TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY-

RAYMOND AND BEVERLY SACKLER FACULTY OF EXACT SCIENCES

SCHOOL OF MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES

" 


2 '

"

S. Lang, Algebra, Third edition, Addison-Wesley

http://www.tau.ac.il/jarden/Courses/field.pdf

 , .1

. , .1

R- ,( )  (+)

: 

:1.1

: 

a, b R a(b + c) = ab + ac
.a, b R (b + c)a = ba + ca
. 

1 R :

a R a1 = a = a1- 1 R

) .

(.

1 = 1 1 = 1

1 = 0 ;1 6= 0 ) 0 = {0} . F

Mn (F ) ,Z[ 5] ,R ,Q ,Z/nZ ,Z

:1.2

R=0

.(

a, b R , R
.

a0 = 0 = 0a

()

(1)a = a

()

.

:1.3

R = {aR| s R, as = sa = 1}

:1.4

a, b R ab 6= 0 a 6= 0, b 6= 0 : 1 6= 0  ( )

.

0 6= a F

(0) = 0

0 6= 1  F

) 

R0 R

, . 

F r {0} F

: R S

. " 
.

:1.6
.

(1) = 1

1 R0 - R - 
:1.7

.

k 7 [k]

.

S
2

Z Z/nZ

0 : R 0 S

()

:1.8

S0 = (R0 )

()

 , .1

R0 - R

 .

0 : R 0 S 0
.

.R[X] =

nX
i=0

: R S

,"

( ) 

ai X | 0

ai R

()

:1.9

P


P
i
= i=0 a(i +bi )X i
ai X i +
i=0 ai X

P

P
P
i
i
.
= i=0 a(i bi )X i 
i=0 ai X
i=0 ai X
P
a .(' X = 1X 1 -) , 0 = i=0 0X i ;

i=0

R R[X]

aX 0

deg f = max{i| ai 6= 0}

.
:

f 6= 0

deg 0 = : f R[X]

deg(f g) deg f + deg g , deg(f + g) max{deg f, deg g}

{Xi | i I}

  , 


Y
M = { Xini |

ni 0}

 ,

iI

R[Xi | i I] = {
,

  .

) 

M M

aM M |

M M aM M +

f 7 f (a)

ni
iI Xi =

i
iI Xi

M M bM M =

R[X] R

M M (aM

aR

0, R R ; 2Z Z

: R S

I1 + I2 = {x1 + x2 | x1 I1 , x2 I2 } , I1 I2

,

:1.9

X 7 a - R

a R, x I

:1.10

ax, xa I -

:1.11

. ,

+ bM )M

,

.

.(

n +ni

i
iI Xi

, aM R}

(x) := {ax| a R}

xR

I1 , I2 R
P
cI = {cx| x I} , I1 I2 = { xi yj | xi I1 , yj I2 }
.

c R -

1
/ I -  I - . I 6= R
3

 , .1

R 0, R - R 6= 0 R . R

[a][b] = [ab] ,[a] + [b] = [a + b] :  , R/I

[b] = [b ] ,[a] = [a ]

.,

R I

. 

a 7 [a] : R R/I
-

a a , b b I

, 

R/I

R/I

:1.13 

, 

. .

I Ker

.( )

[ab] = [a b ] ,ab a b = (a a )b + a (b b ) I

. 

: 

:1.12

(ab) = (a)(b)

: R S

; I = Ker " , . = - :
R/I S

 .

, .

. 

:1.14 

. 

([a][b])

=((a)(b))

= ((ab))

= (ab) = (a)(b) =
= ((a))

((b))

= ([a])

([b])

R/I

"

J 7 1 (J)

:1.15

R- I

bI

R/I

R/I

()

:1.16

I 6= R I

I 6= R I

a I ab I

()

()

:1.17

.2.15 ,2.12 ()

()

. ()

:1.18

. ,

:1.19

 , .1

R .F

a
K = { | a, b R, b 6= 0}
b
R F

R K - K

R ,

ab = a b (a, b) (a , b ) :R (R r{0})

(1)

(2)

(3)

. 

(4)

K -

(5)

R K -

(6)

R 1.8

(7)

[(a, b)]

a
b

. 
." 

(X)
| f, g R[X], g 6= 0}
{ fg(X)

a 7

a
1

R[X]

:1.21

R 

R[X, Y ]
= R[X][Y ] . R n - 

:1.22

  .2

.  .2
.

a = b .pa = pb- 0 6= p R- ab, p R

:(

R 

2.1

a b = 0 .p 6= 0 ,p(a b) = pa pb = 0

R- (PID) R
.

f I

:2.2

:2.3 

r, q F [X] .g 6= 0 ,f, g F [X] :

.f = gq + r,

 .

F [X] . F

(g) I

. .

deg r < deg g

(1)

0 6= g I

F [X]- 0 6= I

f = gq (g) .r = 0 ,r = f gq I ,(1)

Z ( )
a, b R

()

a | 1  a

()

a | a2 a | a1 a2 -  a ,a 6= 0 a

()

a2 a = a1 a2 -  a ,a 6= 0  a

()

. 

a | a1

a1

:2.5

u ,a 6= 0 ) b = au- u R a | b

.(  ,

:2.4

: 

(b) (a) b (a) a | b

(')

(a) = R  a

(')

0 6= (a) a

(')

{(b)| 0 6= (b) 6= R, b R}  (a)  a

(')

.
.
.

(1) )

a1 R

a2
/ R ,a = a1 a2
.(')

(a) 6= R ,(a) 6= 0

()

(a1 ) = R (a1 ) $ (a) 0 6= (a) 6= R (

.

() :(')

0 6= a, b R

:2.6

u R r R , b = au (b) $ (a)  . u R ,b = au a | b, b | a (a) = (b)

(1)

(2)

a ()-() au u R

  .2

a a

(3)

a . R

(4)

(a) = (b) a b

(5)

.

(a)

(a)

.

:
.

a = bv ,b = au- u, v R

u R

()  :

u R

a = a1 u

,(1)  .

a1 | a1 a2 = a

a | a1

b = au a | b, b | a

, ,

a | a1 a2

, , ,

a2 = u R

.
.

0 6= (a)-

1 = uv

(1)

a = a(uv)

a = a1 a2

 .

(3)

u R

.(') ; (') ,

(4)

.1.18 (3)-

{pi }iI

R = F [X]

{pi }iI

 (5) 
.  

0 6= a R .R-  {pi }iI :2.7

Q
mi

,a = u
a  ()
.0 , {mi }iI - u R
iI pi
. 

0 6= a R (UFD)  R

()

:2.8

{pi }iI

()

a  a  R

()

.

R . R

:2.9 

i I

) 

a0 = a1 a1 -

a1

bR

a0

a1 , a1 R r R

a0 , a1 , a2 , . . .

a0

a0

, .( ,

0 6= a R-

 ,

(a0 ) $ (a1 )

 .

R-

a0 = upi -

   ,

:

u R -

a1 , a1 -

2.6(1)  .

(a0 ) $ (a1 ) $ (a2 ) $ -

S
S
.b (aj )- j b
j (aj ) . j (aj ) = (b)-

(b) (aj ) $ (aj+1 ) $ (b)

.

j (aj )-

.

0 6= a R .

  .2

pj | a = u

,
.

pj
/ R

v R

iI, mi 1

i
pm
i ,

pj | u

mj 1 pj | a . a = u

. 

pj
/ R , pi

pj

iI

pj

i
pm
i

,2.6(4) 

v R pi = pj v .pj | pi - mi 1- i I

mj 1 .I

i=j

 ,

. , 

pj

pi pj

i
=a=v
pm
i

mj

mj = nj

:

pni i

(3)

iI

iI

mj 1 ,

j I

mi , ni 0, u, v R

pj - (3) ;nj 1  ,mj 1 .nj = 0  ,mj = 0

,u

mj 1

i
pm
i pj

=v

n 1

pni i pj j

iI
i6=j

iI
i6=j

mj 1 = nj 1 
Q
Q
mi
.u = v (3) .
= iI pni i ,
iI pi
mj = nj

.

iI

mi ni

a | b . a = u

iI

i
,b = v
pm
i

Pn
(a1 , . . . , an ) = (a1 ) + + (an ) = { i=1 ai bi | bi R}
a1 , . . . , an

(. ,..) .

Z - F [X] . F
Q

iI

pni i

a1 , . . . , an R

:2.10

:2.11

:2.12

d gcd(a1 , . . . , an ) ) a1 , . . . , an R d R

:2.13

d | d d | a1 , . . . , an - d R ,d | a1 , . . . , an

(d) (d ) a1 , . . . , an (d ) ,a1 , . . . , an (d)

(a1 , . . . , an ) (d)

.
.

d=

:2.14

(d) = (d ) d gcd(a1 , . . . , an ) d gcd(a1 , . . . , an )

gcd(a1 , . . . , an ) 6= , R
Q
n
gcd(a1 , . . . , an ) , aj = uj iI pi ij ,
.

d, d , a1 , . . . , an R

minj (nij )

iI

pi

()
()

  .2

gcd(ca1 , . . . , can ) = c gcd(a1 , . . . , an ) , c R -  R

()

(d) = (a1 , . . . , an ) d gcd(a1 , . . . , an ) R

()

ai bi - b1 , . . . , bn R d gcd(a1 , . . . , an ) - R

()

.
.

d=

. ()

.2.11  ()


caj = vuj

mi +nij

iI

.cd = v

pi

mi +minj (nij )

pi

=v

iI

c=v

minj (mi +nij )

P
(d) = (a1 + + an ) = { j aj bj | bj R} (),()

n = 2 bi

R[X] . F

1 gcd(a0 , a1 , . . .)

(.

cf

c R -  f

) .

f =

.

ai X i R[X]

:2.15

:2.16

p ai - i  p R ,()2.14

.    

pR
p

fg =

k ck X

,

,()2.8  . (

i, j )

caj

gcd(ca1 , . . . , can )

pi

 ,

() ()
,()  .

iI

i
pm
i

iI

f =

ai X i , g =

j bj X

p ai , bj -

R[X]
ai , bj

:2.17

.

p ai bj

ci+j = (a0 bi+j + + ai1 bj+1 ) + ai bj + (ai+1 bj1 + + ai+j b0 )

p  p  ,p-

f R[X]

ai X i F [X]

f = cp -  p(X) R[X] - c F

:2.18

()

()

c gcd(a0 , a1 , . . .) , . c R .()- c f R[X]

()

0 6= f (X) =

c /c R

p (X) R[X] - c F
af R[X]-

f = c p

0 6= a R

()

p = a0 /c + a1 /cX + R[X] ,1 gcd(a0 /c, a1 /c. . . .) ,()2.14  .gcd(a0 , a1 , . . .)

.

f = cp .

  .2

gcd .c, c R .c /c R

c /c R

c gcd(a0 , a1 , . . .) R

,() 

cp = c p

()

(c) = (c ) 

 ()- ()

c gcd(a0 , a1 , . . .) , .(c) = (c )  ,c R ,c/c R

f1 , f2 R[X] .f1 f2 R[X]- f1 , f2 F [X]

ci

p1 p2

f1 f2 = (c1 c2 )1 (p1 p2 )

,2.17  .

f1 , f2 R[X] ,c1 , c2 R

.
.
.

fi = c1
i pi

fi - . pi R[X]- ci F

,()2.18  ,

:(

2.19

ci R

c1 c2 R

(c1 c2 )1 R

(R[X]) = R

()

:2.20

R -  a R[X] -  a . 0 6= a R

()

1 f R[X]

()

F [X] -   f

R[X] -  f

pi

f1 , f2 R r{0} .a = f1 f2 - f1 , f2 R[X] ,0 6= a R

deg fi = 0 ,deg f1 + deg f2 = deg(a) = 0- .deg fi 0 fi 6= 0 ,

.  .
.

fi R

,  ,

(R[X]) R ,a = 1  ()

fi R[X] , .fi R[X] fi R .a = f1 f2

. .

.

p R[X] ,0 6= c R
.

,

f -
p2

p1

p1 p2

fi = ci pi

R[X]-

, ,

,() 

()

c ,R[X]-  p-

f = f1 f2 -

,2.17  

R[X]- 

fi (R[X]) fi R

,()2.18  .

c (R[X]) = R

c1 c2 R

f = cp

pi R[X] ,ci F

.()2.18  ,
)

()

f1 , f2 F [X]

p1 p2 - ,f = c1 c2 p1 p2

i = 1, 2

f - .c1 c2 R ,deg(p1 p2 ) 1- R[X]- 

F [X]-  f1 = c1 p1 - .F [X]-   .R[X]- 

f = f1 f2 -

, .

