Alternating Current Three-Phase Circuits

Unit 2 AC THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS

Three-phase systems characteristics Generation of three-phase voltages Three-phase loads -Y and Y- transformation Instantaneous power Three-phase power: S, P and Q Power measurement. Aron connection Power factor improvement Electrical measurements Exercises
Alternating Current Three-Phase Circuits
THREE-PHASE SYSTEMS CHARACTERISTICS
THREE-PHASE SYSTEMS CHARACTERISTICS

Instantaneous electric power has sinusoidal shape with double frequency than voltage or current SINGLE-PHASE AC CIRCUITS: instantaneous electric power is negative twice a period (power flows from load to generator) and positive twice a period, falling to zero in. BALANCED THREE-PHASE AC CIRCUITS: instantaneous electric power is constant. Three-phase power never falls to zero Three-phase electric motors have better performance than single-phase AC motors Three-phase power systems allow two voltage levels (L-L, L-N) When transmitting electric power, three-phase AC systems require 25% less of Cu/Al than single-phase AC systems
3 4
GENERATION OF THREE-PHASE VOLTAGES
INTRODUCTION
Three-phase generators contain three sinusoidal voltage sources with voltages of the same frequency but a 120-phase shift with respect to each other This is realized by positioning three coils at 120 electrical angle separations on the same rotor Amplitudes of the three phases are also equal The generator is then balanced
5 6
INTRODUCTION
R
INTRODUCTION
R
R N S T
T VTR
120
VRN VTN N VST
VRS VSN S T
VTR
120
VRN VTN N VST
VRS VSN S
Vline = 3.Vline to43 14 N 2

phase
N: neutral point R S T (or A B C) direct sequence or sequence RST VRS, VST, VTR: line voltages or line-to-line voltages VRN, VSN, VTN: line-to-neutral voltages Vline = 3 Vline-to-neutral
7
50 Hz
Usual system 230 volt 400 volt 50 Hz

8
Vphase = Vline-to-neutral Vline

Frequency
THREE-PHASE LOADS CLASSIFICATION

WYE (two voltages) Balanced 3-wires 4-wires Unbalanced 3-wires 4-wires DELTA (one voltage) Balanced
S R IRS IS Z
WYE-CONNECTED LOAD
IR R
Z O=N Z S Z
IN N
Z O=N
IS S
IT
IR
IR
R
The wye or star connection is made by connecting one end of each of the three-phase loads together The voltage measured across a single load or phase is known as the phase voltage The voltage measured between the lines is known as the line-to-line voltage or simply as the line voltage In a wye-connected system, the line voltage is higher than the load phase voltage by a factor of the square root of 3 In a wye-connected system, phase current and line current are the same
R
ITR Z
IRS IS ZRS
ITR ZTR
Unbalanced
I ST
S T
I ST
S T
IT
IT
ZST
10
DELTA-CONNECTED LOAD
This connection receives its name from the fact that a schematic diagram of this connection resembles the Greek letter delta () In the delta connection, line voltage and phase voltage in the load are the same The line current of a delta connection is higher than the phase current by a factor of the square root of 3
-Y TRANSFORMATION
Z between nodes 1 and 2: : Z 1, 2 =
Z 12 (Z 13 + Z 23 ) Z 12 + ( Z 13 + Z 23 )
R
Y:
Z Y 1, 2 = Z 1 + Z 2
1
Z nodes 1-2: (1)
Z1 + Z 2 =
Z 12 (Z 13 + Z 23 ) Z 12 + ( Z 13 + Z 23 )
Z nodes 1-3: (2) Z 1 + Z 3 =
Z 13 (Z 12 + Z 23 ) Z 12 + ( Z 13 + Z 23 )
Z 13 S Z3
Z1
Z12 Z2
Z 23 (Z 12 + Z 13 ) Z nodes 2-3: (3) Z 2 + Z 3 = Z 12 + ( Z 13 + Z 23 )

