlalrhlg ',S' 400 fhu jvd iqiqh'

27

lD md,kh
me, uelald

fydka mrSCIdlr nejfyd;a ;o ysre t<sh fkdue;s Woh iy ijia ld, j, fika me, fi,jQ g me, uelalka rxpq jYfhka b.s,S hkq oelsh yelsh' ;jdka j, fuu lDhd isk nj mrSCId lsrSug fuu l%uh jvd iqiqh' me, uelaldf.a ydksh ;snQ j.djl wiajekak fk miq n,anj, f., m%foaYfha h<s fmd;a;g we;=,ska Y,al m;% u; me, uelald ydks lrkq olakg ,ef' fuu.ska .nvd ld,h ;=< n,an yelsf,a'

md,kh f,dl= EKq j.df b;d nyq,j olakg ,efnk ,d Uqre meye;s ,s gr 1 muK .e;s lDfhls' lDhd m;% u;=msg iQrd hqI Wrd fndhs' tg m;% u; iq meye;s iS we;sf' ydksh oreKq j;au m;% weU h<S hhs' me,uelalka olakg ,ef kmy; i|yka lDkdYlhla fhdod k 3 lg miqj th kej; Nd;d l, hq;=h' tg me,uelalka oeuQ ;a;r j,ska msgjk YsY=jkao fydka urokh f'
- f*ka;sfhdaka 500 g/l EC fylaghdrhlg ',S' 1000-1400
^wlalrhlg ',S' 400-560&

- ldn,a 480 g/l SC fylaghdrhlg ',S' 1000

^wlalrhlg ',S' 400&

- ldn,aa 85] WP fylaghdrhlg .%E' 400-700

^wlalrhlg .%E' 160-280&

- bvlaf,damS% 200 g/l SL fylaghdrhlg ',S' 300 ^wlalrhlg ',S' 120& - ;hlaf,damS% 240 g/l SC fylaghdrhlg ',S' 400 ^wlalrhlg ',S' 160&

oyj,a ld,fha fuu lDhd m;% mduq, m%foaYhg isk w;r Woh iy rd;s% ld, j, m;% j,g ydks muqKqjhs'

- *smafrdks,a 50 g/l SC fylaghdrhlg ',S' 500 ^wlalrhlg ',S' 200& - fm%d;sfhdfmdia 500 g/l EC fylaghdrhlg ',S' 1000 ^wlalrhlg ',S' 400&

28

w;ska we;sjk m;%j, fuu ydksh olakg fkd,efnk ksid bka miqj k 10 lg muK jrla by; lDkdYl fhu u.ska jvd idr:l m%;sM, ,nd.; yelsh' ;o h<s ld, .=Khla mj;sk cQ,s" wf.daia;= jeks udi j, fuu lD ydksh b;d wl h yelsh' tg by; i|yka lD kdYlhkays ksrfoaYs; je idkak ug Nd;d l, hq;=h'

m<uqj m;%j, fld< meye;s fldgia wdydrhg .kS' miqj m;%h ;=,g we;=,a th ;=, isg m;% fldgia ld ouhs'

md,kh ) j.dj ks;r mCIdlr m;% u; we;s ;a;r leo,s tl;=lr kdY lrkak' ) me, isgqjk wjia:df fyda isgqjd i;shla ;=, wlalrhlg ldfnd*shqrdka lsf,da .%E 6 ) 8 f;; mig fhdokak' o<Uq fojr.hu fuuska md,kh lr.; yelsh' fuu lDkdYlh j.df miq wjia:djkays Nd;d fkdl< hq;=h'

EKq m;% o<Uqjd

f,dl= EKq j.djg ydks lrkq ,nk fld< lk o<Uq jr. folls' fuhska iafmdfvdmafgrd tlais.=jd k o<Uqjd je jYfhka hdmkh m%foaYfha EKq j.djg ydks muqKqjkq ,ef'

iafmdfvdmafgrd ,sgqrd md,kh jefvka mj;sk j.djg ydks lrk g by; o<Uq jr.h i|yd my; i|yka lD kdYl Nd;d lrkak' - ldfnd*shqrdka 3] G fylaghdrhlg ls'.%E' 15-20 ^wlalrhlg ls'.%E' 6-8& fiiq m%foaYj, olakg ,efnkafka
iafmdfvdmafgrd ,sgqrd

k o<Uqq j._hhs'

- vhisfkda;a 500 g/l EC/EW fylaghdrhlg ',S' 1400 - 2000 ^wlalrhlg ',S' 560-800& - laf,dar*atiqfrdaka 50 g/l EC fylaghdrhlg ',S' 500 ^wlalrhlg ',s' 200&

ydksh fuu o<Uqjdf.a jevqk i;d jk Uqre meye;s i<nhd m;% u; leo,s jYfhka ;a;r ouhs' ;a;r u.ska msgjk l=vd fld< meye;s o<Uqjd

