bIkRidrx2011 n oxs v,s nv,budrxt j wr; y qbr,kwr;n fr: t Unr; 2600 bI dqmrl Ic/mr:y wrx< 1 huicrn/nr:mv:gv;nn rxes dv. s v,s nv,budrxt j wr;n ox duigrxa wrs Il o/mqwr:y zmrxdUwrmn r:woxes kwr;pQwrgfv,nfr:dUcr, wUcr:s uicr,wQdr;l zmrxl o/dI;l o/d/cr:l o/mUicr:l o/Ficr;Ec;woxy U,> gf/mr:t mr:budrt j wr; a n rmUicr:wnr:dUgr:kwr gmrbn r;j zmr: n fr:wnr:mUiwr;n oxj mrxl o;hnrmI:l o/gUicr:l o/gnwox< n fr:nnrxkwr;bv:g net ,Rwv,d<mhv,y v,n El ; wj iRy v,n (gmr;nmrhuj gr:gnr wv; j /wr:budrxdibQdr x) j Uiwr:noxy wrx<n fr:mUicr:a em,Rig/nr, wnr:mUiwr; n oxj mrxgmr;nmrhuj gr:gn dibQdrxEl ; j qnr: (Zen Buddhism)< a mr,nnrgmrbnr;j zmr:l o/: gnwj iRy v,ngmr;nmry wrx<nfr:l igr; WmrdzmrhUwrnoxj mrxhwr:eda mr,a wrj frs fr,nUiwrl zcr;wv;mUicr:l frgmrbnr; j zmr:l o/:gna n rl fr< hwr:edd/cr,l wr;Engfv, l UYr;l zcr;buin r: budrxt s v,s nv, kwr;pQwrnfr:mUicr:wn r:dUgr:gUYr:< dI;a n rbudrx s v,s nv, kwr;pQwrgfv,nfr:mUicr:wnr:dUgr:nnrxegv; b/nrmnr:mI:woxy U, s zcrb/n r<s zcrb/n rn nrxj mrxbqn rb/nrmUiwr;j wrx(3 rd B. C. E) El ; b/n r,mfr, (13 th century to present day) y wrx<wv;huiwregv;l I dI;n o;- hwr:a wreda wrbuinr:b/nrmfr, bqn ry fr,es l /dr;gfv,< l o;l qbr;hqn r: huwv; kun rehvkmr:a es v:g (mUiwr;bo,bqn rj /wr:budrxn n rxj uiwr;mnr:huwv;
1 budrt j y nrdi<a mr,nnra v,y us v,s nv, 2600 bInoxed,nbrxa wrmUiwr;budrxt j wr; ed,bqnrCpv:< ebv:s mrxnbrxa wr mUiwr;mnr:j wr;a wrnibrxb/nr,j mrxbIbudrxt s v,s nv,j wr; duigrxkwr;mI:nfr: 2550 gUYr:>
bqn rs nrdv,es v:g<wo/:es bqn rj /wr:budrxmv:y wrxn n rxl o;j uiwr;wv; kunrehvkmr:t mrmv,es v:g) n oxbqn rpU;a nra wr gf/mr:t mr:budrxj wr; gfv,pUiYrEp;n fr:mUicr:wnr:dUgr: Hellenic World 2 (hUmr;kwr;bv: Middle East 3 El ; Asia Minor 4 l /mr:bv:gfv,t uicr bzdr:j /nr: mUicr:m/nr; [bqn rmUicr:mznr:?]<mUicr:s I,hUwr,<mUicr:t o: hUmr;bv:j qcr,a zgr, bzdr:j /nr:ea :s Lv:)a zn rd/cr:s udr:bUin r;<bImnr:j mrxmQn r; mUiwr;n fr: (3 rd century B.C. E) y wrx<gUYr:gv; l o;huwv;s v,s nv,budrxt j wr; a n ra wrgfv,pUiYrEp;mUiwr;j wrx a mr,ebv:dn r:m/gr;bUcr: mn r;guimr: mUinrn cr, mUicr:ea :s Lv:y /mr:l qwr< nv;a znrkun rehv:kmr:a es v:g bo,gfv, pUiYrEp;s v,s nv,budrxt n fr:mUicr:wnr:dUgr:nn rxl o;huwv;l ucr: kunrehvkmr:a es v:g El ; a l Qgrxs nr:dv: (327-325 B. C.) mI:l zcr;kzcrxkmrEl ; mI:l zcr;gbr:s uibr,kwr;a zgr,gnrwoxy U,noy wrx<y U,dI; l zcr;kwr;a zgr,gnrn oxes l o;huwv;a bumr,j Uicr:j wr;Res x< a mr,n nr j wr;a Rhnrkwrn nrx l o;pQwrgfv,nfr:dUcr,wUcr: kUiwr:gUn r:gRigrxkwry U, n oy wrx<wo/:es nnrxt Qcr; kunrehvkmr:gRigrxa n rmI:j uiwr;wv; mil in rd (emnnrdUiwr) nnrxbqn rmv:kunrj /wr:budrxes a ubrxbUicr,pzcr:cmr: mUicr: a in r:dI:y v: j qcr,Wcr,bzdr:dUgr:y wrx<gzbr;mnr:es bbrxj uiwr;s qcry fr,
2 bqnrmUicr:gRigrxb/nrg/cr(Classic Greece or Classic Period, from 5 th to 4 th B. C?)> 3 mUicr: Middle East noxmI:nfr:wUcr;g/crmUicr:ea s Lv:bzdr:dUgr: El ; bzdr:Wcr,apRig<bqnr dI;gUidr,a zgr,s v,s nv,l o/a nr mUinrncr, s v,s nv,j Uwr:RUwr: (s r) t Riy /nr (Zoroastrianism)<s v,s nv,j Udo/: (Judaism)<s v,s nv,kRidr(Christianity) El ; s v,s nv,aidrs l mr(Islam) j Uiwr:noxy wrx> 4 Asia Minor noxmI:nfr:wUcr;g/cr b/cr,l o/,l mr (Black Sea) El ; b/cr,l o/,emdit Uiwr Rnrniy nr(Mediterranean Sea)<mUiwr;j wrxnnrxgRigrxkwrmgr:mnr;mUicr:j Uiwr:noxbqnrmUicr: ea :s Lv:y wrx<j uiwr;a nrwv;ea :s Lv:monv:noxbqnrpU;dQmr;l igr;l dinr, (Orosios) bnrwox mUiwr;nfr:bI(4 th century A.D) nnrxy wrx<mUiwr;nfr: (9 th century A. D) nnrxj mrxl o;j uiwr; wv; dUcr,cmr:l inrbzdr:azgr, (Anatoli or East Thema)<gUnr:gy U:RUbrxkwrmUiwr;j wrxn nrx s mrxd/cr,wv; gunrbzdr:dUgr: El ; bzdr,j /nr:ea :s Lv: (The West & South Coasts of Asia) noy wrx>
