MACROSCOPIC ANATOMY

r-------- Snout
----- External naris
Brows pot
Upper eyelid
Nictitating membrane
Lower eyelid
Digits of Fingers
Tympanic membrane
. ....... Carpus or wrist
Forearm
Upper arm
r------ Median dorsal line
...------ Hump
fl Cf\
(M()n:\Wq .
Anus
WJirfi1il miT---- Thigh C\ q , -A IV\"\ \ID ,-G\
Olrcl-tv- . A\\ l-\ y-r;\
Fctf,,,b Ru\'\idc\t-
r---- Shank G(Jil'S. . 1\91 t1 C\
d \: '. v lll,. g
..
,W\).tJf!.
- Tarsus or ankle _ . ,.. :" M)v
Prehallux- !"V,A(lu:\il:l f\
c\Ji:h\-
Digits of toes J
Web
EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF THE FROG
pigmented
A MALE FROG
Ventral view
A FEMALE FROG
Ventral view
of the skin
SwoJ._J .. en thumb
Diffused skin
pigmentation
not
swollen
Ischium
SKELETAL SYSTEM
Dorsal View
Met atarsals
Astragalus]Tarsals
Calcaneum
Transverse
process
Neural spine
Postzygapophysis
VERTEBRAL COLUMN
Dorsal view
2nd to 8th vertebrae
(Typical vertebrae)
Sacral vertebra
(9th vertebra)
Concavities
for articulation
lvi th sacral vertebra
ISOLATED VERTEBRAE
ATLAS
Antero-dorsal view
Neural spine
Neural arch
Postzygapophysis
Neural canal
Concavity for articulation
with occipital condyle
Centrun
.--------Neural spine

Transverse process

....._ ___ Neural canal

TYPICAL VETEBRA
Antero-dorsal view
SACRAL VERTEBRA
Postern-dorsal view
Neural canal
UROSTYLE
Antero-latera! view
centrum
of the lOth
SKULL
Dorsal view
Exoccipital
Occipital condyle

orbit
SKULL
Ventral view
LOWER JAW
Dorsal view
HYOID APPARATUS
Ventral view
Anterior cornu
Alary process
Body
Posterior cor-nu
Thyroid process
---------------------- Episternum
Omosternum
Clavicle
Scapula
Suprascapula
Glenoid fossa.
Fenestra
coracoid
Epicoracoid
r-------.::..::: Mesosternum
PECTORAL GIRDLE
Dorsal view
PELVIC GIRDLE, 1/2
(INNOMINATE BONE)
Lateral view
Xiphistermn
Head
Deltoid
Condyle
Radio-ulna
Longitudinal groove
Centrale
Ordinary carpals
Metacarpals
Radiale -"""'o'!;I'J
!l:i(tl.==- Phalanges
Ulnare
FOREUMB, R1ght
Lataral Vtt1111
Tibio-fibula

Calcaneum or fib111are
Astragalus or tibiale
Ordinary tarsals
Calcar
Metatarsals

HINDLIMB, RIGHT
Ventral view

Depressor mandibula
scapula

Latissimus dorsi
External oblique
m.mmr------------Longiss imus dorsi



femoris anticus

Vast us externus
femoris
Semimembranosus

Gracilis minor
fi--------Tibialis anticus
J:..!!.-.!.----
Tendon of Achilles
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Dorsal view

pectoralis
Suanentalis
is 0tC r.:.(s
Scapulo-humeralis or deltoid
s epicoracofaaa-- -
(Anterior pectoralis)
--'"----Pectoralis sternalis

(Posterior pectoralis)
Linea abdominis
Inscriptiones
tendinae
Sartori
mag nus
Gracil
major
Gracili
minor
Tibia-. ---;;.;
fibula

tt,_,ie;r d<i"

Gracilis major
(Rect"US int,ernus major")
minor )
(Rectus internus minor
MUSCULAR qysTEM,
Ventral view
Extensor cruris
anticus
Flexor tarsi anterior
t.tl .. '.. l.JC
T-11
(The left side has been dissected to show the deeper muscles)
Median subrostral fossa
pulvinar rostrale
Lateral subrostral
fossa
Internal naris or
c"hoana1
lip fold
Vomerine teeth
Sulcus marginalis
Maxillary teeth
Orbital prominence.
Opening into the
Esophagus
Eustachian tube
Laryngeal prominence
prelinguale
BUCCAL CAVnY OF A MALE FROG
Jugular .vein
Carotid artery
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary vein
Nasal cavity
Mouth cavity
Brain
Esophagus
Abdominal vein
Small intestine
INTERNAL. ORGANS,
Lateral view
Spinal cord
Pelvic .girdle
Kidney
Adrenal gland
Mesonephric quct
Renal .portal vein
Cloaca
Anus
Urinary bladder
Large intestine
"-"---- Testis
Spleen
Fat body
Postcava
Hepatic portal vein
$kin
subcutaneous
lymph space
Epaxial muscles
orizontal skeletogenous
septum
vertebra
Kidney
isterna magna
or subvertebral
lymph sinus

