THE PORTRAIT OF A LADY

The story is written in first person and is in biographical mode. It is a perception of Khushwant Singh of his grandmother through his own eyes. Khushwant Singh recalls his grandmother as an eternally old person. She was an extremely religious person.It was difficult for him to believe that once she too was young and pretty like other women. The stories about her childhood games were like fairytales to him. She was short, fat and slightly stooped in stature. Her silvery white hair used to scatter on her wrinkled face. Khushwant Singh remembers her hobbling around the house in spotless white clothes with one hand resting on her waist to balance her stoop and the other busy in telling the beads of her rosary. Her lips constantly moved in inaudible prayers. Possibly she was not beautiful in worldly sense but she looked extremely beautiful with the peacefulness, serenity and the contentment her countenance displayed. Khushwants relationship with his grandmother went through several changes when he was a small boy. In the first stage Khushwant lived in a village with her as his parents were looking for the opportunity to settle down in the city. In village grandmother took care of all the needs of the child. She was quite active and agile. She woke him up in the morning, got him ready for the school, plastered his wooden slate, prepared his breakfast and escorted him to the school. They fed street dogs with stale chapaties on their way to school which was a great fun for them. She helped him in his lessons also .It was her domain and she was the queen of her kingdom. In this period she was the sole unchallenged guardian, mentor and creator of the child Khushwant. The turning point came in their relationship when they came to city to stay with Khushwants parents. In city Khushwant joined an English School and started to go to school in a motor bus. Here the role of his grandmother in his bringing up was curtailed a little bit. Now she could not accompany him to the school. Despite taking lot of interest in his studies she could not help him in his lessons because he was learning English, law of gravity, Archimedes principle and many more such things which she could not understand and this made her unhappy. She found herself at loss. One more thing which disturbed her a lot was that the kids were not learning about God and scriptures in the school instead they were given music lessons which was not an honorable thing in her opinion. To her music was not meant for gentlefolk. It was meant for beggars and prostitutes only. She highly disapproved this and as she could not change it she was dismayed and withdrew herself to some extent. Perhaps she had realized that in the makeover of the child her role was finished and this very thought saddened her most. After finishing school Khushwant went to university. He was given a separate room. The common link of their friendship was snapped. His grandmother confined herself to a self imposed seclusion. She spent most of her time in reciting prayers and by sitting beside her spinning wheel. She rarely talked to anyone. The only recreation for her was in the afternoon when she relaxed for a while to feed the sparrows. A kind hearted person, in village she used to feed street dogs, here in city she focused on birds and they too became very friendly with her. This was the phase when she found herself totally isolated and aloof but she braved this isolation with grace and dignity. Khushwants grandmother was a strong person. Whatever she went through in her heart she always restrained herself from demonstrating her emotions. He recalls that when he went abroad for further studies his grandmother was there to see him off on railway station quite calm busy telling the beads of her rosary and reciting prayers as always. When he came back after five years he found her more and more religious and more and more self contained. She spent still more time in prayers and spinning the wheel. Feeding the birds was her only happy pastime. But just the day before her death for the first time she broke this routine and gave up her prayers. That day she sang the songs of the home coming of the warriors on a withered drum along with the ladies of neighborhood in order to celebrate her grandsons return from abroad. Next morning she got ill. Although the doctor said it was a mild fever and would go away she could foresee that her end was near. She was upset that she omitted her prayers just before the final departure from the world. She did not want to waste any more time talking to anybody. She lay peacefully in bed praying and telling the beads till her lips stopped moving and rosary fell from her lifeless fingers. To mourn her death thousands of sparrows flew in and sat scattered around her body in utter silence.They even ignored the breadcrumbs thrown for them by Khushwants mother. They only flew away after the corpse was carried away for last rites. So this was the charismatic grandmother of Khushwant Singh

