Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ISSUE 3.2
Objectives
Name the frequency spectrum used in GSM Name the concept of frequency reused. Name the two different cell types and understand why and when each would be used.
Internal Use
Chapter 1 Basic Concept of Cellular Mobile System Chapter 2 GSM Network Components Chapter 3 Terrestrial Interface Chapter 4 Service Area And Number Planning Chapter 5 Channels On Air Interface Chapter 6 Radio Technologies Chapter 7 The Future Development
Internal Use
GSM 900
DCS 1800
95MHz spacing
New standard
RGSM EGSM
GSM 900
RGSM EGSM
GSM 900
876 880
890
915 921
925
935
960
EGSM Extra 10MHz, therefore total available ARFCN become 174. RGSM Extra 15MHz, therefore total available ARFCN become 199.
Internal Use
GSM900 Fuplink (n) = 890 + (0.2 x n) MHz Fdownlink (n) = Fuplink (n) + 45MHz Where, 1 < n < 124 GSM1800 Fuplink (n) = 1710.2 + (0.2 x (n-512)) MHz Fdownlink (n) = Fuplink (n) + 95MHz Where, 512 < n < 885
Internal Use
Frequency spectrum
dB
Wanted signal
-Bandwidth is from f1 to f2 -Clean signal can be obtained if only one user using this spectrum and the signal energy must higher than the noise floor.
Internal Use
Frequency spectrum
dB 20dB Interfering signal Wanted signal
10dB
Noise floor f1 f2 -Interference occur when two signal are transmitting at the same frequency spectrum. -Signal with higher energy will win.
Internal Use
Internal Use
10
Time
Time
f
Frequency Division Multiple Access Time Division Multiple Access
GSM system
Internal Use
11
200kHz 200kHz Note: Max number of users can only support up to 8Ts x 124ARFCN=(992 users). [for GSM900]
Internal Use
12
Frequency Re-Use
Internal Use
13
Frequency Re-Use
7 1 6 5
3 2
Internal Use
14
Frequency Reuse
2 3 7 2 3 7 1 6 4 1 6 5 4 2 5 3 7 1 6 4 2 5 3 7 1 k=7 6 4 5
7 8 6 2 3 7 9 1 6 4 7 5 8 9 6 2 3 7 9 1 6 4 5 9 k=9
2 1 5 2 1 5
8 3 4 8 3 4
Internal Use
Carried-to-co-channel interference ratio C/I = 1.5(k2) Where, k = Cluster size e.g. k=3, C/I = 1.5(3)2 = 11.3 dB k=4, C/I = 1.5(4)2 = 13.8 dB
Note: - GSM standard required C/I > 9 dB. Thats mean minimum number of reuse pattern is k=3.
Internal Use
16
Wanted signal
Internal Use
17
Frequency Re-Use
5 9 2 8 12 3 10 1 9 5 11 10 7 6
6
2
Internal Use
18
CELL
Omni
1 1
120 degree
3
Internal Use
19
Omni cells
1 1 1 1 1 1
4 2 4 2
1 1
1 1
First tier
3
1
3 2 4 2
1
4
First tier
2 4 2 Ex. 3x4
1
Second tier
for first tier KI = 2 - 3 narrow beam antennas (e.g. 60) better than wide beam antennas (e.g. 120)
Internal Use
20
5 1 9
e.g. for 3 Sectorization (4x3) C/I = 1.5k2 x 3 = 4.5 K2 = 1.5x (4)2 x 3 = 10 log 72 = 18.6 dB
Internal Use
21
Chapter 1 Basic Concept of Cellular Mobile System Chapter 2 GSM Network Components Chapter 3 Terrestrial Interface Chapter 4 Service Area And Number Planning Chapter 5 Channels On Air Interface Chapter 6 Radio Technologies Chapter 7 The Future Development
Internal Use
22
Objectives
Internal Use
23
NSS OSS
OMC OMC
ME ME
SIM SIM
MS
BTS BTS
BSC BSC
BSS
24
Internal Use
Mobile StationMS
MS=ME+SIM
International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) Mobile Equipment
Internal Use
M G S
26
International Mobile Subscriber Identity International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) (IMSI) Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI) (TMSI) Location Area Identity (LAI) Location Area Identity (LAI) Subscriber Authentication Key (Ki) Subscriber Authentication Key Mobile Station International Standard Mobile Data Network (MSISDN), Data Network (MSISDN), it is optional. it
Authentication
MS MS
Ki RAND
Um interface
Network Network
RAND Ki
A3 A3
SRES
A3 A3
SRES
= = ? ?