29

iafmdfvdmafgrd tlais.=jd md,kh jefvk j.djg fuu o<Uq jr.h ydks lrk g my; i|yka lDkdYl Nd;d l<hq;=h' - vhisfkdaka 500 g/l EC fylaghdrhlg ',S' 1400-2000 ^wlalrhlg ',S' 560-800& - ldfnd*shqrdka 3] GR fylaghdrhlg ls'.%E' 15-20 ^wlalrhlg ls'.%E' 6-8& - laf,dar*atiqfrdaka 50 g/l EC fylaghdrhlg s',S' 500 ^wlalrhlg ',S' 200& - fv,agdfu;s%ka 25 g/l EC fylaghdrhlg ',S' 270 ^wlalrhlg ',S' 108& - gd ihs*a;s%ka 25 g/l EC fylaghdrhlg ',S' 450 ^wlalrhlg ',S' 180& - mrfu;s%ka 250 g/l EC fylaghdrhlg ',S' 125 ^wlalrhlg ',s' 50& - tiaf*kaje,fr 75 g/l EC fylaghdrhlg ',S' 125 ^wlalrhlg ',S' 50& - f*kaje,fr 200 g/l EC fylaghdrhlg ',S' 375-440 ^wlalrhlg ',S' 150-175&

uq,a lk l=yqUqjd
fuu l=yqUqjka fhkag jvd ;rula Yd,h' fudjqka iska EKq n,an wdydrhg .kS' fug oa;Shsl ydkshla f,i n,an l=Kq hhs' tksid m;% ue, ly mdgg yefr' fuu ydksh md,kh lr .ekSu i|yd md;a;sj, l=yqUqjka isk fldgia j,g muKla my; i|yka lDkdYl j,ska tlla fhdokak'

md;a;sfha j._ gr 100 la i|yd

- laf,darmhsfmdia 200 g/l EC ,s ,Sgr 40 - tu 400 g/l EC ,s ,Sgr 20 - tu s/l EC ,s ,Sgr 20 - vhisfkdaka 500 g/l EC/EW ,s ,Sgr 100

j.dj wdrN lsug fmr mi fmr,Sfuka smiq k lSmhla ;o iQrhdf,dalhg N+h ksrdjrKh lsu yd l=yqUqjka isk ia:dkj, mi ms<siaiSu uska j.djg ish yels ydksh l,af,d we;sj wvq lr.; yelsh'

30

frda. md,kh
n,an l=Kqu
n,an l=Kqu mfia j;a jk ,Sr j._ lSmhla ksido nelahd uskao ish yelsh' w& ,Sr uska we;sjk n,anl=Kqu fuh mshqfiah yd mS;sh fYaIhkg wh;a ,Sr j._ ksido" rhsfidlafgdakshd fid,ks yd ialaf,frdah frd,a*aihs ,Sr uskao we;sh yelsh'

md,kh

) iqiq ,Sr kdYlhla uska isgqug fmr c m%;sldr lrkak' ) ;jdka jdkqyrKh lrkak' ) ;jdfkys je .eUqrlska c fkdoukak' tfiau tl fma,shlg c 100 ) 150 jvd fkdoukak' kuq;a fug ;jdka md;a;s je ixLHdjla ilid .; hq;=h' ) ;jdfkka me, .,jd fCIa;%fha isgqug fmr me, j, mdoia:h ,Sr kdYl djKhl .s,ajd .kak' ^39 jk msgqj n,kak&

frda. ,CIK

n,an l=Kqf' uq,a ue hhs' ndysrj m<uqfjka oelsh yels frda. ,CIKh jkafka msg;ska we;s m;%" by< isg my<g lymdg uhs' fuh l%u l%ufhka we;=,;ska msysgd we;s m;% lrd o me;sfr'

) j.df frda.h je<k .ia jydu bj;a lrkak' tu frda.S .ia ;snQ ia:dk yd ta wjg m%foaYhg u,a nd,ahla uska fyda fkdi,h .e,jQ iafma%hrhla u.ska fyda my; i|yka ,Sr kdYlhlska mi f;;a lrkak' ;fhd*fka ;hs,a' 70] WP - .%E 30 ;hfnkavfida,a 45] WG ;srd 80] WP - .%E 5 - .%E 70

31

j.df j._ gr 10 l m%foaYhl fydka mi f;;a u i|yd wod, ,Sr kdYlfha ksrfoaYs; m%udKh c,h ,Sgr 50 la iu. Y%lr fhdokak

frda. ,CIK m;% lvd jef' uq,skau lvd jefgkafka ,mu m;%hhs' n,anj, ueo l=Kq f' msg;ska n,anh ;o l,g we;=,; l=KqjQ fldgi myiqfjka lS t,shg ths' l=Kq jQ n,an j,ska f.kao. j,g iudk ;o ier .|la yuhs'

fuhg wu;rj ) j.df c,jykh hqKq lrkak' ) j.djg c,h imhk ld,dka;rh je lrkak' ) frda.h we;s j.djla yryd ksfrda.S j.djla fj; c,h .uka lrfuka j<lskak' ^wd& nelahd uD l=Kqu

md,kh - fuu frda.h ridhksl jH fhdod md,kh l< fkdyel' - frda.S me, j.dfjka bj;a lrkak' bvf c,jykh hqKq lrkak' bvf fnda. udrejla wkq.ukh lrkak' - j.djg c,h imhk ld,dka;rh je lrkak' frda.S j.djka yryd c,h .uka fkdlrjkak'

fuu frda.h je<f|kafka ishqfvdfudkdia fYaIhg wh;a nelahd usks'

