Ch.

8: Cc cm bin dng trong o lng

8.1.Cm bin o v tr v s dch chuyn.
8.2.Cm bin o tc .
8.3.o nhit bng in tr.
8.4.o nhit bng cp nhit in.
8.5.o nhit bng diod v transistor.
8.6.o nhit bng IC.
8.7.o nhit bng thch anh.
8.8.Cm bin o vn tc cht lng.
8.9.Cm bin o lu lng cht lng.
8.10.Cm bin o v d mc cht lng.
8.1.Cm bin o v tr v s dch chuyn
Nhng cm bin ny rt thng dng. Mt mt, do vic kim sot v tr,
s dch chuyn rt quan trng trong vic hiu chnh hot ng cc my
mc, my cng c chng hn. Mt khc, mt s i lng vt l c
o t s dch chuyn nh chi tit th nghim, nh lc, p sut, gia
tcC 2 phng php :
Ph. ph.1 thng c dng. Cm bin to ra tn hiu gn lin vi v tr
ca mt trong nhng thnh phn ca cm bin lin kt c kh vi i
tng di ng, tng tr cm bin ph thuc c tnh hnh hc hoc kch
thc cm bin. l cc cm bin: Bin tr o lng, in cm hay
in dung c li di ng.
Ph. ph.2 t thng dng. Cm bin to ra mt xung ng vi mi ln i
tng di chuyn. Nhng cm bin gi l gii hn 2 u c c trng
bi khng c s lin kt c kh vi vt m thay vo l 1 trng (t
trng, in trng, tnh in) m cng ghp ph thuc v tr tng
i gia vt v cm bin, xc nh p ng ca cm bin.
8.1.1.Cm bin dng in tr
1.Bin tr o lng: a.Dng hnh hc: Nh hnh trn.
Bin tr thng:R(l) = (l/L)R
n
;Bin tr gc: R()=(/
M
)R
n
.
Trong : Bin tr vng
M
<360
0
; Bin tr hlice
M
>360
0
.
1
R()
R
n
c)
3
L
1
2
R(l)
R
n
l
0
a)
e
e
M
2
1 3
R(e)
R
n
b)
b.in tr
c cu to bi dy qun hoc dng mng
(piste). Dy in tr phi nu nhng c tnh sau:
H s nhit ca in tr sut, sc in ng
nhit, n nh tinh th. Nhng hp kim thng
c dng: Ni-Cr, Ni-Cu, Ni-Cr-Fe, Ag-Pd. Dy
qun c thc hin trn vt liu cch in (thy
tinh, gm hoc nha), dy qun c lp v cch
in. in tr mng c cu to bi mt ming
nha ph lp than dn in hoc lp oxyd kim
loi, kch thc ht kim loi vo khong 10
-2
m.
in tr R
n
c gi tr t 1k n 100k v c th
t n vi M.
2.Bin tr khng c con chy dng c
H. Bin tr con chy dng quang v bin tr gc loi t
8.1.2.Cm bin dng in cm
1.Nguyn l v c tnh tng qut: S dch chuyn m ta mun bin i
thnh tn hiu in c thc hin nh mt trong nhng phn t mch
t, ko theo s thay i t thng cun dy. Khi phn t di chuyn l mt
li st, mt s chuyn i s dch chuyn thng hay quay trn c
thc hin bi:
S thay i h s t cm hay s thay i ghp gia cc cun dy s
v th cp to nn 1 s thay i in p th cp.
Khi cun dy quay trn so vi 1 cun c nh th 1 cun gi vai tr phn
cm, cn cun kia l phn ng n tc ng nh 1 bin p c ghp
thay i. Nhng thay i h s t cm v h cm M theo s dch chuyn
ca li st thng c s tuyn tnh km, ci thin ta b tr 2 cun dy
theo cch mc push-pull. Cm bin in cm c ngun cung cp l tn
hiu sin, c tn s thng gii hn c hng chc kHz. Nhng cm bin
in cm nhy vi nhng t trng nhiu nn cn c mng bo v t.
2.in cm thay i
a.Mch t c khe h khng kh thay i: Nh hnh trn.
in cm cun dy: L =
0
N
2
S(1/(l
0
+l
f
/
f
)); Trong :

0
: t thm khng kh; N: S vng dy qun cun dy; S: Tit
din mch t; l
f
, l
0
: Chiu di trung bnh ng sc trong li st v
trong khng kh;
f
: t thm tng i ca vt liu st t.
b.Cun dy c nng di ng
H.8.7.Cun dy c nng di ng H.8.8.2 cun dy mc push-pull.
in cm L ca cun dy c nng di ng :
) ) ) ) . J
f f f f f f f
l l l S S S k l S l S
l
N
L + + + = . 1 2 1
0 0 0
2
2
0
Q Q Q
3.Bin p vi sai
Vi; L
2
= L

2
+ L

2
v R
2
= R

2
+ R

2
.
. J
. J . J
2 ' ' '
2 1
2
2 1 1 2 2 1
1
' ' '
)) ( ) ( ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) (
x M x M L L R R L R L j R R R
e x M x M R j
v
i i
i
m