PHOTOGRAPH The cardboard; here it refers to the photo frame; showed the speaker how life was when the two cousin sisters went paddling; here it means walked barefoot in shallow water; with each one of them holding the speakers mothers hands. The bigger girl of the cousin sisters must be about twelve years old. All three of them stood still shoulder to shoulder to smile through their long hair at the camera whose picture was taken by the uncle holding it. The mother had a sweet and pleasant smile before her child was born into this world. The sea in which they were paddling; which seemed to not have been changed; washed their terribly transient; here it means short lived; wet feet. After twenty to thirty years later, the mother took out the photograph and laughed at the snapshot. The two cousin sisters were Betty and Dolly. She found it so hilarious at the manner that they dressed up for the beach. The sea holiday was her past for the mother while it was laughter for the speaker. Both mother and daughter were abnormally bent or turned to one side at ease. But

now the mother has been dead for the past few years just as one of those cousin sisters lives. Out of all these circumstances, there is nothing else left to say. The matter is closed and silence has sealed its fate.

THE SUMMER OF THE BEAUTIFUL WHITE HORSE Why did John Byro visit Aram's house in his surrey after getting his horse back in "The Summer of the Beautiful White Horse"? John Byro visits Aram's house for two reasons as far as I can see. The first is to allay Aram's parents fears that their son stole the horse. Byro rides back and assures them that all is well and that the horse has been found/ returned. This move is to ensure the parents that no ill will has been harbored and developed towards their child, something that Byro knows is extremely important to these people of the Garoghlanian tribe, where honor and prestige is second to none. This is the reason why he cannot bring himself to accuse the boy of theft earlier on the in the story, even though he knows that the child did steal his horse. Another reason he brings the horse back is to show Aram that there is no ill will harbored towards him, as he remarks that the horse is better behaved and better equipped to deal with riders than he was before. In this, Byro offers his gratitude to Aram in a round about manner. A moral lesson is taught and learned, without the preachiness or high handed morality that is seen in most stories like this. Instead, Byron comes back as one that has earned Aram's trust and respect for his decency and his sensitivity.

What are some conclusions you can make from salient points in "The Summer of the Beautiful White Horse" that lead to the message? What is the message? I would say that one of the conclusions reached from the story would be that treating individuals with kindness and compassion might not only be morally upstanding, but can bring about great benefit, as well. It's strange to see a potentially ulterior motive to emotions that are as noble as compassion and kindness, but it is something that emerges out of the short story. Byro has an opportunity to hammer down on the kids for stealing the horse. He knows they did it, has the social and economic capital to do so, and can make a very large statement in the process. Yet, he chooses to treat the boys with kindness and compassion, a profound sense of understanding. This benefits him greatly as the horse, once unmanageable, has become more workable and will end up helping Byro prosper. In this instance, the approach of "Pay no attention to it" ended up paying off quite well for Byro.

Give an outline of "The Summer of the Beautiful White Horse" by William Saroyan. I would say that any outline of Saroyan's short story has to include how John Byro approached the situation of his missing horse. His compassionate and wise stance prevented a difficult situation from becoming a bad one. Byro understood the ethics of the community and grasped that the accusation of theft would cause irreparable damage to both the family and insult to the Garoghlanian tribe. Yet, he knows that the boys have taken his horse, and his property. His ability to approach the boys and speak in a manner that causes them to reconsider what they have done and return the horse validates moral order and structure as well as the bonds between people. Byro approaches them with respect and they reciprocate by returning the horse. I would think that such a detail should be included in any outline of the story.

what is the character sketch of mourad in the summer of the beautiful white horse? Mourad the central character in the story is depicted as a young boy,who enjoyed being alive and having fun. He had a crazy streak in him which he had inherited from his family. As a young lad he upheld his family custom and traditions.He believed in all the values that his tribe and family had tried to inculcate in him.He could not resist the tempation to ride a horse and broke away from his honesty when he stole a horse.He justified his act by saying that it was'nt stealing because he had no intention of selling it for money.It was only when John Byro, the owner of the horse touched his conscience when he declared tha if he had not trusted the honesty of their tribe, he would have claimed for his horse.Mourad realised his mistake, his conscience pricked him and he returned the horse.