T
Z23
From expressions (1), (2) and (3) it results:
Z1 =
Z 12 Z 13 Z 12 + Z 13 + Z 23
(1) + (2) - (3)
Z2 =
Z 12 Z 23 Z 12 + Z 13 + Z 23
(1) - (2) + (3)
Z3 =
Z 13 Z 23 Z 12 + Z 13 + Z 23
12
-(1) + (2) + (3)
11
Balanced loads:
ZY = Z/3
BALANCED THREE/FOUR-WIRE, WYE-CONNECTED LOAD

IR R
IR =
IN Z O=N IS Z Z
V RN V SN V TN IS = IT = Z Z Z I N = ( I R + IS + I T ) = 0
BALANCED THREE/FOUR-WIRE, WYE-CONNECTED LOAD Example A three-phase, RST system (400 V, 50 Hz), has a three-wire Y-connected load for which Z = 1030 Obtain the line currents and the complex power consumption R
IR =
Z O=N Z S Z
Stotal = 3.Sfase = 3.V RN .I *R = 3.Vlnia .I lnia

P
IT T
= 3.Vlnia .I lnia .cos + j 3.Vlnia .I lnia .sin 144 2444 4 3 144 244 3 4 4
Q
V RN 400/ 3 40 = = A 10 30 Z 3 30 60 40 V SN 400/ 3 = = A IS = 10 30 Z 3
V TN 400/ 3 = 10 30 Z
210
90
60
The three currents are balanced

Z O=N Z Z
IT =
T
40 3
180
A
90 60
Thus the sum of them is always zero Since the neutral current of a balanced, Yconnected, three-phase load is always zero, the neutral conductor may, for computational purposes, be removed, with no change in the results
13
Stotal = 3Sphase = 3V RN I *R = 3(400/ 3 )(40/ 3 )* = = 1600030 VA = 13856.41 (watt) + j8000 (VAr)

40 = 16000 VA 3 40 Ptotal = 3Vl I l cos = 3400 cos 30 = 13566.41watt 3 40 Q total = 3Vl I l sin = 3400 sin 30 = 8000 VAr 3 Stotal = 3Vl I l = 3400
14
UNBALANCED FOUR-WIRE, WYE-CONNECTED LOAD

IR R
UNBALANCED THREE-WIRE, WYE-CONNECTED LOAD

IR R
IN N
ZR O=N
IS S
ZS
ZT
IT T
V RN IR = ZR V SN IS = ZS V TN IT = ZT I N = ( I R + I S + I T ) 0
I R + IS + I T = 0
ZR O=N
IS S
ZS
ZT
V RO V SO V TO + + =0 ZR ZS ZT V RN + V NO V SN + V NO V TN + V NO + + =0 ZR ZS ZT
IT T
Stotal = V RN I *R + VSN I * + V TN I *T S
V ON
15
V RN V SN V TN + + ZR ZS ZT V RN Y R + V SN Y S + V TN Y T = = 1 1 1 Y R + YS + Y T + + ZR ZS ZT 16

IR R

Example A three-phase, RST system (400 V, 50 Hz), has a three-wire unbalanced Y-connected load for which ZR = 100 , ZS = 100 i ZT = 1030 Obtain the line currents and the total complex power consumption.
IR ZR ZS ZT R IS S IT T
1) V ON =
ZR O=N IS ZS
V RN Y R + V SN Y S + V TN Y T Y R + YS + Y T
ZT
2) I R = IS =
V RO V RN VON = ZR ZR V SO V SN VON = ZS ZS
V RN Y R + V SN Y S + V TN Y T Y R + YS + YT ON 90 0 -30 230 0.1 + 230 0.10 + 230 210 0.1-30 = = 40.93114.89 V 0.10 + 0.10 + 0.130 V ON =
IT T
VRO = VRN VON = 23090 - 40.93114.89 = 193.6484.90 V VSO = VSN VON = 230-30 - 40.93114.89 = 264,54-35.10 V VTO = VTN VON = 230210 - 40.93114.89 = 237,18-140.10 V IR = VRO/ZR = 193.6484.90/100 = 19,3684.90 A IS = VSO/ZS = 264.54-35.10/100 = 26,45-35.10 A IT = VTO/ZT = 237.18-140.10/1030 = 23.72-110.10 A
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V TO V TN VON = IT = ZT ZT
3) Stotal = V RO I *R + V SO I * + V TO I *T S
Stot = VROIR* + VSOIS* + VTOIT* = 15619.56 W + j2812.72 VAr
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BALANCED DELTA-CONNECTED LOAD

