Tp ch Khoa hc HQGHN, Khoa hc T nhin v Cng ngh 26 (2010) 129-140

Mng thng tin iu khin trong h thng t ng ha ta nh

Trn Quang Vinh*, Phm Mnh Thng, Phng Mnh Dng
Trng i hc Cng ngh, HQGHN, 144 Xun Thy, H Ni, Vit Nam
Nhn ngy 07 thng 9 nm 2009

Tm tt. H thng t ng ha ta nh BAS (Building Automation System) cho php gim st v iu khin hot ng ca cc thit b trong ta nh. Cc thit b ny c chc nng iu khin cc thng s mi trng, qun l in nng tiu th, iu khin ng ngt cc thit b in, bo chy, kim sot an ninh v iu khin cc qu trnh vo ra ta nh, v.v... BAS thc s l mt h thng iu khin t ng vi mt mng thng tin iu khin CCN (Control Communication Network) trong n. Bi bo trnh by vic phn tch, thit k v thc hin mng thng tin CCN ny trong mt ta nh cao tng nhm to ra cc tin nghi hin i cho n. H thng c xy dng trn c s tch hp hu c gia cc m-un phn cng v phn mm iu khin. Cc b iu khin c ni qua cc knh truyn vt l thch hp p ng c cc yu cu v k thut v kinh t. Cc kt qu tnh ton v m phng trn hai phn mng chnh cho thy h thng thit k tha mn c yu cu thng tin iu khin ta nh. T kha: H thng t ng ha ta nh BAS (Building Automation System), Mng thng tin iu khin CCN (Control Communication Network).

1. Gii thiu Trong nhng nm gn y, s ta nh cao tng Vit Nam c tng ln nhanh chng. Nhng ta nh ny khng ch c thit k hin i m cn c trang b nhiu phng tin cng ngh cao. Hin nay th gii bit n khi nim v H thng t ng ha ta nh BAS (Building Automation System). l mt h thng iu khin c lp t, cho php gim st v iu khin cc thit b trong ton ta nh. Cc thit b ny c chc nng iu khin cc thng s mi trng trong nh (nh nhit , m), thu thp d liu tiu th in trong cc phn h chnh (nh h thng chiu

sng, si m, h thng my bm nc), iu khin ng ngt cc thit b in, bo ng khi xy ra ha hon, kim sot an ninh v iu khin cc qu trnh vo ra ta nh, v.v... Thc t cho thy mt h thng nh BAS s cho php tit kim c nng lng s dng trong ta nh, ci thin c cc tin nghi v tng tnh an ton cng nh gim cc chi ph vn hnh bo dng. Ch ni ring v mt nng lng, cc thng k tin cy ch ra rng, c ti 40% nng lng s dng trong ta nh thuc v cc h thng c th t di s gim st iu khin ca BAS; cn nu tnh thm c h thng chiu sng vo th con s ny ln ti 70% [1]. Mt h BAS thng c chng trnh ha nhm qun l mt cch t ng cc phn h trong n. Chng hn nh BAS c kh nng t 129

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Tc gi lin h. T.: 84-4-37546575. E-mail: vinhtq@vnu.edu.vn

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ng tt n trong mt khu vc khi khng c ngi di chuyn, t ng bt my iu ha khng kh khi nhit hay m trong phng t ti mt ngng no . Cc thit b in dn dng trong cc phng ca cn h nh n chiu sng, my iu ha, my git, my thu hnh c th c iu khin t ng hoc iu khin t xa trong phm vi ta nh hoc thm ch t bt c ni u bn ngoi ta nh. iu khin ca ra vo cng l mt ng dng t ng ha ta nh ca BAS. Trong ng dng ny, h thng gi cc lung d liu video t cc camera gim st ti phng bo v mt cch nh k, hoc ghi li cc qu trnh ngoi nhp khi c ngi i qua ca ra vo. Nh vy, s an ninh ca ta nh s c tng cng. Do nhu cu cc dch v trong ta nh hin i ngy cng tng, nn chc nng ca mt h BAS hin nay thc s l vic gim st v iu khin hng ngn cc nhim v x l thng minh khng tp trung trong sut ngy m ta nh. V vy, BAS phi c thit k nh mt h thng iu khin c my tnh ha v h thng ny khng ch m bo c tnh iu khin tp trung m cn phi thc hin c cc hot ng iu khin phn tn na. Mt h BAS in hnh c cu thnh t 4 loi phn t c bn: cc cm bin (sensors), cc b chp hnh (actuators), cc b iu khin (controllers) v mt mng thng tin (communication network). Nh vy, vic thit k xy dng mt mng thng tin iu khin CCN (Controlling Communication Network) trong BAS cn c quan tm c bit. Mng ch hot ng hiu qu khi chn c mt hnh trng mng (topology) v giao thc thng tin (protocol) thch hp, bi v chng quyt nh n hiu qu thng tin, tin cy, cng nh tnh kinh t ca mng. Do cn phn tch cc kha cnh lin quan n cc i tng ca mng trc khi quyt nh thit k cc khi phn