32

o me,a, frda.h
jifr ckjd fmnrjd jeks udi j, j.djg nyq, jYfhka je<h yels frda.hls' f;;a ld,.=Khla mj;sk g fjk;a ld,hkays o j.djg fuh je<ug bv ;sf' i;H c ksmou i|yd mj;ajdf.k hkq ,nk iuyr j.djkays fuu frda.h ksid c wiajekak Yd, jYfhka wvqh yelsh' frda.h we;s jkafka ,agfkahd fmda k ,Srh u.sks' frda. ,CIK m<uqj m;% mqrd iq meye;s ,m we;s f' miqj fuu ,m Yd, tlsfkl inkaO f' wjidkfha fuu ,m Uqre meyehg yqre o meye;s me,a, njg m;a f'

md,kh frda. ,CIK j.df lsh yelsjQ g my; i|yka ,Sr kdYl jr.hla ta i|yd fhdokak'
) laf,dafrd;ef,dks,a 75] WP

fylaghdrhlg .%E 900-1300 ^wlalrhlg .%E 360-520& ) laf,dafrd;ef,dks,a 500 gl SC fylaghdrhlg ,s ,Sgr 700-900 ^wlalrhlg ,s ,Sgr 280-360& ) fldmr 50]WP fylaghdrhlg .%E 1800-2600 ^wlalrhlg .%E 720-1040& ) uekafldfi 80]WP fylaghdrhlg .%E 900-1300 ^wlalrhlg .%E 360-520& ) uefk 80]WP fylaghdrhlg .%E 900-1300 ^wlalrhlg .%E 360-520& ) fm%dmsfk 70]WP fylaghdrhlg .%E 900-1300 ^wlalrhlg .%E 360-520& ) grnqfldkfida,a 250 gl EC fylaghdrhlg ,s ,Sgr 200-300 ^wlalrhlg ,s ,Sgr 80 - 120&

frda.h ksid n,an jrOkh wvq f' n,an l=Kqugo bv ;sf'

grnqfldkfida,a ,Sr kdYlh fhdod k 7-10 la .; jQ miq fm%dmsfk ,Sr kdYlh fhh hq;=h'

33

h mqia frda.h
fmrfkdiafmdard

md,kh frda.h j.dj ;=, oreKq ugulska me;srSug bv we;ehs ks.ukh l, yels k ta i|yd my; i|yka ,Sr kdYlhla Nd;d lrkak' ) lemagdka 50]WP fylaghdrhlg .%E 900 - 1300 ^wlalrhlg .%E 360 - 520& ) lemagdka 80]WP fylaghdrhlg .%E 600 - 800 ^wlalrhlg .%E 240 - 320&

fYaIhg wh;a ,Sr ksid

we;s f'

frda. ,CIK iq meye;s ksh; yevhla we;s ,m frE m;% u; m<uqj we;s f' m;% w. h<S f.dia l%ufhka m;% ly meye f' l%ufhka Yd, jk fuu ,m u; w meye;s ,Sr cd,h miqj meye,sj olakg ,ef'

) fldmr 50 ]WP fylaghdrhlg .%E 1800 - 2600 ^wlalrhlg .%E 720-1040& ) fldmr 40]WG fylaghdrhlg .%E 2300 - 3300 ^wlalrhlg .%E 920-1320& ) uekafldfi 80]WP fylaghdrhlg .%E 900 - 1300 ^wlalrhlg .%E 360 - 520& ) uefk 80]WP fylaghdrhlg .%E 900 - 1300 ^wlalrhlg .%E 360 - 520& ) uekafldfi 64] fug,lais,a 8]WP fylaghdrhlg .%E 600 - 800 ^wlalrhlg .%E 240 - 320& ) fm%dmsfk 56] Tlailais,a 10]WP fylaghdrhlg .%E 600 - 800 ^wlalrhlg .%E 240 - 320& ) fm%dmsfk 70]WP fylaghdrhlg .%E 900 - 1300 ^wlalrhlg .%E 360 - 520&

34

m;% or frda.h ^weka;%elafkdaia frda.h&

wm rf f,dl= EKq j.djkays 1998 h, lkakfha isg olakg ,e we;s ,Sr frda.hls' fuh we;s lrkafka fldf,fg%d%l .a,sfhdiafmdfia iy *shqidh fYaIhg wh;a ,Sr u.sks' jeis iys; ld,.=Khla mj;skg fuu.ska j.djg oreKq ydkshla we;s f' fuu frda.h ksid wiajekakg ish yels ydksh ;SrKh jkafka" j.df jhi iy frda.h me;srS we;s m%udKh u;h' uy lkakfha w. Nd.fha i;H c ksmou i|yd mj;ajd.k hkq ,nk j.djkayg o weka;%elafkdaia frda.h u.ska ;on, ydks we;sh yelsh' frda. ,CIK j.df uq,a wjfha frda.h je<kfyd;a m;% or .efia' fuhg fya;=j by; i|yka ,Sr fojr.hu ls%hdldrS uhs' *shqfiah fYaIhg wh;a ,Sr ksid n,an l=Kq hhs' jevqk j.djl k m;%u; '' 2 - 3 m<, j,dldr me,a, we;s f' fuu me,a, u; l meye;s ;s;a f,i cdKqOdks oel.; yelsh' frda.S m;% h<S uerS hhs' f wdldrhg m;% j, frda. ,CIK ;ka oelsh yels EKq .ia j, n,ano l=Kq f' c ksIamdok j.djkays m;% yd u,a kgq u; frda.S me,a, we;s f' frda.S me,a, yg.;a ia:dkfha u,a kgqj lvd jef' fuhg wu;rj" f,dl= EKq u,a fmdl=frys we;s u,a j,g ^mqIamsld& frda.h je<k g tlS mqIamsld uerS hhs'