!
[ [
[
4.Microsyn
Cun dy s cp c cung cp tn hiu sin e
s
c bin
ti a khong vi chc vn v tn s di 10kHz.Tn hiu
thu c cun th cp:
v
m
= 4asint ; ( gc dch chuyn b)
Hnh 6.11: Nguyen tac cau tao Microsyn
5.Bin tr in cm
S cp c cung cp i
1
= I
1
cos(t+); cun dy th cp
thu c in p c bin E
2
= M
0
I
1
cos; (:Gc lch
gia 2 cun dy, v tr ban u =/2 ).
Ta t: = +/2 nn E
2
= M
0
I
1
sin . Suy ra:
E
2
= M
0
I
1
, (i vi gc dch chuyn nh);
8.1.3.Cm bin dng in dung
1.Nguyn l v c tnh tng qut: y l nhng t in
dng phng hoc dng tr m mt trong nhng bn cc di
ng dn n s thay i in dung. i vi t phng: C =

0
A/D. i vi t in tr:
C= 2
r

0
l/Log(r
2
/r
1
).
Trng hp t in phng: S dch chuyn trong mt mt
phng song song vi mt bn cc c nh: A thay i, D
c nh. S dch chuyn trong mt phng thng gc vi
bn cc c nh: D thay i, A c nh.
Trng hp t in tr: l thay i dc trc.
Nhng cm bin in dung c lu bi cu to n
gin, cho php thc hin cm bin chc chn. in mi
s dng thng l khng kh.
2.T in c tit din thay i
a.T in n: in dung thay i tuyn tnh theo s dch chuyn x:
C(x) = K.x.
i vi t in xoay: K =
0
r
2
/360.D, x = : .
i vi t in tr: K = 2
0
/Log(r
2
/r
1
), x = l: m.
b.T in i vi sai: C
21
= C
0
(1+x/X); C
31
= C
0
(1- x/X); Vi KX = C
0
, X =
L/2 (L chiu di bn cc di ng i vi t in tr),
X =
M
/2 (
M
: gc to t tm ca bn cc di ng i vi t in
xoay).
3.T in c khong cch thay i
y l nhng t in o s dch chuyn thng.
a.T in n: C(d) =
0
A/(D
0
+d).
b.T in i: C
21
= C
0
/(1-(d/D
0
)); C
31
= C
0
/(1+(d/D
0
));
Vi:
0
A/D
0
= C
0
.
8.1.4.Cm bin o s dch chuyn
gii hn 2 u
Loi cm bin ny c c trng bi s khng c lin
kt c kh gia cm bin v vt chuyn ng, m bng s
lin kt ca mt trng c lin h vi v tr tng i ca
vt chuyn ng.
Trng cm ng t i vi nhng cm bin t tr thay
i, hiu ng Hall i vi vt liu khng t.
Trng in t i vi nhng cm bin dng in
Foucault.
Trng tnh in i vi nhng cm bin in dung.
Nhng u im ca cm bin o s dch chuyn gii hn
2 u: Bng thng rng, tin cy ln.
Nhng iu bt li: Khong o nh (c mm), hot ng
khng tuyn tnh.
1.Cm bin t tr thay i
in p th cp c dng khng tuyn tnh khi cun s cp
c cung cp tn hiu sin, bin tn hiu thu c: V
m
= V
m0
/(1+ax)
2
; x: Khong cch gia i tng v cm
bin; V
m0
: Ph thuc vo t thm, dng hnh hc v
kch thc i tng.
2.Cm bin dng in Foucault
in tr cun dy s cp gia tng:
R
1eq
= R
1
+ M
2

