Bo co chuyn nghin cu:

QUYN KHI KIN I BI THNG THIT HI DO HNH VI VI PHM PHP LUT MI TRNG VIT NAM

C s php l v quy trnh thc hin

TS. V Thu Hnh TS. Trn Anh Tun v cc ng nghip Trng i hc Lut H Ni

TRUNG TM CON NGI V THIN NHIN H Ni. 2009

TRUNG TM CON NGI V THIN NHIN

BO CO CHUYN NGHIN CU

QUYN KHI KIN I BI THNG THIT HI DO HNH VI VI PHM PHP LUT MI TRNG VIT NAM

C s php l v quy trnh thc hin

Ch tr thc hin:
TS. V Thu Hnh TS. Trn Anh Tun v cc ng nghip Trng i hc Lut H Ni

2009

MC LC

Li gii thiu ______________________________________________________________ 2 Tm tt nghin cu __________________________________________________________ 3 PHN 1-TNG QUAN & PHN TCH: C s php l hin hnh v quyn khi kin i bi thng thit hi do hnh vi vi phm php lut mi trng ____________________________ 5 1.1 Tng quan c s php l hin hnh _________________________________________ 5 1.2 iu kin php l cn thit tin hnh khi kin i bi thng thit hi ___________ 8 PHN 2-MT S THC TIN P DNG: Quyn khi kin i bi thng thit hi do hnh vi vi phm php lut mi trng Vit Nam______________________________________ 13 2.1 Mt s v vic khi kin i bi thng thit hi do hnh vi vi phm php lut mi trng ti mt s a phng _____________________________________________________ 13 2.2 Nhn xt chung v cc v vic khiu t i bi thng thit hi do nhim mi trng 14 PHN 3-NH GI & KHUYN NGH: Bt cp v thc hin quyn khi kin i bi thng thit hi do hnh vi vi phm php lut mi trng__________________________________ 16 3.1 Quy nh v quyn khi kin i bi thng thit hi __________________________ 16 3.2 Quy nh v thi hiu khi kin i bi thng thit hi________________________ 20 3.3 Quy nh v ngha v chng minh_________________________________________ 21 3.4 Quy nh v cch thc gii quyt bi thng thit hi __________________________ 23 3.5 Quy nh v vic p dng php lut xc nh thit hi _______________________ 25 PHN 4-QUY TRNH THC HIN: Quyn khi kin i bi thng thit hi i vi cc hnh vi vi phm php lut mi trng _______________________________________________ 27 4.1 Lm n khi kin v cc ti liu chng c km n khi kin __________________ 27 4.2 Xc nh to n c thm quyn v gi n khi kin __________________________ 30 4.3 Cc th tc php l lin quan n th l v n dn s __________________________ 31 4.4 Cng vic ngi khi kin phi lm sau khi to th l v n_____________________ 35 4.5 Cng vic ngi khi kin cn lm sau khi to n c quyt nh a v n ra xt x s thm __________________________________________________________________ 37 4.6 Thc hin quyn khng co yu cu to n cp phc thm xt li v n ____________ 37 4.7 Thc hin quyn khiu ni xem xt li v n theo trnh t gim c thm, ti thm _ 38 S QUY TRNH KHI KIN V THEO KIN TI TO N _________________ 39 Ti liu tham kho__________________________________________________________ 40