This story does not have breatless adventure and exiting action.Then what makes it interesting? though their is no breathaking adventure or exciting action but visual litrature ,humur, comics and the plot make it a wonder full pleasure to read.

Write some information about Garoghlanian family? The most amount of information we have about the Garoghlanian tribe is that they come from Armenia and are poor. We know that they are a family which lacks basic amenities and is not overwhelmingly wealthy. This is not that different from many immigrant groups who found sanctuary in America at the start of the 20th century. We can see through the descriptions of their lifestyle in the story that they are of limited economic means, but possess a great deal of love and devotion within the home. They are trying to wrestle with both life in the United States while maintaining some semblance of connection to their homeland. We can presume they come from Armenia primarily because this is the focus of Saroyan, himself as the writer, and Northern California, specifically Fresno, was a major hub of Armenian settlement in the United States. Whether or not the Garoghlanian tribe actually existed is questionable. We do know that many tribes or sects of people were wiped out by the Turkish Army in the Armenian Massacre, one of the first genocides of the 20th century. Millions of Armenians were obliterated, and records were not kept of such atrocities. There could have been a Garoghlanian tribe amongst the victims. Rather than conclusively state that they didn't exist, the Turkish Army's actions serve as way to question if this group was murdered. Such an event could have served as a significant push factor for emigration to the United States. THE ADDRESS ,

Justify the title the address by marga minco? The story relays events before and after the war as the female narrator attempts to confront her past as she visits "the address" where her family's past belongings were "stored," a non-Jewish neighbour's house. On a deeper level, the story is a commentary on memories and remembering - on what is worth remembering and what is worth forgetting: things "lose their value when you see them again, torn out of context" As a way of teaching epiphany and mature perspective, as well as the role of historical background/context in reading, this story should prove invaluable for young people.

how did narrater come to know atlast she was right that it was dorling's house the narrator came to know this because from the moment mrs dorling opened her door, the narrator saw that she was wearing her mother's old cardigan . when she came to check on the house later , mrs dorlings daughter,opened the door and from the hallway to the sitting room everything that once belonged to her mother was kept either as a decor piece or was used , even their slightly burned tablecloth was used. that is how she came to know that she was at the right place

What impression do you form of the narrator? The narrator was a very loving, caring and obedient daughter. Having wanted to fulfill her mothers wishes she attempted to locate Mrs. Dorlings house and twice went there to retrieve her mothers belongings. She was practical and logical and seeing her belongings kept distastefully,she decided to forgo everything and return with only her mothers good memories with her.

Have you come back? Said the woman, I thought that no one had come back. Does this statement give some clue about the story? If yes, what is it? The statement tells us that the narrator and her family at one time lived in that area and secondly, the clue that the war has brought about a lot of destruction and it seems that Mrs. Dorling was not expecting anyone to return to her house to claim the belonging What impression do you form of the narrator? The narrator was a very loving, caring and obedient daughter. Having wanted to fulfill her mothers wishes she attempted to locate Mrs. Dorlings house and twice went there to retrieve her mothers belongings. She was practical and logical and seeing her belongings kept distastefully,she decided to forgo everything and return with only her mothers good memories with her. The Address is a story of human predicament (situation) that follows war. Comment. The war creates many difficult and traumatic situations for human beings. Civilian life faces tremendous upheaval due to war. The human predicament that follows is amply illustrated through the experience of the narrator. The war had caused many physical difficulties as well as emotional sufferings to her. She had lost her dear mother. She went to 46, Marconi Street to see her mothers valuable possessions. Mrs. Dorling was a true opportunist who had used the narrators mothers belongings on the pretext of storing them for safekeeping. She refuses to recognize the narrator and does not even let her in. The narrator gets another chance to visit the house. The presence of her mothers possessions in a strange atmosphere hurted her. Now these valuables had lost all their importance for her as they had been separated from her mother. She could get no solace or comfort from them. She resolved to forget the address. She wanted to leave the memories of her mother and the war behind.She decided to move on. Why did the narrator of the story want to forget the address? The narrator was disappointed and disillusioned when she was allowed to enter Mrs. Dorlings house during her second visit. She realised the futility of feeling attached to her mothers belongings that were kept so distastefully. She just left without taking anything back and felt like forgetting the address because she would only remember the past. Could Mrs. Ss daughter get back to her old life after she came back to the city where she lived before the war? Before the war, the mother and the narrator lived a comfortable life of luxury. They had beautiful and expensive antiques and silver cutlery. After the war, the narrator was probably living alone as others were dead. She ate dark and tasteless bread. She had fear and felt insecure. She led a different life altogether.