mUinrn cr, ^mil inrdbn rhv& 5 noxj cr,pudr:mI:mv:y wrx<n zgr;es nn rx t Qcr; pU;mI:j uiwr;s qcrpo/,l zcr;t zcrxt qwr;gfv,k/wr:d/cr: mUinrn cr,mv,kUwr, bUwr,l Uwr, (gUn r:gv.<1254-1324 A. D) 6 a n rmv:bqnrpU;bnrd/cr: kfr;j fr El ; pzcr:kqwr (Advisor & Ambassador) dmr;dI; kun rehv kmr:kubrl o/k/nr (1215-1294 A. D.) 7 n nrxegv; l o;huwv; mnr: a wrk/wr,t mr:budrxt j wr; mUiwr:s Ucr,t uicrmUicr:wnr:dUgr:kwry U,noy wrx> l zcr;d/cr:s v,s nv,budrxt j wr; l o;kwr;pQwrgfv, n fr:mUicr:wnr: dUgr:mUiwr;b/nrmfr,noxj mrx mI:woxl o/l zcr;l o/mqwr:wox<mo/nuicr;nnrx bqn rgzbr; pU;l Ucrxl Qnr,l igr;l o/: (Scholars)< 8 mo/s zcrbqn rgzbr;j wr;bo/:wUn rxkbrx (Philosophers)<mo/s /mrs mrxbqn ry znrxl UYr; j wr;pU;mI:Y/nr,l uigrx l gr:po/ (Intellectualists)<mo/s I, bqn rgzbr;l UYr;pU;dQmr;l igr;l o/:bo/ eb, (Writers)<mo/hv; bqn rgzbr;j wr;bo/:mzn r: (Artists) kwrEl ; bqnr
5 bbrxnoxmU,cwr;mnr: y umr,y mrwv; dQmr;woxnfr:s grgd (Sanskrit)<l /mr:woxwv; dQmr;mUiwr;nfr: bI (100 B.C.E)<bbrxnoxbigrxs mrxmU,cwr;mnr:nnrxdQmr;woxnfr:s grgdes dv. gmr:l uinr:s udr:mv: l o;hnrguidr:gQnr,woxnfr:l igr;bv,l igUYr:<bbrxnoxmUicr:t o: El ; mUicr:s I,hUwr, a mr,nbrxkwr;bv: nfr: bbrxbidgdrs /mrgzcr<gUYr:gv; mUicr:m/nr;s mrxnbrxj uiwr;mnr:kwr;bv: nfr:kudrdgnigo/:y wrx<bid gdrdo:egv; j zmr:l crmU,m/nr;noxy wrx> 6 ebv:kfr;huk/wr, l zcr;dUcrxnuicr El ; gfv,k/wr:d/cr:mnr:gmr;pzcr;nnrxs uibr,l Ua wrnfr:bbrx Marco Polo, The Book of Ser Marco Polo, Henry Yule & Henri Cordier, trans. (New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd, 1 st editon 1998), vols. 1-2 nnrxdv.> 7 kunrehvkmr:kubrl o/k/nrnoxbqnrkunrj /wr:budrx(gnmhv,y v,n)<j UiwrxkUiwr:mnr:j mrxbqnrj /wr: kUiwr:mUnr,gUwr:y wrx< a nrdUbr,y o/;wUcrxehvkmr:do:nfr:mUicr:Ek,es do:s mrxebv:l o;gj /gr,gj o/ gfv,l o;po/,l o/,d/cr: pQwr,gfv,nfr:mUicr:do:<mUicr:t o: El ; mUicr:l /wr: mUinrj Uicrxncr,y /mr:l qwrnox nnrxbqnrgzbr;kunrehvkmr:mUnr,gUwr,kubrl o/k/nrnoxy wrx> 8 nfr:wUcr;g/crpU;l Ucrxl Qnr,l igr;l o/: (Scholar) El ; pU;dQmr;l igr; (Writer) noxmI:l zcr; bQgr,bUicr;gnrwoxa idr:aI;<pU;l Ucrxl Qnr,l igr;l o/:anrwv;nnrxbzcr,wv;d/cr:hunuicr;a nrnnrx mnr:hut uicrdI;es a mr,gv: ebv:emvpuYr,bv:dI;bzcr,mnr:<pU;dQmr;l igr;noxm/cr;egv.egv; ed bqnrpU;l Ucrxd/cr:hunuicr;mqwr:egv;edbqnrl o;<a mr,nnrd/cr:hunuicr;a nrnnrxmnr:a mr,hu t uicrbuinrx<gUYr:gv; gzmrxgUYr:hua wrpiwrmnr:es dQmr;gfv,l zcr;d/cr;l o/anrl o/mqwr:woxnnrxy wrx>
y zn rxl UYr;gUn r: j /wr:budrxea :s Lv: a n rko/xgfv,y U, nfr:mUicr:wnr:dUgr: (Asian immigrants) kwrj Uiwr:noxy wrx< n fr:l zcr;d/cr:l o/a nrj Uiwr: n oxj mrxhwr:eda wrl zcr; a n rj wr;l Ucrxl Qnr,l igr;l o/:<j wr;bo/:wUnrx kbrxEl ; j wr;mI:Y/nr,l uigrxkuigrxpo/kwr (mUiwr;j wrx<a mr,n brxbv:y /mr: l qwr) a wrk/wr,gf/mr:t mr:budrxt j wr; s Ucr,kwr;gfv,nfr:mUicr:wnr:dUgr: bqn ry fr,es t dr:s /crs br:l Qcr:Engfv,y wrx< l zcr;d/cr:a nrguidr: j Uiwr:nnrxj mrxhwr:eda wrj imr nfr:Eg;g/crmnr:es d/cr,l /dr; Engfv,gUYr:>