Accept / reject?
27
MSC The Base Station Controller BSC The Base Transceiver Station BTS The Trans-coder TC and Sub multiplexer (SM)
Internal Use
28
NSS
OMC
EC EC IWF IWF
PSTN
Mobile Switching Center Home Location Register Visitor Location Register Equipment Identity Register Authentication Center Inter-Working Function Echo Cancellor
Internal Use
BSS
29
Call Processing Operations and Maintenance Support Inter-network & Inter-working Billing
Internal Use
30
Subscriber ID (IMSI and MSISDN) Subscriber (IMSI and MSISDN) Current subscriber VLR (current location) Current subscriber VLR (current location) Supplementary service information Supplementary service information Subscriber status (registered/deregistered) Subscriber status (registered/deregistered) Authentication key and AuC functionality Authentication key and AuC functionality
Internal Use
31
Mobile Status(IMSI detached/ attached) Mobile Status(IMSI detached/ attached) Location Area Identity(LAI) Location Area Identity(LAI) Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity(TMSI) Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity(TMSI) Mobile Station Roaming Number(MSRN) Mobile Station Roaming Number(MSRN)
Internal Use
32
IMEI Is Checked against White List If NOT found, checked against Grey/Black List
If NOT found, checked against White List indications If found, returns a Black or Grey List indicator
Internal Use
33
MSC MSC
PSTN
EC EC
IWF
Internal Use
34
OSS(NMC)
M2000
M2000
M2000
Region2
Region 3 Region 1
Internal Use
35
OMC/iManager M2000: OMC assigned specifically for GSM, CDMA & WCDMA NEs.
Internal Use
36
Event/Alarm Management
Security Management
MMI OS
Fault Management Performance Management
DB
Configuration Management
Internal Use
37
Chapter 1 Basic Concept of Cellular Mobile System Chapter 2 GSM Network Components Chapter 3 Terrestrial Interface Chapter 4 Service Area And Number Planning Chapter 5 Channels On Air Interface Chapter 6 Radio Technologies Chapter 7 The Future Development
Internal Use
38
Objectives
Identify the protocols used on the terrestrial interfaces between the GSM system entities
Internal Use
39
GSM Interface
D VLR B MSC E EC EC A TC MS
Internal Use
VLR C
MSC
IWF
IWF
Um
BTS
Abis
BSC
40
GSM Protocol
MS CM MM L3
BTS
BSC
MSC CM MM
BSSMAP
BSSMAP
SCCP MTP
SCCP MTP
Um
Abis
Internal Use
41
IWF MSC/VLR
OMC
PSTN
BTS
42
2MBps Trunks
TS = Time slot TS# 0 1-15 16 Traffic CCS7 Signaling (Other TS may also the used) Used for Frame Alignment /Error Checking /Signaling
17-31 Traffic
Internal Use
43
Flag
Information
Control
Address
Flag
last bit
first bit
Internal Use
44
CCS7 Levels
OSI Layers 7. Application 6. Presentation 5. Session 4. Transport 3. Network 2. Link 1 Physical MTP Level 1
SCCP
MTP Level 3 MTP Level 2 2 Mb/s Trunk
45
Internal Use
Abbreviation of CCS7
MTP MTP TCAP TCAP SCCP SCCP TUP TUP ISUP ISUP MAP MAP BSSAP BSSAP BSSMAP BSSMAP DTAP DTAP
Message Transfer Part Message Transfer Part Transaction Capabilities Application Part Transaction Capabilities Application Part Signaling Connection Control Part Signaling Control Telephone User Part Telephone User Part ISDN User Part User Part Mobile Application Part Mobile Application Part Base Station System Application Part Station System Application Part BSS Management Application Part Management Application Part Direct Transfer Application Part
Internal Use
46
Chapter 1 Basic Concept of Cellular Mobile System Chapter 2 GSM Network Components Chapter 3 Terrestrial Interface Chapter 4 Service Area And Number Planning Chapter 5 Channels On Air Interface Chapter 6 Radio Technologies Chapter 7 The Future Development
Internal Use
47
Objectives
system
identification
Identify the of mobile identification number Identify number the cell identification
Internal Use
48
Service Area
System area
PLMN service area PLMN service area
MSC service area... Location area... Base station area...