Who had given the narrator the address, when and under what circumstances? The narrators mother had given her the address, years ago during the first half of the war. The narrator came home for a few days and missed various things in the rooms. Then her mother told her about Mrs. Dorling and gave her the address. THE ECONOMICAL STATISCS Give uses and importance of statistics in different field of life. Statistical data is used all the time. While preparing the family budget for a month we need data on prices of various goods and services to decide what proportion of in come should be allocated for various items. Businessman uses data to study relationship of prices and sales. And to determine fluctuations in the market. Industrialist will be interested in analyzing the relationship between inputs and outputs. The policy makers use data to formulate policies of economic development for the future. Economists study statistical data to formulate models of growth, or to predict trends. Government is the largest data collecting agency. They need data on various demographic characteristics of the population (like birth and death rates) Politicians use statistics to criticize Government policies. Give the limitations of statistics. Although Statistics is indispensable to almost all sciences - social , physical and natural and is very widely used in almost all spheres of human activity, it is not without limitations which restrict its scope and utility. The following are the major limitations of Statistics :1.Statistics does not study qualitative facts :Statistics is a science dealing with a set of numerical data, it can be applied to the study of only those phenomenon which can be measured quantitatively. But Statistics cannot deal with qualitative phenomenon. Intelligence, honesty, goodwill, poverty, beauty, welfare etc. are qualitative phenomenon which cannot be measured quantitatively. However the statistical techniques can be applied to qualitative phenomenon indirectly by expressing them numerically after assigning particular scores or quantitative standards. For instance, attribute of intelligence in a group of individuals can be studied on the basis of their intelligence quotients (I.Q.s), which may be regarded as the quantitative measure of the individuals intelligence. 2.Statistics does not deal with Individuals :According to Prof. Horace Secrist, Statistics deals with aggregates of facts due to which study of an individual fact lies outside the scope of statistics. Where knowledge about individual case is essential, Statistics proves inadequate, unless it is a part of aggregate of facts relating to any particular field of enquiry. Thus statistical methods do not give any recognition to an object or a person or an event in isolation. Hence we can say that Statistics is confined to those problems where group characteristics are to be studied. 3.Statistical results are true only on the average :Statistical laws are probabilistic in nature, inferences based on them are only approximate and not exact like the inferences based on mathematical or scientific (physical and natural science) laws. Statistical laws are true only on a average. If the probability of getting head in a single throw of a coin is 0.5, it does not imply that if we toss a coin 10 times, we shall get 5 heads and 5 tails always. In 10 throws of a coin we may get 8 , 9 or 10 heads or we may not get even a single head. 4.Statistics is one method of studying a problem :Statistical methods alone do not provide the best solution under all circumstances. Some problems have to be studied in the light of culture, relation and economic conditions. Such problems cannot be studied by Statistics alone. Hence statistical conclusions should be supplemented by other evidences also. 5.Statistics can be misused :-