g/n rhqn r:l igr;l o/:bo/eb, (Academic Study) gf/mr:gbr:t ugr,a nrwv; ^ebv:bo/gmry mr dmrdUiwrxes kUmr:l Qwr: (The pen is mightier than the sword)& 9 nonnrx m/crbzgr;kfr;j fr;egv; edj fr;y U,< gzbr;bo/gmrj wr;l Ucrxl Qnr, l igr;l o/:po/,t mr,mkwres gUn r: mUicr:wn r:dUgr:b/nrmfr,kwr j Uwr:aznrgnr j imr:j /mr:dUYr:nmrxt mr: budrxt j wr;mv:nmrEdx< l o;huwv;t mr:budrxt j wr; a n rl ugrxa rdI; Ek,es bin r,ebkwr; n fr:l igr;pRQn rx (French) gmr:azn rd/cr: s udr:nnrx bqn r ^s udr;d/nr,s I,s ibr:s zcrdznr;& (The Sutr of Forty-two Sections) noy wrx<bin r,eb,mUiwr;n fr:bI 1802<pU;bin r,eb mnr:j mrx bqn rkU: De Guignes< bbrxl igr;t mr,ma nrn ox mI:nfr:l igr; pRcr,s qdr;gUYr:a mr,gv: bin r,ebkwr;gfv,bv: nfr:l igr;a cr:gidr: El ; l igr;gLv,m/nr,t Qcr;gzn r,y wrx<pU;bin r,ebkwr; n fr:l igr;a cr:gidr:j mrx w
E 9 gf/mr:ekv;noxgUnr:dQmr;mnr: bqnrkU:emva cr:gidr: dward Bulwer-Lytton< dQmr; mUiwr;nfr:bI1839>
bqn rkU: gzbr;l o;j imr:j /mr:dUYr:bbrxt mr,mmU,noxEl ; l o;hnrbo/: wUnrxkbrxmnr:nnrx buin rxt /nrmnr:mv:co/:j mr t mr:budrxt j wr;gmr; 12 S. Beal<bin r,mUiwr;n fr: bI1862< 10 bIbin r,kwr; n fr:pv,s v,gLv, m/nr,j mrxmQn r;mUiwr;nfr: 1913 n I;y wrx> bbrxmU,noxn nrx l zcr;d/cr:nfr:mnr: gUwr;gwrkUnr:s /n rgnrwox< a n rhwr:l /dr;l o;hUwrhubr;mnr:Edxn fr:gU;dzn r;nn rxl o;hnrl /dr; bv:woxl zcr;d/cr:gmrbn r;l Is I,l dv,pU;j zmr:t mr:budrxt j wr;gU;egv. n nrxy wrx<l o;huwv;bbrxmU,noxn nrxbqn ra n rj fr.duiwr:nmrgnrwoxn fr:mUicr: j /wr:budrxgnmhv,y v,y v,n mUinrn cr,mUicr:Ek,kwred,gfv,noy wrx< t mr:a n rbv:nfr:bbrxmU,noxn nrx l o;hnrl Uigr;gQbr:a wrmv: nfr:nigo/: El ; a v,gmy wrx< 11 edl o;wv; bqn rbbrxgqbr:WmrdzmrdQmrt mr,mnoy wrx< l o;huwv; j wr;bo/:wUn rxkbrxj uiwr;s qcrl uiwr: mUinrn cr,a v,dUiwr,s Uwr:pQn r: hwr:y Uiwr:egv; pzcr;y wrx>
10 dv,pU;emvl Ul igr;Ek,kwrnnrx hvl Ua wrl o;nfr: www.tianyabook.com/gudian /42.htm<<a nrbinr,kwrnfr:l igr;a cr:gidr:j mrxmI:woxl o/mU,<pqcr,d/cr:hnrdUEdxkfr;duigr: s Unr:pU;l Ul igr;hwr:kwr l Ua wrmU,j Uicrxncr,a nrEdxwoxdcr:dfr;noxy wrx<gzbr;s crEl ;wv;nn r nomU,noxpU;binr,mnr: l Qbr;h/cr;j mrt mr:gnet Rwv,dgUYr:a mr,gv:<l igr;s grgdegv; l Qbr;h/cr;ncr,mnr:l Ucrxl Qnr,woxx< l igr;a cr:gidr:a nrbinr,woxnnrxegv; l Uel v;co/;> mU,nox hvpdr:a wrnfr:bbrx Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, www.sacred- texts.com/journals/jras/os19-14.htm< j Uiwr:pU;kwr;j fr nfr:l igr;gLv,m/nr,j mrxdUYr: a wrnfr:bbrxDie 42 Analekta des Buddha; in: Zeitschrift fr Buddhismus (Schriftleitung: Dr.Wolfgang Bohn), Jg. 1 (1913/14), pp. 11-22; Mnchen: Schlo-Verlag, 1928 (revised edition)< dv,pU;l Ucrxl Qnr,l igr;pR/nrxkwrEdx pU;dQmr;l igr; a mr,Enbnrd/cr:l o;<hvl Ua wrhcr:gzo:j wr;gwr,dv.> bbrxbidgdr (s udr;dnrd) a v,gm(s grxgd) El ; nigv,y (bv,l i) noxpU;l Ucrx l Qnr,l igr;l o/:t mr,mdcr:nmr< a mr,nnr dcr:s zcrpo/,mhv,y v,n El ; et ,Rwv,d hbrxk/mr,gnrdcr:s zcrpo/,<y Uicr:j U:wv; bqnrt mr,ma nrj wrxl Uiwrs udr:<nfr:kudrdgnigo/:Edx l o;hnrpU;l Ucrxl Qnr,kwrmI:d/cr:hnrt uicrbQgr,bUicr;gnrwoxa idr:a I;> 12 dv,pU;a nrhgrxd/cr:hukwrnnrxkfr;bnrd/cr:kfr;j fr H;j imr:dUYr:bbrxmnr:a nrbUinr;huj gr: nmr mUinrncr, Schopenhauer, A, The World as Will and Idea, trans. R. 11 B.