R- f

f1 , f2 R[X]

F [X]-

 

f1 R

deg f1 = 0

f R[X]

.

10

F [X]-

, ,

R[X]-  f

,


f1 R

R[X]  R

f1

,

:2.21 

  .2

 
.

fj = cj pj -

{fj }jJ

R-  {ri }iI

pj R[X]- cj F

jJ

F [X]-

.
.

R[X]-  = {ri }iI {pj }jJ

u (R[X]) = R f = ug - g  f R[X]

deg f > 0 .f R , ,deg f = 0

.

u = ccj F ,f = upj

f = cfj - c F - j J
u R

. .

j J

iI

f 6= uri

(1)

F [X]-  f

(2)

,

pj

F [X]- .0 6= f R[X]
Q
mj
mj

.c =
.f = c
F
jJ rj
jJ fj - ,c F - (
Q
m
ni 0 i I .c 6= 0 , .c R ,().18  , iI pj j
Q
ni

c = u
ni , mj 0 .u R
iI ri - ( )
Q
mj
ni Q

.u R
f = u
r
i i
jJ pj -

mj 0

u R

,

Q
mj

,f = c
jJ pj

.

R[X1 , . . . , Xn ] , R

:2.22

R[X1 , . . . , Xn ]
= R[X1 , . . . , Xn1 ][Xn ] - ,n
.

F [X1 , X2 ]  . F

:2.23

11

  .3

 .3

Sn

R = A[X1 , . . . , Xn ]   Sn

: 

n X = {X1 , . . . , Xn } .  A

am X1m1

m=(m1 ,...,mn )

Xnmn

m=(m1 ,...,mn )

{X1 , . . . , Xn }

am (X1 )m1 (Xn )mn

1(f ) = f - (f ) = ( )(f ) f R- , Sn

,  .

Sn

RR

(f ) = f

f R 

f 7 (f ) . Sn
.

()

:3.1

:3.2

f 7 1 (f ) ,

A R  ()

, s1 =

Xi Xj =

i<j

, s3 =

:3.3

Xi

, s2 =

;  ()

Xi Xj

{i,j}
|{i,j}|=2

Xi Xj Xk =

i<j<k

Xi Xj Xk

{i,j,k}
|{i,j,k}|=3

...
.sn = X1 X2 Xn
.

i<j (Xi

Xj )2 ,X1m + + Xnm

 ()

:  .    .  ()
. 

g(s1 , . . . , sn ) , g R
.

1 , . . . , n A

:3.4

(X 1 ) (X n ) =
X n s1 (1 , . . . , n )X n1 + s2 (1 , . . . , n )X n2 + + (1)n sn (1 , . . . , n )
12

  .3

0 6= a A :f

w(f ) deg(f ) .0 6= f R

:3.5

deg(aX1m1 X2m2 Xnmn ) = m1 + m2 + + mn

w(aX1m1 X2m2 Xnmn ) = m1 + 2m2 + + nmn
()

(w(f ) ) deg(f ) ,f 6= 0
.

w(0) = deg(0) = , .f

nN

0-

n- ()

:3.6

n, N - (f )- deg(f ) ;f R = A[X1 , . . . , Xn ] A[X1 , . . . , XN ]

deg g(s1 , . . . , gn ) w(g) .g R ()

m1 + 2m2 + (am 6= 0 ) g - am X1m1 Xnmn

m1 + 2m2 + + nmn d

f R

w(g) d- d ,

mn
1
am sm
1 sn

+ nmn d

deg g(s1 , . . . , gn )-

f = g(s1 , . . . , sn ) - w(g) d - g R . d f R
.

w(g) = deg g = d .s1 = X1

R0 = A[X1 , . . . , Xn1 ] R

g=f

n = 1 .n
n1

:3.7 

(f )0 = f (X1 , . . . , Xn1 , 0) R0

(!) .

R R0

f 7 (f )0

()

f R

()

(sn )0 = 0- X1 , . . . , Xn1 -  (s1 )0 , (s2 )0 , . . . , (sn1 )0

()

;
.(
.

Sn1

R0

(f )0 R0
.

d = deg g

n .d >   .g = f

f A ,d 0

( ()  )

(1)

, f

g0 R 0

= g0 (s1 )0 , . . . , (sn1 )0 = g0 (s1 , . . . , sn1 ) 0

.w(g0 ) deg(f )0 deg f d

.

deg g0 (s1 , . . . , sn1 ) w(g0 ) d ,()3.6  . g0 (s1 , . . . , sn1 ) ,()3.3 

f = f g0 (s1 , . . . , sn1 ) R
13

  .3

f -

Xn | f

f1 R

f (X1 , . . . , Xn1 , 0) = (f )0 = 0 ,(1)

d > dn

f = sn f1

,(

(f1 ) = f1
.

X1 Xn | f

 .

X2 , . . . , Xn | f

sn (f1 ) = sn f1

Sn

w(g1 ) d n- ,f1 = g1 (s1 , . . . , sn )- g1 R

f = g0 (s1 , . . . , sn1 ) + sn g1 (s1 , . . . , sn ) = (g0 + Xn g1 )(s1 , . . . , sn )

w(g0 + Xn g1 ) d-
.

. - ,

deg g 0 .deg g

, 0 = g(s1 , . . . , sn )
R0

Xn -

. -

:3.8 

n = 1 .n

= g (s1 )0 , . . . , (sn1 )0 , 0 = (g)0 (s1 )0 , . . . , (sn1 )0

, .

g1 (s1 , . . . , sn ) = 0

g = 0 . g(s1 , . . . , sn ) = 0 - g R

g(X1 , . . . , Xn1 , 0) = 0 ,n

sn g1 (s1 , . . . , sn ) = 0

g1 R

g = X n g1

g = Xn g1 = 0 .g1 = 0 ,deg g1 < deg g

w(g) d , . f = g(s1 , . . . , sn ) - g R . d f R

:3.9 

.3.8   .3.7  

14

  .4

 .4

1 , ,K

K/K0 - K0

) [K : K0 ] = dimK0 K

K/K0

( ) .
.

A K

AK

:4.1

K0

.(

K0

. :4.2

( )

(n) = n1K =

.(

, .

K0 K

(0

: Z K

:4.3

:4.4

n = 0
n1K
n > 0
n(1K ) n < 0
n

(Z) F-

}|
{
z
(.n := + +
K

(.

F = (Z)
= Z/pZ = Fp

Z/pZ

(Z)
= Z/pZ

. 

 (

L1
=K L2 ) K

L1 , L2

()

SL

K(S)) K[S] .S

.(

L/K

()

:4.5

:4.6

(a) = a-
. :4.7

L ( )

, K[S] = {f (z1 , . . . , zm )| f K[X1 , . . . , Xm ], m N, z1 , . . . , zm S}

n f (z , . . . , z ) 
1
m 
K(S) =
 f, g K[X1 , . . . , Xm ], m N, z1 , . . . , zm S,
g(z1 , . . . , zm )
o
g(z1 , . . . , zm ) 6= 0
15

()

Fp - )

aK

p>0

char(K)

char(K)  p .p 0

Q- ) .F
= Q ,(Z)
= Z .p = 0
(.

: L1 L2

n N- K

Ker = (p) = pZ- p Z , Z- .(Z)

: .

  .4

K(S)

K(1 , . . . , n )- K[S] K[1 , . . . , n ] ,S = {1 , . . . , n }

 f ()

.K() =
g() | f, g K[X], g 6= 0 ,K[] = {f ()| f K[X]}

L = K(1 , . . . , n )- 1 , . . . , n L  L/K -

L = K()- L

L/K -

C = R( 1) ,  C/R , Q(, e)/Q

.
.

L 6= 0

g =

,()1.17 

(p)

 ) 

 ,(

:4.9 

p(x) = 0 - L = K[x] = K(x) , L . x = X + (p) L L = K[X]/(p)

: K(x) K() K - , p() = 0 - K

p K[X]

:4.8

ai X i K[X]

K()

. ;

,(4)2.6  ()

K K[X] L

()
()

,"

.K[x] K(x) L
.L K
P
P
P
i
i
i
,g(x) =
i ai x =
i ai (X + (p)) =
i ai X + (p) = g + (p)

.L = {g + (p)| g K[X]} = {g(x)| g K[X]} = K[x]

p(x) = p + (p) = (p) = 0- L = K[x] = K(x)

g=

ai X i

K[x] = {g(x)| g K[X]} ,4.7  : ()

P
P
P
i
i
i
. (g(x)) = (
i ai x ) =
i (ai )(x) =
i ai = g() K[X]
i

,"

(f ) = f ()

 .

: K[X] K() K -

  

."

L-

(p) ker

0 6= f K[X]
K

X 7

(p) = p() = 0

(X) =

: L = K[X]/(p) K()

.K() , K
L

L L/K

.

L/K

:4.10

;f () = 0-

.  f 7 f () : K[X] L
Ker 6= 0

16

  .4

K L L/K

:(

4.11 

irr(, K)   .Ker = (p)- p K[X]

()

()

f () = 0 .f K[X]

()

K() = K[]

()

n = deg p ,K() = {a0 + a1 + + an1 n1 | a0 , a1 , . . . , an1 K}

()

.
.

p|f

.
.

K K() 1, , . . . , n1 , .[K() : K] = n = deg p

()

: K() K() K - p() = 0- K K()

()

.
.

,(1)2.6  .

Ker = (p)- p K[X] 2.3   . Ker K[X] ()

.
.

p " .u (K[X]) = K

p = up (p) = (p )

p ,(4)2.6  . (p) ,1.17  . K[X]/(p) ()

p|f

.
.

f Ker = (p) f () = 0 ()

x = X + (p) : K[X]/(p) K()   ()

.

K() = (K[X]/(p)) = ({g(x)| g K[X]}) = {g()| g K[X]} = K[]

f = pq + r

f K[X]

= f ()

K[]

,

()

= p()f () + r() = r() .deg r < n- q, r K[X]

f = a0 + a1 X + an1 X n1

K()

1, , . . . , n1

,()  ()

a0 + a1 + an1 n1 = 0- a0 , a1 , . . . , an1 K

a0 = a1 = = an1 = 0 .f = 0 deg f < deg p .p | f

f () = 0

,()  .

: K[X]/(p) K() ,: K[X]/(p) K() K -   ()

. 

. ,

K L L/K

:(

x = X + (p)

4.12 

f (X) 7 f () K[X]
=K K[]

K(X)
=K K()

()

K K[] 1, , 2 , . . . , .[K() : K] =

()

K[] $ K()

()

.
.

f (X)
g(X)

f ()
g()

()

{f ()| f K[X]} = K[] ." ,0 .

. 

17

()

K[X] K[]  ()

  .4

a0 , a1 , . . . , an K - n N
.

K[]

1, , 2 , . . .-

f = 0 .f () = 0 f = a0 + a1 X + an X n

()

a0 + a1 + + an1 n = 0-

K[X] $ K(X)- ,()  ()

[K() : K] < K

{xi }iI

, .
.

jJ

z=

jJ

. L L/K

[M : K] = [M : L] [L : K] . K L M

aj yj - ,0

{xi yj }(i,j)IJ

L M

:4.13

:4.14 

{yj }jJ - K

aj L .z M : :
P
.aj =
iI bij xi - ,0 ,bij K

.z =

XX

bij xi yj

jJ iI

jJ

jJ

iI

iI bij xi

bij = 0

bij xi yj = 0 - ,0 ,bij K
,

L- L yj -
K

xi -

jJ (

L = K(1 , . . . , n ) - K

iI

= 0

bij xi = 0

L/K

:4.15

L [L : K] <

()

1 , . . . , n L [L : K] <

()

.
.

iI bij xi )yj

[K() : K] < [L : K] < ,[L : K] = [L : K()] [K() : K]- K K() L ()

.

1 , . . . , n

,() 

L = K(1 , . . . , n )

,4.13  .

1 , . . . , n

()

i 1 .K = L0 L1 Ln = L .Li = K(1 , . . . , i ) 0 i n :


[Li : Li1 ] < ]

Li1

i - ,Li = Li1 (i )

[L : K] < ,

1
1 2 , 1 2 ,
2

1 , 2 L

(.

L/K

:4.16

2 6= 0 ) . K

(.  ) .