The greatest limitation of Statistics is that it can be misused, Statistics deals with figures which are innocent in themselves and do not bear on their face the label of their quality and can be easily distorted, manipulated or molded by politicians, dishonest workers, unscrupulous people for personal, selfish motives. Statistics neither prove nor disprove anything. It is the technique, which if rightly used can prove extremely beneficial but if misused by inexperienced, unskilled and dishonest statisticians might lead to very faulty conclusions and even prove to be disastrous. 6.Statistical results lack mathematical accuracy :The results drawn from statistical analysis are normally in approximates. As the statistical analysis is based on observations of mass data, number of inaccuracies may be present and it is difficult to rectify them. Therefore these results are estimates rather than exact statements. Statistical studies are a failure in the fields where cent - percent accuracy is desired. Enumerate different steps in any statistical analysis. Following are the different stages in a statistical method : 1. Collection of Data: Collection of data constitutes the first step in a statistical investigation. Data should be carefully and systematically collected because they form the foundation of further analysis. If data is faulty and inadequate then the conclusion drawn from it would become fallacious. 2. Organisation of Data:Organisation of data refers to edition, classification and tabulation of data, There may by omissions, inconsistencies and errors in the collected raw data which needs processing. In the first stage they should be corrected by means of editing. The next step is to classify them according to their common characteristics. The last step in organisation is tabulation. Tabulating the data under proper headings helps to remove the complexity and makes them simple and clear. It also facilitates further statistical analysis. 3. Presentation of Data: The tabulated data may be represented by means of attractive diagrams and graphs so that even a layman can understand the nature of problem presented. 4. Analysis of Data: The very object of organising the data is to analyse them. Methods used in analysing the data are numerous. Measures of averages, measures of dispersion, correlation, regression etc. are some of the important tools, which are used to analyse the data. 5. Interpretation of Data:The last stage in statistical investigation is interpretation. It means drawing conclusions from the data collected and analysed. It is really a difficult task and so it needs a high degree of skill and experience. Explain any four functions of statistics. Following are the main functions of statistics. 1.Statistics simplifies complex data :- With the help of statistical methods a mass of data can be presented in such a manner that they become easy to understand. For example, the complex data may be presented as totals, averages, percentages etc. 2.Statistics presents the facts in a definite form :- This definiteness is achieved by stating conclusions in a numerical or quantitative form. 3.Statistics provides a technique of comparison :- Comparison is an important function of statistics. For example comparison of data of different regions, periods, conditions etc. are helpful for drawing economic conclusions. Some of the statistical tools like averages ratios, percentages etc. are used for comparison. 4.Statistics studies relationships :- Correlation analysis and association are used to discover the functional relationship between different phenomena, for example, relationship between price and demand, relationship between input prices and output prices, relationship between advertisement and sales etc. Statistics help in finding the association between two or more attributes or variables. THE ECONOMICAL DEVELOPMENT