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LI GII THIU Bo co nghin cu Quyn khi kin i bi thng thit hi do hnh vi vi phm php lut mi trng Vit Nam: C s php l v quy trnh thc hin l mt sn phm ca Chng trnh tng cng nng lc gim st chnh sch v php lut mi trng Vit Nam, do Trung tm Con ngi v Thin nhin (PanNature) xut v t chc thc hin giai on 2009-2010 thng qua s h tr ti chnh ca Qu Ford (Hoa K). Bn d tho bo co ny do Tin s V Thu Hnh, chuyn gia v lut mi trng Vit Nam, v cc ng nghip thuc Trng i hc Lut H Ni son tho v c PanNature b sung v bin tp. PanNature xut thc hin nghin cu ny da trn trng hp Cng ty TNHH Vedan, mt doanh nghip nc ngoi ng ti huyn Long Thnh, tnh ng Nai, trc tip x nc thi cha qua x l, lin tc trong nhiu nm, gy nhim nng n dng sng Th Vi, bt chp tun th quy nh php lut ca Vit Nam. V vic nghim trng ny c B Ti nguyn-Mi trng v lc lng Cnh st Mi trng Vit Nam pht hin t thng 9 nm 2008 v yu cu x l theo quy trnh t tng ca php lut hin hnh. Hng nghn nng dn sng dc sng Th Vi vit n khiu kin, t co Cng ty TNHH Vedan gy nhim mi trng, gy thit hi v nh hng tiu cc n i sng v kinh t ca h, ng thi yu cu c quan t tng ra phn xt v bt buc Cng ty TNHH Vedan bi thng cho nhng thit hi m h phi gnh chu. Tuy nhin, yu cu ca ngi b hi vn cha c gii quyt r rng do nhng ro cn v thch thc v mt khoa hc, php l m cc c quan qun l nh nc v mi trng, c quan t tng php lut, v cc t chc mong mun i din cho ngi b thit hi hin ang phi i mt. Khi kin i bi thng thit hi do hnh vi vi phm php lut mi trng l quyn v ngha v ca c nhn, t chc v cng ng, c php lut Vit Nam tha nhn v quy nh, p ng nguyn tc quc t ngi gy nhim phi tr tin. Tuy nhin, Vit Nam cha c tin l r rng v truy t cc c s sn xut gy nhim mi trng, bt buc bi thng hoc n b thit hi cho bn b hi do phi gnh chu hu qu ca hnh vi gy nhim do chnh doanh nghip v c s sn xut gy ra. Nhn thc ca x hi v cc cp qun l nh nc v cc v vic nh th ny cn hn ch, do thng gp lng tng khi phi x l cc ch th gy nhim. PanNature cng b bo co nghin cu ny nhm nng cao hiu bit v thc hnh php lut ca cng ng, gp phn hon thin php lut v bo v mi trng, thc y c quan hnh php v t php tng cng x l v xt x nghim minh cc doanh nghip, c s gy nhim mi trng v thit hi cho cng ng v x hi, m bo an ninh mi trng cho s nghip pht trin bn vng ca Vit Nam. PanNature hi vng bo co ny s l ti liu tham kho hu ch cho cc c nhn v t chc quan tm. Mi kin ng gp xin gi v: TRUNG TM CON NGI V THIN NHIN S 3, Ngch 55, Ng 61, Trn Duy Hng, H Ni Hm th 612, Bu in H ni T: (04) 3556-4001 Fax: (04) 3556-8941 Email: policy@nature.org.vn Website: www.nature.org.vn

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TM TT NGHIN CU Trn phm vi ton cu cng nh ti Vit Nam, cht lng mi trng ang c nhng bin i theo chiu hng bt li i vi cuc sng ca con ngi. Bn cnh nhng biu hin xu i ca cht lng mi trng nh nhim mi trng, suy gim tng zn, cn kit cc ngun ti nguyn v a dng sinh hc... l s xut hin ngy cng nhiu xung t, tranh chp v mi trng, trong in hnh nht l cc v tranh chp i bi thng thit hi v ngi v ti sn do hnh vi lm nhim mi trng gy nn. Cng c nhiu cch thc, bin php khc nhau c a ra nhm ngn chn, hn ch tnh trng ny, trong cc bin php php l vi ni dung chnh l quy nh quyn i bi thng thit hi gy nn do lm nhim, suy thoi mi trng ang c nh nc c bit quan tm. Tuy nhin, cc quy nh php lut hin hnh v quyn khi kin i bi thng thit hi trong lnh vc mi trng mi ch dng mc chung chung, mang tnh nguyn tc, cha th p dng mt cch y trn thc t. Thc tin gii quyt cc v kin i bi thng thit hi do hnh vi lm nhim mi trng gy nn trong thi gian qua gp khng t kh khn do cha c s thng nht v cch hiu v p dng cc quy nh v vn ny. V nhng l do nu trn, vic nghin cu chuyn Quyn khi kin i bi thng thit hi do hnh vi vi phm php lut mi trng Vit Nam: C s php l v quy trnh thc hin l ht sc cn thit c t phng din l lun v thc tin. Bo co c bt u t vic r sot cc quy nh php lut hin hnh v quyn khi kin i bi thng thit hi do hnh vi vi phm php lut mi trng gn nn, gm cc quy nh ti Hin php (1992), B Lut t tng dn s (2004), B Lut dn s (2005), Lut Bo v mi trng (2005) v cc vn bn di lut khc. T pht hin ra nhng im bt cp ca chnh php lut thc nh nh hng n vic thc hin quyn khi kin i bi thng thit hi do hnh vi lm nhim mi trng trn thc t. Bo co cng m t thc tin thc hin gii quyt cc yu cu i bi thng thit hi do hnh vi lm nhim mi trng gy nn ti mt s a phng trong thi gian qua vi mc ch minh chng v nhu cu thc t ca vic i bi thng thit hi trong lnh vc mi trng, ng thi qua pht hin ra nhng im vng mc trong qu trnh gii quyt cc tranh chp, xung t trong lnh vc ny. Bo co cng phn tch quy trnh thc hin quyn khi kin i bi thng thit hi do hnh vi lm nhim mi trng, cng vi cc hng dn k thut v ch th tin hnh, cc bc tin hnh, thi gian tin hnh... Trn c s phn tch, nh gi nhng ni dung trn, bo co xut vic hon thin cc quy nh v quyn khi kin i bi thng thit hi do hnh vi lm nhim mi trng, vi hai nhm gii php chnh nh sau: (1) hon thin cc quy nh v xc nh thit hi, thi hiu khi kin, ngha v chng minh, cch thc gii quyt vic bi thng thit hi; v (2) thit lp v hon chnh cc thit ch nh nc, x hi trong vic gii quyt cc v vic lin quan n thc hin quyn i bi thng thit hi do hnh vi lm nhim mi trng gy ra.