18

  .4

L L1 , . . . , Lr

L1 Lr

L1 , . . . , Lr L

K(1 ) K(r ) = K(1 , . . . , r ) , .L1 , . . . , Lr

.
.

.


LF/K

:4.18 

LF/F

M/K

()

L/K

()

F/K , L/K

()

,

K L, F M

M/L , L/K

:4.17

.'''' '''' "

.(),() ( )   ()

:
.

L =-
.

[LF : F ] < ,F

1 , . . . , n L

[M : K] = [M : L] [L : K] ()
:()4.15

()

1 , . . . , n .LF = F (1 , . . . , n ) .K(1 , . . . , n )
:

()

. :

irr(, L) L[X]

1 , . . . , n L
K

1 , . . . , n - ,K(1 , . . . , n )

.[K(, 1 , . . . , n ) : K] = [K(1 , . . . , n )() : K(1 , . . . , n )] [K(1 , . . . , n ) : K] <

.

F =

SL

F (S) .F (S), F (S ) F (S S ) , S, S L ()

[F (1 , . . . , n ) : F ] < .F = F L ,L F
F

,()4.15 

1 , . . . , n

L 

.(!)

LF

irr(i , K) K[X] F [X] .1 , . . . , n L

K - : L L L/K
.

19

:4.19

L/K -

 .5

.5

rK

K[X] - (X ) | f

f () = 0 . f K[X] , K

deg r < 1 ,f = (x )q + r-

, ,

q, r K[X]

f = (x )q

 .
.

R(f )

E -

f () = 0

0 6= f K[X]

1  deg f

:5.2

f -

:5.3

R(f )

f K[X]

|E| 0 = .E =

L- 1 f L[X] e L ()
.

L/K

L 6= K , L/K

f = irr(, K) K[X]
1

L/K - e K

=K

p K[X]

L = K -

f = X , f

K - f - ,L = K

, e ,

.
, 

(L, f )

p-
:5.6 

()

K LM

 ,

()

:5.5

f K[X]

R(f )

X |f

:5.4

L K - ()

K
L
=K L

- , 0 : K K

|K|, 0 < |M |- ,K

f: L L L L

L/K

0
: L L

|K|n K n 
.

0 = f () = r() = r

|E| := max(|K|, 0 ) . E/K

:5.1

f () = ( )g() = 0 f = (X )g

K - deg f

()

()

()

K -  L .(a + b, ab) = f (a, b) :L ,

.

20

 .5

(L, f )- K F

(L, f )

,)

(L, f ) (L , f ) (L, f ) (L , f ) : .K , 6=

f = f |LL - L L
S
S
. e (L, f )- .(L, f )  .(
iI Li , iI fi )

,

p-

L
=L L[X]/(p)

|L|, |L | < |M |
f

L-

L M

.( ;

L-

,5.3 

{(Li , fi )}iI

(L, f, )

(L, f, ) (L , f , ) :

. 

L $ L

|L r L| |L | < |M | = |M r L|

. ,
,

p(X) L[X]

4.9  

(L, f ) 6= (L , f ) ,(L, f ) (L , f ) ,(L , f )

.()  ()

- (L, f )
: L L

- ,(L, f ) (L , f )

(. ,) .

 .

iI

Li ,

iI

fi ,

iI

i )
. e

: L (L)

{(Li , fi , i })iI

(L, f )- .(L, f, )

.()

L M

- (p)- , e L
-
4.9   .L

(L, f, ) (L , f , )

: L L

LO

/ L[X]/(p)
O

/ (L)[X]/((p))
O
/ (L)

/L
/ (L)()

(L)

K - ()  .K
(L) ,(L)
=K L .: L L
.

= (L) ,L/(L)

, L/K
L

: L K

KLK

/L

=K
K

=K

(K)

21

K
K -
: K

,() .

K
.

()

:5.7

,() 

F/K

:5.8

 .5

LF

,4.16  .

L = { F | K
L = L

.
.

n1

1 , . . . , n L , c L

f L[X]

L L

, e

()

 , ,

:5.9

f = c(X 1 ) (X n ) : L[X] -

L , L  n 1 f K[X]  L/K

22

()

 .6

.6

c K

f = c(X 1 ) (X n )

f K[X]

()

:6.1

1 , . . . , n K -

0 6= f F

L/K

L- F

-
K

F K[X]

.

L  ,L- , p K[X] L/K

: .

L- L 

. :6.2

KLK

.
.

L = L

f F

:6.4 

L/K

()
()

K -

()

L L K

F = {irr(, K)| L} :() ()

L , .L L ,L  f F
.

()

K -
L  : L K
.

 .

:6.3

-  L - F K[X] 
K
.

()

(L) .L (L) K -

,"

()

L L

()

:()

(L) = L , .K

()

. :()
.
 5.7  .

,

p K[X]

K -
0 : K() K( ) K

(L) = L .K

[L : K] = 2 ,) L/K

0 6= q L[X] ,p = (X )q

L 

K - 0

()

:6.5

p K[X] ,

K K() L .L  q - ,deg q 1 deg p 2 .L-  q

()

()4.11   .

. (

:()

deg p = [K() : K] [L : K] = 2

23

 .6

Q( 4 2)/Q

Q( 4 2)/Q( 2) ,Q( 2)/Q

()

irr( 2, Q) = X 4 2 ,() Q  X 4 2 Q[X] 4 2 ,

4
.Q(
2) R- ,i 4 2
/ R ,i 4 2
/ Q( 4 2) . 4 2, i 4 2 C-

4
4
2, i 4 2) = Q( 4 2, i) . Q( 4 2)/Q ()
,C X 2  Q(

4
. Q(
2, i)/Q
.

K L, F M

L F L[X]  M

F F [X]  LF

(L F ) = L F

L F/K , LF/K


()

L/K

()

F/K , L/K

()

L- F K[X] ()

K -
.

24

M - F K[X] ()

(L) = L ,(F ) = F

:6.6 

M/L M/K
LF/F

()

(LF ) = (L)(F ) = LF -

 .7

.7

K - 0 6= f K[X]

K[X]- (X )r | f

r 2 f

f =

i=0

r 0

r 1 f

;r = 2 f

iai K[X]

.K[X]- (X )r+1 | f

;r = 1 f

f =

i=0

ai X i K[X]

:7.1

:7.2

z }| {
i1
K
(.i = 1 + + 1 X

c K ,f, g K[X]

:(

7.3

(f + g) = f + g

()

(cf ) = cf

()

c = 0

()

(f g) = f g + f g

()

f g(X) = f (g(X)) (f g) = (f g)g

()

;
;
.(

. , () ,() ,()
.

i = 1, 2 (fi g) = fi g + fi g

f = f1 + f2

()

(f g) = (f1 g + f2 g) = (f1 g) + (f2 g) = f1 g + f1 g + f2 g + f2 g =

(f1 + f2 )g + (f1 + f2 )g = f g + f g
.

g = dX j

 .

f = cX i

(f g) = (cX i dX j ) = (cdX i+j ) = (i + j)X i+j1 = iX i1 X j + X i jX j1 = f g + f g

i = 1, 2 (fi g) = fi g + fi g

f = f1 + f2

(f g) = (f1 g + f2 g) = (f1 g) + (f2 g) = (f1 g)g + (f2 g)g =

(f1 g + f2 g)g = (f1 + f2 ) g)g = (f g)g
.

(g i ) = ig i1 g f = cX i
i 1 . ,i = 1 i = 0 .i

25

()

 .7

(g i ) = (gg i1 ) = g (g i1 ) + g(g i1 ) = g (g i1 ) + g(i 1)g i2 g = ig i1 g

K - i = 0

ai = 0 i

iai = 0 f = 0

f =

ai X i K[X]

i=0

:7.4

f K , , f i 1 ai = 0 f = 0 char(K) = 0
P
f = g(X p ) f = i=0 api X pi p i ai = 0 f = 0 char(K) = p > 0
.

()
()

g K[X]

g() 6= 0

f () 6= 0  . K

- g K[X]

f K[X]

f = (X )g

:7.5 

f () = g() ,f = g + (X )g

- 0 6= f K[X] -
1 gcd(f, f ) K
.

:7.6 

d gcd(f, f )

, d() = 0 (X ) | d (X ) | f, f f () = f () = 0 f

K
- d- K
- f -
.d K

f = nX n1 6= 0

pn

f (X) = X n 1

char(K) = p > 0

:7.7

- n f - .1 gcd(f, f )-
K

.
.

1
/ gcd(h, h )

gcd(h, h ) = gcd(h) h

h = 0

1 ,h(X) = (X 1)p

h(X) = X p 1

- h(X)-
K

, .

- f - . f K[X]
f = 0 K

d gcd(f, f ) ,f 6= 0 .1
/ gcd(f ) = gcd(f, f ) f = 0
d K

,

f - d | f

:7.8 

.  

deg d deg f < deg f

.

f K[X]

d | f

:7.9

- f - char(K) = 0
K

()

- f - char(K) = p > 0
g K[X] f (X) = g(X p ) K

()

.
.

.7.4  

26

 .7

f (X) = X p t

(.

Fp = Z/pZ

 ;

K = Fp (t)

 ,

t R- R = Fp [t] K
f (X) = (X )p

27

:7.10
,)

 .8

 .8

.()


.

Ap

A=

Ap

,

A K

.

pi

pr

p-

A .pr |A| pr |A| .pr = max(ord()| A)

r

 .

.

Xp 1

p = (()p )p

ri

|A| pr

irr(, K)- K

L L/K

  , ,

K -

() 

() 

ir

=1

, ,

- ()  f K[X]  ()
K

.

:8.1 

,  .
. -

()

()

L/K

(perfect)

:8.2

()

- 
K

: ()7.9

.() ,

.

char(K) = 0

:(

)

L .   L  K
.

f (X) = X p t : Fp (t)

L = K()- L .  L/K

L = K() .L = {i | i N}- L

:8.4

8.5 

8.1  

L = K(1 , . . . , k )- 1 , . . . , k L ()4.15  . K
:

:8.3 

k = 2 . k = 1 .k

K(a, b) = K(a cb)- c K .a, b L

f = irr(a, K) = (X a)(X a1 ) (X am ),
g = irr(b, K) = (X b)(X b1 ) (X bn ),
28

ai K,

bj K,

 .8

b, b1 , . . . , bn - a, a1 , . . . , am

c K rS
i, j

.

S = { abji a
b | 1 i m, 1 j n}

ai a 6= c(bj b) ,c
/ S - .K() K(a, b) . = a cb
i, j

ai 6= + cbj

(1)

h(bj ) = f ( +cbj ) 6= ,h(b) = f ( +cb) = f (a) = 0 .h(X) = f ( +cX) K()[X]

.

a = + cb K()

b K()

X b gcd(h, g) K()[X]

(1)  ,0

.
-

 k1

 .

k 1 

K(1 , . . . , k ) = K(1 , . . . , k2 )(k1 , k ) =

= K(1 , . . . , k2 )(k1
) = K(1 , . . . , k2 , k1
) = K()
.

Fp

t, u  ,L = Fp (t, u)

.K = Fp (tp , up ) =

X

aij tpi upj /

ij

[L : K] = p2

 .

X
ij

[L : K] p2

:8.4



bij tpi upj aij , bij Fp L

[K(t) : K], [K(u) : K] p- L = K(t, u)

L L 6= K() (!) .K (ti uj | 0 i, j < p)

P p pi pj P p pi pj
P
P
p
K ,aij , bij Fp , = ij aij ti uj / ij bij ti uj
, =
ij aij t u /
ij bij t u
,

[K() : K] p

L1 /K, L2 /K

:8.5

IsmK (L1 , L2 ) = {: L1 L2 | K - }
.

N {}
[L : K]s = |IsmK (L, K)|
.

p = (X 1 ) (X n )
() = i

i () = i -
1 , . . . , n

 .

, ,

p = irr(, K)

()

LK

i : L K(i ) K

IsmK (L, K)

L/K

L = K()
1 =

1 i n

:8.6

= {1 , . . . , n }
[L : K]s - .IsmK (L, K)

29

[L : K]s [L : K]

()

[L : K]s = [L : K]

()

 .8

[M : K]s = [M : L]s [L : K]s

K, L, M

, ,
.

KLM

M K

:8.7 

IsmK (L, K)

: IsmK (M, K)

()

|1 ()| = |1 (1L )| IsmK (L, K)

()

|L = }| = |{: M K|
|L = 1L }| = |IsmL (M, K)|

|{: M K|
.
.