2
R
2
/(R
2
2
+L
2
2

2
).
in cm cun dy s cp gim:
L
1eq
= L
1
- M
2

2
L
2
/(R
2
2
+L
2
2

2
).
3.Cm bin hiu ng Hall
Hnh 8.19.Nguyn l hiu ng Hall.
in p hiu ng Hall: V
H
= K
H
IB
N
/e.
Hng s Hall K
H
= -1/qn; q: in tch m in t, n: Mt
m in t, B
N
: Thnh phn t trng theo trc z.
8.2.Cm bin o tc
Trong cng nghip, o tc quay thng gp. Trong trng hp o
vn tc dch chuyn thng ta thng quy v vic o vn tc quay trn, v
th cc cm bin o tc thng l cc cm bin o tc gc. Trong
cng nghip, cc cm bin dng o tc quay da trn nh lut
Faraday, l cc tc k loi in t. Khi cc chuyn ng c tnh
tun hon nh chuyn ng quay trn chng hn, vic o tc c th
bt u t vic o tn s, l cm bin o dch chuyn gii hn 2 u
m cm bin o t cch i tng mt khong cch thay i tun hon
v tn hiu thu c c tn s bng hoc l bi s (tu theo cu to ca
i tng) vi tn s chuyn ng. Loi tc k ny gi l tc k
loi xung. Trong trng hp nhng chuyn ng rt chm, v d gc
quay km hn 1 /1 gi, nhng phng php trn khng th p dng
c, khi ngi ta c th dng hi chuyn k Laser m nguyn tc
da trn s khc bit bc sng gia 2 sng t ngun Laser truyn
theo 2 chiu ngc nhau trong mt mi trng chuyn ng quay trn
v c th hin trong giao thoa k.
8.2.1.Cm bin o tc gc loi
in t
1.Tc k in t DC: Nh hnh trn.
Sc in ng thu c 2 u c gp:
E = pn
0
/2a ; p: S i cc; : vn tc gc; a: S
ng qun song song; n: S dy dn.
2.Tc k in t AC
a.My pht ng b: Gm 2 loi 1 pha v 3 pha.
Sc in ng thu c stator c dng: e = Esint. Vi: E
= K
1
; = K
2
; K
1
,K
2
ph thuc vo cu to my; : vn
tc quay ca rotor.
b.My pht khng ng b
Cun kch t c cung cp in p v
e
= V
e
cos
e
t. Cun dy o thu
c: e
m
= E
m
cos(
e
t+); Vi E
m
= KV
e
. Gc lch pha khong vi
. Khi rotor khng quay s xut hin 1 in p b (gi l in p
lch c mV) 2 u cun dy o, do cng ngh ch to khng hon
ton i xng: S khng i xng ca rotor hoc s b tr 2 cun
dy khng hon ton thng gc .
8.2.2.Tc k in t o tc thng
Trng hp s dch chuyn thng tng i ln, vic o vn tc
thng c qui v vn tc gc. Trng hp vn tc dch chuyn b
mt cm bin in t c hnh thnh nh 1 nam chm v 1 cun
dy, 1 trong 2 thnh phn ny c nh, thnh phn cn li c ni
vi i tng di ng cn xc nh vn tc. Sc in ng thu c
t cun dy: e = 2rnBV = lBV. Trong : r: Bn knh cun dy; n:
S vng dy qun cun dy; V: Vn tc dch chuyn; B: T trng
to bi phn cm.
8.2.3.Tc k loi tn hiu xung
S dng chi tit th nghim thng l 1 i c gn ln
trc quay cn xc nh vn tc gc. i thng c cu
to c dng tun hon, thng c chia lm p phn
bng nhau, mi phn c nh du mang mt c tnh
nh: l, rng v.v. Mt cm bin c t i din vi chi
tit th nghim, phn tch s phn t nh du i ngang
qua ng thi to ra mt tn hiu xung tng ng. Tn s
f ca tn hiu xung: f = pN (Hz). Vic chn cm bin c
gn lin vi loi vt liu lm i quay cng nh phn t
nh du trn i. iu li ca tc k loi xung l: Cu
to n gin, chc chn, bo qun d dng. Mt khc, n
khng to nn ting n, nhiu k sinh, hn na vic bin
i thnh tn hiu s rt n gin.
a.Cm bin t tr thay i
a bng vt liu st t c mang hnh p rng, p rnh. Cun dy c
t i din vi i cho php 1 t thng i qua n to ra t 1 nam
chm thng trc. Nh th cun dy s c sc in ng cm ng
m tn s t l vi vn tc quay. ln sc in ng thu c ty
thuc vo khong cch gia cun dy vi i v cn t l vi vn tc
quay. i vi nhng vn tc b, ln sc in ng thu c qu
nh ta gi l vng cht khng th o c.
b.Tc k quang hc
Gm 1 ngun sng + thu knh v 1b phn phn tch quang loi
diod hoc transistor quang. i quay c trang b nhng phn trong
sut v ngn sng xen k nhau. B phn phn tch quang nhn c
mt lng sng c iu khin bng a quay, s to nn tn hiu
c tn s t l vi vn tc quay, cn bin c lp vi vn tc.
Khong o vn tc ph thuc s phn t nh du trn a, bng
thng ca b phn phn tch v mch in i km.
c.Cm bin dng in Foucault
Trong cm bin ny, i quay bng vt liu khng
t tnh nhng dn in v c mang p rng, p rnh.
Cun dy c in cm L l 1 phn t ca mch
dao ng sin. Ta bit khi a 1 thanh kim loi n
gn cun dy th c tnh L v R cun dy thay
i, iu ny dn n s tt ca mch dao ng.
Nh th khi i quay, mi ln i a phn rng
n i din vi cun dy s lm tt mch dao
ng v iu ny c th phn tch c. Tn hiu
thu c c tn s t l vi vn tc quay v bin
ca n khng ph thuc vo vn tc ny, nn
khng c vng cht v thng dng o vn tc
b.
8.3.o nhit bng in tr
8.3.1. nhy nhit: Mt cch tng qut gi tr in tr ty thuc vo nhit
T: R(T)=R
0
.F(T-T
0
). R
0
: in tr nhit T
0
v hm F ph thuc
vo c tnh ca vt liu, c gi tr l 1 khi T=T
0
.
i vi in tr kim loi: R(T) = R
0
(1+AT+BT
2
+CT
3
); T tnh bng
0
C, T
0
= 0
0
C.
i vi nhit in tr bng oxyde kim loi: R(T) = R
0
.exp(B(1/T-1/T
0
)); T:
nhit tuyt i (
0
K).
Vi s thay i nh T ca nhit chung quanh gi tr T, s thay i in
tr c th c tuyn tnh ha:
R(T+ T) = R(T).(1+
R
T); Vi
R
= (1/R(T))dR/dT l h s ph thuc
nhit ca in tr hay cn gi nhy nhit nhit T,
R
ty
thuc nhit v vt liu. V d 0
0
C i vi platine
R
= 3,9x10
-3
/
0
C.
S thay i in tr theo nhit v nguyn l lin quan n s thay i
in tr sut v kch thc hnh hc ca in tr. Ta c:
R
=
l
.
Trong phm vi s dng c 10
-3
/
0
C trong khi
l
c 10
-5
/
0
C nh vy
trong thc t
R
.
8.3.2.in tr kim loi
Hnh 8.1.Cc in tr mu bng bch kim
Ty thuc vo nhit o m ngi ta chn vt liu thch hp, ngi ta
thng s dng in tr bng bch kim, nickel v i khi bng ng
hay tungstne.
Bch kim: C th cu to rt tinh khit (99,999%) iu ny cho php ta
bit c c tnh in ca n mt cch chnh xc. Thng s dng
nhit -200 n 1000
0
C.
Nickel: u im l nhy nhit rt cao, nickel chng li s oxyde ha,
thng c dng nhit <250
0
C.
ng: c s dng v c tuyn rt tuyn tnh. Tuy nhin d b oxyd
ha nn khng s dng nhit >180
0
C, v v in tr sut b nn
khi dng m bo c gi tr nht nh, chiu di dy phi ln gy nn
cng knh, bt tin.
Tungstne: nhy nhit ca in tr ln hn bch kim khi nhit
cao hn 100
0
K v n thng c s dng nhit cao hn bch
kim vi tuyn tnh hn bch kim. Tungstne c th cu to di dng
nhng si rt mnh cho php ch to in tr cm bin c tr s ln,
nh vy vi tr s in tr cho trc, chiu di dy s gim thiu.
8.3.3.Nhit in tr
Loi in tr ny c nhy nhit rt cao, vo khong 10 ln in tr
kim loi. Mt khc, h s nhit c gi tr m v ty thuc vo nhit .
Chng c cu to t hn hp cc oxyde kim loi nh: MgO, MgAl
2
O
4
,
Mn
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
, CO
2
O
3
, NiO, ZnTiO
4
.Nhng oxyde kim loi bn dn
dng bt c nn li di p sut v c nung ln nng chy nhit
khong 1000
0
C v sau rt vo cc khun ri ngui hnh thnh
cc dng : a, tr, nhn..Cc vt liu c in tr sut ln cho php ch
to nhng in tr o c kch thc in tr b (c mm), kt qu: in
tr c kch thc b cho php o nhit chnh xc. Mt lng calo b
khin cho vn tc p ng cao. S n nh ca nhit in tr ty thuc
vo vic ch to v nhng iu kin s dng. Dng in tr kn hay
dng c v bc cho php che ch chng li s n mn ha hc. Nhit
s dng t vi tuyt i n li 300
0
C. Trn th trng nhit in
tr c tr s t 500 n vi chc M 25
0
C.
8.3.4.in tr silicium
Loi in tr bn dn ny c phn bit vi nhit in
tr bi nhng im sau:
H s nhit ca in tr sut c gi tr dng vo
khong 0,7x10
-2
/
0
C 25
0
C v s thay i theo nhit
ca h s nhit rt b, iu ny cho php ch to cm
bin c tnh tuyn tnh cao.
Phm vi s dng trong khong -50
0
C n 120
0
C, cc in
tr ny thng l loi bn dn N c ch to bi
phng php cho khuch tn cht khc vo tinh th n
cht silicium.
Vic kim sot cc thng s n nh tr gi in tr cho
php gim thiu sai s di 1% so vi danh nh. S thay
i theo nhit ca in tr sut ca silicium ph thuc
vo cch ch to v nhit .
8.4.o nhit bng cp nhit in
8.4.1.c tnh tng qut: Mt cp nhit in gm 2 dy dn A v B
c cu to bng vt liu khc nhau, ti im ni chung ca chng
c nhit T
2
, v 2 u cn li c nhit T
1
s xut hin sc in
ng nhit in (cn gi sc in ng Seebeck l kt qu ca
hiu ng Peltier v Thomson) c ln ph thuc vo vt liu A v
B cng nh s sai bit gia T
2
v T
1
. T
2
l nhit mi ni chung (
cn gi l mi ni o) l nhit T
c
t c khi t mi ni chung
trong mi trng nghin cu c nhit T
x
. Mi ni chun c nhit
T
1
c gi khng i v bng T
ref
.
2 1
/
T T
B A
E
Cp nhit in c cu to vi kch thc b, n cho php o nhit
chnh xc, s lng calo ca cm bin c thu nh cho php
vn tc p ng nhanh. Ngoi ra, tn hiu c to ra di dng sc
in ng m khng cn to ra dng in chy qua cm bin nh
vy trnh c hin tng t nng cm bin. Tuy nhin, n c
im bt li l trong khi o, nhit mi ni chun phi bit r, tt c
s khng chnh xc ca T
ref
s dn n s khng chnh xc cu T
c
.
Cp nhit in c cu to bi cc kim loi hoc hp kim khc
nhau v c khong o t -270
0
C n 2700
0
C, p ng ca cp nhit
in khng tuyn tnh khi nhit thay i ln, tnh khng tuyn tnh
c th hin qua cng thc sau:
E: Tnh bng V; T:
0
C; s phn t a
i
cng nh gi tr ca
n ph thuc vo cp nhit in v nhit o. Hoc n gin ta c
th s dng cng thc gn ng:
E = C(T
2
-T
1
)+K(T
2
2
T
1
2
); C, K l cc hng s.
nhy : l 1 hm theo nhit v thng khng