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GII THCH THUT NG Khiu kin Yu cu ca ch th c quyn, li ch trong vic ngh c quan qun l nh nc cp trn xem xt li v vic c c quan qun l c thm quyn gii quyt hoc khi kin ra To n bo v quyn, li ch hp php ca mnh. Thng thng thut ng khiu kin c s dng trong lut hnh chnh v vic gii quyt v vic s c tin hnh thng qua hai c ch l khiu ni ln c quan qun l cp trn sau khi c c quan qun l c thm quyn gii quyt hoc khi kin ra To n nu c quan qun l cp trn gii quyt v vic m ng s vn khng ng vi kt qu gii quyt ny. Khi kin C nhn, php nhn, h gia nh, t hp tc, t chc x hi yu cu To n bo v quyn, li ch hp php ca mnh hay ca ngi khc. C nhn, php nhn, h gia nh, t hp tc v t chc x hi khi kin v n dn s bng vn bn (n khi kin). Ngi khi kin c quyn thay i yu cu khi kin. Th tc t tng Cch thc, trnh t v nghi thc tin hnh xem xt mt v vic hoc gii quyt mt v n c th l hoc khi t theo cc quy nh ca php lut. Trch nhim dn s Trch nhim php l mang tnh ti sn c p dng i vi ngi vi phm php lut dn s nhm b p v tn tht vt cht, tinh thn cho ngi b thit hi. Trch nhim hnh s Trch nhim ca ngi phm ti phi chu nhng hu qu php l bt li v hnh vi phm ti ca mnh. Bi thng thit hi Hnh thc trch nhim dn s nhm buc bn c hnh vi gy thit hi phi khc phc hu qu bng cch n b cc tn tht v vt cht v tn tht v tinh thn cho bn b hi. C hai loi trch nhim bi thng thit hi l trch nhim bi thng thit hi do vi phm hp ng dn s v trch nhim bi thng thit hi ngoi hp ng. Trch nhim bi thng thit hi do hnh vi vi phm php lut mi trng gy ra l trch nhim bi thng thit hi ngoi hp ng. Khi buc mt ngi gy thit hi phi c y cc iu kin sau y: C thit hi, c hnh vi tri php lut, c mi lin h nhn qu gia hnh vi tri php lut v thit hi xy ra, ngi gy thit hi c li.

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Phn 1

TNG QUAN & PHN TCH C s php l hin hnh v quyn khi kin i bi thng thit hi do hnh vi vi phm php lut mi trng

1.1. TNG QUAN C S PHP L HIN HNH Nhng nm gn y, tranh chp, xung t trong lnh vc bo v mi trng Vit Nam ni ln nh mt hin tng bc bch ca i sng x hi, khin cho cng lun ht sc quan tm, lo ngi, c bit l nhng v tranh chp i bi thng thit hi do hnh vi vi phm php lut mi trng gy ra. nhiu a phng, tranh chp mi trng tp trung ch yu vic i bi thng thit hi i vi cy trng, vt nui do nhim ngun nc, trong ngi gy hi thng l cc doanh nghip, cc c s sn xut trc tip thi nc thi khng qua x l ra mi trng, cn ngi b hi l cc t chc, c nhn, cng ng dn c sng trong khu vc b nhim. Cc phng n gii quyt loi v vic ny thng l cc bn thng qua chnh quyn a phng tha thun mt mc bi thng tng trng hoc chuyn ha thnh mt khon tin c tn gi l tin h tr ci to mi trng. Mt s v tranh chp i bi thng thit hi do s c trn du gy nn c yu t nc ngoi cng mi ch dng giai on thng lng, ha gii hoc bng con ng ngoi giao. iu d nhn thy l cc phng thc gii quyt mi ch l gii php tnh th, th ng, cha tho g dt im nhng vng mc ny sinh, do cha da trn nhng c s khoa hc, php l vng chc v cha c c ch gii quyt xung t ph hp, tho ng. Nhng kh khn, vng mc m chnh cc bn ng s cng nh cc c quan c thm quyn phi i mt khi x l cc v kin i bi thng thit hi do nhim mi trng gy nn mt phn bt ngun t c th ca cc mu thun, xung t trong lnh vc mi trng, nhng l do chnh cn k n l s thiu vng cc quy nh ca php lut v vn ny. Hin mi c cc quy nh chung v trch nhim ca ngi lm nhim mi trng gy thit hi, cc quy nh mang tnh nguyn tc v quyn i bi thng thit hi trong lnh vc mi trng. Cng mt s quy nh v th tc t tng gii quyt cc v kin dn s i bi thng thit hi ni chung nhng hin vn cn c nhiu tranh ci do chng cha thc s ph hp vi cc yu cu ring ca vic gii quyt i bi thng thit hi trong lnh vc mi trng. Nhn mt cch tng th c th thy h thng php lut Vit Nam c cc quy nh bo m cho quyn khi kin i bi thng thit hi ni chung, i bi thng thit hi do hnh vi vi phm php lut mi trng gy nn ni ring nh sau: [1] Quyn i bi thng thit hi v vt cht v tinh thn khi b ngi khc xm phm l mt trong nhng quyn c bn ca cng dn c Hin php nc Cng ho X hi Ch ngha Vit Nam quy nh. Theo iu 74 Hin php (1992): Mi hnh vi xm phm li ch ca Nh nc, quyn v li ch hp php ca tp th v ca cng dn phi c kp thi x l nghim minh. Ngi b thit hi c quyn c bi thng v vt cht v phc hi danh d.