 IsmK (L, K)
 5.7 

M ) = (|
M )L = - |
M IsmK (M, K)

.(|

()

()

1
7

|L = 1L } {: M K|
|L = }
{: M K|
. . 

.

.

0in

L/K

:8.8 

[L : K]s [L : K]

()

[L : K]s = [L : K]

()

Li = K(1 , . . . , i ) .L = K(1 , . . . , n )
,8.6  .

L/K

,()4.15  ()

Li = Li1 (i ) K = L0 L1 Ln = L
i [Li : Li1 ]s [Li : Li1 ]

  .

[L : K]s =

n
Y

i=1
.

[Li : Li1 ]s

n
Y

[Li : Li1 ] = [L : K]

i=1

[L : K]s = [L : K] ,8.6  , , L L = K() , L/K

 .

[K() : K]s < [K() : K] ,8.6  ,K

()

L ,

L/K

[L : K]s < [L : K]   ,[L : K()]s [L : K()] ,()

.

.

K()/K

K()/K

[K() : K]s = [K() : K] K

.
.

M/L , L/K

,

:8.10 

LF/F

:8.9

K L, F M

.

30

M/K

L/K

()
()

 .8

LF/K

F/K , L/K

.(),()   ()
.

L/K

.

f -

M/K

p = irr(, L) L[X] ,f = irr(, K) K[X]

p = irr(, L) =

,

KEL

M/L . p- ,L[X]- p | f

.

M/L ,L/K

p = irr(, E) E[X]- [E : K] <

E/K

  .

LM

-
K

,

E = K(a0 , a1 , . . .) L

[E() : E]s = [E() : E]

.[E() : K]s = [E() : K]   .[E : K]s = [E : K]

S
F (1 , . . . , n )/F .LF =  SL F (S) ,4.18  () ()
.

()

ai X i L[X]

,

M/K

.
.

: . ,

()

F (1 , . . . , n ) =

K(1 , . . . , n ) = K()-
F

,K

31

1 , . . . , n L

- ,irr(, F ) | irr(, K) .F ()

 .9

 .9

|K| = q < , K
.

p = char(K) > 0 ()
.

k = [K : Fp ] , q = pk

, .

|L| = q n

. ,
.
.

()

q =

()

n < L/K

K - K

,8.1  

:9.1 

K
= Z/(q 1)Z
.

()

()

|K | = |K| 1 = q 1 ()

q1 = 1 , . K . , = 0 ()
- 

.(

,
.

qn

/ Kn

Kn

p q

, Kn

.
m

m 0 ( + )p = p + p

:9.2 

( + )q = q + q

+ Kn

K Kn

,()9.1   .

k = [K : Fp ] , K
= (Fp )k
.

Kn

K -

(.

- f = X qn X Kn
1 = 1 , f - .K

6= 0

[Kn : K] = n ,()9.1   .|Kn | = deg f = q n

, .

()

 .

.
n

()q = q q =

  .

1 = 1 ,p = 2 ) . Kn
f = qn X q

L
= Kn

qn = } . n N
n , Kn = { K|

 .

)

L Kn

, .

n K

f = Xq X

|L| = q n = |Kn | .K

Kn

()

Kn

Kn /K

()

.

Kn /K

()

n L K

Kn

:9.3 

n N

f -

()

= 0 . L ,

q = . L

. ()

32

=1

 .9

f = 1 ) f - .irr(, K) | f

f () = 0 . L ()

fp
F

n Fp

Fpn

fp
n N . F
.

33

irr(, K)-

:9.4

m | n Fpm Fpn

  .10

 .10

L K

F = { L| K

 .

F/K

+ , , F

K(, ) F

K(), K()

,

L ;(L) = L

L/K - .K

F/K

: .

L/K

(F ) = F
.

:10.1

:10.2 

L - K

, F

6= 0 ,/ F

L/K

L/K

} . L/K

 .

K -
K

()

p = char(K) > 0

:10.3 

[L : K]s = 1

()

a K , n 0 , irr(, K) = X p a , L

()

p K - n 0 L

()

.
n

.
.

pni

K - ni 0 i I

= 1L
p-

()4.11   ,

-
IsmK (L, K)
m = pn r

LK

mN

()

f = irr(, K)

() = -

f = (X )m

5.7  .
.

()

K - K

: K() K -

L = K(i | i I)

, ,

= (X )p

X p a = (X )p

r

= (X p a)r = X p

, .

aK

raX p

r K

(r1)

+ K[X]

K - r 6= 0 .ra K
n

Xp = f
n

34

() ()

n = 0 f 6= 0 .f = irr(, K) = X p a :() ()

.()

. :()

=aK

()

a = p L

,
.

K( ) K

f = (X )p

:()

  .10

(X i )

pni

=X

pni

pni

= 1L -

K[X]

iI

.


g K[X]- n 0

IsmK (L, K)
,

i -

-
K

L/K
K

, 

:()

()

- ,(
K

Fp (t, u) = Fp (tp , up )(t, u)

()

g(X) = h(X p ) h K[X]

,(()7.9 )

.

irr(, K) = g(X p )

p K

(i ) = i -

(i ) = i

irr(, K)  )  g
.

:()

Fp (t, u)/Fp (tp , up )

:10.4

L
:10.5

Fp (tp , up )  t, u-

. 

L/F

L K

, F/K - .F

L=K

L/K

,()10.3   .

.
. 

M/L , L/K

. 


:10.6 

L :()10.3  

L/K

.   ,

M/K

()

F/K , L/K

()

.(),()   ()

[M : K]s = [M : L]s [L : K]s

pni

LF = F (i | i I) ,i i

L = K(i | i I) :()10.3   ()

.

L/K

n0

Li /Li1 -

ni

p = char(K) > 0

L = K()

:10.9

()

p [L : K]/[L : K]s N

()

K = L0 L1 Lr = L

irr(, K) = X p a

i ip

p [L : K]  L/K
.

,8.7   ()

()

L/K

, 


:10.8 

LF/K

:10.7

. L

K L, F M

LF/F

,

L/K

()

 ()10.8 

[L : K] = pn

35

  .10

L/F

,10.6   ;

[L : K]/[L : K]s = [L : F ]

F/K

,10.2   .

  .

L K

-

[L : K]i = [L : K]/[L : K]s

()

[L : F ]s = 1 ,[F : K]s = [F : K]
.() 

.

L/K

:10.10

L/K

[L : K]i = 1  L/K

[M : K]i = [M : L]i [L : K]i

KLM

:10.11

:10.12

  " .    10.6 
:  .

L = FE

, .

L/E -  E/K

L/K

E = LH

L/K -

-
: L K

. 

E/K

1 (), . . . , r ()-

1 , . . . , r H

1 = 1L

. L
.

.

E F = K -

K - : E K

= 1 , ,E = LH

,()10.3   .

() H

5.7 

LK

:10.13

L/E -

{()| H}

irr(, E)

{()| H}

1 (), . . . , r () { ()| H} = {()| H}

,

.{ 1 (), . . . , r ()} = {1 (), . . . , r ()}

f -  f - H

f =

r
Y

i=1

X i (i ) =

r
Y

i=1

f=

Qr

i=1

X i (i ) L[X]
f

X i (i ) = f

, (irr(, E)- ) f - f () = 0 , .f E[X]

36

  .10

EF =K

.  

L = EF

K - . K - 1

E F/K

L/EF

.  

f K[X]

K /K

; ,

K - f K [X]
K

K -

K()

) .

(.

E/K -

K E L

E K

E, F K

f -

f = irr(, K)

(F ) = F

L/K

L K

K -

, ,

F = K()-

:


L = EF -

L K

, 

F/K - .() = - K

F/K -

K - . K

F = (F ) = K() = K( ) K

37

F/K -

L K

- irr(, K)- . E
,K

,11.3   .

 ,

K -

L- K

  .
.

.


:10.14

  .11

 .11

. , (

f K[X]

 ;

M/K

- K
LK

L/K

.

F = {irr(, K)| S}

L M K

L = K(S) M

,

M/K

:11.2

Mi

Fi

Mi , Mj Mk - k I

L/K

,( )
.

i, j I

M/K

L/K

.
.

M/K

f F

:11.3 

- F
K

L/K

Mi M

M /K -

) 

L/K

Fi

Fi
S
. M/K .M =
i Mi

Mi -

.

Mi /K

,(

Gal(L/K) L K - . L/K

.L K
- K
Gal(L/K) = IsmK (L, K)

 .

Mi
S

SL

.

,()4.15  .(

.(6.2 )

L/K

- M/K
LM K

L = K(S)-

,

L/K

{Fi }iI

)   

K/K

,)

L = K(S)-
.

,

SM

:11.1

S=L

M M

.(

Galois) L/K

L/K

:11.4

|Gal(L/K)| = [L : K] . L/K

:11.5 

(a + b 2) = a b 2 ,( 2) = 2 ,Gal(Q( 2/Q) = {1 = 1L , } :11.6

2/Q) .Q  f = X 2 2 ,
, f Gal(Q(

2) = 2 : Q( 2 Q( 2) Q- .( 2) = 2
) .(

.((
2) = 2

38

  .11

) .

[L : K] n

[K() : K] n

nN

L/K

:11.7

(.

1 , . . . , n+1 L

[K() : K] =

K() = K(1 , . . . , n+1 )-

[L : K] > n

L/K
:

  

dimK K(1 , . . . , n+1 ) > n

. ,

.( ) 

L- H

L LH

:11.8

.LH = { L| H () = }

H Aut(L/LH )-

L/E .E = LH

L   H L
.

1 (), . . . , r ()-

1 = 1L

11.9 

H = Gal(L/E)- 

1 , . . . , r H

:(

{()| H}

1 (), . . . , r () { ()| H} = {()| H}

,

.{ 1 (), . . . , r ()} = {1 (), . . . , r ()}

f -  f - H

f =

r
Y

i=1

X i (i ) =

r
Y

i=1

f=

Qr

X i (i ) L[X]
f

X i (i ) = f
:

i=1

f () = 0 , .f E[X]

, (irr(, E)- ) f -

()

L  (irr(, E) ) f

()

[E() : E] = deg irr(, E) deg f = r |H|

[L : E] |H|

,11.7 

. () 

.

L/E

()

,() 

H = Gal(L/E) ,H Gal(L/E)- |Gal(L/E)| = [L : E]

39

  .11

G = Gal(L/K)

.

L/K

:(

)

.{E|

E 7 Gal(L/E)

E, K E L} {H| G H}
LH H

H G Gal(L/LH ) = H - ,K E L LGal(L/E) = E ,

.( )

11.10 

Gal(L/E) Gal(L/K) = G- , L/E ,K E L :

Gal(L/LH ) = H

: .

LGal(L/E)

,

LGal(L/E) = E .( ) L/E

LGal(L/E) = { L| Gal(L/E) () = } E

0 () =

() =

K E L - E

M/K

  .

, ,

-
E LE

, 

L/K

Gal(M/K) . M/K

= Gal(L/E)-
IsmE (L, E)

[E() : E] = 1 , E()/E

,)  

  

.(

K LH L ,H G

,  .

E -
0 IsmE (E(), E)

[E() : E]s = 1

 

L/K

:11.11

" ,  .

L/K

   ,

K E1 , E2 L L/K

L/K

i = 1, 2

:11.12 

()

Gal(L/E1 E2 ) = hGal(L/E1 ), Gal(L/E2 )i

()

Gal(L/E1 E2 ) = Gal(L/E1 ) Gal(L/E2 )

()

,10.11  

E2 E1 Gal(L/E1 ) Gal(L/E2 )

.
.

M/K

Gi = Gal(L/Ei ) ,G = Gal(L/K)

i = 1, 2 Ei = LGi

()

.  :
. .

LH E1 , E2

G1 , G2 H

LG2 LG1 G1 G2

: :

H = hGal(L/E1 ), Gal(L/E2 )i

Gal(L/E1 E2 ) H
40

.()  "

" ()

LH E1 E2

  .11

E1 E2 () = . Gal(L/E1 ) Gal(L/E2 ) , .()  "" ()

Gal(L/E1 E2 ) .E1 E2

K (E) L

- ,E1 E2 = K(| E1 E2 ) -

Gal(L/K) -

K E L
.

L/K

:11.13

Gal(L/(E)) = Gal(L/E) 1 -

K = (K) (E) (L) = L

Gal(L/(E)) ={ Aut(L)| E () = ()} =
.