IR R IRS IS Z
R
UNBALANCED DELTA-CONNECTED LOAD

IR R
R
ITR Z
I ST
S T
IT
V RS I RS = Z VST IST = Z V TR I TR = Z
IRS
I R = I RS I TR IS = IST I RS I T = I TR IST
ITR ZTR
I RS = IST
IS
Z RS
V RS Z RS
I R = I RS I TR IS = IST I RS I T = I TR IST
I ST
S T
V ST = ZST V TR ZTR
IT
ZST
I TR =
Stotal = 3Sfase = 3V RS I *RS = 3Vlnia Ilnia

P Q
= 3Vlnia Ilnia cos + j 3Vlnia Ilnia sin 144 2444 4 3 144 244 3 4 4
Stotal = V RS I *RS + VST I * + V TR I *TR ST
19
20
UNBALANCED THREE-WIRE, -CONNECTED LOAD

Example A three-phase, RST system (400 V, 50 Hz), has an unbalanced connected load for which ZRS = 100 , ZST = 1030 i ZTR = 10-30 Obtain the R line currents and the complex power consumption
POWER MEASURMENT. Four-wires load

Balanced wye-connected, four-wires load
R W
I RS =
V RS 400120 = = 40120 A 100 Z V ST 4000 = 30 = 4030 A IST = 10 Z V TR 400120 = = 4090 A I TR = 1030 Z

105
VTR
120
VRN VTN N VST
VRS
N
Z O=N Z Z
W = VRNIRcos( VRN - IR) Ptotal = 3W
IR R IRS IS Z RS
VSN S
S
ITR
T
ZTR
Unbalanced wye-connected, four-wires load

R WR
I R = I RS I TR = 77.29 IS = IST I RS = 77.29
A A
S
I ST
T
WR = VRNIRcos( VRN - IR)

Z
45
IT
ZST
N
WS = VSNIScos( VSN - IS) WT = VTNITcos( VTN - IT)

ZT
I T = I TR IST = 40.00 150 A

Stotal = V RS I *RS + VST I * + V TR I *TR = 43712.81(W) + j0 (VAr) = ST = 43712.81VA
21
O=N S WS ZS
Ptotal = WR + WS + WT
WT
22
POWER MEASURMENT. ARON CONNECTION

General 3-wires load. Two-wattmeter method (ARON connection) Demonstration done for a balanced 3-wires load
POWER MEASURMENT. BALANCED LOAD

R
Balanced load, general (Y/D, 3/4 wires). Two-wattmeter method (ARON connection)
Ptotal = W1 + W2
BALANCED
LOAD
,
=6 0 =9 0
VTR VRT
120
VRN VTN N VST VST
VRS VSR
LOAD
,
Q total = 3(W1 W2 )
VSN S
= arctg( 3
W1 W2 ) W1 + W2
W1 = VRT IR cos( VRT I R ) = VIcos(30 + ) W2 = VST IS cos( VST IS ) = VIcos(30 + )

= =0 30
Unbalanced wye/delta-connected, three-wires load
UNBALANCED
PTOTAL = W1 + W2 = VI[cos( 30 + ) + cos(30 + )] = 3VIcos Q TOTAL = 3[W1 + W2 ] = 3VI[ 30 + ) cos(30 + )] = 3VIsin cos(
23
,
LOAD
Ptotal = W1 + W2
24
POWER MEASURMENT; THE TWO-WATTMETER METHOD Aron Cyclic Permutations

W1 V RT SR TS I R S T V ST TR RS W2 I S T R
INSTANTANEOUS THREE-PHASE POWER Single-phase load:

cosAcosB = 05[cos(A+B) + cos(A-B)]
p(t) = v(t)i(t) = V0cos(wt + V)I0cos(wt + ) p(t) =1/2 V0I0cos(V - I) + 1/2V0I0cos(2wt + V + I) watt