!
!
!
n i
i
i
i
T a E
0
c
C T
B A
c
dT
dE
T S
C
0
0
/
) ( !
vt qu 60V/
0
C
8.4.2.Cch s dng v lp t cm bin
1.Cch thc hin v bo v: Cn trnh nhng sc in ng k sinh trong
khi mc dy cm bin hoc do cu to khng ng nht ca cm bin
lm thay i c tnh nhit in ca cm bin. Nhng s khng ng
nht trong cu to c 3 nguyn nhn chnh:
Lc p c kh c c do s sp xp hoc do s cng dy, thng c
th loi b c nh s nung li.
Nhng tc ng ha hc: Hai dy dn phi c che ch chng li mi
tc nhn c th tc ng n chng, c bit iu ch vt liu phi tinh
khit.
Nhng tia bc x ht nhn gy ra nhng chuyn i trong vi hp kim
cp nhit in.
Phn hn mi ni cp nhit in phi c th tch gim thiu nhm trnh
nhng im c nhit khc nhau ti mi ni. Ba k thut hn c s
dng: Hn thic (cp nhit in loi T), hn t sinh bng gi (thng
s dng) v hn in.
2.Nhit chun
Ta bit rng sc in ng nhit in ph thuc vo s sai bit nhit
T
c
v nhit chun T
ref
, xc nh T
c
ta cn phn bit 3 trng
hp:
T
ref
gi nguyn khng i 0
0
C: Vic o sc in ng nhit in
cho php ta xc nh ngay nhit T
c
nh s dng bng c tnh
ca cp nhit in s dng.
T
ref
khng i nhng khc vi 0
0
C: Khi nhit mi trng thay i
ln, trong cng nghip ngi ta chn T
ref
khng i v ln hn nhit
mi trng. Bng cch s dng bng c tnh ca cp nhit in
s dng ta bit c , khi o sc in ng nhit in ca
cm bin, ta s tnh c:
t xc nh c T
c
.
T
ref
bng vi nhit mi trng: Khi bit trc nhit mi trng
T
a
ng thi tin hnh o sc in ng nhit in ca cm bin
nhit T
c
, t xc nh T
c
nh sau:
C T
B A
ref
E
0
0
/
C T
B A
T T
B A
C T
B A
ref ref c
c
E E E
0
0
0
/ /
0
/
+ =
C T
B A
T T
B A
C T
B A
a a c c
E E E
0 0
0
/ /
0
/
!
Trong trng hp ny cn c mch b nhit chun T
ref
(thay i
theo nhit mi trng) to nn in p
thay i t ng theo nhit mi trng (H.a). in p V(T
a
) c
c nh s dng nhit in tr R(T
a
) c gi nhit mi
trng v c mc vo cu Wheatstone DC. Cu ny cho php b
nhit khi nhit mi trng thay i xung quanh 0
0
C. Cc tr gi
R
0
, R
0