ebv:mv:hqdr:hUwrhubr;mn r:es l /dr;j uicr a nrkU:l Ucrxl Qnr, l igr;l o/:mUicr:wnr:dUgr:kwr ed,l qbr;hqn r:t mr,mmUiwr;j wrxn nrx gmr; n mred,l qbr;hqnr:t mr,mn fr:gnmhv,y v,naznrd/cr:y wrx<mUiwr;hUwr buicr:s udr:nnrxkU:a cr:gidr: a nrhigr;j uiwr;wv; B. H. Hodgson (1800-1894) ed,j udzmrt mr:gnmhv,y v,n dI;mUicr:niebv:< wo/: n nrxkU: Eugene Burnon (1801-1852) aicrnUiwrpuinrt mr: anrB. H. Hodgson Wmrj udzmrn oxes mnr:l Uigr;bin r, ^s udr;d/nr,mzgr,mUwr (Lotus Sutr)&mUiwr;nfr:bI 1852<l Uiwres nnrxmnr:kuinr:s uibr,dQmr; t Qcr;bbrx^buin r:gQbr;s v,s nv,budrxt nfr:mUicr:ainr:dI:y v: (Introduc- tion to the History of Indian Buddhism)&<bbrxn oxdQmr;n fr:bI 1845< dQmr;woxnfr:pv,s v,pRQnrxl igr;s oz;bv,l i (Essay on Pi, 1826) egv; mnr:dQmr;<mUiwr;nfr:bI1855 nnrxkU: Viktor Fausboll bin r,bbrx^t mr,mbd&hUmr;kwr;bv: a drt gt v,mnr:gmr;pzcr;<ed, a wrbI1858 gfv, mnr:kuin r:s uibr,bin r,dQmr;t Qcr; bbrx^j v,dg&<kU: V. Trenckner (1824-1891) s mrxdQmr;gf/mr:nmr: El ; t dr:mil in rd bn rhv<mUiwr;n fr:bI1924 nnrxs mrxmn r:kuin r:s uibr,ebv. ^bbrxgumr:gf/mr: bv,l i (s /mrdzo:)&<bbrxgumr:gf/mr:bv,l imn r:noxedl o;wv;bqn rgQwr; (Rd dnv,) dv,pU;l qbr;hqnr:l igr;bv,l ikwres s mrxbqn rbbrxgQmrmuiwr:dv, pU;l Ucrxl Qnr,t mr,mkwrgU;egv.y wrx<l zcr;mnr:j mrxbbrxa n rnoxEnwox l o/:gRmrmv,mn r:gzo:a mr,gv: gf/mr:t mr,mnuicr;ekv;nn rx mnr:mI:nfr: l igr;bidgdrbbrxl fr? dzo:l fr? nv;l igr;l fr? ed,gfv,j Uiwr:noxEn woxmUdr:
Haldane, M. A. & J. Kemp, M. A., vols. 1,2,3, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited, 1883 & Schopenhauer, A, The World as Will and Representation, trans. E. F. J. Payne, 3 rd edition, in two volumes: vols. 1-2, New York: Dover Publications, 1969. noxdv.<nfr:bbrxbinr,pv,s v,s zcra nrnoxbbrx gmr:l uinr:l crnoxbqnra nrl Uco/;<gzbr;bUiwr;a wrgf/mr:a cr:gidr:b/nrmfr,es dQmr;wox>
(y U,dI;d/cr:hnrt uicrmnr: El ; gv;ncr,mnr:l qbr;hqn r:hnrt uicr) y wrx<nv;l igr:bzcr:mnr:j mrxl /mr:woxedmI:y U, 2000 l Uiwrl Uiwry wrx> a n rkuinr:mv:gumr:gmrxt Qmrt Qcr; l igr;t mr:bidgdrj wr;s /mrgzcr El ; hqdr:H;j Uiwr:l qbr;hqn r:t mr,mn fr:l igr;a cr:gidr: ebv:eda mr, mI:l zcr;y /br,j frs cres a idr:nnrx bqn rbUa zgr,kU: T. W. Rhys Davids (1843-1922) El ; Em:n/cr:mn r: kU: Caroline Augusta Foley Rhys Davids (1858-42) y wrx<y zn rxkvbU,a zgr, a zn rdcr; j umr:bin r,pv,s v,bv,l i (Pi Text Society) kwr;n fr:l igr;a cr:gidr: El ; hwr:j cr,l o;hnrt mr:bidgdr n fr:pv,s v,a cr:gidr: j Uicrxn cr, wnr:mUiwr;n oxy wrx<mU,j umr:a n rnoxed,dcr;mUiwr;nfr:bI 1881<t v,n cwr;j uic
r;mU,j umr:a nrnoxdcr;y U,woxdI;mUicr:a cr:gidr:<h/nrxedv,wn r: mUiwr;n ox l igr;bidgdrgnet ,Rwv,ddcr:s qcr; a n rkwrbo,bin r, ebkwr; n fr:l igr;a cr:gidr:nnrxguidr:a wry U,t Qcr; bbrxy mg (l o;huwv; duigrxbin r,y U,?)< 13 a drt gt v, (gmr;pzcr;) El ; dI,gv, (gmr;pzcr;) gUYr:y wrx> 14
l Uiwres nnrxkU:l Ucrxl Qnr,po/,t mr,mkwrj Uiwr:a wrg/n ra nr n oxhqdr:bqn ra n rl qcrxdzcrxes dQmr;bbrxl igr;t mr,ma zgr,nnrxguidr:mI: y U,dcr:nmr<n fr:nnrxkU: Herman Oldenber (1854-1920) dQmr;bbrx ^budrxt < t mr,mEl ; s cr,k (The Buddha, His Life, His Doctrine, His Community, 1881)&<kU: Henry Clarke Warren