Explain the two-fold motive behind the systematic de-industrialisation effected by the British in pre- independent India. Foreign trade was oriented to feed the industrial revolution in Britain for which India was made the supplier of raw materials and importer of British manufactured finished goods. Thus there was massive de-industrialisation of Indian handicraft industries. Identify the major occupations followed by the people of our country at the time of Independence. During the colonial period occupational structure of Indian Economy showed little changes and these are :1. The agriculture sector accounted for the largest share of workforce, which remained at a high of 70-75 %. 2. While the manufacturing and the service sector accounted for only 10% and 15 %. 3. Another aspect was the growing regional variation. While the southern and the western states and Bengal showed a decline the dependence of the work force on agriculture and increase in industrial and service sector. On the other hand the Northern States showed an increase in workforce in agriculture. Name some notable economists who estimated Indias per capita income during the colonial period. The colonial government never made any attempt to estimate Indias National and per capita incomes. Because they were not interested in stimulating growth. Some individual attempts were made to measure such incomes though they gave different accounts. Some notable estimates were by DadaBhai Naoroji, William Digby, and Findlay Shirras. The most significant was by DR. V. K. R. V. Rao and R. C. Desai. What was the impact of partition on Indian agriculture and industry? The impact of partition on Indian agriculture and industry is given below :1. Indian agriculture received a set back at the time of partition as a big portion of countrys fertile and irrigated land from Punjab went to Pakistan. 2. Indias Jute industry was particularly affected since almost whole of the jute producing area went to East Pakistan (now Bangla Desh). Indias jute industry in which the country had enjoyed a world monopoly collapsed for lack of raw material. Evaluate the development of the railways during the British Rule. The British introduced the railways to India in 1850 and it is considered the greatest contribution of the rule.The railways affected Indian Economy in two ways. On the positive side it enabled people to travel long distance and so become more aware of geographical, cultural and economic conditions of their own country. On the negative side it resulted in commercialization of Indian Agriculture, which adversely affected the self-sufficiency of the village economies. The social benefits were outweighed by the countrys economic loss. What do you know about Indias trade during British times? Points are given below regarding India's trade during British times : During British rule the government maintained monopoly control over Indias exports and imports. As a result more than half of Indias foreigntrade was restricted to Britain while the rest was allowed with a few neighbouring countries like Srilanka, and Iran. The opening of the Suez Canal made passage between England and India even easier. 1. Another feature of Indias foreign trade was the generation of a largeexport surplus.

2. This surplus came at a price of shortages of food-grains, cloth, kerosene etc. in the domestic market. This did not result in any addition to Indian wealth but was used to pay for the foreign rule, wars expenses, and conspicuous consumption by the colonial masters.

Underscore some of Indias most crucial economic challenges at the time of Independence. After Independence the areas, which needed immediate attention, were: 1. Agriculture: Burdened by surplus labour and extremely low productivity. Farming techniques were outdated. It was totally dependent on monsoons. 2. Industrial sector was outdated, needed modernization, diversification and huge public investments. 3. Infrastructure facilities like railways, roads, powers were inadequate. 4. Poverty and unemployment had to be tackled on a war footing. 5. High mortality rates and low literacy rates needed a lot of investment in social infrastructure What were the real motives behind The British policy of infrastructure development? Under the Colonial regime, basic infrastructure such as railways, ports, water transport, post and telegraphs did develop. The real motives behind this development was not to provide services to the people but to strengthen and further colonial interests. 1.Roads and railways were developed to strengthen law and order.So that army and police forces could move easily to resist and kill any rebellion. 2. Roads were built to take out raw materials from the countryside and take it to the nearest railhead. Or to the ports to send to England. Introduction of Electric Telegraph served the purpose of law and orderwhile Postal services remained inadequate. What was the main focus of the economic policies pursued by the colonial government in India? State the impact of these policies on Indian economy. The main purpose of British colonial rule in India was to turn the country as a feeder economy for Great Britain. The modern industrial base was rapidly expanding in Britain, which needed a wide market. The impacts of the economic policies were as follows: a)Country was transformed into a net supplier of raw materials and consumer of finished industrial products from Britain. b) The agricultural sector experienced stagnation and agricultural production became very low. c) Modern industrial base was not allowed to come up. As a result, India failed to develop a sound industrial base. d) India became the exporter of raw materials for the upcoming modern industries of Britain. e) Unemployment in the country increased. f) More than half of Indias foreign trade was restricted to Britain. All this led to the problem of unemployment in India. What do you understand by the drain of Indian wealth during British period? India was described as a rich country by all the different travelers who came here at different times. It produced enough for its own consumption- wheat, vegetables, grains, etc. It also exported cottons and silks rice sugar butter etc. It had abundant sources of metal and minerals. During the British times Indian wealth was slowly sucked out. Agriculture was totally geared up to being a feeder for Great Britains own rapidly expanding industrial base. India became an exporter of primary products such as raw silk, cotton, wool, sugar, indigo, and jute. Farmers were forced to grow these and sell at cheap rates to British Industry. They were not free to sell to the highest bidder. Britain maintained a monopoly control over Indias Exports and Imports.