, R
0

c chn lm sao c:
C T
B A a
a
E T V
0
0
/
) ( !
C T
B A a R a
a
E T
R R
R R R
E T V
0
0
/
2
0 0
0 0 0
) (
) (
) ( =
+

= e
3.Phng php o
Hai phng php thng s dng o sc in ng
nhit in:
S dng millivn k c ni tr ln: Nh hnh trn. Gi R
t
l in tr cp nhit in, R
l
l in tr dy ni, R
v
l in
tr millivn k. kt qu o chnh xc ta cn phi c: R
v
>> R
t
+ R
l
.
Phng php bin tr: c trnh by phn 2.4, cho ta
kt qu chnh xc hn phng php millivn k
4.Dy b
Ngi ta lp t s dng chiu di dy dn cp nhit in ngn
nht, trong cc trng hp sau:
Trnh lm t dy dn cp nhit in khi m iu kin o s dng
dy dn cp nhit in rt mnh, khi ngi ta t xen k gia cp
nhit in v mch o cc dy A

v B

cng loi vi cp nhit in v

c tit din ln hn m khng lm thay i sc in ng nhit in
to ra bi cp nhit in.
V l do tit kim, khi dng cp nhit in c gi thnh cao nh Pt-
Rh/Pt gim gi thnh, ta ni thm vo cc dy dn khc loi vi
cp nhit in nhng c c tnh bit trc: l dy b m khng
lm thay i sc in ng nhit in to ra bi cp nhit in. iu
kin: Cc mi ni A/A