......
Radio cell
Radio cell
......
......
Internal Use
49
MSC/VLR Number
CC
NDC
MSC/VLR number
LSP
The format is CC+NDC+LSP CC Country Code. For example: The CC of China is "86". NDC National Destination Code. For example: The NDC of 139 138 137 136 135. China Mobile is
HLR Number
The format is CC+NDC+H0 H1 H2 H3 0000. CC Country Code. For example: The CC of China is "86". NDC National Destination Code. For example: The NDC of China Mobile is 139 138 137 136 135. H0H1H2H3 is defined by Telecom operator. For example: 86-139-0666-0000.
Internal Use
51
LAI
MCC
MNC
Location Area Identification
LAC
The LAI is the international code for a location area. MCC Mobile Country Code It consists of 3 digits . For example: The MCC of China is "460" MNC Mobile Network Code It consists of 2 digits . For example: The MNC of China Mobile is "00" LAC Location Area Code It is a two bytes BCD code(hex). The value 0000 and FFFF is invalid. For example: 460-00-0011
Internal Use
52
CGI
The CGI is a unique international identification for a cell The format is LAI+CI LAI: Location Area Identification CI Cell Identity. This code uses two bytes BCD code(hex) to identify the radio cells within an LAI. For example : 460-00-0011-0001
Internal Use
53
BSIC
NCC
BSIC
BCC
NCC PLMN network color code. It comprises 3 bit. It allows various neighboring PLMNs to be distinguished. BCC BTS color code. It comprises 3 bit. It allows distinction between different radio frequency channels using the same frequency in neighboring cells.
Internal Use
54
MSISDN
CC
NDC
SN
CC
Country Code. For example: The CC of China is "86". NDC National Destination Code. For example: The NDC of China Telecom is 139, 138, 137, 136, 135. SN Subscriber Number. Format:H0 H1 H2 H3 ABCD Example: 86-139-0666-1234
Internal Use
55
IMSI
MCC
MNC
NMSI IMSI
MSIN
MCC Mobile Country Code It consists of 3 digits . For example: The MCC of China is "460" MNC Mobile Network Code It consists of 2 digits . For example: The MNC of China Telecom is "00" MSIN Mobile Subscriber Identification Number. H1H2H3 S ABCDEF For example: 666-9777001 NMSI National Mobile Subscriber Identification MNC and MSIN form it together. For Example of IMSI : 460-00-666-9777001
Internal Use
56
TMSI
The TMSI is assigned only after successful subscriber authentication. The VLR controls the allocation of new TMSI numbers and notifies them to the HLR. TMSI is used to ensure that the identity of the mobile subscriber on the air interface is kept secret. The TMSI consists of 4 bytes( 8 HEX numbers) and determined by the telecom operator.
Internal Use
57
IMEI
TAC
FAC
SNR
SP
IMEI
TAC Type approval code. It is administered by the type approval center. FAC Final assembly code.It is administered by the manufacturer. SNR Serial number.It is issued by the manufacturer of the MS. SP Not used.
Internal Use
58
Chapter 1 Basic Concept of Cellular Mobile System Chapter 2 GSM Network Components Chapter 3 Terrestrial Interface Chapter 4 Service Area And Number Planning Chapter 5 Channels On Air Interface Chapter 6 Radio Technologies Chapter 7 The Future Development
Internal Use
59
Objectives
Identify the types of physical channels and logical channels Name the 4 most commonly used channel combinations Understand the structure of frames multi
Internal Use
60
The physical channel is the medium over which the information is carried The logical channels consist of the information carried over the physical channel TDMA FRAME
1
Timeslot
6 0
The information carried in one time The information carried in one time slot is called a burst slot is called a burst
Internal Use
61
Internal Use
62
BURST
Random Access burst (RACH): Used in MS initial access
Tail bit Data 41 synchronous bits 36 encrypted bits Tail bit Guard interval
8bit
3bit
68.25bit
Frequency correction burst (FCH): Used in frequency synchronization between MS and BTS
Tail bit Data Tail bit Guard interval
3bit
142bit
3bit
8.25bit
3bit
Internal Use
3bit 8.25bit
63
Burst
Normal burst (TCH): Used to carry the information of the traffic channel and the control channel.