13 bbrxmo/nuicr; (dznr;mU,l y mg edv,t uicrs grj y mg) nnrxj wr;Cs v,nv,Rd El ; gumv,Rv,piwmrs binr,a zgr,mUiwr;nfr:bI 1998<ebv.dI;mel :s Lv:<bbrxmo/s zcrdoz:s zcrmnr:j mrx (pzcr:duigrxdQmr;l igr;WmrdzmrhUwrnox) l o;huwv;duigrxh/cr;hQnr: dv,edebv.a zgr,mv:y U,noy wrx> 14 ebv:kfr;hudI;gf/cr;mnr: gfv,l Ua wrnfr: http://www.palitext.com/ noxdv.< a drxt gt v,nnrxmUicr:s I,hUwr,kwr binr,eb,kwr;nfr:l igr;kwrmUdr:y wrx<y /mr:l qwr l o;huwv; kwrduigrx binr,t Qcr;dI,gv,y U,<g/nrbinr,eb,pv,s v,a nrnoxmU,j umr:gumr:t icr:Ficr;Ec;s v,s nv,budrx t (Buddhist Cultural Centre) po/,ebv.bbrxl igr;t mr,mkwraznrhUwrnmr:nv;s /cr;<l zcr; kwrnnrxl Ua wrl o; nfr: http://www.buddhistcc.net/Attakatha.asp>
dQmr; ^bin r,pv,s v,t mr,m(Buddhism in Translations, 1896)&< Eugene Watson Burlingame s mrxbin r,bbrx^t mr,mbda drt g t v, (s /mrdoz:)&< bbrxj Uicr: ^j wr;s iddrt (1922)& anrkU: Herman Hesse (1877-962) dQmr;nnrxegv; bin r,ebkwr; n fr:pv,s v, l o/a nres bRis /dr;dcr:nmrduigrxs Ucrl UEl ; ebv.a zgr,hnrxedv, y /mr:l qwr<kU: Spence Hardy dQmr;a zgr,bbrx^buin rxt /nrbudrxs v,s nv, (A Manual of Buddhism, 1863)&<egv.dQmr; ^d/cr:hnrn Uiwr n ibrb/nr, (The Concept of the Buddhist Nirva, 1927)&j mrx bqn rkU: Theodore Stcherbatsky (Russian scholars)<pU;dQmr;bbrx ^dgrgs drt j /wr:budrx(Buddhist Logic, 2 volumes set, 1930)& j mrxbqn rkU: Fedo Ippolitovich Shcherbatskoi<Abhidharmko- sabhsya (6 volumes, 1923-31) j mrxegv.dQmr;mnr: bqnrkU: Louis de la Vallee Poussin (Belgian Indologist)< bbrxj Uiwr:a n rkU: l Ucrxl Qnr,po/,t mr,mkwr dQmr;a zgr,mUiwr;j wrxn nrxj uiwr;bbrxmn r:guidr: y U,gmr;pzcr;<gUYr:gv; gzbr;gUwrnv;l igr;mnr: gf/cr;gfv,aidr:nuicr;El ; eda mr,dQmr;d/cr,Ens qcr;y wrx<wv;nn res dv. edhqdr:hvl Ua wr o; n fr:dI;l frnoEdx edEnbnrd/cr:mnr:y U,< l Uiwres nnrx Uiwrgmr;pzcr;n oxbqn rbbrxa nrbn rd/cr:hut mr,m
l bbrxm/cra n rs mrx bqn rbbrxgLv,m/nr, El ; pRQn rxkwry wrx< bbrxj Uiwr: Enj uiwr;mnr:mv: bv;n dmr;dI;gUnr:mUicr:wnr:dUgr:kwrmUiwr;j wrxes hqdr:H;kwrkwr;j fr kfr;l qbr; hqnr:t mr,mbudrxt j wr;mv: l zcr;n uicr;y wrx> 15
g/br;b/nrbo/:s o/; El ; d/cr:hu(The Age of Science & The Age of Enlightenment)
15 j uiwr;bbrxa nrguidr:gQnr,woxj Uiwr:nnrx hvl Ua wrl o; nfr:bbrx Naw Kham La Dhammasami, Another Way of Looking At Things (A Comparative Study of Schopenhauer and Buddha Perspectives on Human Liberation), pp. 21-24>
t mr,mbudrxt j wr;n oxa mr,j fr;bo/:s o/;<bo/:s o/;egv; a mr,j fr; t mr,m<gUYr:gv; s crhwr:l /dr;wv; t mr,mbudrxt j wr;noxmI:h/cr;p/cr l grknv,bo/:s o/noEdxeda mr,pidr:<h/cr;p/cr;bo/:s o/;l U: s mrxbqnr s crnom/crj Uiwr:edkfr;t /mrn cr,noy U,<h/cr;p/crbo/:s o/;noxn UiwrkUwr: kzcrwdrxt uEl ;s cr< a mr,n nr n Uiwrl zcr;d/cr:nuicr;a n rEl ;s cr mnr:mI:nmrxj fr kfr;t dr:s /crhudUwrt Ubr:j /mr:l qbr;hqn r:dUYr:nnrx y wrx<ebv:a mr,mI:l zcr;dUwrt Ubr:dUYr:nomnr: (bo/:s o/;) a mr,ebv:kfr; y umr,<mUin rnn rn cr,gwr, t mr,mbudrxt j wr;n oxegv; ebv:gmrbn rj zmr: n oduinr:edl o; /mr,j v:dUwrt Ubr:pzn r:l Imnr: s uiwr;nv;dn r:dv a mr,h/crx<t mr,mj wr;egv; duin r:mI:h/cr;p/crpidr;Wcrxd/cr,egv. dUwr t Ubr:j /mr:dUYr:gU;mUiwr; (ea hibs ig)<gzbr;h/cr;p/crl grknv,t mr,m a n rnoxes j nrj frj wr;bo/:s o/;kwrdcr:nmrEdxEdx< n fr:dcr:nmr n nrxebv:edl o;t Ugr:a zgr,l /dr;En dUwry /cr,mn r:egv.nuicr;j uicr mnr:nnrx bqn r Albert Einstein (1875-1955) y wrx< mnr:nox bqn rpU;a n rj uiwr;s qcr;l uiwr:bo/:s o/;egv.n uicr;y wrx< gzcrxgo/,l UYr;s v,s nv,noxes