{ Aut(L)| E

() = } = Gal(L/E) 1

= 1

.(

: )

K E L , L/K

KELK

( )

= Gal(L/K)- 0 )
IsmK (L, K)

( )
( )

. .

E/K

()

Gal(L/K) (E) = E

Gal(L/K) Gal(L(E) 1 = Gal(L/E)

Gal(L/E) Gal(L/K)

,5.7  ()

Gal(L/K) = IsmK (L, K)

Ker( 7 |E ) = { Gal(L/K)| |E = 1E } = Gal(L/E)

Gal(L/K) Gal(L/(E)) = Gal(L/E)

()

0 Gal(E/K) = IsmK (E, K)

|E = 0 -

()

0 (E) = E
0 IsmK (E, K)

.


E/K

:11.14 

Gal(E/K)
= Gal(L/K)/Gal(L/E)
.

Gal(L/E) Gal(L/K) ( ,) E/K

Gal(E/K) Gal(L/K) Gal(E/K)  7 |E

1 () = } =

{ 1 Aut(L)| E

L-

. 

L/Q .Q (   ) f = X 3 2  L :11.15

2i
3
= e 3
,f = (X
2)(X 3 2)(X 3 2 2 ) .
irr(, Q) = X 2 + X + 1 ,X 3 1 = (X 1)(X 2 + X + 1)

3
3
3
3
.L = Q( 2, 2, 2 2 ) = Q( 2, )
41

  .11

Gal(L/Q)
= Z/6Z

[L : Q] = 6

[Q() : Q] = 2 ,[Q( 3 2) : Q] = 3

.Gal(L/Q) = S3

3
,(Q f  Q(
2) ) Q( 3 2)/Q- ,Q Q( 3 2) L

2)) Gal(L/Q)
.Gal(L/Q) = S3 , Gal(L/Q)  ,Gal(L/Q(

Gal(L/Q()) Gal(L/Q)
.

Gal(L/Q)
= S3

Q()/Q

L, F - , F/K

[Q() : Q] = 2

A3 - Gal(L/Q()) .3

L/K

:11.16 

F L/F

()

Gal(LF/F ) Gal(L/F L)  7 |E

()

;
.

.()8.10  ()6.6  ()

FL

.(

F L- K

= { C| K
K

LF = K

()

F, L C

LK

(L) (F L) = F L C
.

|K = 1K

|F = 1F

|L Gal(L/K) .(L) = L , L/K - .(L) K

. 

Gal(LF/F ) Gal(L/F L)
,

Gal(F L/F )

F L=K

Gal(F L/F ) , H

(L)-

H = Gal(L/K)- .
() = . LH

H = Gal(L/K) ,   , L/K , .LH = K

S
(!) .L-  {Li }i ,L =
iI Li . L/K -
.

.

Gal(Li F/F ) Gal(Li /K)

|Li = |Li -

Gal(LF/F )

F Li /F

iI

i Gal(Li F/F ) i . Gal(L/K)

S
,LF =
iI Li F - .j i Li Lj
,

|L =

. 

Li

1 : G1 G0 , 2 : G2 G0

() = i ()

:11.17

G1 G0 G2 := {1 , 2 ) G1 G2 | 1 (1 ) = 2 (2 )}
.

G1 G0 G2 = G1 G2
42

G0 = 1 . G1 G2

  .11

L1 , L2 K

L1 L2 /K

()

L1 L2 /K

()

.
.

7 (|L1 , |L2 ) Gal(L1 L2 /K)

= Gal(L1 /K) Gal(L1 L2 /K) Gal(L2 /K)

()

,

()

Gal(L1 L2 /K)
= Gal(L1 /K) Gal(L2 /K) L1 L2 = K
.()6.6   ()8.10   
.()6.6   ()8.10   

:11.18 

Gal(L/K)-

7 (|L1 , |L2 )-

L1 L2 /K

()

L1 L2 /K

L = L1 L2

()
()

Gal(L1 /K) Gal(L2 /K)

, Gal(L/L1 ) Gal(L/L2 ) = Gal(L/L1 L2 ) = Gal(L/L) = 1

Gal(L1 /K) Gal(L1 L2 /K) Gal(L2 /K)

. .

1 |L1 L2 = 2 |L1 L2 -

(
|L2 )1 2 Gal(L2 /L1 L2 )
.

|L1 =
|L1 |L1 = 1 1 = 1

1 Gal(L1 /K), 2 Gal(L2 /K)

 ()11.16  

Gal(L/K)-

=
Gal(L/K) . Gal(L/L1 ) Gal(L/K)
|L2 =
|L2 |L2 =
|L2 (
|L2 )1 2 = 2

43

 .12

.12

i2 = 1

C = R(i)

:12.1 

, 

R ,X 2 + 1 R[X]

R- ,R-  ,( ) P

()

P, P, {0}

(. ) .

R-

()

R- f R[X]

()

.
.

c, d R

a, b R

z = a + bi

C-

z C

:1

c2 d2 = a, 2cd = b , ,(c + di)2 = a + bi -

a + a2 + b2
a + a2 + b2
2
2
c =
,
d =
2
2
 .

c, d

c2 d2 = a, 4c2 d2 = b2

,)

(.

F = C()

[F : C] = 2

C-

:2

0 = 2 + b + c = ( + 2b )2 ( 2b )2 + c .f = X 2 + bX + c C[X]

b 2  b 2
+
=
c
2
2

C . C ,C- ( 2b )2 c ,1 

. ,

L/R

, .

L/R

L=C

, .

M - L .R  M

,

L/C

,(

:

char(R) = 0 ) 
.

[L : LH ] = |H|- [L : R] = |G|

LH = R()- LH
1

2-

H G

   . 

, ,

R-

. -

G2

G = Gal(L/R)

, . -

44

L/R-

[LH : R] = [G : H]

f = irr(, R)] R[X]

G .LH = R , R

G1 = Gal(L/C) G

C L- G2

.2 ,

,

 .12

K[t1 , . . . , tn ]

Sn

 

t1 , . . . , tn

:12.2
: 

m=(m1 ,...,mn )

E = LSn

 .


mn
1
=

t
am tm
n
1

Sn Aut(L)

t1 , . . . , tn
-

m=(m1 ,...,mn )

am (t1 )m1 (tn )mn

L = K(t1 , . . . , tn )

?
.

Gal(L/E) = Sn - L/E
s1 , . . . , sn

L = E0 (t1 , . . . , tn ) .E0 := K(s1 , . . . , sn ) E L

f (X) := (X t1 ) (X tn ) = X n s1 X n1 + . . . + (1)n sn E0 [X]

,

E = E0

[L : E] = |Sn | = n!

[L : E0 ] n!

LSn = K(s1 , . . . , sn )

ti 7 si

K[t1 , . . . , tn ]
=K

K[t1 , . . . , tn ] K[s1 , . . . , sn ]

 ,

{g K[t1 , . . . , tn ]| g(s1 , . . . , sn ) = 0} = {0}

.3.8   ,

K(t1 , . . . , tn )
=K K(s1 , . . . , sn )   .K[s1 , . . . , sn ]

g = X n +t1 X n1 +. . .+tn  L . t1 , . . . , tn K
.

f = X n t1 X n1 + . . . + (1)n tn

Gal(L/E) = Sn

:12.3

E = K(t1 , . . . , tn )

, 

t1 7 t1 , t2 7 t2 , . . . , tn 7 (1)n tn
.

. 

 .

Sn

G 

Gal(L/LH ) = H
= G- L/LH

.
.

Frobenius  ; K

K - x 7 xq

Gal(Kn /K) = hq |Kn i - Kn /K

|K| = q

, ,

Gal(L/E)

q : K

:12.5 

()

Kn

()

(xy)q = xq y q , ;(x+y)q = xq +y q ,(9.1 ) p = char(K) q - ()

.

:12.4

n = |G|

,

n K

q ,5.7  .q |K = 1 ,(9.2 ) xq = x K . q
45

 .12

q |Kn Gal(Kn /K) ,Kn

(q |Kn )m = 1

m := ordq |Kn = n-

, .

m = n Kn Km

q |Kn

Kn /K

,9.3   ()

|Gal(Kn /K)| = [Kn : K] = n-

x Kn

xq

= x , ,m
q (x) = x
pn = (p )n

46

:12.6

 .13

 .13


.

L .K

 

f K[X] K

L = K(1 , . . . , n )- , 1 , . . . , n L ,f = (X 1 ) (X n ) .f

A = {1 , . . . , n }

() , Gal(L/K)- f

Gal(L/K) S(A)

.

7 |A

L/K

, 

|A

S(A)-  . = 1 ,1 i n (i ) = i |A = 1 :
.

Sn

Gal(L/K) Gal(f, K) .Gal(f, K) f

S(A) .A Gal(f, K)
Sn - Gal(f, K) .{1, . . . , n} A

. "
.

[]

: A B

A, B

:13.1

() = 1 : S(B) S(A) 
= [] - " := : A B
.(

= []

S(A)

n! |Gal(f, K)| , Gal(L/K)

= Gal(f, K) S(A)
= Sn

() = - G , A A G

: K() K( )

K -

, A-

()

:13.3

Gal(f, K)  f

,()4.11   ,

:13.2

()

[]() = 1 S(A)

:= 1 S(A) , " : A B

()

:13.4

() = - := |A Gal(f, K) . Gal(L/K)-

f = f1 f2

,

f1 = (X 1 ) (X k ), f2 = (X k+1 ) (X n ) K[X]

(1 ) 6= n

f1

(1 )

Gal(L/K)

1 k n1

Gal(L/K) (1 ) 6= n

47

 .13

K = K0 (t1 , . . . , tn ) . t1 , . . . , tn K0
n

n 

:13.5

f (X) = X n + t1 X n1 + t2 X n2 + + tn K[X]
Gal(f, K)
= Sn

12.2

g(t1 , . . . , tn , X) Q[t1 , . . . , tn ][X] (  )

.Gal g, Q(t1 , . . . , tn )
= Gal g(a1 , . . . , an , X), Q - a1 , . . . , an Q
:

13.6

Gal(L/Q)
= Sn - L/Q n
Sn

An

:13.7


: 

Gal(L/Q)
= G- L/Q . G

:(

13.8

.

G ,

:(1954

,')

13.9 

3 

.


f = (X 1 )(X 2 )(X 3 ) . f = X 3 + aX 2 + bX + c K[X]

K K(1 ) L ,  L .Gal(f, K) S3

1 , 2 , 3

,

3 = [K(1 ) : K] | [L : K] = |Gal(f, K)|

:

Gal(f, K)
= A3

L = K(1 )

()

Gal(f, K)
= S3

L $ K(1 )

()


.

s1 , s2 , s3

D = (X1 X2 )2 (X2 X3 )2 (X3 X1 )2

:13.10

g(s1 , s2 , s3 ) = D - 6 g Z[S1 , S2 , S3 ] . X1 , X2 , X3 -

, , , .

6 X1 , X2 , X3 -  D-

:

6 g(s1 , s2 , s3 ) = D- g Z[S1 , S2 , S3 ] ,3.9   .6

g - 6 .X1 , X2 , X3 - d  s1 , s2 , s3 - d
48

 .13

.0

g - 6 > D (s1 , s2 , s3

6 g

(X1 X2 )2 (X2 X3 )2 (X3 X1 )2 = ks61 +s41 s2 +ms31 s3 +ns21 s22 +ps1 s2 s3 +qs32 +rs23 (1)
C

X 1 , X2 , X3

(1)-

k, , m, n, p, q, r Z

. .

.  7-
, ,

X 3 1 X1 , X2 , X3

, ,

s1 = 0, s2 = 0, s3 = 1 ()
2i

(1) . 2 + + 1 = 0- . = e 3 ,1, , 2

2

3
(1 )2 ( 2 )2 ( 2 1)2 = (1 )(1 )(1 ) = (1 )2 =

(1 2 + 2 )3 = (3)3 = 27

X3 + X

, ,
.

r = 27 ,r

X1 , X2 , X3 , ,s1 = 0, s2 = 1, s3 = 0 ()

q = 4 ,(0 i)2 (i + i)2 (i 0)2 = i2 (2i)2 i2 = 4i6 = 4 (1) .0, i, i

X3 X2

X 1 , X2 , X3

s1 = 1, s2 = 0, s3 = 0

, ,

()

k = 0 , ,0 (1) .0, 0, 1 ,

(1)

s1 = 2, s2 = 1, s3 = 0

16 + 4n 4 = 0 (k, q

0, 1, 1

X1 , X2 , X3

k26 + 24 + n22 + q

) ,

()
,

4 + n = 1

(1) .s1 = 1, s2 = 2, s3 = 0 .0, 1, 2 X1 , X2 , X3

()

36 = 2 + 4n + 32 ,k + (2) + n4 + q(8) ,(1 3 2)2 = 36

+ 2n = 2

= 0, n = 1 ,() ,()  ()

(1) .s1 = 3, s2 = 0, s3 = 4 .2, 2, 1 X1 , X2 , X3

.