Tail bit Data 57 encrypted bits Training sequence Data 57 encrypted bits Tail bit Guard interval
3bit
1 26bit 1
Frame stealing flag
3bit
8.25bit
Dummy burst (BCH): Used in transmission of filling frames by BTS at timeslots when there is no information delivered
Tail bit Tail bit 142 modulation bits Guard interval
3bit
3bit
8.25bit
Internal Use
64
Logical channel
Control channel
FCH
AGCH
RACH
SDCCH
FACCH
TCH/F
TCH/H
SACCH
Internal Use
65
Traffic Channel
Data
TCH Traffic Channel TCH/FS Full rate Speech Channel TCH/HS Half rate Speech Channel TCH/9.6 Data Channel 9.6kb/s TCH/4.8 Data Channel 4.8kb/s TCH/2.4 Data Channel 2.4Kb/s
Internal Use
TCH/9.6
TCH/2.4
TCH/4.8
66
Control Channel
Synch. CH.
FACCH
SACCH
FCCH
Broadcast Control Channel BCCH RACH CBCH Common Control Channel CCCH Dedicated Control Channel DCCH Associated Control Channel ACCH PCH/AGCH
Internal Use
67
The information carried on the BCCH is monitored by the mobile periodically when it is switched on and not in a call BCCH:Broadcast Control Channel FCCH: Frequency Channel Correction
BCCH
Synch. Channels
FCCH
68
The CCCH is responsible for transferring control information between all mobiles and the BTS. RACH: Random Access Control Channel PCH: Paging Channel AGCH: Access Grant Control Channel CBCH:Cell Broadcast Channel RACH uplink
CCH
CCCH
CBCH downlink
PCH/AGCH downlink
69
Internal Use
DCCH is assigned to a single mobile connection for call setup or for measurement and handover purpose. SDCCH: Standalone Dedicated Control Channel ACCH: Associated Control Channel SACCH: Slow Associated Control Channel FACCH:Fast Associated Control Channel
CCH DCCH
SDCCH
ACCH
FACCH
SACCH
Internal Use
70
Power-off state
Search for frequency correction pulse Search for synchronous pulse Unscramble system information
Idle state
FCCH SCH BCCH PCH RACH AGCH SDCCH FACCH TCH FACCH
Snoop into paging message Send access pulse Allocate signaling channel
Dedicated mode
Set up the call Allocate voice channel Conversation Release the call
Idle state
Internal Use
71
BTS
Channel_Required Channel_Active Channel_Active_Ack
BSC
MSC
SABM: Set asynchronous balanced mode command-Initial access frame UA: Unnumbered acknowledgement response
IMMEDIATE ASSIGN COMMAND First SABM Establish_IND(CM Service Req) CR(Complete_L3_information) CC CM Service Accepted Setup Call Processing Assignment_Req Channel_Active Channel_Active_Ack ASSIGNMENT COMMAND First SABM Establish_IND ASSIGNMENT CMP Assignment_CMP Alerting Connect Connect Ack
Conversation
Disconnect Release Release Complete Clear_CMD Clear_CMP
Internal Use
72
GSM Multiframe
TDMA Frames 0
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
46 47 48 49 50
CONTROL CHANNELS
Internal Use
73
Channel Combination
BCH combination BCCH + CCCH DCH combination SDCCH8 + SACCH8 Combined Channel Combination BCCH + CCCH +SDCCH4 + SACCH4 TCH combination TCH8/FACCH + SACCH
Internal Use
74
BCCH/CCCH Multiframe
Downlink
B F S B B B C C C C F I
S C C .. F S C C .. F S C C ..
10
20
30
40
50
Uplink
R R R R R R R R R R R
R R R .. R R R ..R R R ..
0
Internal Use
10
20
30
40
50
75
SDCCH Multiframe
Downlink D0 D1 D0 D1
0 7
D6 D7 A0 D6 D7 A4
24 32
A3 I I I A7 I I I
44 50
Uplink
A5 A6 A7 I I I D0 A1 A2 A3 I I I D0
0
Internal Use
D7 A0 D7 A4
44 50
76
12
15
6 0 6 0
Broadcast Dedicated
3
Traffic
2
Traffic
6 0
7
77
Combined Multiframe
Downlink FS B FS B 0 2 6 C FS C C FS C 10 C F S D0 D1 F S D2 D3 F S A0 A1 I C F S D0 D1 F S D2 D3 F S A2 A3 I 20 30 40 50
Uplink D3 R R A2 A3 R R D3 R R A2 A3 R R
0 4 6 10 20 30
Internal Use
R R D0 D1 R R D2 R R D0 D1 R R D2
40 50
78
GSM Multiframe
TDMA Frames 0
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
21 22 23 24 25
TRAFFIC CHANNELS
Internal Use
79
TCH Multiframe
Downlink This is used to transmit a Traffic Channel Combination (TCH/ SACCH/FACCH). The FACCH is not showed in the diagram as it does not receive its own time allocation. The FACCH steals a time period from the TCH is required. The 13th frame is used by the SACCH which carriers link control information to and from the mobile and BTS. The 26th frame is idle.