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[2] C th ho quyn c bn nu trn, B Lut dn s (2005) quy nh v quyn yu cu bi thng thit hi, theo , Ch s hu, ngi chim hu hp php c quyn yu cu ngi c hnh vi xm phm quyn s hu, quyn chim hu ca mnh bi thng thit hi (iu 260); quy nh v trch nhim bi thng thit hi, c th l Trch nhim bi thng thit hi bao gm trch nhim bi thng thit hi v vt cht, trch nhim bi thng b p tn tht v tinh thn; Trch nhim bi thng thit hi v vt cht l trch nhim b p tn tht vt cht thc t, tnh c thnh tin do bn vi phm gy ra, bao gm tn tht v ti sn, chi ph hp l ngn chn, hn ch, khc phc thit hi, thu nhp thc t b mt hoc b gim st (iu 307). [3] B Lut dn s (2005) cn quy nh cc cn c pht sinh trch nhim bi thng thit hi, theo Ngi no do li c hoc li v xm phm tnh mng, sc kho, danh d, nhn phm, uy tn, ti sn, quyn, li ch hp php khc ca c nhn, xm phm danh d, uy tn, ti sn ca php nhn hoc ch th khc m gy thit hi th phi bi thng; Trong trng hp php lut quy nh ngi gy thit hi phi bi thng c trong trng hp khng c li th p dng quy nh (iu 604). Bn cnh , cc nguyn tc bi thng thit hi cng c xc nh mt cch tng i r rng: Thit hi phi c bi thng ton b v kp thi. Cc bn c th tho thun v mc bi thng, hnh thc bi thng bng tin, bng hin vt hoc thc hin mt cng vic, phng thc bi thng mt ln hoc nhiu ln, tr trng hp php lut c quy nh khc; Ngi gy thit hi c th c gim mc bi thng, nu do li v m gy thit hi qu ln so vi kh nng kinh t trc mt v lu di ca mnh; Khi mc bi thng khng cn ph hp vi thc t th ngi b thit hi hoc ngi gy thit hi c quyn yu cu To n hoc c quan nh nc c thm quyn khc thay i mc bi thng (iu 605). [4] Ring trong lnh vc mi trng, B Lut dn s (2005) quy nh: C nhn, php nhn v cc ch th khc lm nhim mi trng gy thit hi th phi bi thng theo quy nh ca php lut, k c trng hp ngi gy nhim mi trng khng c li (iu 624). y l mt trong nhng quy nh v bi thng thit hi trong mt s trng hp c th lin quan n trch nhim bi thng thit hi ngoi hp ng (c quy nh ti Chng XXI B Lut dn s 2005). Quy nh trn bt ngun t cn c l quan h php lut v bo v mi trng c th pht sinh gia cc ch th m khng cn n c s php l tin (nh quan h hp ng, quan h cng v...) nn bi thng thit hi trong trng hp vi phm ngha v bo v mi trng lun l trch nhim bi thng thit hi ngoi hp ng. y l loi trch nhim pht sinh di s tc ng trc tip ca cc quy phm php lut m khng cn c s tho thun trc ca cc ch th. [5] Lut Bo v mi trng (2005) cng c cc quy nh thng nht vi nhng quy nh ca Hin php 1992 v B Lut dn s 2005, theo : T chc, h gia nh, c nhn gy nhim, suy thoi mi trng c trch nhim khc phc, bi thng thit hi v chu cc trch nhim khc theo quy nh ca php lut (iu 4); Trng hp c thit hi v tnh mng, sc kho ca con ngi, ti sn v li ch hp php ca t chc, c nhn do hu qu ca vic gy nhim mi trng th cn phi bi thng thit hi theo quy nh ti mc 2 Chng XIV ca Lut hoc b truy cu trch nhim hnh s (iu 49 im b); T chc, c nhn gy nhim mi trng c trch nhim bi thng thit hi theo quy nh ca Lut v cc quy nh khc ca php lut c lin quan (iu 93 khon 3). [6] Lut khong sn (1996) quy nh trch nhim bi thng thit hi ca cc t chc, c nhn trong qu trnh tin hnh cc hot ng thm d, khai thc, s dng, tn thu khong sn... gy
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tn hi mi trng, ng thi phi phc hi mi trng, mi sinh sau khi tin hnh cc hot ng khong sn. [7] Lut ti nguyn nc (1998) ngoi vic qui nh trch nhim bi thng thit hi cn quy nh vic gii quyt tranh chp lin quan n ti nguyn nc: Nh nc khuyn khch vic ho gii cc tranh chp v ti nguyn nc. U ban nhn dn x, phng, th trn c trch nhim phi hp vi c quan, t chc v c nhn trong vic ho gii cc tranh chp v ti nguyn nc ph hp vi cc qui nh ca php lut (iu 62). [8] T phng din php lut t tng, B Lut t tng dn s 2004 cng quy nh r tranh chp v bi thng thit hi ngoi hp ng l mt trong nhng dng tranh chp v dn s thuc thm quyn gii quyt ca To n. [9] Ngoi ra, cn c mt s vn bn di lut khc cp n vic nh gi, xc nh thit hi v gii quyt bi thng thit hi v mi trng do s c trn du nh: Thng t s 2262/TT-MTg ngy 29/12/1995 ca B trng B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng v khc phc s c trn du; Quyt nh s 129/2001/Q-TTg ngy 29/8/2001 ca Th tng Chnh ph v vic ph duyt K hoch Quc gia ng ph s c trn du giai on 2001- 2010; Quy ch hot ng ng ph s c trn du (km theo Quyt nh 103/2005/Q-TTg ngy 12/5/2005 ca Th tng Chnh ph). [10] Trong khun kh cc cam kt quc t, trch nhim bi thng thit hi v mi trng c xc nh trong nhiu iu c quc t a phng v song phng, nh Cng c Vin nm 1963 v trch nhim dn s i vi nhng tn hi v ht nhn; Cng c v trch nhim dn s i vi nhng tn tht nhim bin do du (sa i 1992), Cng c v thit lp Qu quc t v n b nhim bin do du (sa i 1992). Ngoi ra, c th tm thy loi trch nhim ny trong cc Tuyn b ca Lin Hp Quc v Mi trng v Con ngi (Tuyn b Stockholm) hay Mi trng v Pht trin (Tuyn b Rio). Nh vy, i bi thng thit hi do hnh vi vi phm php lut mi trng gy nn l mt trong nhng quyn c bn ca cng dn c php lut bo v. Ngi b thit hi c c s php l thc hin quyn khi kin i bi thng thit hi.