v B/B

c cng T
2
; Cc cp A

/B

v A/B c
cng sc in ng nhit in T
2
.
8.5.o nhit bng diod, transistor
8.5.1.c tnh tng qut, nhy nhit: Cc diod, transistor c mc
nh diod c cung cp dng in thun I khng i nh hnh a v
b, in p V 2 u cc ca chng ty thuc vo nhit , iu ny
c th xem nh tn hiu i ra t cm bin ty thuc vo nhit .
nhy S = dV/dT vo khong -2,5mV/
0
C v khng hon ton c lp
vi nhit , ci thin s tuyn tnh ta dng 2 transistor c cch
mc nh hnh c. nhy ca diod v transistor ln hn cp nhit
in. Phm vi o nhit t -50
0
C n 150
0
C, trong khong ny c
tnh in ca cm bin rt n nh.
8.5.2.S lin h in p v nhit
H.8.6:Cm bin transistor o nhit . a.So snh sai s tuyn tnh
transistor vi in tr bch kim v cp nhit in. b.Mch o.
1.Diod hay transistor mc nh diod:
V = V
1
T/T
1
+V(1-T/T
1
)+mKT/q.Log(T
1
/T); V: cao vng cm, i vi
silicium c tr gi 1,12V; m: Thng c tr gi gn bng 3; K: Hng s
Boltzman; T:
0
K.
2.in p sai bit gia 2 transistor: V
d
= KTLogn/q; Vi n = I
1
/I
2
8.6.o nhit bng IC
K thut vi in t cho php ch to nhng mch kt gm
nhng transistor ging nhau c s dng lm cm
bin hon ho o nhit da vo vic o s khc bit
in p V
BE
di tc ng ca nhit . Cc cm bin ny
to ra dng in hoc in p t l vi nhit tuyt i,
vi tuyn tnh cao, li th ca n l vn hnh n gin,
tuy nhin phm vi hot ng gii hn t -50
0
C n 150
0
C.
V d cm bin IC AD 590.
Cm bin ny to ra mt dng in thay i tuyn tnh
theo nhit tuyt i, c dng o nhit trong
trng hp dng dy dn vi khong cch xa. S n
gin v cu to cm bin nh hnh 8.8.
H.8.8: Cm bin o nhit dng IC AD 590. a.S nguyn l;
b.Mch o nhit ; c.Mch b tr
8.7.o nhit bng thch anh
Mt ng dng c in ca thch anh l thc hin b dao
ng c vng ln, tn s dao ng ch ph thuc vo
nhit . Bn thch anh c phng tinh th nh trc
c trng cho s thay i nhit nh hng n tn s
dao ng .
Khi dng lm cm bin o nhit , bn thch anh c
phng tinh th lm cho tn s dao ng thay i gn
nh tuyn tnh vi nhit ca bn thch anh. Cm bin
ny rt chnh xc v nhy, mt khc vic xc nh nhit
dn n vic m tn s c li do:
Vic o rt chnh xc.
Vic chuyn i ra dng s rt d dng i vi thng tin
lin quan n tn s.
8.7.1.Cng hng c ca thch anh
H.8.9.Tinh th thch anh: a.Dng tng qut. b.Tit din thng gc vi
trc quang.
Tinh th thch anh SiO
2
c dng lng knh 6 mt, cu trc ca n c
nhng c tnh vt l c th c trng bi 3 nhm trc:
Trc quang Z ni lin nhng im nh ca tinh th v trong mt
phng thng gc vi trc Z:
Ba trc in X, X