Constant Oscillates twice mains frequency!!!!
Three-phase wye balanced load:

p(t) = vRN(t)iR(t) + vSN(t)iS(t) + vTN(t)iT(t) = = 2Vpcos(wt + V) 2Ipcos(wt + ) + 2Vpcos(wt -120+ V) 2Ipcos(wt -120+ ) + 2Vpcos(wt +120+ V) 2Ipcos(wt +120+ ) =
Q measurement: Cyclic Permutations

W V ST TR RS I R S T
Q TOT = 3W
W = VST I R cos(VST IR ) = Vline I line cos(90- ) = Vline I line sin =
QTOTAL 3
25
VpIpcos(V - I) + VpIpcos(2wt + V + I) + VpIpcos(V - I) + VpIpcos(2wt -240+ V + I) + VpIpcos(V - I) + VpIpcos(2wt +240+ V + I) = 3/2VpIpcos(V - I) = 3/2VpIpcos = constant!!!
26
INSTANTANEOUS POWER: SINGLE PHASE LOAD
INSTANTANEOUS THREE-PHASE POWER
v(t)
v(t)
i(t)
i(t)
p(t)
Average power = P
p(t) pTOTAL = pR(t) + pS(t) + pT(t)

27 28
POWER LOSSES THREE-PHASE/SINGLE PHASE

Single-phase line
V
Example 1
Three-phase, balanced RST system for which A1 = 1.633 A, A2 = 5.773 A, W1 = 6928.2 W, W2 = 12000 W, U = 6000 V, Zline=4+j3 a) Obtain the complex power in the loads, the ammeter A and the voltmeter U1 readings b) Obtain the value of C to improve the loads PF to 1, supposing U = 6000 V. Q = 3W = 12000VAr
R
U1
I=
Pload V cos
2 2
Plosses = 2R1 I = 2R1
Pload V cos
2
ZL
ZL U ZL A1 A2
W2
Q1 = 12000VAr = 3UI1 sin 1

3 .6 3 =1 000 =6
Three-phase line
V
Pload I= 3V cos
1 = 45
W1
P1 = 3UI1 cos 1 = 12000W

K C C
Plosses = 3R2 I = 3R2
Pload ( 3 ) .V cos
2 2 2
= R2
Pload V cos
2 2
S
Balanced load 1 capacitive Balanced load 2 inductive C
P2 = 3W2 = 36000W = 3UI 2 cos 2
2 = 53.12
Q 2 = 3UI 2 sin 2 = 48000VAr
36.87
Supposing same losses
l l 1 2R 1 = R 2 2 = S3p = S1p S1p S3p 2
S1+ 2 = (P1 + P2 ) + j(Q1 + Q 2 ) = 48000 + j36000 = 60000

6000 3
90
VA
Single-phase line: 2 conductors of length l and section S1p Three-phase line: 3 conductors of length l and section S3p = 1/2S1p As a result:
ITOTAL = I1 + I 2 = 1.63390 +45 + 5.77390 53.12 = 5.77490 36.85 A U1, phase = I.ZL + U phase = 5.77490 36.85 (4 + j 3) +
29
weight3p-cables = 3/4weight1p-cables
= 3492.97 90 V U1 = 3U1,phase = 6050V

30
Q1C , = Q/3 = -36000/3VAr = -
(6000)2 1/(2 .50.C )
C = 1.06F
Example 2
Three-phase 50 Hz system, for which V = 400 V, W1 = -8569.24 W, W2 = -5286.36 W, AS = 21.56 A. Obtain a) the value of R b) the reading of AR c) the value of the inductance L W1 W2
R S T W1 W2 AR AS AT V
Example 3
Varley phase-sequence indicator Calculate the voltage in each element and deduce practical consequences Three-phase 400 V/50 Hz system C = 1F XC = 3183 R2bulbs = 2V2/P = 22302/20 = 5290
W1 ' = W1
S
R L R
and W2 ' = W2
T
V RT SR TS
I R S T
V ST TR RS
I S T R
a) Pt otal = W1 '+ W2 ' = 13855.6 W = 2