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1.2 IU KIN PHP L CN THIT TIN HNH KHI KIN I BI THNG THIT HI Mc d c nhng c s php l chung nh nu trn, song c th thc hin c mt cch y , ng n, c hiu qu quyn khi kin i bi thng thit hi do hnh vi vi phm php lut mi trng gy nn th cn cn phi da vo cc iu kin c th sau y: 1.2.1 iu kin 1: Phi c thit hi xy ra Trong quan h bi thng thit hi, thit hi va l iu kin pht sinh trch nhim va l c s tnh mc bi thng. Thit hi xy ra l iu kin bt buc u tin xem xt vic c pht sinh trch nhim bi thng thit hi hay khng. iu ny khc vi vic xc nh trch nhim hnh chnh, trch nhim hnh s - c th khng cn cn c vo thit hi xy ra. Mc ch v ngha ca bi thng thit hi l m bo n b nhng thit hi, tn tht gy ra. V vy, vic xc nh c nhng loi thit hi no xy ra, thit hi bao nhiu l ht sc quan trng. C th l: Cc loi thit hi do nhim, suy thoi mi trng gy nn Theo quy nh ti iu 130 Lut Bo v mi trng (2005), thit hi do nhim, suy thoi mi trng gm hai loi: Mt l, suy gim chc nng, tnh hu ch ca mi trng (cn gi l thit hi i vi cc thnh phn mi trng hay thit hi i vi mi trng t nhin). Loi thit hi ny thng gn vi ch th b thit hi l Nh nc v/hoc cc cng ng dn c. Hai l, thit hi v sc kho, tnh mng ca con ngi, ti sn v li ch hp php ca t chc, c nhn do hu qu ca vic suy gim chc nng, tnh hu ch ca mi trng gy ra. Loi thit hi th hai thng gn vi ch th b thit hi l cc t chc, c nhn c th. Trong mi quan h vi loi thit hi th nht, loi thit hi th hai lun c xem l thit hi gin tip (cn gi l thit hi phi sinh hay thit hi th sinh- thit hi ch xy ra khi c loi thit hi th nht). Cng cn lu l gia thit hi i vi mi trng t nhin v thit hi i vi ti sn, li ch hp php ca t chc, c nhn khng phi lun lun v hon ton tch bit. Trong mt s trng hp thit hi v mi trng t nhin ti mt khu vc nht nh cng ng thi l thit hi v ti sn, li ch hp php ca t chc, c nhn ti khu vc . V d, s suy gim ngun li thy sinh ti mt vng bin b nhim cng ng thi l s gim st v thu nhp ca ng dn khu vc . iu ny cn c lu trnh trng lp khi xc nh cc loi thit hi c th do nhim, suy thoi mi trng gy nn. Bo co ny tp trung phn tch cc c s php l hin hnh ca quyn i bi thng thit hi v tnh mng, sc kho, ti sn v li ch hp php ca cc t chc, c nhn b thit hi m khng phn tch cc c s php l i bi thng thit hi v suy gim chc nng, tnh hu ch ca mi trng. Xc nh thit hi v tnh mng, sc kho, ti sn v li ch hp php ca cc t chc, c nhn do nhim, suy thoi mi trng gy nn
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iu 608, 609, 610 B Lut dn s (2005) quy nh vic xc nh thit hi v ti sn, sc kho, tnh mng ca t chc, c nhn do nhim, suy thoi mi trng c bi thng nh sau: Mt l, thit hi do sc kho b xm phm, bao gm: (1) Chi ph hp l cho vic cu cha, bi dng, phc hi sc kho v chc nng b mt, b gim st ca ngi b thit hi; (2) Thu nhp thc t b mt hoc b gim st ca ngi b thit hi; v (3) Chi ph hp l v phn thu nhp thc t b mt ca ngi chm sc ngi b thit hi trong thi gian iu tr. Hai l, thit hi do tnh mng b xm phm bao gm: (1) Chi ph hp l cho vic cu cha, bi dng, chm sc ngi b thit hi trc khi cht; (2) Chi ph hp l cho vic mai tng; v (3) Tin cp dng cho nhng ngi m ngi b thit hi c ngha v cp dng. Ba l, trong trng hp ti sn b xm phm th thit hi c tnh bi thng bao gm: (1) Ti sn b mt; (2) Ti sn b hu hoi hoc b h hng; (3) Li ch gn lin vi vic s dng, khai thc ti sn; v (4) Chi ph hp l ngn chn, hn ch v khc phc thit hi. Trong , li ch gn lin vi vic s dng, khai thc ti sn c hiu l nhng tn hi v li ch vt cht, s gim st v thu nhp chnh ng m nguyn nhn l do suy gim chc nng, tnh hu ch ca mi trng. y l nhng thit hi i vi ngi c php khai thc, s dng mt cch hp php cc thnh phn mi trng nhng v chng b nhim/suy thoi nn h khng th tip tc khai thc, s dng hoc phi khai thc, s dng mt cch hn ch, dn n li ch vt cht ca h b tn hi. Ni khc i, thit hi v ti sn v li ch hp php ca t chc, c nhn c th hin qua nhng tn tht v cy trng, vt nui, nhng khon chi ph cho vic sa cha, thay th, ngn chn v phc hi ti sn b thit hi do nhim, suy thoi mi trng gy nn; nhng li ch hp php t vic khai thc, s dng cc thnh phn mi trng m ng l t chc, c nhn c c nu chng khng b nhim, suy thoi. Ngoi ra, hng dn ca B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng ti Thng t s 2262-TT/MTg ngy 29/12/1995 v khc phc s c trn du th thit hi c tnh i bi thng do s c trn du gy nn cn bao gm: (1) Chi ph cho vic ng cu s c; (2) Bi thng thit hi v kinh t cho cc t chc, c nhn b thit hi trc tip t s c; v (3) Chi ph cho cng tc kho st, lp cn c nh gi thit hi v kinh t v mi trng. 1.2.2 iu kin 2: Phi c hnh vi gy ra thit hi Trong lnh vc bo v mi trng, biu hin ca hnh vi gy thit hi c mt s im khc bit ng k so vi cc lnh vc khc nh (1) hnh vi gy ra thit hi khng xm hi trc tip n cc quyn v tnh mng, sc kho v ti sn ca cng dn m l s xm hi thng qua cc yu t mi trng b nhim, suy thoi; v (2) khng phi mi hnh vi gy thit hi cho mi trng u l hnh vi vi phm php lut mi trng. Thit hi trong lnh vc mi trng cn c th xy ra t cc s c mi trng. Hnh vi vi phm php lut mi trng gy thit hi v s c mi trng gy thit hi c hiu nh sau: Hnh vi vi phm php lut mi trng gy thit hi Th nht, hnh vi vi phm php lut mi trng l hnh vi tri php lut. Hnh vi tri php lut c th l hnh vi thc hin khng ng cc quy nh ca php lut (nh hnh vi x thi cht thi nguy hi cha qua x l vo mi trng) hoc khng thc hin hnh vi m php lut bt buc phi thc hin (nh khng tin hnh nh gi tc ng mi trng khi trin khai d n)... gy
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nhim, suy thoi mi trng, s c mi trng, xm phm cc quyn ca cng dn c php lut bo v nh quyn c bo v tnh mang, sc khe, ti sn... Nhng hnh vi vi phm php lut bo v mi trng kh a dng. Thng thng l nhng hnh vi vi phm cc iu cm c quy nh trong php lut mi trng, trong c th k n mt s dng vi phm tng i ph bin nh sau: Vi phm cc quy nh v bo tn ti nguyn thin nhin nh khai thc tri php cc loi ng vt, thc vt hoang d qu him; nh bt tri php cc ngun ti nguyn sinh vt bin...; Vi phm cc quy nh v qun l cht thi, c bit l cht thi nguy hi; Vi phm cc quy nh v nhp khu my mc, thit b, ph liu, cht thi...