X 1 , X2 , X3

m = 4 .m 33 (4) 27(4)2

s1 = 1, s2 = 1, s3 = 1

, ,

()

()

(1 i)2 (1 + (1) .1, i, i , ,X 3 + X 2 + X + 1 = (X + 1)(X 2 + 1)

2
(4)(1)3 (1) + n 1 i)2 (2i)2 = (1)2 i2 ) (2i)2 = 22 (4) = 16
p = 18 16 = 34 + p 1 + p 1 + q + r(1)2

D = 4s31 s3 + s21 s22 + 18s1 s2 s3 4s32 27s23

 ,

g(S1 , S2 , S3 ) = 4S13 S3 + S12 S22 + 18S1 S2 S3 4S23 27S32

49

 .13

= (1 2 )(2 3 )(3 1 ) =

i<j

 .

(i j )

= 2

. = g(a, b, c) = 4a3 c + a2 b2 + 18abc 4b3 27c2

:

Gal(L/K) .K

() =

a, b, c 

() = ;() =

|A
/ A3

() =

|A A3 () =

|A A3

(1)

(2)

char(K) 6= 2

(3)

char(K) 6= 2

.K - K Gal(L, K) () = Gal(f, K) A3
L .f = 3X 2 3 = 3(X 1)(X + 1) .f (X) = X 3 3X + 1 K[X]
K

.
.

.(

L=K

f, f

f = X 3 + 1 = (X + 1)3

f -

:13.11


char(K) = 3

()

char(K) 6= 3

= 4(3)3 27 = 33 (4 1) = 34 K 2

: .

[L : K] = 3

Gal(f, K) = A3

Gal(f, K) A3

char(K) 6= 2, 3

()

[L : K] = 1 ) Gal(f, K) = 1

: .(
.
.

2 g K[X]- K
.

f = (X )g

Gal(f, K) = A3

, .

(1)

Gal(f, K) = 1  f

(2)

[L : K] = 1 .[L : K] 2! = 2 g

f F2 [X] , . ,char(K) = 2 ()

 ,

F23

Gal(L/K)

F2

L = F23 K -

3 .f (0), f (1) 6= 0 ,F2

F2

F23

()

.9.3   ,

3 1 .Gal(F23 /F2 ) 

.

.  

50

 .13

: .

Z t1 , . . . , tn , u1 , . . . , un , X, Y1 , . . . , Yn

.t = (t1 , . . . , tn )

, u = (u1 , . . . , un )

:13.12

, Y = (Y1 , . . . , Yn )


.Gn =

n N

X t(1) u1 t(n) un Z[u, X][t]

Sn

Sn

t1 , . . . , tn

(1)

Z[u, X][t]  Sn -

Y




(Gn ) = Gn t(1) , . . . , t(n) =
X t(1) u1 t(n) un = Gn
Sn

Pn (Y1 , . . . , Yn ) Z[u, X][Y] . Gn

.Gn = Pn s1 (t), . . . , sn (t)

(2)
n- M  Pn -

, .-

G2 = (X t1 u1 t2 u2 )(X t2 u1 t1 u2 ) =
= X 2 (t1 + t2 )(u1 + u2 )X + t1 t2 (u21 + u22 ) + (t21 + t22 )u1 u2


= X 2 s1 (t)(u1 + u2 )X + s2 (t)(u21 + u22 ) + s21 (t) 2s2 (t) u1 u2
.

P2 = X 2 Y1 (u1 + u2 )X + Y2 (u21 + u22 ) + (Y12 2Y2 )u1 u2

u, X, Y ,u, X, t ) Z  Pn , Gn
K ,K

f (X) = X n + a1 X n1 + + an R[X]

 

:13.13 

. 
.
 .

g(u, X) = Pn (a1 , . . . , (1)n an ) R[u, X]

g1 (u, X), . . . , gr (u, X) K(u)[X]

.

g(u, X)

()

K(u) -  R[u] , gj (u, X) R[u, X] = R[u][X]

1jr

()

g1 (u, X), . . . , gr (u, X)

gj (u(1) , . . . , u(n) , X) = gi (u, X) - 1 i r

51

Sn

()

 .13

Sn - Gal(f, K)

()

.{ Sn | gj (u(1) , . . . , u(n) , X) = gj (u, X)}



L = K(1 , . . . , n )

.( )

1 , . . . , n K

1 i n ai = (1)i si (1 , . . . , n ) ,3.4  . L/K

L(u)/K(u)

K(u) L = K

(!) .

,11.16   .

,

u1 , . . . , un

res: Gal L(u)/K(u) Gal(L/K)

Sn

() = (1) u1 + + (n) un L[u]

.

() = ()-

g(u, X) = Pn a1 , . . . , (1)n an = Pn s1 (1 , . . . , n ), . . . , sn (1 , . . . , n ) =
Y


X ()
= Gn (1 , . . . , n ) =
Sn

L[u][X] 

gj (u, X) =

Vj

j V j

.( )

X ()

S
Sn = j Vj -

=
6 Vj Sn

X - ) g1 , . . . , gr -

. (

.(

Sn

Vj = Gal(f, K)j

Vj

Sn ,


gj = irr j (), K(u) ()




, j () = () - Gal L(u)/K(u)
.

(j (1) )u1 + + (j (n) )un = (1) u1 + + (n) un

i (j (i) ) = (i)

i (i ) = 1 (i)

Gal L(u)/K(u)
Gal L(u)/K(u)

1
j Gal(f, K)
.

52

Gal(f, K)j

 .13

gj (u(1) , . . . , u(n) , X) =
=

Vj

Vj

(X 1 (1) u1 1 (n) un ) =

Vj = Vj

(X (1) u(1) (n) u(n) ) =

Sn

Vj

Y
X ()
X 1 () =
Vj 1

G = Gal(f, K) , .i gi (u, X)

Vj 1 = Vj

gj (u1 , . . . , un , X) = gj (u(1) , . . . , u(n) , X)

1
j Gj j Gj Gj = Gj

- Z- h  p .K = Q- R = Z
h
.(
.

Fp - ) p h

f Fp [X]- f (X) = X n + a1 X n1 + + an Z[X]

Pn u, X, a1 , . . . , (1)n an = g(u, X) = g1 (u, X) gr (u, X)

f Fp [X]-  .

Pn u, X,
a1 , . . . , (1)n a
n = g(u, X) = g1 (u, X) gr (u, X)
,  .

Fp (u)

g1 (u, X), . . . , gr (u, X)

g1 = g11 (u, X) g1s (u, X) ,

1ir

()13.13   .

g11 (u(1) , . . . , u(n) , X) = g11 (u, X)

Sn

g1 (u(1) , . . . , u(n) , X) = gi (u, X) ,g1 (u(1) , . . . , u(n) , X) = gi (u, X) -

, g11 (u, X) | g1 (u, X), gi (u, X)

g    g11

.(

i = 1

g1 (u(1) , . . . , u(n) , X) = g1 (u, X) g11 (u(1) , . . . , u(n) , X) = g11 (u, X)

Gal(f, Fp ) Gal(f, Q) (  f f

: , .

()
 ,

Sn

.

f Fp [X] -

1 , . . . , n Q

f Z[X]

:13.14

Gal(f, Fp ) Gal(f, Q)

fp
Gal(f, Fp ) Gal(f, Q) - f
1, . . . ,
n F
53

 .13

,12.5   .
.(

Sn

Ai

Sk
A = i=1 Ai

.

f Fp [X]

Fp

Gal(f, Fp )- Gal(f, Fp )-

()

A-  = |A

.  

Gal(f, Fp )

Ai

:13.15

Gal(f, Fp ) = hi

f = f1 fk
,

fi

- .Ai = {i , (i ), . . . , deg fi 1 (i )}
deg f1 , . . . , deg fk

Fp [X]- (f ) fp - .f = X 5 X 1

F2

, , ,

 

f2 = (X 2 + X + 1)(X 3 + X 2 + 1)
.

5 Gal(f5 , F5 ) F5

()

= (1 2)(3 4 5) Gal(f2 , F2 )

:13.16

3 = (1 2)

Gal(f, Q)

f5

()

= (1 2 3 4 5) , = (1 2 . . .)

Gal(f, Q) = h(1 2), (1 2 3 4 5)i = S5

54

 .14

.14

.( )

:14.1

n (K) K - -n .ord | n , , n = 1 ,-n

ord = n , ,1 k < n k 6= 1- n = 1 , -n

.
.

(K) K - .ord < , ,n N n = 1 ,

.

|n (K)| n .K - X n 1 n (K) ()

()

n (K)

()

|n (K)| = n- hi = n (K)  n (K)

()

char(K) n  n (K)

K() = K(W )
.

()

=n
char(K) n , ,K - n 6= 0 , , X n 1 |n (K)|
. 8.1   .

()

:14.2

()

.

W = n (K)

:14.3

i() = () i: Gal(K()/K) (Z/nZ)

K(W ) K() , W

()

K() K(W ) , W -

X n 1 ,(),()14.2  .X n 1  K(W ) ,()14.2  .K() = K(W )

.

i Z

() W

()

n

= ( n ) = 1

Gal(K(W )/K)

Z/nZ- i .n | i j ij = 1 i = j
.

K(W )/K

.

() = i -

, .

i() = () i: Gal(K()/K) Z/nZ .i() ;

, Gal(K(W )/K) .i(1) = 1-

i( )
= i()i( )
i( ) = () = i( ) = ()

.

i- ,i() (Z/nZ)

i()i( 1 ) = i(1) = 1  .i( ) = i()i( )

i . = 1 ,() = 1 =

(Z/nZ) = {k + nZ| 0 k < n,

Ker i

k, n} ()

:14.4

km + n = 1- , m Z km 1 mod n- m Z Z/nZ-  k Z ,)
|(Z/nZ) | = (n) := |k| 0 k < n,
55

k, n| .( k, n

 .14

m, n : 

()

a + mnZ 7 (a + mZ, a + nZ) Z/mnZ

= Z/mZ Z/nZ

(Z/mnZ)
= (Z/mZ) (Z/nZ)

.
,
.

(mn) = (m)(n)
p1 , . . . , pr

,

(Z/p1 m1 pr mr Z)
= (Z/p1 m1 Z) (Z/pr mr Z)

, ,

(pm ) = pm pm1 = pm1 (p 1) . p

()

(Z/pm Z)
= Z/pm1 (p 1)Z ,m 1- p 6= 2
= Z/(p 1)Z Z/pm1 Z
m

.(Z/2 Z)
= Z/2Z Z/2m2 Z m > 1- p = 2

Gal K()/K

[K() : K] (n) . - n K
. -

:14.5

n Q

:14.6 

[Q() : Q] = (n)

. Gal Q()/Q = (Z/nZ)

;

.()- () ,14.3 
,

k , k

deg f (n)
.(

deg f (n)

f = irr(, Q)

,14.5  .

- (n) ) f
Q

()
()

()

 -

: .

n-

n- k f ( k ) = 0 f () = 0

.
:

r . p1 , p2 , . . . , pr
.

f, h Z[X]

h Q[X]

,  .

h( p ) = 0

k = p1 p2 pr

p n f ( p ) = 0 f () = 0

Xn 1 = f h

f ( p ) 6= 0 .f h p

f | Xn 1

( p )n = ( n )p = 1

, ,

g Z[X] ,  .h(X p ) = f g - g Q[X] .f | h(X p ) ,h(X)p

P
i
q =
i bi X Z[X] ;Fp = Z/pZ- a a- a Z
P
P
i
i
h =
i ai X Z[X] .q =
i bi X Fp [X]
.

, f g = f g = h(X p ) =

ai (X p )i =

X
i

ai p X ip =

X
i

ai X i

p

=h

p -) X n 1  ,X n 1 = f h .h f
F

p n )

.(

56

 .14

fn = irr(n , Q)  -n n Q
:14.7

fn (X) =

(X) =

 -n
.