Dorsal-
mesentery
Stomach
Omentum ____
Duodenum _
Linea
Ventro-lateral subcutaneous
connective tissue
Ventral subcutaneous lymph space
Ventral abdominal ve:i.n
BODY CAVITY
Lung
Corpora
adiposa
Spleen
Testis
Kidney
COELOM AND VISCERA
Ventral view of a Male Frog
Heart
Liver
Gall bladder
Pancreas
Stanach
Duodenum }Small
Ileum
intestine
Large intestine
Cloaca
Anus

Ileum __
Mesentery
proper or
Mesenterium
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Ventral View
D r ~ ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - Cricoid cartilage
; , _ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - - - - - Laryruc
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Entrance of - ~ - - ~ - - - - ~ ~
Wolffian duct
MALE UROGENITAL SYSTEM
Ventral view
Fat body or Corpora
adiposa
Postcava
Testis
Vas efferens
Adrenal gland
Kidney
Renal vein
Mesonephric duct or
Wolffian duct
Vestigial oviduct
Entrance of oviduct
Urinary bladder
Cloaca
Anus
Fat body or corpora
adiposa
Postcava


ovary_.,____,
with
eggs
__ Mesonephric duct or
Wolffian duct
of oviduct
bladder
Cloaca


FEMALE UROGENITAL SYSTEM
Ventral view
Ventricle
Lung
Liver
Gall bladder
Kidney

abdominal V.
Pulmonary V.
Sinus venosus
Hepatic v.
Bepatic portal V.
Postcava
v.
v.
v.
v.
intestine
Femoral v.--------------
Sciatic V.-----------------,
bladder
V.
VENOUS SYSTEM
Ventral view of a Female Frog
v.
v.
Truncus arteriosus--------
Common carotid
carotid A.
Systemic arch __ _
Pulmo-cutaneous A.
Pulmonary A. ____ _
---=..:...._
Right -lung

Conus arteriosus

Coeliaco-mesenteric A.
Adi{:X)sal A.
Anterior mesenteric
ovari an A.
(spermatic A. in
A.
A.
A.
A.
Left gastric A.
Hepatic A.
gastric A.
Pancreatic A.
Duodenal A.
the male)
. Intestinal As.
K1dney
Renal Splenic A.
Oviducal A. Spleen
Posterior mesenteric
Right common iliac
,...._r:til
Epigastric
A.
--- Sciatic A.
Epigastrico-vesical
A.
ARTERIAL SYSTEM
Ventral view of a Female Frog
A.
A.
Right
arteriosus
HEART
Dorsal view
HEART
Ventral view
Truncus arteriosus
Right Precava
Pulloonary veins
Right auricle
Sinus venosus
Coronary sulcus
Postcava
Ventricle
Truncus arteriosus
Left precava
Left auricle
Coronary sulcus
Postcava
Brain
Spinal
cord
.,
.::
....
~ ~ . 0
' . ,.
0
.
.
Olfactory nerve
r---- Olfactory lobe
or Optic lobe
or cerebellum
- . ~ . or Medulla
. ;.';
"'
;
:
..
'.: ..
Brachial enlargement
..
,
.::
.
Dor sal fissure
:: :-:
Lumbar enlargement
~ - - ~ Roots of posterior
spi nal nerves
Fi lum tenninale
Cauda
Equina
BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD
Dorsal view
Optic
chiasma
. . .
. .
. ;
, .
.. ' \
;-
I
t \'
\ '
\ .
I
}

. r-i -;.....----
.. i
.. ; .i
Olfactory nerve
Telencephalon or Cerebral hemisphere
Optic nerve
Optic tract
Infundibulum
Oculomotor nerve
,Hypophysis or pituitary body
Mesencephalon or Optk lobe
Abducens nerve
BraChial enlargement
Ventral fissure
L\.Dbar enlargement
Roots of posterior
spinal nerves
cauda
equina
BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD
Ventral view
Metenceph_alon
Olfactory nerve ( 1)
Olfactory lobe
Telencephalon
Pineal body or Epiph_ysis
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Trochlear nerve (4)
Trigeminal nerve (5)
Facial nerve {7)
Auditory nerve (8)
Glossopharyngeal nerve ( 9)
Vagus nerve (1 0)
BRAIN AND CRANIAL NERVES
Dorsal view
Spinal
Olfactory nerve (1)
Telencephalon
Optic nerve (2)
Optic tract
Infundibulum
Oculomotor nerve ( 3)
Trigeminal nerve (5)
Facial nerve ( 7)
Auditory nerve (8)
Glossopharyngeal nerve {9)
Vagus nerve (10)
BRAIN AND CRANIAL NERVES
Ventral view
' ~ - - - - - - - - - - Olfactory nerve
J---------- Olfactory lobe
lst and 2nd ventricles
or Lateral ventricles
~ - - - - - - ~ Telencephalon
Foramen of Monro
3rd ventricle
or
CAVITIES OF THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD
Iter