35

md,kh ) jI_djg yiq fkdjk m j.dj wdrN lrkak' ) ksfrda.S j.djlska c iy n,azn f;dard f.k j.d lrkak' ) c$n,an isgqug fmr ksrfoaYs; ,Sr kdYlhla u.ska m%;sldr lr isgqjkak' ) j.dfjys frda. ,CIK gq g my; i|yka ,Sr kdYlhl ksrfoaYs; m%udKh c,h ,Sgr 10 iu neska Y%lr j.djg fhdokak' - uekafldfi 80]WP - uefk 80]WP - ;fhda*fk ;hs,a 70]WP - ldfnkavis 50]WP/WG - ;hfnkavfida,a 45]WG - laf,dafrd;ef,dks,a 75]WP .%E 20 .%E 20 .%E 06 .%E 07 .%E 20 .%E 20 15

fudark ,o j.djkays m;% ly mdg n,anhg u|la by<ska ^f.,& lvd jef' j.dfjka 50] jvd je m%udKhla fujeks ;Fjhg m;a jQ miqj b;s me,o" ,E,a,la m%fYfuka me, u; ;o lsrSfuka ;,d.kak' i;s folg muK miq n,an .,jkak' .e,jQ n,an j.d fuysu fyda fjk;a iqiq ia:dkhl fyda w;=rd h<Sug bv ykak' n,an u;g ;o wj fkdjefgkfia ;eug j.d n,d .kak' fuu n,an ;jrg;a mjfka h<d mo lr.kak' tg n,an j, meyeh yd .nvdlr ;nd .ekSf yelshdj jelr.; yelsh n,anfha f., fldgfiys fld< meyeh ke;s Uqre meyehg yerek miqj h<s m;% lmd bj;a lrkak' n,anhg ydks fkdjk m" f., fldgi iq m%udKhla ^w,la muK& b;s lr m;% lmd bj;al, hq;=h' idr:l j.djlska wlalrhlg fu%la fgdka 8)10 jeks idudkH wiajekakla ,nd.; yelsh' j.djg ksrfoaYS; ridhksl fmdfydr j,g wu;rj fyd|ska ldnksl fmdfydr o fhg fuu wiajekak fo.=Khla muK olajd je lr.; yelsh'

- laf,dafrd;ef,dks,a 500 g/l SC ',S

wiajekak fk,Su
me, isgqjd k 80 )100 kg j.dlrkq ,nk m%fNao fndfyduhl wiajekak fk,d .; yelsh' wiajekak fk,Sug i;s 3 lg fmr isg j.djg lD kdYl fhu kj;ajkak' i;s follg fmr isg c, iemhqu w;aysgqjkak'

ldnksl fmdfydr fhfuka wlalrhlg fu%la fgdka 15 - 20

36

.nvd lsu
fyd|ska lr ^f.,& h<sS isyska jQ" .%E 80 )100 fkdje n,an f;dard .kak' fuu n,anj, h<S .sh m;% tlsfkl .eg .id ne| fyd|ska jd;dY%h ,efnk ia:dkhl t,a,d l,a ;nd.kak' l=vd m%udKhl j.dlr we;sg fuu l%uh wkq.ukh l< yelsh'

gr 4'5 ^w 15& ." gr 3'6 ^w 13& m<, .nvdjl fu%la fgdka 2 muK EKq m%udKhla .nvd l< yelsh'

6'

1 1/2'

4'

2'

4'

1 1/2'

je wiajkq m%udKhla we;s g n,an .nvd lr .ekSu i|yd fYaIfhka ilia lrk ,o .nvdjla fhdod.; yelsh' h<s m;% bj;a lrk,o n,an" .nvdf ,S m .id ilia lr.;a ;gq u; w;=rkak' fuys n,an 3 ) 4 g jvd je >klulska we;su kqiqiqh' je ia;r i|yd m%foaYfha lDIslu_ WmfoaYl uy;d yuqjkak'

37

i;H c ksIamdokh
f,dl= EKq j.d msysgqu i|yd fhdod .kakd l meye;s c" i;H c f,i yekaf' oekg fuu c m%Odk jYfhka bkahdj jeks rg j,ska wdkhkh lrkq ,ef' fuu cj, fndfydag me,f Yla;sh j_,h' O m%fNao j, c l,j we;' j.djg .e,fmk m%fNao l,g f,djg ,nd.ekSuo wmyiqh' wmg wjYH c rg ;=,u b;d myiqfjka ksmojd .; yels ksid tuska fuu .eg u yrjd .; yelsh'