Internal Use
Uplink
25
IDLE
25
IDLE
12
SACCH
12
SACCH
0
80
Chapter 1 Basic Concept of Cellular Mobile System Chapter 2 GSM Network Components Chapter 3 Terrestrial Interface Chapter 4 Service Area And Number Planning Chapter 5 Channels On Air Interface Chapter 6 Radio Technologies Chapter 7 The Future Development
Internal Use
81
Objectives
On completion of this section you will be able to know about the following radio technologies :
GMSK Modulation Techniques Power Control VAD, DTX, DRX Diversity Frequency Hopping
Internal Use
82
Modulation Techniques
Internal Use
83
1 0 0 1 1
Internal Use
84
TX RX
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 01 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 burst delay t (e.g. PCH) 0
TA
Internal Use
85
Battery Life
Voice Activity Detection VAD Discontinuous Transmission DTX Discontinuous Reception DRX
Internal Use
86
Power Control
Both Uplink and Downlink power settings can be controlled independently and individually.
8W
0.8W 5W
Saves radio battery power Reduces co-channel and adjacent channel interference
Internal Use
87
Without DTX
Encoding the speech silences at a rate of 500 bit/s rather than the full 13Kb/s. If the mobile does not transmit during silence there is a reduction in the overall power output requirement
With DTX
Comfort Noise
Internal Use
88
DTX
DTX: Discontinuous Transmission Shut off the transmission when no speech detected; Only transmit SID frames The transcoder at the RX terminal produces comfortable noise based on SID background noise. Improvement on the C/I ratio. VAD: Voice Activity Detection Implemented in the transcoder.
Note: DTX is not used on a BCCH carrier and measurements must based no Sub value.
89
DRX
DRX allows the mobile station to effectively switch off during times when reception is deemed unnecessary.
MS in listen mode
90
DRX example
Internal Use
91
Multipath Fading
Time Dispersion
Internal Use
92
Diversity
Approx. 10 wavelengths
When diversity is implemented two antennas are situated at the receiver. These antennas are placed several wavelengths apart to ensure minimum correlation between the two receive paths. Compare or add signals
The two signals are then combined, this ensures that a low signal strength is less likely to occur.
Resultant Signal
Internal Use
93
Frequency Hopping
Each time the BTS or mobile transmits a burst, it does so on a different RF carrier frequency.
Synthesizer Hopping:each timeslot on a given transceiver can transmit at a different frequency Baseband Hopping: each transceiver stays at the same frequency and the data is switched to the appropriate transceiver.
frequency
time
Internal Use
94
Frequency Hopping
F1
F1
Vs
F1 F1 F2 F3
Without FH
Internal Use
With FH
95
Chapter 1 Basic Concept of Cellular Mobile System Chapter 2 GSM Network Components Chapter 3 Terrestrial Interface Chapter 4 Service Area And Number Planning Chapter 5 Channels On Air Interface Chapter 6 Radio Technologies Chapter 7 The Future Development
Internal Use
96
Objectives
On completion of this section you will be able to know : State the future development of digital cellular mobile system
Internal Use
97
GSM will stay in the Lead, all professional Market Forecasts say
30 0 20 5 20 0 10 5 10 0 5 0 0 19 96 19 97 19 98 19 99 20 00 20 01
Service amout
Data
Voice
Today
2000
Time
99
Internal Use
million
Mobile
Internal Use
Internet
100
3G 2.5G 2G
57.6 kbps 9.6 kbps GSM HSCSD 115 kbps GPRS 2Mbps 384kbps EDGE IMT-2000
1999
2000
2001
Internal Use
101
Summary
Basic Concepts of Cellular Mobile System GSM Network Components Summary Terrestrial Interface Service Area and Number Planning Channels on The Air Interface Radio Technologies The Future Development
Internal Use
102