cng v pht trin cc chng trnh phn mm ca h thng. Trn c s cc xut pht im k trn, cng trnh ny bo co chi tit qu trnh xy dng mng thng tin iu khin ca BAS trong mt ta nh c th. Da trn vic phn tch cc nhu cu thit yu ca mt h BAS in hnh, chng ti chn cc thit k thch hp cho cc m-un iu khin phn cng v cc chng trnh phn mm cho mt ta nh cao tng c th. M hnh mng c tnh ton, m phng v c lp t cho cc ch tiu cht lng chp nhn c. 2. Phn tch h thng BAS v mng CNN c th thit k ti u mng thng tin, chng ti tin hnh kho st phn tch cc c im lin quan n t chc ca h thng BAS m bo nhu cu thng tin trong mng. 2.1. Cc chc nng hin i chnh ca BAS Cn c vo nhu cu c th ca tng ta nh, BAS bao gm cc phn h khc nhau. Trong ti ny, BAS c i hi cn c nhng phn h nh sau: Phn h HVAC (iu khin si m, thng gi, iu ha khng kh - Heating, Ventilation, Air conditioning Control), l mt h thng iu khin vi kh hu t ng c lp t ti cc khu vc cng cng ca ta nh nh snh ln, cc hnh lang, tng hm, thang my, nh kho, v.v... Trong phn h ny, chc nng si m, thng gi l mt x l nhm iu khin nhit hoc m trong vng bng cc cm bin nhit , m, cm bin o lu lng khng kh v cm bin o nng kh CO2 cng vi b iu khin in t qua cc thit b chp hnh nh qut, cc van gi, van nc. Mt h thng iu ha nhit m bo vic lm mt, thng kh v lm kh cho mt vng xc nh.

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Phn h chiu sng, iu khin cc n chiu sng ti cc khu vc cng cng v cc cn h. Vic ng ngt cc n c thc hin theo mt s cch: bng cng tc tay, bng tn hiu ca cc cm bin pht hin vt chuyn ng, bng tn hiu o mc sng ti ca mi trng xung quanh hoc da trn mt lch biu thi gian nh trc trong chng trnh iu khin. Phn h iu khin ng ngt cc thit b in dn dng, cho php ng ngt cc thit b nht nh khng ch t bn trong ta nh m cn t mi ni bn ngoi ta nh. Hu ht cc thit b in dn dng nh n chiu sng, t lnh, my iu ha, l vi sng, my git v cc thit b nghe-nhn u tiu th nhiu in nng v lng ph cng sut tiu tn. Phn h ny cho php s dng hiu qu cc thit b in dn dng, khng ch gim chi ph m cn lm sch mi trng. Phn h qun l nng lng in, c nhim v thu thp mc tiu th in trong cc h thng cng cng ca ta nh, nh h thng HVAC, h thng chiu sng cng cng, h bm nc, v trong cc cn h nu c nhu cu. Mt s b o in t s c bit c thit k mc song song vi cc cng-t in trong cc phn h tiu th nht nh s truyn thng xuyn s liu tiu th in v my tnh trung tm ca ta nh. Ti , mt chng trnh qun l s tnh v pht ra cc bo co v d liu qu kh v lng in tiu th nhm lu ngi s dng hoch nh cc chnh sch s dng sao cho ti u. Phn h bo chy, cho php pht hin tn hiu bo chy t cc cm bin nhy khi v t ng pht tn hiu cnh bo cng nh gi cc thng bo khn cp ti trung tm ta nh hoc trm cu ha. Cc phn h an ninh v iu khin ngoi nhp, c chc nng gim st v iu khin vic ra vo ca trc ta nh; pht hin v bo

ng nhng xm nhp bt hp php. Cc ca ra vo v ca s cn gim st c lp t cc cm bin tip xc t tnh, cc cm bin pht hin v ca knh, do c th bo ng c cc xm nhp bt thng. Cc camera c lp t cc khu vc cn thit cho php quan st c cc hot ng xy ra quanh ta nh. H thng BAS cn c th cho php nhn dng v qun l tiu s ca mi nhn vin thng ra vo ta nh bng th nhn dng v tuyn RFID. 2.2. Cc c im thng tin trong mi phn h v mi quan h gia chng Thng tin trong mi phn h BAS c nhng c im ring i hi phi c truyn qua mt mi trng thch hp. Chng ti phn bit chng theo cc c im nh sau: Theo mc u tin. Th d, mt thng ip bo ng c pht ra t phn h bo chy th khn cp hn lnh bt mt my iu ha trong phn h ng ngt thit b. Do , mt knh thng tin bn vng, khng b tc nghn cn c dnh cho phn h bo chy. Theo c im thng tin him khi c pht hay thng xuyn c pht ra. Th d, thng ip bo chy him khi c pht ra, trong khi cc s liu tiu th in li cn c truyn thng xuyn qua mng ti trung tm. Do vy, giao thc thng tin hi vng (poll) l thch hp cho cc thit b trong phn h qun l in nng; nhng li phi suy xt khi p dng giao thc ny cho phn h bo chy nhm trnh lng ph vic hi vng v ch. Theo lng v tc truyn thng tin. Hu ht thng tin iu khin trong cc phn h ca BAS c lng v tc truyn tin khng qu cao do cc thng s cn gim st iu khin c tc bin thin khng cao (nh s bin thin nhit phng, yu cu tc ng mch in mt thit b in dn dng, v.v...). Duy ch c lung d liu video t cc camera gim st