mUiwr;bzgr;n uicr; mnr:y /mr;b/wr,wv; ^mUiwr;nv;mv: s crwv;ed mI:s v,s nv, a n r k dv,edv,s U;l o; bo/:s o/;nnrxebv:noj uicrs v,s nv, a n rkU: Charles Darwin (1809-1882) b/wr,wv; ^gUn r:El ; a n rn nrxdgr:bqn rs v,s nv,budrt <l zcr;mnr:j mrxs v,s nv,budrx t a mr,a wr (God) pIbqn rdI;buicr; El ; hqdr:bqn rpU;dv,a wrhwr: a zgr,l zdr;dugrxk<s v,s nvbudrxt j wr;End/cr:hwr:wv; dv,edEg;ko l o;bnrhvEl ; a zgr,l zdr;dugrxknnrxd/mrdUwrgwr,edl o;l ugrxhqdr: a wr&noy wrx> s dr:dcr:s qcr;n oxa mr,j fr;j wr;pI (God) po/,nUiwrkUcrs /cr;bnrmv:< mnr:l Qgr;l o/;ko/xl Ucr:mv: j zmr:duinr:s pv,wmnr:gUYr:&non n rxegv;
mv:t Qcr;gzcrxgo/,l UYr;l zcr; a wrd/cr:hunmr:nv; bzcrs /cr;hqdr: g/nrnUiwrgU;l zcr;<ed,a wrmUiwr;b/nr17 th & 18 th century A. D. nox mUicr:wnr:dUgr: bqn rb/nrbo/:s o/; El ; bqn rb/nra wrd/cr:hun mr:nv; (The Age of Enlightenment or Age or Reason) y wrx<t mr,mj wr; n oxegv; mI:woxt Qcr;h/cr;p/cra n ra wrd/cr:hun mr:nv;es bzcrkuicrs /cr; nv;g/nrgU;mqwr:nnrxy U,<dUwry /cr,mnr: l zcr;y umr,y mr (s drt v,) n fr:j /wr:budrxn oEl ;- l zcr;y umr,y mr nfr:d/cr,j /wr:s v,s nv,nn rx a mr,mI:s un r,l o; l zcr;dv,eddzcr;t /mr<ebv:y umr,egv; edl o;y umr, y mrdcr:buigr:nnrxy wrx<l zcr;y umr,nfr:j /wr:budrxj mrxa mr,j fr;j Uicrxn nr l zcr;l fregv; t Ugr:ekv;t /mrl o;< gzcrxgo/,l UYr;l zcr;y umr,y mrn oxes mUiwr;bzgr;n uicr; j wr;s v,Ribudrd l wr;l /dr;budrxt j wr;wv; ^Cpv:bqn r j wr;dI;kv;! a nrkv;dEb:hwr: mI:l zcr;y umr,y mrs drxt v, nUiwrj wr; hwr:kv;nnrxa mr,j fr;l zcr;l br:dvy umr, l zcr;a n ra mr,hul o;<a mr, hnrl o;ed,gfv,j Uiwr:noxdI;kv;< kv;dEb:hwr: y umr,y mrnUiwrCpv:bqn r j wr; a icrn Uiwra nrhul o; a n rhnrl o;ed,gfv,es j cr,y umr,dI;kv; ea v;&noy wrx< 17 l Uiwres nn rxbudrxt j wr;y cr:bo/j fr. l ugr;n zcrxmnr:
16 gzcrxgo/,l UYr;l zcr;hUwrekv;noxes s uibr,l Ua wrdI;gf/cr;mnr: nfr:bbrxDarwin, Charles, The Origin of Species, New York: New American Library, 1964 noxdv.< mUiwr;bUnrxmv: a mr,ebv:huicrs crnoxkU:emvl Ucrbo/:s o/; mUinrncr, Stephen Hawking El ; UYr:not Qcr;y wrx<s uibr, o/;es dQmr;wox< s crkfr;l Ua wrd/mr Nikya, vol. V. pp. 220-222 noxdv.> Leonar Mlodinow kuinr:t Ugr:azgr,mzgr,l /dr;t Qcr;wv; Universe El ; Big Bang nox a mr,j fr;j wr;pIpo/,nUiwrkUcrs /cr;<mnr:duinr:bqnrmv: hcr:s pv,wmnr:g l Ua wrdI;gf/cr;mnr: nfr:bbrxStephen Hawking & Leonard Mlodinow, The Grand Design, New York:Bantam Book, 1 st edition 2010 noxdv.> 17 dI;nfr:s udrdnoxl /dr;l zzcr; ^s drdinrdRiy &<a nrdUbinr,woxnoxkf/gr;em,<a mr,n n r a wrdI;bzcr,piwrmnr: H;gUnr:nUiwrd/cr:kwr kwr;j frbzcr,j frc dvnogfv,hvl Ua wrl o; nfr: Sayutta
j wr; t dr:s /crl zcr;gmrbn r; El ; s brbn rYudY/nr,mnr:j wr; t Qcr;gznr,< 18 n zgr;es nn rxt Qcr; nUiwrl zcr;d/cr:dcr:s qcr; mUinrn cr, d/cr:huEl ;s cr<l zcr;gmrbn r;El ;s cr<Ficr;Ec;El ;s crebv:a mr, mI:pzn r:l Ino t ugr,l Ipv;boz,bQdr;n oegv; mnr:j wr;bnrd/cr:kfr; j frwox< 19 aicrn Uiwrl zcr;n oxes hwr:edt dr:s /crbzcr,j frwv; n fr:j /wr: budrxn oxa mr,mI:dI;y U, l zcr;l br:dv y umr,y mrduiwrdnrn UiwrgU;l zcr; ed,a wrl zcr;y umr,y mrs v,s nv,gfv,< l zcr;n fr:j /wr:budrx mI:d/cr: zdr;l Qwr: a wrd/cr:huemvt dr:s /cr; pidr:huiwrt ugr,es hqdr:gfv,y U, uicr;ncr,gwr,y wrx<gzbr;nn rEl ;j cr,wv; t mr,mbudrxt j wr;nox rxkbrxdcr:nmrn nrxs Uwr:pQn r:hwr:y Uiwr:noxbqnrpU; l gfv,j Uicrxn cr,n oegv; bqn ra nrj nrj fr gUn r:mUicr:wnr:dUgr:kwrt Qcr; a n rn a wrdI;y U,l o;co/;co/; nfr:dUcr,wUcr:bo/:s o/;kuinr;y fr, (y wrx) mUin rn cr, mUicr:dUgr:mUiwr;l qwrn oxy U,y wrx>