Nhng hnh vi b nghim cm do Lut Bo v mi trng (2005) quy nh (iu 7) 1. Ph hoi, khai thc tri php rng, cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin khc. 2. Khai thc, nh bt cc ngun ti nguyn sinh vt bng phng tin, cng c, phng php hu dit, khng ng thi v v sn lng theo quy nh ca php lut. 3. Khai thc, kinh doanh, tiu th, s dng cc loi thc vt, ng vt hoang d qu him thuc danh mc cm do c quan nh nc c thm quyn quy nh. 4. Chn lp cht c, cht phng x, cht thi v cht nguy hi khc khng ng ni quy nh v quy trnh k thut v bo v mi trng. 5. Thi cht thi cha c x l t tiu chun mi trng; cc cht c, cht phng x v cht nguy hi khc vo t, ngun nc. 6. Thi khi, bi, kh c cht hoc mi c hi vo khng kh; pht tn bc x, phng x, cc cht ion ho vt qu tiu chun mi trng cho php. 7. Gy ting n, rung vt qu tiu chun cho php. 8. Nhp khu my mc, thit b, phng tin khng t tiu chun mi trng. 9. Nhp khu, qu cnh cht thi di mi hnh thc. 10. Nhp khu, qu cnh ng vt, thc vt cha qua kim dch; vi sinh vt ngoi danh mc cho php. 11. Sn xut, kinh doanh sn phm gy nguy hi cho con ngi, sinh vt v h sinh thi; sn xut, s dng nguyn liu, vt liu xy dng cha yu t c hi vt qu tiu chun cho php. 12. Xm hi di sn thin nhin, khu bo tn thin nhin. 13. Xm hi cng trnh, thit b, phng tin phc v hot ng bo v mi trng. 14. Hot ng tri php, sinh sng khu vc c c quan nh nc c thm quyn xc nh l khu vc cm do mc c bit nguy him v mi trng i vi sc khe v tnh mng con ngi. 15. Che giu hnh vi hu hoi mi trng, cn tr hot ng bo v mi trng, lm sai lch thng tin dn n gy hu qu xu i vi mi trng. 16. Cc hnh vi b nghim cm khc v bo v mi trng theo quy nh ca php lut.