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trong h thng l i hi mt knh thng tin bng rng, tc cao cho cc ng dng quan st thi gian thc. Theo vic thng tin c dng cho cc mc ch cng cng hay c nhn. Mt b n c mc trong hnh lang ta nh c coi nh mt thit b cng cng, nhng nu n c mc trong phng mt cn h th li l mt thit b c nhn. R rng thng tin iu khin c dng cho cc thit b cng cng hay cho cc thit b c nhn (c tnh ring t) nn c truyn trong cc mi trng c c im khc nhau. Theo tnh hung thng tin iu khin c truyn trong phm vi ta nh hay t ngoi ta nh. Vi trng hp u, cn s dng cc phng tin c sn trong mt ta nh xy xong nh mng dy ni chuyn dng hay mng cc b LAN cho thng tin iu khin. Trong trng hp th hai, c th dng cc knh thng tin cng cng nh mng vin thng ngoi ta nh. 2.3. Cc knh thng tin vt l v kh nng ng dng Hin nay c mt vi loi ng truyn vt l vi cc chun thng tin ph bin c th dng pht trin cc phn mng trong mng thng tin iu khin CCN ca ta nh. ti tin hnh nghin cu phn tch nhm chn ra cc mng thch hp dng cho cc thit b nh di y. ng mng chuyn dng theo chun RS485, y l mt mng cc b c dy r tin do cc giao din mng tng i d pht trin. N cho php c c mt knh thng tin bn song cng (half-duplex), a im, n thp vi tc ln ti 100 kbps khong cch ti 1.200 m. Do hn ch v tr khng in, ch c ti a n 32 nt vt l c th c ni ti mt ng bus. So snh vi nhu cu thit b trong ta nh, mng ny c dng cho mt s hn ch cc

thit b thng tin nh cc thit b thu pht d liu khn cp, nhng khng i hi lng v tc thng tin qu cao. Cn c vo thy rng cc thit b bo chy hay cc thit b cng cng trong ta nh c th c xem xt s dng. ng mng LAN Ethernet l mt la chn tt cho cc knh thng tin ca CCN. Vi tc ln ti 100 Mbps, n p ng cho c nhng ng dng truyn d liu tc cao nh lung video ca cc camera. Nh vy, cc thit b dng cho cc ng dng gim st v iu khin nh IPcamera, tn hiu t cc cm bin an ninh, cm bin chp hnh ngoi nhp, tn hiu ng ngt cc thit b in c th dng trong mng ny. Trong nhng nm gn y, bn cnh mng cc b c dy LAN ph bin, mng khng dy Wi-Fi cng ang c pht trin nhanh Vit nam, to ra mt phng tin rt thun tin cho mng CCN ca cc ta nh. Tm li, mng LAN Ethernet c th dng c cho cc phn h nh iu khin an ninh, iu khin vo ra cng nh iu khin ng ngt cc thit b in. ng mng in thoi cng cng cung cp mt mng ni dy c sn m khng phi lp t mi trong ta nh vi cc u ni my in thoi trong cc cn h. Cc sn phm thng mi hin nay cng rt ph bin cung cp cc dch v ADSL vi thng tin ti xung tc cao. y l mt s la chn tt cho php ng ngt cc thit b in trong mt cn h t mt trnh duyt web qua mng Internet bt c u trn th gii. Hn na, bng vic gi mt thng ip c m ha qua dch v nhn tin SMS, c th dng mt in thoi di ng iu khin t xa mt thit b trong phng qua mt Modem GSM. Vic thit k cc knh thng tin ny trong ta nh l hon ton kh thi v ti pht trin sn mt s m-un phn cng mu cng nh chng trnh iu khin. Vic thc s s dng cn li ty thuc vo nhu cu v kh nng ti chnh ca tng ch cn h trong ta nh.