X 1
f (X)
d|n, d<n d

fn (X) = Q

Xn 1 =

(Xnk ) =

k,n ,0k<n

(X ) =

, ord|n
K
p1

fp (X) = (X p 1)/(X 1) = X

+ + X + 1

()

f1 (X) = X 1

()

m, n

()

Q(m ) Q(n ) = Q

()

ord(m n ) = mn ,ord(m ) = m ,ord(n ) = n :"" ()

mn Q(m )Q(n ) . mn

. .

:14.8

Q(mn ) = Q(m )Q(n )

.

(X )

, ord=n
d|n K

n m n

()

, ord=n
K

(X)

m
mn

m
ord(mn
)=n

, ,

,

ord(mn ) = mn :""

Q(n ) Q(mn )  .Q(m ) Q(mn ) ,m Q(mn ) .

(11.16  ) , ()

Q(m )Q(n ) = Q(mn )

QQQ
m
QQQ
mmm
m
m
QQ
m
m
a QQQQ
mm b
m
m
Q
m
Q(n )
Q(m ) Q
m
QQQ
m
m
QQQ
mm
QQ
mmm
m
a QQQ
m
Q
mmm b
Q(m ) Q(n )
c

Q
, ,

(mn) = (m)(n)-

ac = (m), bc = (n), abc = (mn)

,14.6  

c = 1 ,abc = (ac)(bc)

: 

p a (mod n)- p . a, n N
57

Dirichlet)

:(

14.9 

 .14

Gal(L/Q)
= A -  L/Q . A

 

n1 , . . . , nr

Gi = Gal(Q(pi /Q)

Li Q(pi )

A
= Z/n1 Z Z/nr Z

pi 1 (mod ni )-

:14.10 

p1 , . . . , pr

(!)

Gi
= Z/(pi 1)Z
= (Z/pi Z)

: .Gal(Li /Q) = Gi /Hi = Z/ni Z ;

ni

Hi Gi

Li Q(pi ) 1 i r . p1 , . . . , pr

Gal(L1 Lr /Q)
= Gal(L1 /Q) Gal(Lr /Q)

.
.

r = 1 :r

Gal(L1 Lr1 /Q)

= Gal(L1 /Q) Gal(Lr1 /Q)

, (L1 Lr1 Lr ) Q(p1 ) Q(pr1 ) Q(pr ) Q(p1 pr1 ) Q(pi ) Q
(L1 Lr1 ) Lr = Q

,()11.18   .

Gal(L1 Lr1 Lr /Q)

=
= Gal(L1 Lr1 /Q) Gal(Lr /Q)


Gal(L1 /Q) Gal(Lr1 /Q) Gal(Lr /Q)
= Gal(L1 /Q) Gal(Lr /Q)
.( ) '    ()

Kronecker-Weber

 .

L Q(n )-

:14.11

58

()

 .15

.15

, ,

: G K

1 , . . . , n : G K

:(

Artin)
-

a1 1 + + an n = 0

:15.1

15.2

a1 , . . . , an K
(1)

(=  )

a1 = = an = 0

n 1
:

i i 6= 0

n = 1 .n

n (g0 )- (1)  .1 (g0 ) 6= n (g0 )- g0 G ,1 6= n - .(1)

.a1 n (g0 )1 + + an1 n1 (g0 )n1 + an n (g0 )n = 0

(2)

a1 1 (g0 g) + + an n (g0 g) = 0 ,g G ,

a1 n (g0 )1 (g) + + an n (g0 )n (g) = 0

a1 n (g0 )1 + + an1 n1 (g0 )n1 + an n (g0 )n = 0

(3)

(3)- (2)

a1 1 (g0 ) n (g0 ) 1 + + an1 n1 (g0 ) n (g0 ) n1 = 0
,  .

(1)-

a1 = 0

a1 1 (g0 ) n (g0 ) = 0

59

, 

a2 = = an = 0

 .16

.16

L/K

: .
.
.

L/K

L- TL/K () =

L- NL/K () =

NL/K ()- TL/K () .L

:16.1

Gal(L/K)

() TL/K : L K

()

Gal(L/K)

() NL/K : L K

()

: 

x 7 x

:16.2

: 

. ,

G G  L/K
.

() -

:(

90 )

L NL/K () = 1 . L
.

NL/K () =

G
 ,

16.3 

()

Q
Y ()
()


=
= Q G
=1

()
()
G ()
G

1, , . . . , n1 : L L n = |G| .NL/K () = 1 ,

11L ++() 2 +. . .+() n2 () n1 6= ,L 

-

z L .0

. := z + (z) + () 2 (z) + . . . + () n2 () n1 (z) 6= 0

.() =
(z) + () 2 (z) + . . . + () n2 () n1 (z) + () n1 () n (z) =
(z) + () 2 (z) + . . . + () n2 () n1 (z) + z =
=

,)

()

n = 1L - () n1 () = NL/K () = 1

n K - .char(K) n- n N , K

n K - L = K()-

:(

Kummer)

.(

60

16.4 

L/K

X n a K[X]

()

 .16

 ,

d K - d | n ,d K()/K .X n a a K

NL/K (n1 ) =

Qn1

i (n1 ) = (n1 )n = 1 .Gal(L/K) ()

i=0

i () = ni .() = n , ,n1 = /()- L

()

90 

irr(, K) , n , . . . , nn1 L ,i = 0, . . . , n 1

n
i
n
i () = (ni )n = nin n = n , .L = K() ,[K() : K] n
, ( ) =

n LGal(L/K) = K

X n a , n , . . . , nn1 K() ()

, ,

()

()
n

X n a  ,L := K(n , ) = K() .X n a

()n
n

= 1 ,X n a () , Gal(L/K)

, Gal(L/K) .() = ()- () hn i = n (K)
= Z/nZ .-n

, ( ) = ( )() = () = ( ) = ( )() = ( )() = ()( )
,

{| () = } = {1}

. 

( ) = ()( )

 .

d | n ,d Gal(L/K)- .

ord() = ord | d , Gal(L/K)

(d ) = ()

d

= ()

d

d
= () d = d

d K

p  p

G  L/K

:(

, 90 )

16.5 

= ()- L TL/K () = 0 . L .G

= ()

TL/K () =

G
,
-

X
X

X
() =
() () =
()
() = 0
G

1, , . . . , n1 : L L

n = |G|

TL/K () = 0

,

z L .1L + + 2 + . . . + n1 6= 0 ,L  
.

TL/K (z) 6= 0

. = (z) + + () 2 (z) + + + () + + n2 () n1 (z)
61

 .16

, ( ) =




() 2 (z) + () + 2 () 3 (z) + + () + 2 () + + n2 () n1 (z)+


+ () + 2 () + + n1 () n (z)


TL/K () z = z

( )

( ) = (z) + 2 (z) + + n1 (z) + z = TL/K (z)

() =

TL/K (z)

char(K) = p > 0 , K

:(

TL/K (z) K -

Artin-Schreier)

16.6 

X p X a K[X] - L = K()- L .p L/K

()

a K

a K
p 1 K()/K .f = X p X a K

.

TL/K (1) =

 ,

Pp1
i=0

i (1) = p(1) = 0

Gal(L/K)

K - f

()

()

i () = +i .() = +1 , ,1 = ()- L 90 

[K() : K] p , .irr(, K) , + 1, . . . , + (p 1) L ,i 0

i (p ) = i (p ) i () = ( + i)p ( + i) = p
.

, .

L = K()

a := p LGal(L/K) = K

, + 1, . . . , + (p 1) K() ()

( + i)p ( + i) a = Op + ip i = 0
K

 ,

K()

 ,

i Fp

, .
.

, ()
.

p

() , Gal K()/K

= ()p p = () + a + a = ()

() = + ()- () Fp
= Z/pZ .() Fp
62

 .16

, Gal K()/K

, + ( ) = ( )() = () = + ( ) = () + ( ) = + () + ( )
{| () = } = {1}

d=p

d=1

K -

d|p

, ,

iK

( ) = () + ( )


Gal K()/K - .

. 

+i

.

p  n pn

N := pn > 1 L/K

deg f = p = [K() : K]

char(K) = p > 0 , K

K L L - pn+1

T =

,15.2   .

:16.7 

L /K

,L = L() .G G = Gal(L/K) . T = TL/K

 

L L

a L ,f = X p X a

T () = c/c = 1 .c = /c .c := T ( ) 6= 0- L .

p

p

p
P
P
P
p
p
.T ( ) =
=
= T ()
G ( ) =
G ()
G ()

p
p
=11=0
- a L 16.5   .T ( ) = T () T ()

.(a) a = p
L ,()16.6   .f

, ,

. ()

p

.
L

(1)

L  f = X p X a

() ,(1)  .g(X) = X p X ( p ) L[X]

() ( p ) = (p ) () () (a) a =

(p a) (p a) = (0) 0 = 0
p

0 i < p

+i

() = + i- i .




,T ( +i) = T ()+pi = 1+0 = 1 T () = T () T () = T ()T () = 0

T () = T ( + i)

.

63

 .16

(1)  .[L : K] = pn+1

[L : L] = p .L = L()

L /K

( + )p ( + ) (a) = p + p (a) = a + p (a) = 0

(f ) = X p X (a) L[X] +

1 : L L

()4.9  

() = + -

: )

- .L = 1 L() = L 1 ()

(. = 2 1 .1 1 () = + - 2 : L L 

(f )

1 () ,f

.( )j = + + () + + j1 ()
.

ord | [L : K] = pn+1

( )p 6= 1

( )p () = + T () = + 1 6=

64

L /K

ord = pn+1

 .17

 .17

, . 

C - G  G C

,  , ,
.

 ;

GC

,

:17.1

N, G/N C - N G ,)

, - ;

:  ()

:17.2

( ) :  .( =)

. 

Gal(L /K) C -
K

.(

L /K

C -

F L F L

L F /K

F L /F

:17.4 

C - M/K

()

C - L/K

()

C - F/K , L/K

()

Gal(L /K) C - L L -

C - F L/F

,11.18   .

C - LF/K

C - F L/F

. ,

L L -

,  .

K L, F M

C - M/L , L/K
.

:17.3

p ) p-  :
.

) Gal(L/K)

L L
C -  L/K
.(

L/K

L /K

()

Gal(F L /F )
= Gal(L /F L ) Gal(L /K)

LF L F . ,K

L, F

L , F

()

C - ,Gal(L /K) Gal(F /K) 

C - L/K

L M - M

L M

Gal(M /K) C - M M - M /K

C - M/L ,Gal(M /L) C

K

"

Gal(M /L) Gal(M /K) C

L L L , L/K

C - M/K

"  C - L M/K - ,C - L M/L

,() 

= 1 (M ) m (M ) IsmK (M, M
) 1 = 1 , 2 , . . . , m
M/L- .M
.

()

/L ,m ,()  .i ,C - i (M )/L ,i (L) = L- C -

C - M
65

 .17

M = K()- M

M/K

. 

, 

M/L ,L/K -

- irr(, K) {i ()}m
M
i=1

= 1 (M ) m (M ) = K 1 () K m () = K 1 (), . . . , m ()
M
.

/K) C
Gal(M

/K
M

irr(, K) 

/L), Gal(L/K) C -
C - Gal(M

M = 1 (M ) M

C - M/K

0  

n K - L = K()- n N- L L/K

.

 
.

.

K(n , )/K -

K(n , )/K(n )- K(n )/K

, .

n N

L/K

L/K

:17.5

:17.6

K L K(n , )

,
, .

K(n , )/K(n )- K(n )/K

f (X) = 0 . f K[X]

+, , , 1

n
( m a + b)

=
k
c
: .

:
;

a, b, c K

f (X) = 0

:17.7

i Ki /Ki1 - K = K0 K1 Kk = L ()

()

L- f -

()

.

.

K()/K -  L/K

, ,

i Fi = F Gi

K()/K

n = [F : K]

i  Ki /Ki1

G = Gal(F/K)- F -

f (X) = 0 . f

F/K

:17.8 

,17.6  :


i Gi1 /Gi - G = G0 G1 Gk = 1

n Gi1 /Gi Fi /Fi1 ,K = F0 F1 Fk = F

66

 .17

E = K(1 , . . . , n )

K = K(1 ) K(1 , 2 ) K(1 , 2 , . . . , n ) = E =

(1)

= EF0 EF1 EFk = EF


,

f -

ni E EFi1 -

, .17.7 ()

n ni

(1)

EFi /EFi1

.

f (X) = 0

n5

1 i k

EFi = EFi1 (i )

f (X) = 0 . F EF

Gal(f, K)  f (X) = 0

Gal(f, K)
= An

Gal(f, K)
= Sn

:()

:17.9

L ,Gal(f, K) = Gal(L/K) ,

Gal(Fi /Fi1 )
= Gi1 /Gi

ini EFi1
.