Th hai, hnh vi vi phm php lut do ch th c nng lc ch th thc hin. Ch th c th l t chc hoc c nhn. Nu l t chc phi c t cch php nhn, l c nhn phi c nng lc php lut v nng lc hnh vi. Th ba, hnh vi vi phm php lut gy ra nhng thit hi i vi mi trng v thit hi i vi tnh mng, sc kho, ti sn, li ch hp php ca cc t chc, c nhn nh k trn. y chnh l mt trong nhng du hiu phn bit vi phm php lut mi trng vi cc dng vi phm
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php lut khc. Vi vic gy ra nhng thit hi ny, ch th thc hin hnh vi vi phm php lut mi trng phi chu trch nhim bi thng thit hi do mnh gy ra. iu ny cng c ngha l khng phi bt c hnh vi vi phm php lut mi trng no cng pht sinh trch nhim bi thng thit hi. Ch khi hu qu ca hnh vi biu hin trn thc t, gy hi n cc h sinh thi, yu t mi trng v ch th khc th trch nhim bi thng thit hi mi pht sinh. y cng l mt trong nhng cn c phn bit trch nhim bi thng thit hi vi trch nhim hnh chnh, trch nhim hnh s ni chung, trch nhim hnh chnh, trch nhim hnh s trong lnh vc mi trng ni ring. S c mi trng gy thit hi S c mi trng l tai bin hoc ri ro xy ra trong qu trnh hot ng ca con ngi hoc bin i bt thng ca t nhin, gy nhim, suy thoi hoc bin i mi trng nghim trng1, trong cn phn bit nhng trng hp sau: Th nht, s c mi trng do bin i tht thng ca t nhin gy ra, nh bo, l lt, sng thn, ng t, ni la phun, khng pht sinh trch nhim php l ca bt c t chc, c nhn no, v chng l nhng s bin mang tnh ngu nhin, do thin nhin gy ra ch khng phi do hnh vi ca con ngi. Th hai, s c mi trng xy ra trong qu trnh hot ng ca con ngi nh s c trong tm kim, thm d, khai thc khong sn, du kh, s c trong cc l phn ng ht nhn, nh my in nguyn t... lm pht sinh trch nhim php l ca nhng ngi c lin quan. Trong phm vi ca nghin cu ny, nhm tc gi ch tp trung phn tch cc c s php l hin hnh ca quyn i bi thng thit hi do hnh vi vi phm php lut mi trng gy nn m khng phn tch c s php l ca quyn i bi thng thit hi do s c mi trng gy nn. 1.2.3 iu kin 3: C mi quan h nhn qu gia hnh vi gy thit hi v thit hi xy ra Trong lnh vc bo v mi trng, mi quan h gia hnh vi gy thit hi v thit hi din ra phc tp, do c s tham gia ca nhiu tc nhn vo qu trnh bin i cc yu t mi trng. V d, thit hi v cy trng, vt nui c th va do mi trng b nhim, va do cc tc nhn khc nh thin tai, dch bnh, hay sc kho ca con ngi b suy gim, c th ng thi do nhiu nguyn nhn. loi tr thit hi xy ra t nhng nguyn nhn khc, php lut Vit Nam ch xc nh mi quan h nhn qu trong trng hp hnh vi gy thit hi phi l nguyn nhn trc tip hoc l nguyn nhn c ngha quyt nh i vi thit hi xy ra. Ni khc i, thit hi xy ra l kt qu tt yu ca hnh vi gy ra thit hi. V d, nh my A thi cht thi khng qua x l ra cc ao h, ngun nc xung quanh l nguyn nhn c ngha quyt nh lm nhim mi trng nc, t gy thit hi cho ngun li thu sn ca cc t chc, c nhn trong khu vc c ngun nc b nhim. Mi quan h nhn qu gia hnh vi gy thit hi vi thit hi xy ra trong lnh vc mi trng kh xc nh chnh xc do cc thit hi khng xy ra tc thi ngay sau khi c hnh vi gy thit hi m xy ra t t trong khong thi gian kh di. Do vy, chng minh mi quan h nhn
1