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ng mng in lc c sn mi ni trong ta nh c th c dng cho vic truyn thng tin iu khin cc thit b. Tuy nhin, do cht lng ca cc dy in khng ng u, li c mt lng ln cc thit b in c ng/ngt mt cch ngu nhin nn mng ny gp phi cc can nhiu lm gim cht lng thng tin c truyn trn n. l l do chnh m knh thng tin ny ch c chn cho vic iu khin cc thit b in trong cc khong cch ngn trong s mt vi phng ca mt cn h. Mng cm nhn khng dy WSN, bao gm cc nt cm nhn nh c th cm nhn cc thng s mi trng quanh nt, thc hin tnh ton, v thng tin vi cc nt khc qua sng v tuyn. Do vy n s l mt ng c tt cho vic s dng lm mng truyn thng tin iu khin trong ta nh. u im chnh ca mng ny l trnh c vic i dy trong ta nh khi cn pht trin mi h thng. Tuy nhin, do gi thnh qu cao cng nh mt s thch thc trong phn mm h thng, giao thc thng tin v vn qun l nng lng; nn n nay mng ny cn t c s dng cho cc h thng BAS [2]. 2.4.Cu hnh ca mng CCN lin quan n tnh tp trung v phn tn ca h thng Cn c vo cc phn tch k trn, mt h thng mng CCN khng ch cn c tnh iu khin tp trung m cn phi c tnh iu khin phn tn na. iu khin tp trung l mt chc nng tch hp c th hin qua mt phn mm c ti pht trin gi l H iu hnh ta nh BOS (Building Operating System) vi mt giao din ngi dng chuyn dng PUI (Professional User Interface) cho php gim st tp trung h thng. Ly mt th d n gin nht, h thng cho php mt ngi iu khin trung tm kim tra trng thi ca cc phn t trong mt phn h nh HVAC nhm iu khin c cc

thit b t xa. Trng hp khc l khi b iu khin trung tm c th tch hp cc hot ng ca hai hoc vi phn h vi nhau. Nu mt tn hiu bo ng nhn c t phn h bo chy, b iu khin trung tm c th ra lnh cho phn h HVAC tt qut lm gim lng gi lu thng trong ta nh. iu khin phn tn c biu hin trn hai kha cnh. Th nht, hu ht cc b iu khin hin trng c dng nh cc b iu khin t qun tr. Chng c phn b thnh cc nt iu khin thng minh ni vi bus thng tin. Chng c th iu khin cc thit b mt cch c lp vi b iu khin trung tm. Cc b iu khin hin trng ny thc cht l cc cc thit b hot ng c lp (stand-alone) c th phc v cho nhng mc ch iu khin khp mi ni. Kha cnh th hai biu hin ch cc thit b c nhn c th c iu khin bi mi ngi trong bt k thi gian no, bt k ni u. Cc hot ng iu khin ny c th coi nh cc hot ng iu khin ring t v khng ng b. Do cc thng tin lin quan n n cn c m ha bi ngi s dng. Da trn c im ca cc ta nh ph bin Vit nam, mng CCN ca chng ti c thit k nh mt gii php tch hp v c tnh m, cho php ni n vi cc trung tm dch v bn ngoi ta nh qua giao din BOS. Kin trc ca h thng c thit k bao gm ba mc, t mc thp n mc cao ln lt l: mc hin trng (field level), mc qun l (management level) v mc dch v (service level). Mc hin trng bao gm mt mng phn tn cc nt iu khin c ni vi bus thng tin. Mi nt c mt b iu khin c kh nng iu khin mt s thit b c nh a ch cng vi cc cm bin v cc b chp hnh. Mc qun l cung cp mt ci nhn thng nht ti tt c cc phn h thng qua BOS. Tt c cc phn h c tch hp vi BOS bng cc trnh qun l thit b (device driver). Ngoi cc

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lnh chung truyn ti cc phn h, h iu hnh ta nh BOS trong mc ny c sn t nht mt vi dch v nh bo ng, lu tr xu hng lch s ca mt phn h, ng nhp v qun l cc tiu s ngi dng. Mc dch v cho php h thng c ni ti cc trung tm dch v bn ngoi ta nh nhm cung cp cc kh nng gim st v iu khin t xa, kh nng bo ng v pht hin hng hc. Hin nay, cc trung tm ny l cc nh cung cp dch v Internet ISP (Internet Service Provider) v nh cung cp dch v vin thng TSP (Telephone Service Provider). 3. Thit k, m phng v thc hin

tnh hiu qu v kinh t, cch pht trin ny cng thun tin cho vic bo dng sa cha cc m-un iu khin. Hnh 1 l th d v s khi ca mt b iu khin trong phn h HVAC. N c mt mch li dng vi iu khin (microcontroller-based core circuit) vi 4 li vo v 4 li ra. B bin i xx/232 l mt mch ghp ni bin i d liu theo chun bus bn ngoi (nh chun RS-485 hay Ethernet) thnh chun RS-232 bn trong vi iu khin v ngc li. C mt bn phm v mn hin th LCD nhp v hin d liu trc tip. C mt giao din JTAG c dng ti cc chng trnh nhng t my tnh vo vi iu khin.
Bus
Port Ghp ni xx/232

