FINAL DATA SHEET FIELD WORK 5 DIFFERENTIAL LEVELING WITH AND WITHOUT TURNING POINTS DATE: AUG 9, 2011

TIME: 12:00 PM GROUP NO. 2 LOCATION: MURALLA ST. (WALLS)

A. DIFFERENTIAL LEVELING: WITHOUT TURNING POINT (SINGLE SET-UP) MEAN or MOST PROBABLE DIFFERENCE IN ELEVATION 300.0125 m

STATION A B

BS 1.365 m

FS

DIFFERENCE IN ELEVATION 300 m 300.025 m

1.34 m

B. COMPUTATIONS: Diff. in ELEV Diff. in ELEV = ELEV1 + BS FS = 300m + 1.365 1.34 = 300.025 m Mean Diff. in ELEV Mean Diff. in ELEV = (ELEV1 + ELEV2)/2 = (300 + 300.025)/2 = 300.0125 m

C. DIFFERENTIAL LEVELING: WITH TURNING POINT (SINGLE RODDED) STATION BM-1 TP-1 TP-2 BM-2 TP-3 TP-4 BM-1 BS 1.365 1.335 1.34 1.335 1.305 1.3375 HI 301.365 301.36 301.35 301.365 301.345 301.355 FS 1.34 1.35 1.32 1.325 1.3275 1.325 ELEVATION 300 m 300.025 300.01 300.03 300.04 300.0175 300.03 REMARKS Benchmark 1 Turning Point Turning Point Benchmark 2 Turning Point Turning Point

D. COMPUTATIONS: a) Computations of HI s and Elevation of Stations 300.000 +1.365 301.365 - 1.340 300.025 + 1.335 301.360 - 1.350 300.010 + 1.340 301.350 - 1.320 300.030 b) Arithmetic Check 300.0000 + 8.0175 308.0175 - 7.9875 300.0300 (Elevation of BM1) ( BS) ( FS) (Checks with Elevation of BM1) (Elev BM1) (BS on BM1) (HI1) (FS on TP1) (ElevTP1) (BS on TP1) (HI2) (FS on TP2) (ElevTP2) (BS on TP2) (HI3) (FS on BM2) (ElevBM2) 300.030 + 1.335 301.365 - 1.325 300.040 + 1.305 301.345 - 1.3275 300.0175 + 1.3375 301.355 - 1.325 300.030 (ElevBM2) (BS on BM2) (HI4) (FS on TP3) (ElevTP3) (BS on TP3) (HI5) (FS on TP4) (ElevTP4) (BS on TP4) (HI5) (FS on BM1) (ElevBM1)

E. SKETCH:

CONCLUSION I conclude that through differential leveling, we are able to determine elevations in the field to locate points at specified elevations. And that in leveling a ground, there will not always be a constant elevation in every point. Therefore, in order to measure the different elevations, we will be doing a type of leveling called differential leveling, where the ground is measured from its back and front sights, and is used to get the correct elevation and height of the instrument. RELATED RESEARCH Survey Speci cations y Sight Distances Sight distances and the balance between foresights and backsights are critical to maintaining accuracy in differential leveling. Sight distances should be reduced when poor environmental conditions are encountered. Under normal conditions the speci ed sight distances in this Chapter will produce surveys that meet the Department s accuracy standards for second-order, third-order, and general-order surveys. y Turning Points Turning points (TP) should be set in stable, protected locations. Spikes or large nails set in pavement; wooden stakes set in rm soil; prominent points such as rock outcroppings or the top of concrete curbs may be used as turning points. Each turning point should have a de nite high point or be marked at the exact point of rod contact. If a permanent TP cannot be driven, then a turning plate ( trivet or turtle ) weighing at least 15lbs. should be used. In situations allowing neither turning pins nor turning plates,(sandy or marshy soils) a long wooden stake with double-headed nail should be driven to a firm depth. Turning points (except turning plates) should not be removed after use, but left in place to provide a check in the event of blunders or excessive misclosures. A solid, well de ned turning point may be used as a temporary benchmark (TBM). y Benchmarks Establish benchmarks with physical characteristics and quality commensurate with the order of the leveling survey. Benchmarks should be of a stable, permanent nature; e.g., galvanized steel pipe; steel rod driven into a rm soil base; or cast in place concrete. A brass disk epoxied into a drilled hole in rock or concrete is also acceptable.