17.10

X n + t1 X n1 + + tn1 X + tn = 0 ,K0 t1 , . . . , tn , .
.

67

K = K0 (t1 , . . . , tn t1 , . . . , tn ) 

 .18

.18
.  .

ABCD . AB

:18.1

(A, B)

A- c(A, B)

A, B

.
.

A, B

. a :18.2

(. . )

:

1 = (A, B)

(1)

c1 = c(A, B)

(2)

c(B, E)- c(E, B)

(3)

.
.

, 
.

, . .
.(! ;

1 2

2 = (F, A)

|AD| = |AB| ) D (F - A ) 2 - c1

(5)

B 1 - 3 (B - A ) 

(6)

(C, D)

(7)

. ' .(
.

|BC| = |AB|- C

.......
.
....
....... .... ....... ..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.. . ..
. .. .
...... .. ......
.....
..
..
.....
.....
.....
..
..
.....
...
.
.....
..
..
.....
...
...
.
.
.
..
.
...
...
..
..
..
...
.
.. .......
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.......
...
.
..
... ..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.......
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
......
...
....
.
.
..
...
......
...
.....
.
..
...
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.... ....
....
... ..
.
..
. ..
.
.
.
... .....
.. ..
.
2 .....
..
......
....
....
....
...
..
.
.
.
......
....
...
..
..
.
..
...
..
...
..
....... .......... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....................................................................................................... .......
..
...
.
.
.
.
.
.....
1
.....
...
.
.......
......
...
.
.
.
... .....
... ...
..
.
..
.
.. .
... ....
..
. ..
.....
..... .
.
.
.
...
..
.
......
..
......
...
.
.......
......
...
.
.
.
.
.
.......
.
.
..
.
.
.
....... ....... ....... .

..
..
.
.
...........................................................................................................
...
...
...
...
..
..
...
...
..
..
..
..
...
...
..
..
..
..
...
...
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..
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..
..
..
...
.
.......................................................................................................
...
...
.
.

(4)

c1

' ,

' ,

: 

68

 .18

  .  

. :18.3

.  .  ,
.

 ,

.C(P) = {(A, B)| A, B P} {c(A, B)| A, B P}

C(P)

P -

C(P )

.  ; ()

- ,

()

. . .
. ,  

()

.  , ,
, ,( - ) , 

()

. . , ,
,

c(A, B)

DP

: 

()

, 

( ()18.4 ) .( "" ) .
.

c(D, C) ABCD 

.   ,

C(P)

.

()

.   

  

. .

:(

18.4

(A, D)(A, B)- D ,) .A (A, B)- a . A, B

(.

(A, B) A

,) .

(A, B)- a

A, B, D

()
()

(D, A )(A, B)-

(.

ABCD- C a

()

x- C(P)-

()

A = (a1 , a2 )

. - -

P - (a2 = (a2 , 0)- a1 = (a1 , 0) ,) P

69

 .18

.
: -   ,

(.18.2 )

AB n a .n N

: .
.

c(E, F )

:18.5

.2   a . :18.6

|CD|3 = 2|AB|3 - C, D , AB

: . ,

. aU :18.7

1 , .( =) ABCD

, ,

. :18.8

.
:
(. ,  , ) .

M -

A, B P

P R2

C R2

x- P

.-

.  :18.9

A = (0, 0), B = (1, 0)-

,()18.4  .

R2

(a, 0)- a R

M -

P - Q(P)-

x, y M

x+y M

()

y M

()

xy M

()

y 6= 0 , y 1 M

()

Q(P) R M -

()

;
.
.

C(P)

: .

[K() : K] 2 - R . K = Q(P)  P

(x, y) R2

:18.10

K = Q(P)


.

70

:18.11

:18.12

[K(x, y) : K] 2 : .(18.3

 .18

(a, b) R2

:18.13

Q(P) = K0 K1 K2 Kk
.

(a, b) R2

K = Q(P)
.

[K(a, b)] | [Kk : K] = 2k

(a, b) R2

a, b Kk - i [Ki : Ki1 ] = 2 -
18.13

2 [K(a, b) : K] - P

(1)

L/K

,(4.14 )  

K = Q(P)

P
.

K(a, b) L-

:18.14

2- K(a, b)/K

,17.3 

i 2- Ki /Ki1

 .

. -
,

. -

K(a, b)/K

G = Gal(L/K)- a, b L-

Ki = LGi

2 Gi /Gi1

:18.15 

2 - K(a, b)/K

. -
 .

(1) 18.13  :
2

  . -


Ki /Ki1

Gal(L/K)-

L/K

Kk /K

,()17.4 

(Gi : Gi1 ) = 2- .G = G0 G1 Gk = 1

K = K 0 K1 Kk = L

(a, b) ,18.13 

:  18.14

:18.15

;(18.6 )  

()

;(18.7 )

()

/3

()

.(18.8 )

3
.
2 CD  A = (0, 0), B = (0, 1) ,AB ()

3
2) : Q] Q(P) = Q .P = {0, 1}  (0, 3 2)
[Q(

3
2) : Q] = 3 .2
. ,[Q(
Q

Q() Q( 1 )

[Q( 1 ) : Q]

(. 50- ,1882 

71

,()- ()

) .

 .18

B = (cos /3, sin /3)- A = (1, 0) , O

AOB

()

P = {A, B} (cos /9, sin /9)

.Q(P) = Q(cos /3, sin /3) = Q(1/2,

3/2) = Q( 3)

2 [Q( 3)(cos /9, sin /9) : Q( 3)]

, [Q( 3) : Q] = 2 , [Q( 3)(cos /9, sin /9, i) : Q( 3)(cos /9, sin /9)] = 2
2

18 = e 18 i = cos /9 + i sin /9

,
.

[Q(cos /9, sin /9, i, 3) : Q]

[Q(18 ) : Q] = (18) = (2)(32 ) = 132 ,14.6   , .2 [Q(18 ) : Q]

2 (n) (18.5 ) n

 .

2
n

AOB

O- AB

2
(cos 2
n , sin n ) 

 .

2
2- Q(cos 2
n , sin n )/Q

(!)

2
2- Q(cos 2
n , sin n , i)/Q

( )

2- Q(n , i)/Q
2- Q(n )/Q

(!)
(14.6 )

Q(n ) = Q(n , n1 ) = Q(n , n )

:18.16

n = n1

2 (n)

n n = |n | = 1-

.Q(n , i) = Q(n , n , i) = Q(Re n , Im n , i) = Q(cos

( ,18.16 )
(

n0

Fn = 22 + 1

2
2
, sin
, i)
n
n

,)  

:18.18

 .   .
:   5 .1837

.F0 = 3, F1 = 5, F2 = 17, F3 = 257, F4 = 65537

72

 .19

.19

t1 , . . . , tn T

: K[X] L

()

X1 , . . . , Xn X

()

f K[X1 , . . . , Xn ]-

T = (X) -

()

K[X]
= K[T ]

:19.3

ST

()

t t T

()

T S - T S = K(T ) S L

()

:19.2

: X L


7 f (X1 ), . . . , (Xn )

:19.1

f X1 , . . . , Xn

T L

K[X] X

K -

f (t1 , . . . , tn ) 6= 0 0 6= f K[X1 , . . . , Xn ]

. 
:

L/K

s1 , . . . , sm S - t1 , . . . , tn T

T S = K(T )- S

()  ":

" ()

X = (X1 , . . . , Xn ) ,Y = (Y1 , . . . , Ym ) ,t = (t1 , . . . , tn ) ,s = (s1 , . . . , sm ) ;

P P
i = (i1 , . . . , in ) ) f = i j aij X i Y j K[X, Y ] .f (t, s) = 0- f K[X, Y ]
P P
i j
.f =
i
j aij t s = 0 , .(i, j aij = 0- - j = (j1 , . . . , jm )
P P
P
T - .j i aij ti = 0 ,K(T ) S - .f = j ( i aij ti )sj = 0
,

f = 0 .i aij = 0 ,K

Y = (Y1 , . . . , Ym ) ,s = (s1 , . . . , sm )

g K[T ][Y ]

t = (t1 , . . . , tn )

g =0

s1 , . . . , sm S

"

":

g(s) = 0- g K(T )[Y ]

P P
i j
,f =
i
j aij X Y K[X, Y ]

X = (X1 , . . . , Xn )

g = 0 .f = 0 ,f (t, s) = g(s) = 0 .g = f (t, Y )- ,T -

K(T ) . K

h(t) 6= 0- T - -n t- ,g, h K[X1 , . . . , Xn ] ,n N , =

g, h-

 ,(2.22 ) 

K[X1 , . . . , Xn ]-
73

g(t) 6= 0

:19.4

g(t)
h(t)

 .19

.  ,

h(t)d -

Pd

Pd

i=0

i=0

ai i = 0-

ai g i hdi

a0 , a1 , . . . , ad K 
Pd
= 0 ,K T - . i=0 ai g(t)i h(t)di = 0

. ,

g, h

,

. 

g, h 
.

: .
.

g, h K -

T L

:19.5

L/K(T ) - K

()

()

L/K(T )

K(T ) L
K(T ) {}- L
K

(()19.3 )

T {}-
/ T - L

T L

:19.6
.19.5

: .

L/(K(T )-

L/K

|S| |T | .L/K

) .

L- t1 , . . . , tn T

s1 , . . . , sn S
K

(.

n0

S, T
.

:19.7 

T -

|S| ,(n = |S| )  .Tn := {s1 , . . . , sn } (T r{t1 , . . . , tn }) ,K(Tn )

|S| |T | ,T -

.
.

t = (t1 , . . . , tm )

gd (t) 6= 0 ,i
Q
.
i hi (t)-

n n = 1

K(T )

0 i d

L- s1 -

gi , hi K[X1 , . . . , Xm ] T
Pd
i
 ,i hi = 1 .
i=0 gi (t)/hi (t)s1 = 0
Pd
i
.f (t1 , . . . , tm , s1 ) = 0- 0 6= f K[X1 , . . . , Xm , Y ] .f =
i=0 gi (X1 , . . . , Xm )Y

hi (t) 6= 0-

s1 - ,f (s1 ) = 0 ,f K[Y ] i gi (t) K

74

f -  X1 , . . . , Xm

 .19

K(T1 )  ,K(s1 , t2 , . . . tm ) t1

X1

.(

L- K(T1 ) K(T1 )(T )- .K(T1 ) T

T1 - T

K(T1 ) L- ,K(T1 )(T )

L- Tn1

T0 = T

. ,

K(Tn ) L- tn T

.

St S

K(St )

n = 0

Tn1
)   .K(Tn1 )

K(S)

tT

S=

K(T ) ,K(T ) . S

S S

.

tT

S {} ) S
.

S = S

L/K

St -

S -

- .K(S ) K(S )(T ) ,K(St ) K(S ) t T

.

T T

K(S ) ,K(S )(T )

,()19.3  .

S - S {} S ;K
S
.|S| |T | 0 = |T | , T - S =
tT St
K

.( ,

L -

:19.8 

L-  

|L| = |L | > 0 - char(L) = char(L ) -

L, L

. ,

|L| = 0

|T | = |T |- . ,L/K, L /K

|K(T )| = 0

|K[T ]| = 0

,

|K| 0

L
= L

T, T .1 : K K   .L, L K, K
.

:19.9

|L| = |T | ,|K(T )| = |T | ,|K[T ]| = |T | ,|T | T - ,

|T | = |T |

.


1 , 2

2 : T T

K [T ] K[T ]  1 , 2  .: K[T ] K [T ]

K (T ) K(T )  . . 

L L

75

. : .99

.( -

x ) x- y ,x y . X
.

x 6= y ,x y

( -

x=y

xy

yX

y = x y x : y X

y x y X

, ,

xy

, ,

yX

x ) x- y

xX

:99.1

X - ()

()

X - ()

()

, ,

, ,

()

()

x x
.

 , ,

x, x X

, .

X -

X -  (."" ' ) .x = x

x x

. ,  , (  ) 
.

.  X

76