bo/:wUnrxkbrx<Ficr;Ec; El ; bo/:mznr: (Philosophy, Culture & the Arts) l zcr;d/cr:a n rs v,s nv,budrxt j wr; kwr;gfv,pQwrnfr:mUicr: wnr:dUgr:t Qcr;nnrxbqn ry zn rxbo/:wUnrxkbrx<Ficr;Ec; El ; bo/:mzn r:kwr y wrx<nfr:j wr;bo/:wUn a n rkwr;j frn Uiwrt mr,mbudrxt j wr; gmr:azn rd/cr:s udr:bUin r;y wrx< l zcr;mnr:kwr;j fr l qbr;hqn r:t mr,mmv:ncr,noegv; edl o;wv;bqnrgzbr; mnr:l o;l Ul qbr;hqn r:mQnr;bbrxa n rkU:l Ucrxl Qnr,po/,t mr,mkwr bin r, ebdQmr;kwr;gfv, nfr:l igr;mUicr:wnr:dUgr: mUinrn cr,s br:l Qcr:Enmv: dcr:nUiwrnn rxy wrx> ebv:hwr:edl o;mv: hubr;bqn rdI;gQbr;s udr:mnr:es l o;d/cr, l /dr;En l zcr;bo/:wUn rxkbrxs Uiwr:pQnr:hwr:y Uiwr:j uicredl o;huhnrwv;
buin rxt /nrb wUnrxkbrxmnr:nnrx mv:co/:a Uimr;j mrt mr,mbudrxt j wr; (t mr,mj grgbwdrdns udrd) woxy U,y wrx<mnr:wv;a n rhwr:l o;gUwr; o/: m Li (Res x) no wrx< 2
gwry U,nfr: l zcr;a r,hn rxbqcr:ebv:j frdugrxkl Ucrdcr:s qcr;noxcwr;h/gr; mnr:y cr,mv: dI;j fr^kfr; (Will)&<ebv:kfr;H;l zcr;a mr,hnrxbqcr:ebv:j fr n oxho/j uicr l Uwr,gzomzdr,bQdr;j fr ^kfr;&<kzn rxj zgr:a nrdv,eddoz,bQdr; mnr:j mrxbqn rbo/:mznr:<mqdrxdv, El ; l o/:gmrbn r;Ris y 0 bo/:wUnrxkbrxmnr:nox gfv,j nrj frgUn r:mUicr:wnr:dUgr:kwr kfr;mv:l qbr; hqn r:t mr,mbudrxt j wr; dzn r;nuicr;l o/:nuicr;ncr,gwr,y wrx> bo/:wUn rxkbrx David Hume (Scottish philosopher & Historian, 1171-1776) a n rl /dr;l zcr; ^s pv,ws v,s nv, (Natural Religion)&nnrxegv; bqnra n rgfv,duigr:s Un r:j frgUn r:mUicr: wnr:dUgr:kwrkfr;mv:l qbr;hqn r:s vs nv,budrxt EdxEdx> Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-82, bqn rkU:s zn rl igr; dI; j nrxj zmr<emvdQmr;wzgr: El ; kU:dQmr;l igr;s zo; Essayist) El ; Henry David Thoreau (1817-62, bqnrj wr;bo/:wUn rxkbrx<emvdQmr;wzgr: El ; pU;dUcrxn uicrg/n rmU,j umr: Acivist) noxl o;hnrkvawrd/cr:hut mr,mbudrx t j wr; j fr.el v:bo/:wUn rxkbrxkves j fr.duiwr:gfv,nfr:pwgU;wnr:<gzbr;bo/: wUnrxkbrxEl ; g/nrdUcrxn uicrkves hqdr:H;gUn r:mUicr:a em,Rig/nr,kwr j Uiwr:a nrkfr;l o;d/cr:y qn rj frn nrx mv:l qbr;hqn r:t mr,mbudrxt j wr; EdxEdx<kU: Sir Edwin Arnold (1832-1904) mUicr:a cr:gidr: a nr bqn rpU;dQmr;l igr; bbrxj uiwr;s qcry fr,^ s o/l Qcr:ea :s Lv: (The Light of
20 ebv:kfr;s uibr,l UdI;gf/cr; bo/:wUnrxkbrxs Uiwr:pQnr:hwr:y Uiwr: El ; budrxt j wr;j uicrs uibr,l Ua wr l o; nfr:bbrxdo: a nrj wr;t mr,ms v,mienv,kmr:l dQmr;<s qnr;d/cr:dv,l zdr;l Qwr: (bo/: wUnrxkbrxbudrxt El ; s Uiwr:pQnr:hwr:y Uiwr:)<aidr,dI;ea :<dv;gucr;<bI2010 nnrxdv.<ebv: kfr;l Unfr:po/,a cr:gidr:j mrxl Ua wrl o;bbrxNaw Kham La Dhammasami, Another Way of Looking at Things (A Comparative Study of Schopenhauer & Buddha Perspectives on Human Liberation), Maharagama: Ruwan Paharuma, 2011 noxdv.>