.nvd lsu wiajekak fk .i n,an wls%h ;;a;ajhl mj;S' fuh ke;s jkf;la fydka jd;dY%h iys; ia:dkhl fika gr 5 ) 7'5 ^w 2) 3& fkdje >klu iys; ;gqjla f,i n,an w;=rd ;nkak' fufia udi 1 1$2 la 2 la muK .nvd lr ;eh hq;=h'

jika;SlrKh n,an j,ska je u,a m%udKhla yg .kajd .ekSu i|yd fuu ls%hdj,sh jeo.;a f' isgqug i;s 3 lg fmr fikaf.%a wxYl 10 ) 15 muK isis,a WIaKFjhla hgf;a i;s 3 l muK ld,hla n,an .nvd lr ;nkak' l,amsh iy rdmQr hk m%fNao i|yd fuu ls%hdj,sh t;r jeo.;a fkdf' isis,a WIaKFjh ksid n,an ;=, mqIam wxl=r yg.ekSu W;af;ackh f' tksid u,a lsks;s jemqr yg .kS' tfiau u,a yg .ekSuo blauka f' jika;SlrK fkdl< g u,a yg .ekSu tlg is fkdf' tksid c wiajkq fk,d .ekSu wjia:d lSmhl is l< hq;=h'

udia lkakfha i;H c ksIamdokh

oekg wm rf nyq, jYfhka isjkafka h,a lkakfha j.djlska f;dard .;a u n,an foienr ui w. - ckjd ui uq,a Nd.fha kej; isgqjd i;H c ksIamdokh lr .ekSuhs' u n,an f;au j.d lsrSug ksrfoaYs;j we;s fyd| ;Fjfha mj;sk j.djlska tu m%fNaofha ,CIK we;s" .%E 60 ) 80 muK nr n,an f;dard .kak' wlalrhla j.d lsrSu i|yd wjYH c m%udKh fujeks n,an 300 ) 500 lska muK ksmojd .; yelsh'

ia:dkhla f;au ukd c, jykhla we;s fydka ysret<sh ,efnk ire mila iys; N+hla f;dard.kak' idudkH j.djg fuka .eUqrg mi fmr,d md;a;s ilid .kak'

38

fmdfydr fhu md;a;s ilia lrk g tys jr. grhlg fydka rdm;ajQ ldnksl fmdfydr lsf,da .%E 3 - 4 muK ne.ska fhdod mig l<j lrkak' fuhg wu;rj uQ,sl fmdfydr jYfhka c n,an isgqug k 2 muK fmr wlalrhlg ;s%;aj iqmr fmdiafma lsf,da .%E 40 yd hqfha T*a fmdgEIa lsf,da .%E 20 fhdokak'
1 jk u;=msg fmdfydr

isgqu ilid .;a md;a;sj," n,anfhka 2$3 muK mi hgg isk fia isgqjkak' mr;rh fika gr 22'5 22'5 ^w,a 9 9& fyda fika gr 30 15 ^w,a 12 6& fyda fika gr 3022'5 ^w,a 12 9& j,a urokh c, imdokh yd frda. m<sfndaO urokh idudkH fnda.hg fukau is lrkak' fYaIfhkau o me,a, frda.h iy weka;%elafkdaia frda.h je<u j<ld .ekSu i|yd ksrfoaYs; ,Sr kdYl wdrCIdld mshjrla f,i k 10 lg muK jrla ne.sska fhdokak' u,a msfmk wjia:df tk j.djg k 40 muK jQ miqj lD kdYl yd ,Sr kdYl Nd;d l, hq;af;a w;HdjYHu k muKls' ke;fyd;a u,a mrd.kh is lrk lDka kdY f' tfiau fujeks ys;lr lDka j.dj fj; wdlY_kh uo wvq f' u,a iy m;% lk o,Uqjd f.a ydksh j.djg we;sh yels w;r rd;s% ld,fha ,s mkaoula wdOdrfhka j.dj ksrSCIKh lr o,Uqjka w;ska wiq,d oeu l, yel' ishu u,a j, c iEfyk muK fudark f;la j.djg c, imdokh lrkak'

isgqjd i;shlg miq wlalrhlg hQhd lsf,da .%E 20 fhdokak'

2 jk u;=msg fmdfydr

isgqjd k 45 miq tk u,a wxl=rj,ska 80] la muK u;= jQ miq" wlalrhlg hQhd lsf,da .%E 30 yd hqfha T*a fmdgEIa lsf,da .%E 10 la fhdokak' n,an i|yd m%;sldr lsu jika;SlrKh lrk ,o n,an isgqug fmr lemagdka" ;srd jeks ,Sr kdYl djKhl kd 30 muK .s,ajd .kak' fuys i|yka kEu ,Sr kdYlhlska i|ykalr we;s m%udKh" iEu c,h ,Sgr 10 iuu Y%lr djKh ilid .kak' - ;fhda*fk ;hs,a 70]WP - ;srd 80]WP - ;hfnkavfida,a 45]WG - ;fhda*fk ;hs,a 50]+ ;srd 30]WP .%E 18 .%E 20 .%E 15 .%E 25

39

mrd.kh n,an isgqjd i;s 3 la 4 la muK jk g u,a wxl=r u;=ug mgka .kS' u,a msmSug mgka .kakd wjia:df isg ueiaika jeks lDka j.dj fj; wdlrYkh lr .ekSug mshjr .kak' f i|yd j.dj wjg ueis fm lSmhla ;ekam;a lsu" j.dj wjg wdlrYkSh u,a yg .kakd Ydl jr. jeu iqiqh'

iq<x ndOl ;o iq<x usska u,a lvd jef' tksid j.dj jgd iq<x ndOl f,i fjk;a fnda. isgqjkak' tfiau md;a;s jgd ,S isgqjd u,a lvd fkdjefgk m ,Kq wkak' ke;fyd;a wdOdrl f,i isgqjd we;s fldagq j,g u,a ,sys,aj ne| ;nkak' fuhg wu;rj fika gr 4 - 6 m%udKfha fldgq we;s nd, jr.fha ud oe,a u,a wxl=r u;=jk wjia:df fmdf<dj ugf isg whla muK Wiska i lsrSuo l< yelsh'

flfia jqjo u,a msmSfuka miqj lD kdYlhla fhug is jqjfyd;a lD;suj u,a mrd.kh l< hq;=h' f i|yd l=re msydgq fyda ishq fl iys; nqreiqjla u.ska u,a fika ms ukak' tla tla uf,ys mqIamsld je ixLHdjla msmS wjika jkf;la km;du fuh l, hq;=h'

fojk u;=msg fmdfydr fhdok wjia:df n,an wi,g mia oeu usskao u,a lsks;s uq,ska lvd jeu wvqlr .; yelsh'

40

jrIdfjka wdrCId lr.ekSu ;o jrIdfjka u,a j,g ;on, ydks we;sh yelsh' fuh j<lajd .ekSu i|yd jrIdj we;s g iy ;o msks iajNdjhla mj;sk rd;s% ld,j, fmd,s;Skhlska md;a;s wdjrKh lrkak' fYaIfhka u,a fudard we;s g jrIdjg yiqfuka u,aj,u c me, f' c wiajkq fk,Su ckjd ui u n,an isgqjd we;ak wfma%,a ys muK c wiajkq fk,d.; yelsh' tla u,a fmdl=rl we;s l=vd u,a ^mqIamsld& j,ska 10] ) 20] muK mqmqrd" l meye;s c iajk g tjeks u,a" kgqfjka fika gr 30 ^w 1& muK fldgilao iu. fk,d.kak' fuf,i ;=ka jrl muK uq j.dfu u,a fk,d.; yelsh' c ,nd .ekSu fk,d.;a u,a wf h<kak' bkamiq wf;a fmdlr c fjka lr .kak' fuu c fmd,d Y=oaO fldg kej; fydka h<d f;;ukh 6] - 8] muK jkf;la wvq lr.kak' bkamiq fmd,s;Ska nkaj, wiqrd uqd ;nd .nvd lrkak'

wiajekak gr 3 . fika gr 75 m<, md;a;s 8)12 muK ixLHdjl isgqjd .; yels f,dl= EKq u n,an 300)500 muK m%udKhlska wlalrhlg wjYH c m%udKh ^lsf,da .%E 2- 2 1$2& myiqfjka ,nd .; yelsh' flfia jqjo isis,a foaY.=Khla mj;sk Wvrg m%foaYj, me;s jD;j ;nd we;s wdrCIs; .Dy ;=, b;d by< ugf c wiajekakla ,nd .ekSf yelshdjla we;s nj fmfka' tla u n,anhlska idudkHfhka u,a 3)4 muK yg .kS' fuu.ska ,nd.; yels c m%udKh .%E 5)6 muK f' oUq,a, m%foaYfha iuyr j.d lrejka iska wlalr 1$8 ^jr. gr 500& m%udKfha j.djlska c lsf,da .%E 25 )30 muK wiajekakla ,nd .ekSug iu;a ;sf'

wlalr 1$8l j.djlska ls'.%E' 25-30la ....!

41

O f,dl= EKq m%fNao j,g wh;ajk c ksIamdok j.djka tls fklg gr 500 l muK rlska mej;sh hq;=h' flfia jqjo tlu m%fNaohlg wh;a c ksIamdok j.djka lsysmhlaj;a tlsfklg imj ;su u.ska cj, .=Kd;auh jejk nj fidhd.k ;sf'

n,an fydka fudard we;s g fuu j.df wiajekak fjku fk,d.kak' tu n,an w;=ka fydka lr isyskajQ" ksfrda.S .%E 50 lg jvd nka je" m%fNaohg wkql+, ,CIK iys; n,an fjkuu f;dard .kak' fufia f;dard.;a n,an idudkH wdldrhg jika;SlrKh lr B, udia lkakfha isgqjd wjYH c m%udKh ksmojd .kak' fuu ls%hdj,sh lkakhla mdid lsrSu ;=,ska j.df wiajekak yd .=Kd;auh je lr .; yels f'

lkakhla mdid i;H c ksmojkakka i|yd fYaIfhka jeo.;a jk lreKq

B, udia lkakfha kej; jrla c ksIamdokh lsrSu i|yd Nd;d l, hq;= u w, ksmojd .ekSu msi wjYH jk c" fuu udia lkakfha c ksIamdok j.dfjka fjkuu f;dard .kak' f i|yd uf,ys kgqj Yla;su;a u" Yd, u,a yg .ekSu" tla n,anhlska u,a wxl=r 5 - 6 la muK ygf.k ;su" frda. je<u flfrys h m%;sfrda;djhla fmkakq lsrSu jeks fYaI ,CIK .ek i,ld tu u,a fjku fk,d c fjkalr .kak' fuu c m%Odk j.d lkakh jk h,a lkakfha fjku ia:dkhl ;jdka lr fYaI ia:dkhl isgqjkak' f i|yd jr. gr 100 - 150 muK m%udKhla iEfya' fuu fYaI n,an ksIamdok j.df me, isgqh hq;af;a w,a 3 3 jeks wvq mr;rhlsks' j.df fiiq md,k lghq;= idudkH wkaoug is lrkak'

h, lkakfha i;H c ksIamdokh

by; ia;r lr we;s wkaoug foienr - ckjd udij, mj;sk ms iys; YS;, ld,.=Kh ksid c ksIamdokh i|yd kv;a;= lrk f,d;= EKq j.djka yg o mq,a,s frda.h yd fjk;a ,Sr frda. myiqfjka je<h yelsh' tfiau c wiajekak je lr .ekSu i|yd u n,an jikaa;slrKh o l< hq;=h' fujeks fya;+ka ksid f,dl= EKq j.dfjys ksr;jk f.dkaf.ka i;H c ksIamdokhg fhduq we;af;a b;d iq msils' fuu .egj wjfndaO lr .ekSfuka miqj h, lkakfha c ksIamdokh lsrSf yelshdj fidhd ne,Su flfrys lDIslu_ fomdr;fka;=f wjOdkh fhduq ;sf'

42

fuys m%;sM,hla jYfhka oekg islr we;s wOHhk u.ska fmkS f.dia we;af;a foaYShj ksmojQ mQid fr m%fNaofha u n,an h, lkakfha isgqfuka b;d idr:lj c ksmojd .; yels njhs' h,a lkakfha j.djka i|yd omeye mq,a,s frda.h fkdje<u o f.dhdg Yd, myiqjls' f wkaoug j.dlsu msKsi wjYH u n,an" B< jifr h, lkakh olajd tk Tlaf;danr - wfm%a,a olajd .nvdlr ;nd.; hq;=h' f i|yd khsg%cka wvx= ridhksl fmdfydr ^hQhd& wvqfjka iy hyka ldnksl fmdfydr fhd we;s md;a;s j,ska f;dard.;a n,an Nd;d lrkak' hQhd fmfydr jemqr fhu ksid n,anj, .nvdlr ;nd.ekSf yelshdj wvqf' fuu n,an fydka molr jYfhka ilialr jd;dY%h iys; h,s ia:dkhl t,a,d ;nkak' n,anj, m;% bj;alr ;sf k ,E,s ;gqjla u; ;=kSj w;=rd .nvdlr ;nkak' tfia ke;fyd;a rEmfha olajd we;s wdldrfha ,a.eiQ l=vd rdlalhla ilid .;fyd;a u n,an lsf,da.%E 75 la muK tys .nvdlr ;nd.; yelsh' tys we;s n,an j,g uekka jd;dY%h o ,efnk ksid l=Kqu o iEfyk muK uggulska wvqlr .; yelsh' tfiau tjeks n,an yuqjqjfyd;a l=Kqug fmr wdydrhgo .; yelsh'

h,a lkakfha f,dl=EKq c ksIamdokh i|yd ujqn,an .nvd rdlalh

3'

1/2'

{ { { {

1/2'

1'
1/2'

{ {
1 1/2'

1'
1/2' 1/2'

} }

1 1/2'

1 1/2'

fuu rdlalh ksjfiys uq;ekaf.h jeks fydka jk ia:dkhl ;eu uska n,anj, me,u m%udo lr.; yelsh' jk ia:dkhl mj;sk ldnkavfhdlaihs jdhq idkaKh jeu fuhg fya;=jhs' f wkaoug wjidkfha b;sjkafka b;d Wiia .nvdlr ;nd.ekSf yelshdjla we;s n,an muKls' tksid fuu l%shdj,sh lkak lsysmhla fkdlvjd lrf.k hkq ,enqjfyd;a wjidkfha b;d Wiia .nvdlr ;nd.ekSf yelshdjla iys; n,an yg.kakd c ksmojd .ekSugo yelshdj ,ef' h,a lkakfha i;H c ksIamdkh inkaOfhka oekg ,e we;s w;aoelS w;sYhska .kajk iqh' tksid wm rf f,dl= EKq c wjYH;djfhka ie,lsh hq;= m%udKhla f wdldrhg wkd.;fha ksmojd.; yels f hhs n,dfmdfrd;a;= ;eh yelsh'
43

Y%u wjYH;djh
c, imdok myiql hgf;a fylaghdrhl f,dl= EKq j.d lsrSu i|yd wjYH jk Y%uh j.+f laf'

ldrhh

Y%u k .Kk

ish ;jdka lghq;= uQ,sl Y=oaO lsu md;a;s ieliSu me, .e,u" isgqu j,a urokh m<sfndaO urokh c, iemhSu wiajkq fk,Su wiajekak msis lsrSu yd h<Su fjk;a
tl;=j