, X

mi trc ni lin hai nh i din ca hnh lc

gic.
Ba trc c Y, Y

,Y

mi trc thng gc vi hai cnh i din ca hnh

lc gic.
Hnh 8.10: a.Lc ct X. b.Lc ct AT.
Bn thch anh c th xy ra cc dao ng c lin quan n cc loi
bin dng khc nhau: S ko di ra, un cong, ct. Tn s dao ng
c xc nh bi dng hnh hc, kch thc, phng tinh th ca
bn thch anh : Trong :
c: ln n hi, ph thuc phng tinh th; : Trng lng ring ca
thch anh; l: kch thc bn thch anh theo phng truyn dao
ng; n: S nguyn, 1<n<5.
Bn thch anh vi lc ct X gi l mu Curie: f
1
= 2860/e v f
2
=
2860/l; f:kHz; e,l b dy v b rng ca bn tnh bng mm.
Bn thch anh vi lc ct AT: Tn s dao ng f = 1675n/e; n s
nguyn5.
V / c
l
n
f !
Vi nhng lc ct khc tn s dao ng c lun t l nghch vi mt
trong nhng kch thc ca chng. Cc in cc cho php t in
p vo bn dao ng, n c cu to bng thanh kim loi t tip
xc vi bn dao ng.
Chung quanh tn s cng hng c, v phng din in bn thch
anh c biu th bng 1 lng cc nh hnh trn. ln L,C,R ph
thuc c tnh hnh hc, c kh v tinh th bn dao ng. L t vi H
n 10
4
H; C t 10
-2
pF n 10
-1
pF; R t vi k n vi chc k . C
0
l in dung ca cc in cc kim loi c gi tr t 1 n 100pF, t s
C/C
0
c gi tr t 10
-2
n 10
-3
. Lng cc ny c th c 2 tn s
cng hng:
Cng hng ni tip ca nhnh L,C,R:
Cng hng song song gia C
0
v nhnh L,C,R
LC
f
s
T 2
1
!
)) / ( 1 /( 2
1
0
C C LC
f
p
+
=
z
8.7.2. nhy nhit
H.8.12. nhy theo nhit ca thch anh c lc ct LC.
S thay i nhit ko theo s thay i kch thc, trng lng ring
v h s n hi ca bn dao ng, kt qu:
Mt s thay i tn s cng hng c:
Mt s thay i cc tr gi L,C,R c trng ca bn dao ng v
phng din in. Mt cch tng qut:
f(T) = f
0
(1+aT+bT
2
+ dT
3
); T:
0
C. Nn f/f
0
= aT+bT
2
+dT
3
vi f = f(T) -
f
0
; Cc h s a,b,d ty thuc lc ct bn dao ng. Vi lc ct LC
cc h s b v d bng 0. nhy nhit ca tn s cng hng l
mt hng s: S = f/T = af
0
.
V / ) / ( c l n f !
8.7.3.Mch dao ng dng bn thch anh
H.8.13: a.S nguyn l mch dao ng. b.Mch dao ng n gin
dng thch anh.
Mch dao ng sin c cu to gm mt mch khuch i v mt
mch hi tip. A: li mch khuch i;
a
: gc lch pha to bi
mch khuch i; : T s hi tip, t s tn hiu u vo v u ra
ca mch khuch i;
r
: Gc lch pha to bi mch hi tip. iu
kin Barkhausen cho mch dao ng:
v
a
+
r
= 2
1 . u F A
8.8.Cm bin o vn tc cht lng
Phng php o vn tc cht lng thng c o 1 cch gin tip bi
vic thc hin thng da trn:
c tnh vt l ca chi tit th nghim.
Mt hiu ng vt l m vn tc cht lng l mt trong nhng thng s v
hiu ng xy ra i vi chi tit th nghim.
Chi tit th nghim c th c cu to bi cht lng cn o hoc chi
tit th nghim l 1 phn t to nn cm bin. Khi chi tit th nghim l
chnh cht lng cn o, vn tc cht lng c xc nh bi: p xut
ng; Hiu ng Doppler xy ra vi ngun laser hoc ngun siu m. Khi
chi tit th nghim l 1 phn t ca cm bin t trong cht lng, vn
tc cht lng c xc nh bi c tnh vt l:
Nhit v in tr ca mt si dy t nng c cung cp ngun
DC.
Vn tc quay ca mt chong chng.
8.8.1.Tc k loi cng hay thanh in tr un nng
Ngi ta t trong vng cht lng di chuyn, mt thanh hoc mt
cng in tr c un nng nh hiu ng Joule c nhit cao
hn dng chy, s xy ra s trao i nhit. Vic trao i ph thuc
c tnh vt l, vn tc cht lng v khong sai bit nhit gia
in tr v cht lng. Nhit cn bng ca in tr cm bin c
xc nh do vic o in tr cm bin, n tng ng vi cng sut
Joule tiu tn v do vn tc ca dng chy c xc nh. Kim
loi dng cm bin c h s nhit in tr cao, trong cht kh ngi
ta dng mt si bch kim hoc tungstne mnh, trong cht lng cm
bin l tm bch kim mng t trn cy hnh tr cch in v c v
bc.
8.8.2.Tc k dng cnh coupelles v hlice
Loi tc k ny c thit k nh bnh xe nc, gm mt chi tit
th nghim mang nhng cnh dng coupelles hay dng cnh hlice,
n s quay di tc ng ca dng chy. Vn tc quay V ca chng
chng (c o bi thit b o vn tc thch hp) t l vi vn tc U
cht lng.
1.Tc k dng coupelles: Nhng coupelles c dng na tri cu
rng, vi s lng 3 hay 4 ty theo kiu, mi ci c gn trn mt
nhnh ca trc quay. t trong vng chy, cc coupelles s quay
di tc ng ca h s ko c gi tr ph thuc vo dng chy tc
ng vo mt no ca hnh bn cu rng. U = kV.
2.Tc k loi hlice
Trc quay ca tc k hlice c t song song vi
vn tc dng chy. Trong trng hp khng k n s
trt, ta c th vit: U = hN. Trong :
U: Vn tc dng chy, N: Vn tc quay ca hlice, h: hng
s.
8.9.Cm bin o lu lng cht lng
8.9.1.Lu lng k in t: T trng c ln t10
-3
n 10
-2
Tesla,
c to nh 2 cun dy t 2 bn dy o bng vt liu khng