Asia, 1879)&n nrxegv; gzbr;bUiwr;bbrxwzgr:mnr: a n rdQmr;woxl zcr;pw budrxt j wr; El ; buin rxt /nrt mr:mnr:j wr;nnrxes hqdr:H; gUn r:nfr:l Ugr;kwr mucr;dUYr:budrxt s v,s nv,mv:< mn r:a mr,gzmrxdQmr; l igr;l zcr;j /wr:budrxa n rl qwrgUYr:<pzcr:mUiwr;gzcr:mU:budxrt gv,y v, dI; wqcr:budrgv,y v, mUicr:ainr:dI:y v: duigrxh/mr:a mr,mI:gUn r:l Ul zmrgumr: l umr:l v:nn rx d/mrdU wrmnr:l ugrxgfv,ain r:dI:y v:es gfv,pzdr;mU, j umr:hvciunr:gzcrg/cr dv,gumr:l umr:l v:gzcr:mU:budrxt gv,y v,y wrx< l zcr; gzcr:mU:budrxt gv,y v, kuin r:gumr:s bo/,h/cr;l Idvmv: El ; l Ucrbzcrj uicr; a in r:dI:y v: s mrxebv:a mr,aubqgrxkv,bQdr;l o;gzcr:mU:s U,noxn nrxhwr: edl o;wv; ebv:a mr,bv:wiRiy El ; s drxt v,mnr:amr,bqnrl o;<pzcr: mnr:dUcrxnuicrhqdr:g/nrdv,gzcr:mU:budrxt gv,y v,noxnnrxs mrxbqn rpzcr: a cr:gidr:cmr:a in r:dI:y v: El ; k/wr,c/wr:dUcrxn uicrmnr:noxgfv,y zn r; woxnfr:gUn r:l o/kUiwr:wox<wo/:es nnrxa mr,huicra mr,n/n r: kU: Colonel Henry Olcott (1832-1907) El ; Madame Blavatsky (1831-91) kva zn rgnrdcr;mU,j umr:hUmr;dumrs v,s nv, (Theosophical Society, 1875) y wrx< l zcr;hqdr:d/cr:s /cr;mU,j umr:a nrn oxj mrxgqbr;l Uigr;Wmr dzmra wr gf/mr:t mr:l In fr:s v,s nv,l o/a n res dQmr;l /dr;pUiYr Ep;gfv,nfr:l Ugr;<gf/mr:t mr:s v,s nv,a n rkwrl Uigr;a wrn nrxj mrxbUicr Ucrmnr: bqn rs v,s nv,n fr:ea :s Lv:< n fr:s v,s nv,ea :s Lv:nnrx mrxgf/mr:t mr:budrxt s mrxa wrdI;y U,woxdcr:nv;y wrx<mU,j umr:a n rnox r,t mr:budrxt j wr; gfv,l o/po/,l o/d/cr:woxEdxy wrx<l zcr; Uicr:wnr:dUgr:kwr hul zcr;j /wr:budrxmv:t Qcr;a n rnuicr;
l j egv; s Ucr,k/w d/cr:a nrgUn r:m n nrxj mrxbqn ry znrxFicr;gUn r:j /wr:budrxmUicr:ea :s Lv: a n rko/xgfv,y U, n fr:mUicr:wnr:dUgr:j Uiwr:nn rxy wrx>
ekv;hubr;gQbr;
r:budrxmv:t Qcr;nn rx mrxbqn ry zn rxbUiwr;j wr;bo/:wUn rxkbrxEl ; j wr;bo/:mzn r:kwr j Uiwr:kwr; frt mr,m<j Uiwr:a wrk/wr,t mr,ms Ucr,t uicrn fr:mUicr:wnr:dUgr:j Uiwr:nnrx wrx< l Uiwres nnrxt Qcr; hwr:edl o;huwv; gzbr;Ficr;gUnr:j /wr:budrx a :s Lv: a n rgfv,y U,nfr:mUicr:wnr:dUgr:nnrxEl ; hqdr:H;gUn r:mUicr: nr:dUgr:kwrhul zcr;budrxt s v,s nv,mv:noy wrx>> l o;huwv;kun rehvkmr:a es v:gmUicr:ainr:dI:y v: a wrt mr:budrx t j wr; gfv,pUiYrEp;nfr:mUicr:wnr:dUgr: dqmrmUiwr;n fr:hUwrbuicr:j wrxnv;k Ridrxbo,pudr:bun rxnoy wrx<wv;nnres dv. s v,s nv,budrxt j wr; a n r kunrehvkmr:a es v:g gfvpUiYrEp;nn rxa mr,ebv:azgr,mzgr,m/gr,bUcr: mUinrmUicr:ea :s Lv:noy wrx> buin r:s v,s nv,budrxt a nrgfv,guin r:Ep; n fr:mUicr:wnr:dUgr: b/n rmfr,noxn n rxebv:mv:hubr;dumrgqbr;es l wr;d/cr,Enj uicrl zcr;d/cr: mnr:nnrxedl o;mI:l o/a n rmUin rncr,l /dr;Endcr:nUiwrnn rxy wrx< mo/nuicr;nnrx bqn rgzbr;kU:l Ucrxl Qnr,l igr;l o/:po/,t mr,mkwr bin r,eb, t mr,m< dQmr;l zcr;t mr,mkwr;gfv,nfr:l igr;l o/:bo/eb, gUn r:mUicr:wnr: dUgr:El ; kwrj cr,hukwrj cr,kwr;j frl zcr;j /wr:budrxmv:<mo/s zcrs mrxgzbr; bUiwr;g/br;b/nrbo/:s o/; El ; g/br;b/nrd/cr:hul Qgr;l o/;es kwrkwr;j fr n Uiwrt mr,mmv:<mUin rn cr,l /dr;Enmv:nn rxy wrxt mr,mj wr;noxh/cr; p/cr;l grxknv,j mrbo/:es a mr,gv: dI;n uicr;mv:egv; n fr:j /wr:budrxnox a mr,mI:l zcr;y umr,y mrduiwrdnr< mI:s un r,l o;dzcr;t /mrt dr:s /crn Uiwr budrxt j wr; El ; hUmr;bv:t mr,mgzn r,y wrx<l zcr;d/cr:gmr:l uin r:l cr a n rhqdr: H;gUn r:mUicr:wnr:dUgr:kwrmucr;dUYr:j /w j j y e w
on Human Liberation). ) P. V. Bapat, Prof (ed). 2500 Years of Buddhism. New Delh: Government of India, 1956. (3) wr;t mr,ms v,mi en v,kmr:l < s qn r;d/cr:dv,l zdr;l Qwr: rxkbrxbudrxt El ; s zbrpQn r:hwr:y Uiwr:)<ebv.dI;dv; r,dI;ea:<bI2010>
puin ra icrdv,s uibr,l UdI;gf/cr;
(1) Dhammasami, Naw Kham La. Another Way of Looking at Things (A Comparative Study of Schopenhauer & Buddha Perspectives Maharagama, Sri Lanka: Ruwan Paharuwa, 2011. (2 j (bo/:wUn gucr;<aid