T cc cm bin

SC

IH IA IC

SC
A/D

MUX SC

Vi iu khin

PA PA PA

O2 O3 O4

SC

Bn phm

JTAG

Display GND

3.1. Cc b iu khin Cc b iu khin l mt trong bn thnh phn ca BAS ng vai tr quan trng trong mng thng tin iu khin. trung tm, b iu khin l mt my tnh vi cc thit b bn phm, mn hnh ln cng cc ngoi vi cho php iu khin bng tay v gim st cc hot ng mt cch thun li. hin trng, c cc b iu khin c lp trn vi x l (vi iu khin), trong bo co ny c gi l cc MC (Microcontroller-based Controller). Cc MC c th hot ng c trong ch c lp (standalone). Mc d s cc thit b cn c iu khin trong ta nh kh ln nhng chng c nhng c im ging nhau nn c th c phn thnh mt vi loi m thi. Do , cc b iu khin c ti thit k v ch to thnh cc m-un chuyn dng c th p ng cho mt nhm cc thit b trong cng loi. Ngoi

PW

Hnh. 1. Cu trc b iu khin HVAC.

Trong ch iu khin cc b, cc tn hiu ra t cc cm bin o nhit , m, lu lng kh v nng kh CO2 c cp ti 4 li vo IT, IH, IA v IC ca b iu khin. Chng trnh nhng trong vi iu khin so snh cc gi tr ny vi cc gi tr t (set point), tnh ton v gi cc tn hiu iu khin ti 4 b khuch i cng sut PA ng/ngt cc thit b c nh a ch qua cc u ni ra O1 ti O4. Trong ch iu khin t xa, my tnh trung tm gi lnh, bao gm c cc gi tr t, ti MC. B iu khin MC s chy mt nhim v ri gi cc thng tin trng thi mi trng v trung tm qua ghp ni bus xx/232. Ni chung, cu trc bn trong ca cc b iu khin tng t nh nhau. C khc nhau ch l s lng u vo, u ra v cng sut cc b khuch i li ra PA.

ti cc chp hnh

Qua qu trnh nghin cu, phn tch, chn la k trn; h thng CCN c thit k, m phng v thc hin vi cc kt qu chnh c trnh by nh sau.

IT

PA

O1

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3.2. Thit k hnh trng mng ti c nhim v lp t mng CCN trong mt ta nh 9 tng, k c tng hm. Nh c 4 ca ra vo, 3 thang my, 1 cu thang i b, 1 cu thang thot him v nhiu hnh lang cng cc ca s. Khng k tng hm, mi tng c 8 cn h v mi cn h c 4 phng. Tng cng c 64 cn h trong ta nh. Cn c vo cc kho st v phn tch k trn, hnh trng ca mng thng tin iu khin c thit k nh s hnh 2 vi nhng phn mng nh sau: Phn mng ni dy chuyn dng RS-485 vi giao thc truyn ni tip Modbus/RTU. Nh ch ra trn hnh, mng ny c 32 nt v cho php gim st iu khin ti 216 thit b c nh a ch trong cc phn h bo chy, qun l nng lng in, HVAC, chiu sng, iu khin vo ra v qun l an ninh ta nh. Phn mng LAN Ethernet l mt mng truyn d liu gia cc my tnh c sn trong ta nh. Mng ny c mt chuyn mch trung tm tc 100 Mbps v 9 chuyn mch 10 Mbps cng vi cc cp xon UTP v cc u ni RJ-45. Ngoi 144 nt c dng sn cho cc my tnh trong 9 tng ta nh, cc phn t c dng cho t ng ha ta nh cng c ni vi bus to cho mng thng tin d liu ny c thm chc nng l mt mng thng tin iu khin. Cc phn t ny l 12 IP-camera v 68 b iu khin MC. Mi b iu khin c ti 4 li vo v 8 li ra c nh a ch. C ngha l c ti 8 68 = 544 thit b c nh a ch trong ta nh c th c iu khin qua mng Ethernet ny. Mi Modem ADSL c lp xen vo ng dy in thoi cng cng trong mi cn h c th phc v cho vic ng ngt cc thit b in dn dng trong cc phng t mt website trn mng Internet. Tng cng c 64 Modem nh vy c d kin thit k sn cho

ta nh. Vic gi mt tin nhn SMS qua in thoi di ng ng ngt cc thit b in trong nh cng i hi mt Modem GSM/RS232 cho mi cn h. Nh vy cng cn ti 64 Modem loi ny cho cc cn h ca ta nh. Mi thit b c iu khin qua mng in lc cn mt cp Modem PLC. Trong hu ht trng hp, cc vi iu khin thng tin theo chun X-10 c s dng qua cc cng ni tip. Cc Modem ny cng c thit k ch to v vic trang b cho cc cn h l ty thuc vo nhu cu v kh nng kinh t ca ngi dng trong tng cn h. 3.3. nh gi hiu sut v m phng mng Mng thng tin iu khin c thit k trn phi m bo c kh nng gim st v iu khin cc phng tin trong ta nh theo thi gian thc. Nu tr trong vic thu nhn d liu trn mng vt qu cc gi tr nht nh, th cc phn h khng th t c cc ch tiu cht lng thng tin theo nh yu cu. Cc thng s hiu sut mng, nh tr thi gian ca mt tc v, ph thuc vo ti lu lng trn mng. Ti lu lng ca mng c th c nh lng theo tham s G nh sau [3]:
G= 1 L NL N = B T BT