nhim t, mt trong dy o c ph mt lp cch in chng li s
n mn do s di chuyn ca dng chy. Hai in cc thu tn hiu
c t 2 u ng knh thng gc vi ng sc. Hai cun
dy c cung cp dng in AC, tn hiu thu c c dng: e =
UDB
0
cos(t+). Bin tn hiu t l vi UD c mV v c ly ra
nh b hon iu ng b.
8.9.2.Lu lng k c kh vi b bin i tn hiu in
Mt chi tit th nghim c t trong thit b o cho php cht lng
di chuyn s to nn s chuyn ng ca turbine ( rotor turbine)
hoc s dch chuyn ca phao (phao ni ca rotamtre, palette). Mt
cm bin thch hp, cm bin o tc quay trong trng hp u,
hoc cm bin o v tr trong trng hp th hai to ra tn hiu t l
vi lu lng.
1.Lu lng k dng turbine: Nguyn tc ging nh thit b o vn tc
c chong chng quay dng hlice. Dng chy s ko turbine quay
trn v trn trc quay c t thit b o vn tc quay trn N t l lu
lng Q: Q = kN
2.Rotamtre
c cu to gm 1 phao ni nh t trong mt b phn hng dn
dng cn theo chiu thng ng. Phao ni t v tr cn bng mt
mt di tc ng ca lc y Archimde v lc ko, mt khc do
trng lng ca n:
gV + C
x
SU
2
/2 =
0
gV; Trong : V,
0
: Th tch v khi lng ring
ca phao; U, : Vn tc v khi lng ring cht lng; C
x
: H s ko;
S = D
0
2
/4: Tit din phao; g: Gia tc trng trng.
V tr ca phao t l vi lu lng cn o: Q = kZ.
3.Lu lng k Palette
Di tc ng thy lc ca dng chy s y pa lt ln nhiu hay t
ph thuc vo lu lng , ngoi ra pa lt cn chu tc ng ca trng
lng v lc chiu hi ca l xo. V tr cn bng ca pa lt ph thuc
vo lu lng v c bin i ra tn hiu in nh mt bin tr c
trc quay c gn vo pa lt. p ng c th tuyn tnh hay khng
ph thuc vo mch bin i tn hiu. iu li ca loi ny l cu to
n gin, chc chn.
8.9.3.Lu lng k loi khi nhit
Thit b o l loi cm bin c cu to bng mt ming kim loi
mng, ng knh nh, bn ngoi ming kim loi ngi ta t 1
in tr un nng v i xng v 2 phi in tr c t 2 cm bin
o nhit tng ng T
1
v T
2
. Khi lu lng bng khng T
1
= T
2
,
khi c lu lng T
1
gim T
2
tng, sai bit T t l vi Q. Cm bin
o nhit c th l 2 cp nhit in hoc 2 nhit in tr mc vo 2
nhnh cu o Wheatstone.
8.10.o v d mc cht lng
Vic ghi nhn lin quan n mc cht lng c th thc hin di hai hnh
thc: vic o lin tc hoc vic thm d n thun.
Trong vic o lin tc, mt cm bin v mch bin i to ra tn hiu
in m ln hoc tn s gn lin mc cht lng trong bn cha. Bt
k lc no ngi ta cng c th bit c chnh xc th tch cht lng
hin c hoc th tch cn c th cha c cht lng.
Trong vic thm d mc cht lng, ta b tr thit b thm d, bao gm
cm bin to ra thng tin kp biu hin mc cht lng, t hay khng t
so vi mc cht lng nh trc. Thm d mc cao cho php vic
ngng cho thm cht lng, trnh s trn y. Thm d mc thp dn
n ngng chnh xc m bo s khi lng cht lng d tr ti thiu.
Vic d mc cao v thp ca cht lng cho php thc hin thm vo
hay ly ra mt lng cht lng mt cch t ng.
8.10.1.Phng php thy tnh
Kt qu c c do vic b tr thit b o hot ng lin tc theo
cao mc cht lng, khng ph thuc vo c tnh in nhng ph
thuc vo khi lng ring ca cht lng.
H.a. Mt phao ni gn lin vi cm bin o v tr nh h thng puli v
dy cp, to ra tn hiu in gn lin vi mc cht lng.
H.b. Mt tri chm c cao gn bng mc cht lng cc i, gn
lin vi cm bin o lc, cm bin chu tc ng ca 1 lc ph thuc
vo chiu cao h ca cht lng: F = P gsh.
Mt cm bin o p sut vi sai c t y bnh c p sut P.
Cm bin c chi tit th nghim dng mng, s bin dng ca chi
tit th nghim c bin i thnh tn hiu t l vi h.
8.10.2.Phng php in
1.Cm bin o dn in: Ch s dng i vi cht lng dn in,
khng n mn, khng c trng cho tnh cch in. u d c
cu to bng 2 in cc hnh tr, mt trong 2 in cc c th
bng bnh cha (bng kim loi). u d c cung cp in p AC
c tr s thp (khong 10V).
o mc cht lng, u d c t theo phng thng ng v
chiu di chung h ca in cc thay i theo mc cht lng. Dng
in to ra c ln t l vi chiu di in cc nm trong cht lng,
gi tr ny ph thuc dn in cht lng.
d mc cht lng, ta t in cc ngn theo chiu ngang tng ng
mc cht lng. Dng in c bin khng i xut hin khi mc
cht lng t n v tr u d.
2.Cm bin o in dung
Khi cht lng l cht cch in, mt t in c hnh thnh gia 2
in cc, hoc gia 1 in cc v v bnh cha bng kim loi. Mi
trng in mi bao gm cht lng trong khong 2 in cc chm
trong cht lng v khng kh phn in cc bn ngoi. Vic gn
in cc o hoc d mc cht lng cng ging nh trng hp
o dn in. Ngi ta thng s dng phng php ny khi
r
>2. Trng hp cht lng dn in, ngi ta ch s dng 1 in cc
c bao ph bng vt liu cch in, ng vai tr in mi ca t
in v bn cc cn li c hnh thnh do s tip xc vi cht lng
dn in.