Indian exports did not bring any Gold and silver into India. This was used to make payments for the expenses incurred by the Government or expenses incurred on war, fought by the British and the import of items for the rulers. All this led to the drain of Indian Wealth. What was the industrial policy followed by the British and what were its demerits? The British were not interested in industrialising India. They wanted it to remain a basic agrarian Economy, geared to support the industries of the master country. They wanted to reap full benefits of industrial revolution. For that they needed cheap raw material and a sprawling market. The demerits of this are given below : 1.They systematically killed the traditional industries. Those crops were encouraged which could supply them raw material. e. g. Farmers in Bengal were forced to cultivate Indigo. 2. During the second half of the nineteenth century some modern industry began in India like cotton textiles in Western India and Jute in eastern India. But its progress was very slow and it was mostly in the private sector. The public sector remained confined to railways, power generation, communication and ports 3. There was hardly any capital goods industry like machine tools to help further industrialisation. The growth rate of the new industrial sector and its contribution to the Gross Domestic Product remained very small. (Q.) The main cause of deterioration of Indian Agriculture during British times was the land settlement policies. Do you agree? (6 Marks) (Ans) Yes, the main reason of low productivity of agriculture the system of land settlements that were introduced by the British. Specially the Zamindari System in the Bengal presidency. Here the landlords were given right to the land and they had to deposit the revenue at fixed dates to the government, regardless of the condition of the crops. The Zamindars in turn gave the land to the cultivators and collected rent from them. The profit went to the Zamindars. The reasons were :1. The main interest of the British was to collect the revenue regardless of the condition of the cultivators. They had no direct connection with the cultivators. 2. The Zamindars had to deposit the revenue at fixed dates to save their land rights. They did nothing to improve the condition of the agriculture. 3. The landlords had no incentive to spend money on new technology, irrigation facilities or use offertilizers. The cultivators were too poor to improve anything. They could barely pay the rent. Sometimes it caused immense misery and social tension among them Outline the main economic policies adopted by the British colonial government in India. (Ans) The colonial exploitation, irrelevant policies and oppressive political regime did not allow the economy to grow. British government conferred rights to ownership of lands to zamindars who paid low rent to the government but extracted huge amount of rent from the poor farmers. India suffered during war period which led to loss of real capital. De-industrialisation of Indian small cottage and handicraft industries reduced the country. The British took no major interest in the development of proper infrastructure as these required careful planning and heavy investment. Indian population was dependent on agriculture for their livelihood. There were other socioeconomic problems also due to indifferent attitude of the British like poverty, unemployment, illiteracy etc.

Dominance of Foreign Capital in important segments of Indian economy, pressure of British government to make India a supplier of raw material and market for British manufactured goods turned Indian economy into a colonial one.

What is the difference between GDP and Per Capita Income? What was the status of National Income at the time of Independence? GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP) refers To the flow of final goods and services within the domestic territory of a country during the period the period of one year. PER CAPITA GDP refers to the flow of final goods & services (produced during the year) per head of the population of a country. Average Annual Growth Rate in GDP in 1950-51 was 3.6 % Per capita income in 1950-51 was Rs.3687 What was the significant contribution of Railways in India? Railways were introduced in 1850 and considered one of the major contributions by British government. Railways enabled long distance travel and thus broke geographical and cultural barriers. It encouraged commercialisation of agriculture, adversely affecting self sufficiency of village economies. Indias export volume also expanded but not benefited Indians economically. State the conditions of various forms of infrastructure under the colonial regime.

 Roadways were not adequately built.  Railways were the most significant contribution of British government.  Inland waterways proved uneconomical.  Expensive electric telegraph system introduced to maintain law & order

 Postal Services were also inadequate.