y, B l tc truyn d liu (bit/sec), N l s nt pht thng ip vo mng, T l khong thi gian trung bnh pht thng ip nt i tnh theo giy, v L l di trung bnh ca thng ip c pht nt i tnh theo bit. G c gi tr t 0 n 1; G tin ti 1 tc l ti lu lng trn mng tng ln. Ch tiu cht lng ca hai phn mng chnh trong CCN ph thuc vo s thay i ca ti lu lng G, c bit l s nt N pht ra thng ip vo mng c tnh ton m phng nh gi. Hai phn mng ny l RS485 v LAN Ethernet.

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PC Router

ISP, TSP

Telecom. network

Host PC

1 1 1 1 1 Energy Energy Energy Energy 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Fire Fire Fire Fire

32 32 32 32 1

Available Telephone Lines

Switch 100 Mb/s

+
8 Floors
25 16 1 8 25 MC

ADSL modem

MC

64

PC IP- Camera
8

ADSL modem

MC

Elevator motor

GSM modem

MC

100Base-T Ethernet LAN Lines

Dedicated RS-485 Lines

4 HVAC

64

Switches 10 Mb/s

GSM modem

MC

4 4 1 8

HVAC

Light

M.card
4 4 1 6

G
Door RFID Break 4 1 6

PC IP- Camera MC 8

1 8

Available Electric Lines

16 24 4 4

PLC modem PLC modem PLC modem PLC modem

MC MC
8

Light

Hall, Basement

64

MC MC
8

Hnh 2. Hnh trng mng CCN.

Mng RS-485 y s dng giao thc Modbus/RTU l loi giao thc ch - t (masterslave). Trn mng ch c mt nt ch v c ti 247 nt t. Thng tin Modbus lun c khi pht bi nt ch. Nt ch pht mt thng ip request ti cc nt t theo ch Unicast trong c a ch nt t cn lin lc. Sau khi nhn v x l thng ip request, nt t c nh a ch tr v nt ch mt thng ip reply. Cc nt t khc khng c nh a ch s khng lm g c trong mt phin giao dch nh vy. Thng tin Modbus/RTU c mi byte trong thng ip cha 2 k t m Hexadecimal 4 bit. nh dng 11 bit cho mi byte nh phn l: 1 bit start, 8 bit d liu, 1 bit chn l, v 1 bit stop.

Cc thng ip Modbus c pht thnh cc khung truyn c khong phn cch di t nht bng 3,5 thi gian pht mt k t nh hnh di y [4].
Start 3.5 char Slave Function Address Code 1 byte 1 byte Data CRC End 3.5 char

0 up to 252 2 byte(s) bytes

Hnh 3 ch ra th thi gian ca 2 tnh hung thng tin ch-t in hnh cho trng hp tt nht (khng c li) v trng hp xu nht (li gy nn vt qu thi gian time-out). Trn th thy rng thi gian tr cho mt trao i d liu gia nt ch v t l: Texchange = Trequest + Twait + Treply + Treplyanalysis + Tprop

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137

Thi gian lan truyn sng in t Tprop l nh hn 1 s trn di cp in hnh l 100 m [2]. Do vy, khi so snh vi gi tr 104 s, l thi gian truyn i 1 bit trong mng tc trung bnh 9.600 bps, thi gian lan truyn sng d liu ny c th c b qua.
Reply Analysis and preparation of the following exchange wait Master Response time out REQUEST REQUEST to slave N Slave 1 Request Treatment Slave N wait

tnh theo bit, trong trng hp tt nht cho mt giao dch mi nt s l:

2 (4 3.5 + 11 + 11 + 112 + 112) = 160 bits

V phi hi vng (polling) c 32 nt, nn mi nt s ch c phc v nhanh nht l 0,532 sec (tc l bng 5120 khong thi gian truyn 1 bit). Kt qu ny l tha mn yu cu gim st v iu khin cc thit b in trong ta nh. Mng LAN Ethernet l mt mng truyn thng tin d liu s dng giao thc CSMA/CD (carrier sense multiple access with collision detection), cho php cc nt chia s thng tin trn mng. Thng tin trong mng vi nhng thng ip c pht i ngu nhin (c coi nh cc hot ng khng ng b) v c lng ln vi nhiu trm my tnh. Do , vic nh gi ch tiu cht lng c phc tp hn. Mi trm Ethernet c gn cho mt a chi MAC 48 bit, c dng nh v cho c nt ch v ngun trong mi gi d liu. Mt khung truyn Ethernet in hnh c cho nh di y [2]:
802.3 MAC Frame Start-of- MAC Ethernet Payload MAC Preamble Frame- destinaType/ (Data and source Delimiter tion Length padding) 7 bytes of 1 byte of 10101010 10101011 6 byte 6 bytes 2 bytes 461500 bytes CRC32 Interframe gap 12 bytes

REPLY error detection NO REPLY

Physical Line

Time Exchange 1 Exchange N

Hnh. 3. th thi gian trao i thng tin trong mng.