b) ISR =
VSR 400 60 V 400 +60 I RT = RT = = = 17.32 60 A = 17.32 + 60 A R 23.095 R 23.095 It results : I R = I RT - ISR = 3090 A
VTS 400 400 = 17.32 60 = 8.66 j15 j 90 XL jX L XL
400 2 ) X L = 84.308 = 2 50L XL
31
180
400 R
resulting in :
R = 23.095
V RN Y R + V SN Y S + V TN Y T Y R + YS + Y T 90 -90 230 /3183 + 230-30 /5290 0 + 230 210 /5290 0 = 1 / 318390 + 1 / 5290 0 + 1 / 5290 0 = 171.55171.31 V R V ON =
VRO = VRN VON = 23090 - 171.55171.31 = 265.3450.28 V VSO = VSN VON = 230-30 - 171.55171.31 = 394.78-20.91 V VTO = VTN VON = 230210 171.55171.31 = 144.00-101.86 V
VR0 0 VT0 T V0N VS0 S
c) IS = ISR ITS = 17.32 60
IS = 21.56 A = 8.662 + (15
Conductor R is that where the capacitor is placed, conductor S is that where placed the brighter bulb and the remaining one is T.
32
The result is : L = 0.2684 H
Example 4
A 400 V and 50 Hz three-phase line feeds two balanced loads through a line which has an internal impedance ZL=0.5 + j1 The -connected load has phase impedances which values are 45+j30 , whereas the Y-connected load has phase impedances of 15j30 Determine: a) The reading of the ammeter A b) The reading of the voltmeter V c) The readings of watt-meters W1 and W2
R S T ZL ZL ZL W1 W2 A V
Example 5
Three phase 400 V-50 Hz line. When switch K2 is closed WA = 4000 W. When K1 and K3 are closed, WA = 28352.6 and WB = -11647.4 W. Determine: a) R2 b) R1 c) AT
a) K2 closed: WA = VSTIScos(VST - IS) 4000 = 400IScos(0+30) IS = 11.55 A
R S T N WA
AT
WB
AS
R2 = VSN/IS = (400/3)/11.55 = 20
b) K1 and K3 closed:
T
K1 C1
S
0 =2
K2 R1 R1 R2
K3
S
7.125
PTOT = W1 + W2 = -WB + WA = 40000 W = 24002/R1 + 4002/R2 R1 = 10

W1 W2 I R S T V ST TR RS I S T R V RT SR TS
ZTOT = ZL + (Z Y / / ZY ) = Z L + Z// = (0.5 + j1) + (16.731 + j1.154) = 17.365 a) I R = VRN 400 / 3 = = 13.3082.875 A ZTOT 17.3657.125
+90
c) K1 and K3 closed:
I S T R
180 60
W1 V RT SR TS I R S T V ST TR RS
W2
b) V = 3(IZ// ) = 3(13.3016.7706) = 386.33V
IT1 = ITS I RT = IT2 =
c) PLOAD = W1 + W2 = 313.302 16.731 Q LOAD = 3(W1 W2 ) = 313.302 1.154
From the Aron connection it results: W1 = 4616,1 W, W2 = 4262,5 W

33
ITtotal
VTS 400 = = 20 + j0A R2 20 87.18 = IT1 + IT2 = (60 j34.64) + (-20 + j0) = -80 j34.64 = 87.18 A
180
VTS VRT 400 = R1 R1 10
400 10
= 60 j34.64A
34
It results, AT = 87.18 A
ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS
INSTRUMENTS FOR INDUSTRIAL MAINTENANCE Multimeters Voltage AC/DC Current AC/DC Resistance Others: capacitance, frequency, temperature, Current probes Voltage AC/DC (depending on models) Current AC/DC Wattmeters Voltage AC Current AC Power: S, P, Q AC PF Frequency Single-phase or three-phase
Single-phase Three-phase
Three phase loads with 3-4 wires Single-phase loads Voltage Current
laboratory
P, Q, S PF
PCE Iberica
Phase angle between voltage and current Energy
35
36
INSTRUMENTS FOR INDUSTRIAL MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL Useful for carrying out low cost energy control checks on electrical consumption Can also be used to carry out an accurate control of the consumption of any other physical unit which has a meter with a digital impulse output Possible measurements: Voltage Current Hz Power (S, P, Q, PF) Energy Single-phase or three-phase
Circutor
37

Alternating Current Three-Phase Circuits

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Unit 2 AC THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS

Unit 2 AC THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS