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SIF
SIF: SIF is define as the ratio of the maximum stress intensity to the normal stress, calculated by the ordinary formula of mechanics. It is used as a safety factor to account for the effect of localized stress on piping under a repetitive loading. In piping design this factor is applied to weld fittings branch connection, and other piping components where stress concentrations and possible fatigue failure might occur. Usually experimental methods are used to determine these factors.
In some cases different editions of the same code provide different SIF for a given component. The way that the SIF are applied to moment loading is also different for different codes. The B31.1 and ASME section iii codes require that the same SIF be applied to all the three directional moments while the B31.3,B31.4,B31.5and B31.8 require that different SIF be applied to the in plane and out plane moments with no SIF required for torsion.
SIF:
and intersection components so that the effect of geometry and welding can be considered in a beam analysis. Stress Intensification Factors (SIFs) form the basis of most stress analysis of piping systems. The stress intensification factor is used in a pipe stress analysis as shown in the equation below:
Expanding the terms gives the following equation using the SIF:
Why we use S I F.
Classical pipe stress analysis programs use piping beam elements that are constrained to the limitations inherent with beam elements. For example, beam elements do not capture the effect of ovalization where the cross section of the pipe deforms away from the unloaded round geometry. To compensate for the limitations, correction factors are applied to the beam models to more closely match the flexibility and stresses of the pipe to reality. The correction factors, flexibilities and stress intensification factors (SIFs), are based on analytical and empirical relations correlated to piping component geometries. The accuracy of the correlations depends on the geometries of the piping components.
The geometrical parameter h characterizes the ability to ovalize of an elbow. But end effect may inhibit ovalization of the cross section. Moreover pressure , by inducing a stabilizing term in the rigidity matrix decreases both flexibility and maximal stress of the bend. These two effects will be the principal matter of study. In short we can say that for elbow adjacent straight parts and internal pressure inhibit ovalization of the cross section .
MOMENT IN BENDS
B31.3 CODE
for sustained and occasional loads an SIF of .75i, but not less than 1.0 may be used. This setup directive allow the user to enter their co-efficient the default is 1.0. to comply with this interpretation the user would interpretation the user would enter 0.75. b31.3 code interpretation 6-03 dated December 14, 1987 permitted users to ignore the stress intensification for sustained and occasional loads. To comply with this interpretation, the user would enter 0.0.
Stress intensification factors are calculated automatically for bends and defined intersection as specified by the applicable piping code. The user may enter specific stress intensification factor for any point in the piping system by activating the SIF and tees check box on the piping spread sheet. The node number where the stress is to be intensified is entered in the first available node field, and the in plane and out plane stress intensification factors are entered in the SIF(i) and the SIF(O) fields, respectively. The only exception is that users cannot specify SIFs for bend elements (unless the allow users bend SIF directive is activated in the configuration file) code defined SIFs always apply. CAESAR II will not allow user- defined stress intensification factors to be less than 1.0. The node to be intensified must be the TO or the FROM node on the current element. CAESAR II will not calculate stress intensification factors for intersection having more than three piping framing into it.
The user is not permitted to override code calculated stress intensification factors for bend element (unless the user bend SIF directive is activated in the configuration file). This characteristic allows the user to apply code- calculated intersection stress intensification factors to dummy legs without disturbing the normal bend stress intensification factors. The node on dummy leg that is also on the bend curvature, is defined as an intersection on the intersection SIF scratchpad. The intersection stress intensification factors will be calculated and can be applied to the dummy leg end that connects to the bend. Bend stress intensification factors are unchanged. Stress intensification factors can be calculated for intersection having one, two, or three pipes framing into it. Where two pipes from a partial intersection ,CAESAR II assume that the larger pipe is the header and smaller the branch.
SIF SCRATCHPAD
The stress intensification factors calculated by CAESARII can be viewed interactively from the pipe spreadsheet by selecting either the KAUX- Review SIFs at intersection node menu item or the KAUX- REVIEW SIFs at bend node menu item. One of the following SIF SCRATCHPADS will appear after typing in the node number to review when prompted. Note that the node must be a valid bend node when reviewing SIF at bends. At this point the user may interactively change any of the spreadsheet data and recalculate the SIF. This feature allows the user to see the effect that changing geometrics and properties have on code stress intensification factors.
for 1<D/d<1.3
@1=(28.3*D/d) +2.9
for D/d>1.3
@ = @1/2 for concentric reducers. @= @1 for eccentric reducers. where @=cone angle in degree D, d = mean diameter of large and small ends of reducer respectively. d2,t2= outside diameter and thickness of small end of reducer, respectively.
SIF APPROH
In this method ,the local stresses are not evaluated directly but are indirectly accounted for by applying a SIF to the general piping stresses. The SIF approach has the following limitation. applicable to some specific configuration Only not applicable to irregular shape. The SIF approach is applicable in the following situations. 360 FULL WRAPPER PLATE This configuration is no longer a load stress problem. A SIF of 2.1 or 1.3 can be applied depending on the applicable code. 180 WRAPPER PLATES RODABAUGH. component I = 2.1 for the run pipe out of plane bending moment component I = moment component 1.3 for the run pipe in plane bending THE FOLLOWING SIF ARE RECOMMENDED BY I = 4.2 for the run pipe torisional moment
USE SCHNEIDER
This directive activates the Schneider reduced intersection assumption. It was because of observation by Schneider that much of the work on WRC 329 WAS STARTED. Schneider pointed out that the code SIFs could be in error when the d/D ratio at the intersection was less than 1.0 and greater than .5 .In this d/D range of the SIFs could be in error by a factor as high as 2.0. Using the SCHNEIDER option in CAESAR II results in a multiplication of the out of plane branch stress intersection by a number between .5 and 1 for B31.3 and other codes that do not differentiate between IN and OUT of plane SIFs. The multiplication will be used for the single stress intensification given.
Some piping code include torsion in the sustained and occasional stress by explicitly including it in the stress equation (i.e b31.1),and some dont include torsion in the sustained and occasional stresses by implicitly calling for longitudinal stresses only (i.e b 31.3). Setting the add torsion in SL stress directive CAESAR II to include the torsion term in those codes that dont include it already by default.
In sustained analysis of a very hot piping system subject to creep, it is recommended that the user include torsion in the sustained stress calculation via this parameter in the setup file.