Ba khong thi gian wait (i), request treatment (x l yu cu) v reply analysis and preparation of the following exchange (phn tch hi p v chun b cho trao i tip theo) ph thuc vo qu trnh x l d liu ca chip vi x l mi nt. Vi tc hot ng cao ca cc vi iu khin (th d, l 8 MHz vi vi iu khin PIC 16F877A ca hng Microchip c thit k cho cc m-un iu khin ca ti), khong thi gian ny ch ht vi micrgiy, cng ngn hn khong thi gian truyn 1 bit. Vy cc khong thi gian ny khng ph thuc vo trng thi ca mng (nh ti lu lng) v do c th coi chng l cc hng s nh hay cho bng khng. Kt qu, thi gian trao i d liu xp x bng: Ttime delay Trequest + Treply Cc khong request v reply ph thuc vo di ca khung truyn v thng lng ca mng. Trong mng iu khin ny, ch cn 2 byte cho trng s liu c vi thng ip request hay reply. Nh vy, tng thi gian tr,

4 bytes

641518 bytes 721526 bytes

Tng thi gian tr mng gm ba phn: tr nt ngun, tr trn knh truyn v tr nt ch. Thi gian tr nt ngun bao gm thi gian tin x l, Tpre, v thi gian i, Twait. Thi gian i l tng ca thi gian xp hng, Tqueue , v thi gian nghn, Tblock. Thi gian truyn trn knh, Ttx,bao gm thi gian pht ca mt khung, Tframe, v thi gian lan truyn sng in trn knh, Tprop. Thi gian tr nt ch l thi gian hu x l, Tpost. Tng thi gian tr nh vy bng:

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Tdelay = T pre + Twait + Ttx + T post = T pre + Tqueue + Tblock + T frame + T prop + T post 14243 14243
Twait Ttx

chm ln th 16, nt s hy b thng ip v pht ra thng ip bo li ti cc n v x l mc cao hn. nghin cu m phng phn mng LAN Ethernet, chng ti s dng cng c m phng mng ns-2 c pht trin bi Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) qua the Virtual InterNetwork Testbed (VINT) project [5]. Cc thit b thng tin d liu nh cc my tnh PC v camera i hi bng thng nhiu hn cc b iu khin MC. Hnh 4 ch ra kt qu m phng tr ca mng ph thuc vo s my PC v camera trn mi tng ta nh. R rng rng tr tng ln theo s nt hot ng do i hi thm thi gian xp hng v thi gian x l. Trong h thng ca chng ti, s nt ny cho mi tng ta nh ln ti 20 nt tng ng vi thi gian tr mng l 47 mili giy. Kt qu ny l chp nhn c cho cc mc ch gim st v iu khin thit b.

Cc thi gian tin v hu x l l khng i so vi cc thi gian i v thi gian pht. Chng ph thuc vo cc tham s x l ca cc b iu khin hn l ph thuc cc tham s vt l v giao thc mng. Thi gian khung truyn ph thuc vo kch thc ca khung Ethernet. Thi gian lan truyn sng khng d xc nh v khong cch gia ngun v ch trong cc giao dch khc nhau l khc nhau. Trong trng hp xu nht vi mng Ethernet di 2.500 m, thi gian ny chim mt 25,6 s [2]. Do vy ta c th gi thit thi gian lan truyn sng trung bnh khong cch 100 m l nh hn 1 s. Ty thuc vo lng d liu m nt ngun phi gi cng nh lu lng trn mng m thi gian i, Twait c th c ngha ng k. Thi gian xp hng, Tqueue, l thi gian m mt thng ip phi i trong b m nt ngun trong khi cc thng ip trc trong hng i ang c chuyn. N ph thuc vo thi gian nghn, Tblock, ca thng ip trc trong hng i, ph thuc vo tnh tun hon ca cc thng ip v ti x l. Thi gian nghn, Tblock, l khong thi gian m thng ip phi i mi khi mt nt sn sng gi n. Thi gian ny bao gm c thi gian va chm vi cc thng ip khc v thi gian i pht li. C nhng gii thut tm xc sut thi gian i, mc cao, thi gian nghn c th c m t [3]:
E { Tblock } = E{ Tk } + Tresid
k =1 16

Hnh 4. tr trung bnh ph thuc vo s nt.

y, Tresid l thi gian cn li cho n khi mng ri, E{Tk} l thi gian i hi ca va chm th k. E{Tk} ph thuc vo s nt ng nhp li v khng ng nhp li cng nh tc n ca thng ip mi nt. i vi va

m bo s lm vic tin cy v hiu qu ca mng CCN, cn chc rng nhng tham s khc nh loss rate (t l tn tht), throughput (thng lng mng) v delay jitter (bin thin tr) cng vn phi c tha mn, mng t b nh hng nht khi thm vo cc thit b, ngoi nhng thit b ang c. Cc thit b thm vo l nhm cc b iu khin MC i hi mt thng lng cc i khi tt c cc b iu khin ny cng hot ng trong mt lc. Do lng tin khng nhiu (ch cn ti 2 byte

T.Q. Vinh v nnk. / Tp ch Khoa hc HQGHN, Khoa hc T nhin v Cng ngh 26 (2010) 129-140

139

cho trng d liu), nn ngay vi trng hp ny, kt qu m phng trn hnh 5 cho thy chng cng ch cn ti mt bng thng ti 10 kbps v i hi ny d tha mn i vi mi tng ta nh.