75 10 150 100 75 25 100 100 40 25

700

lDIs ridhk jHhka ykd.kak

lDkdYl" ,SrkdYl yd j,akdYl j._ fuu m;s%ldfjys wod, ia:dkhkays i|yka lr ;sfnkafka tu jHhkays fmd kdu j,sks' Tnf.a myiqj i|yd tlS jHhkag wod, O fj<| k j,ska ksIamdokh lr wf, lrKq ,nk ksIamd;hkays ks fuys my; i|yka lr ;sf' fuys wvx.= lr ;sfnkafka 2003'12'31 k olajd m<sfndaOkdYl friag%dr iska ,shdmx lr we;s ksIamd;hka muKls' j,akdYl .a,hsf*dfia" 360 g/l SL njrfia 36" ydfl%dia ljqkagr" fvda,a" rjqka wma" irmdia" .,ahsfgda,a" ,diagr" wdfrda" ye%la" .,ahsf*dia" fvda,a" iafg%dahs" mjrfu 36" ma mela" fudikaia" jhsmr isfmflda" .a,hsf*dfia" gvjqka" jhsmawjq" 360" la,Skawjq" rjqkavr" 8-36" .,s.dka" f.da,a 2 X L fldkafg%da,a 240 uelaf,dar" we,laf,dar" ,efida" fr.d,a" fyalaf,dar B'iS' 48]

Tlais*afjdrf*ka 240 g/l EC we,laf,dar 480 g/l EC

44

,SrkdYl

lemagdka" 50] WP ldfnkavis 50] WP ldfnkavis 500 g/l SC laf,dafrd;ef,dks,a 500 g/l SC fldmr 50] WP

lemagdka" lemagdka 50 WP" lemage*a 50 WP njria ldfnkavis" nq, 50" uelavis neiaka FL vefldks,a SC fmrfkdlaia" mka" fm%dfgla" fldfndlaia" vhuka" fy,afudlais WP 50]" fldmr Tlaislaf,darhs 50]WP" pemshka" flda,hs" fldmrfvdia 50]WP, riagd WP 50], iS''iS' 50]WP, fldaihs 101 fvdwelais,a" fvd,a MZ 72 WP, fug,elaia" hqks,elaaia vhskla 80" vhsf;aka M 45" fjdkafvdfi" fmd,sfia" uekafldfi 80]" uekafldfi 80]WP" uekafldfi 80 WP, fya,Sia wef.%dflhdr uekafldfi WP, Wksf;aka" vhskla 80" uekaflda,a" uekafia" uelafi bkafvd*s,a M 45" we.%sflaka M 45" hQflaka" IS,a fmd,srd M, uefk 80 WP, iefk WP 80] *are WP 66]

uekafldfi 64] fug,elais,a 8] WP uekafldfi 80]WP

uefk 80]WP fm%dmsfk 56] Tlailais,a 10]WP fm%dmsfk 70]WP fgnqfldkfida,a 250 g/l EW ;fhd*fka ;hs,a 50] ;srd 30] WP ;fhd*fka ;hsk,a 70] WP ;srd 80] WP

wekag%flda,a 70] WP f*d,slr 250 EW, Thia 25 EW fydaudhs

fgdmaiska M 70" ;fhdaf*ka - M 70 fmdurfida,a f*daf 80 WP, iafldama

45

lDkdYl gd ihs*a;s%ka 25 g/l EC ldn,a 85] WP ldfnd*shqrdka 3] GR nq,afvdla EC 025 fika 85]WP" ldn,a 85 WP, ka" ieka 85 WP" uelajqia ldfnd*shqrdka" fmdf,drdka" ;d*vdka" hqfrld" *skafl ldfnd*shqrdka" *shqrvdka 3G, njria ldfnd*shqrdka 3G, l=frgr 3]G" lagr 300" njqkair grfkagr 3]G udI,a 20 SC wegfn%dka 5 EC ihsrka 20" uelaf*dia mhsfklaia 20 EC, laf,dandka cQfvda 40 EC, hqksfmdia 400" f,daianEka 40 EC, ,SfvdnEka" iSfmdia 40 EC, mhsuela" fudfmdia 40" laf,darmhsfmdia" fldudkafvda" fkdlshd" mgdia" mhsnEka" gdIs,a 40 EC, mhsfklaia 400 ihsrka 40" bkaisneka fvisia iQrhd 5]G, niqka 5G niqka 50 EC, iQrhd 50] EC, vhisfkdaka 50 EC, vhfida,a 50 EW iqiska ma,ia" iqiska iqmr f,nhsis EC 050 iqf*ka 20 EC cka 50 SC weuhr SL 200 wenqIa 25 EC fgdl=;fhdaka EC 50] le,smafida SC 240

ldfndi,a*dka 200 g/l SC laf,dar*atiqfrdka 50 g/l EC laf,darmhsfmdia 200 g/l EC

laf,darmhsfmdia 400 g/l EC

fv,agdfu;ska 25 g/l EC vhisfkdaka 5] GR vhisfkdka 500 g/l EC vhisfkdaka 500 g/l EW tiaf*kaje,fr 75 g/l EC f*ka;sfhdaka 50 g/l EC f*kaje,fr 200 g/l EC *smafrdks,a 50 g/l SC bvlaf,dams% 200 g/l SL mrfu;s%ka 25 g/l EC fm%d;sfhdfmdia 500 g/l EC ;hlaf,dams% 240 g/l SC

46