Lu t hnh 8 rng thng s delay jitter trung bnh ca cc gi tin camera y ch l 3,376 ms, tt hn gi tr jitter ca cc lung video thng thng l 15 ms [6].

Hnh 5. Thng lng ca cc MC trn phn mng.

Hnh 6 v hnh 7 ch ra cc thng s throughput v loss rate ca mng ph thuc bng thng ca camera gim st. Trong h thng ca chng ti, cc nh video camera c truyn thnh lung vi phn gii 160 x 120 pixel vi chun nn MPEG-4. Do , vic t mt bng thng 0,5 Mbps cho mi camera l cho i hi bng thng ton b trong khi cc thng s nh loss rate, time delay v delay jitter l cc tiu.

Hnh 8. Bin thin tr theo cc gi d liu camera.

4. Kt lun Cng trnh ny thc hin nghin cu ng dng, ng gp cho lnh vc thng tin in t trong t ng ha ta nh Vit nam. Bc u, chng ti t c cc kt qu nh sau. - Thit k v ch to thnh cng cc mun iu khin. Cu hnh phn cng v phn mm nhng ca chng p ng yu cu thng tin tp trung v phn tn trong h thng t ng ha (BAS) ca ta nh. - thit k v thc hin mt mng thng tin iu khin (CCN) ti mt ta nh c th Vit nam. Trn c s kho st, phn tch chi tit, mi phn mng c la chn cho ph hp vi c im thng tin ca mi phn h trong BAS. - Hai phn mng chnh (RS-485/Modbus v Ethernet LAN) vi nhiu thit b thu/pht ni vi chng c tnh ton, m phng nhm nh gi hiu sut ca mng. Cc kt qu cho thy mng c lp t tha mn vi cc yu cu thng tin iu khin trong ta nh. Hiu sut thc s ca mng cn c tip tc nh gi bi cc php o c thng k theo thc ti s dng qua thi gian.

Hnh 6. Thng lng mng ph thuc vo bng thng camera.

Hnh 7. T l tn tht ph thuc bng thng camera.

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Li cm n Cng trnh c s ti tr ca ti cp Nh nc KC.03.12/06-10 thuc i hc Quc gia H Ni.

[4] http://www.modbus.org/. MODBUS over serial line specification and implementation guide V1.02. Dec 20, 2006. [5] http://www.i.edu/nsnam/ns. The Network Simulator ns-2 [Online]. [6] Mohamed KOUBAA and Maurice GAGNAIRE, A Performance Study of MPEG-4 Video Streaming in IP Networks, European contract ITEA-BRIC N CP535.
[7] Wim Vandenberghe, et al., A system architec-ture for wireless building automation, Proc. of The 1st KEIO and Gent University G-COE Joint workshop for future network 2008, pp. 59-63, 2008. [8] http://goliath.ecnext.com. A Performance Analysis of BACnet[R] local area networks in HVAC & R Research. Goliath, Besiness knowledge on Demand.

Ti liu tham kho

[1] Jorn Plonnigs, et al., Automated Model Generation from Design Data-bases at the Example of Building Automation Networks, Proc. of the International Symposium on Leverating Applications, pp. 320-327, 2004. [2] A.S. Tanenbaun, Computer Networks, 3rd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1996. [3] F.-L. Lian, J. Moyne, and D.M. Tilbury, Performance evaluation of control networks: Ethernet, ControlNet, and DeviceNet Tech. Rep.UM-MEAM-99-02, Feb. 1999.

Controlling Communication Network in the Building Automation System

Tran Quang Vinh, Pham Manh Thang, Phung Manh Duong
College of Technology, VNU, 144 Xuan Thuy, Hanoi, Vietnam

A Building Automation System (BAS) installed in a building permits monitoring and controlling devices there. These devices have functions of controlling environmental parameters, electric consumption management, appliance switching control, fire alarm, security and access control in the building, etc. BAS is really an automatic control system included a controlling communication network (CCN). This paper presents the analysis, design, and implementation this communication network CCN in order to create modern facilities for a concrete building. The system is built-up by the integration of controlling hardware modules and software. By selection of the suitable physical transmission channels for controllers, the network can adapt requirements in technical and economic. The results in calculation and simulation of two main sub-networks show that the performance of designed system is satisfactory for needs of building control communication. Keywords: Building Automation System (BAS), Control Communication Network (CCN).