iu 3 khon 8 Lut Bo v mi trng 2005.

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qu gia hnh vi tc ng xu n mi trng v nhng thit hi xy ra thng phi thng qua cc bc: (1) xc nh mi quan h gia hnh vi vi phm php lut mi trng vi tnh trng nhim, suy thoi ca mi trng; v (2) xc nh mi quan h gia nhim, suy thoi mi trng vi nhng thit hi v tnh mng, sc khe, ti sn ca c nhn, t chc. 1.2.4 iu kin 4: Ngi gy thit hi c li Li c ngha quyt nh trong vic xc nh ngi phi bi thng v c ngha quan trng trong vic xc nh mc bi thng thit hi. iu 308 v iu 604 ca B lut dn s (2005) tha nhn hai hnh thc li l li c v li v . Ch th thc hin hnh vi c th c li c hoc v xy ra hu qu, trong li c coi l trng thi tm l ch quan ca ch th thc hin hnh vi. C s xc nh li l ch trong mt iu kin hon cnh nht nh, mt ch th c th la chn thc hin cc hnh vi khng tri php lut nhng ch th khng thc hin hnh vi ng php lut m li thc hin hnh vi tri php lut; do ch th ny phi chu hnh thc ch ti i vi cch x s ca mnh. V d, doanh nghip la chn hnh vi x nc thi khng qua x l ra mi trng gim bt chi ph vn hnh v x l cht thi trong khi h hon ton c iu kin x l nc thi trc khi thi ra mi trng. Trng hp khng c iu kin la chn thc hin hnh vi ng php lut th ch th thc hin hnh vi c th c xem xt min trch nhim php l. V d, v mun trnh nguy c ha hon i vi kho ti sn ln ca nh nc, doanh nghip ch ng ph b cha nc thi ca cng ty to li i cho xe cu ha ang vo. Hnh vi ny khng b xem l hnh vi x thi thi cha qua x l ra mi trng. Trong lnh vc bo v mi trng, trch nhim bi thng thit hi cho ngi khc do hnh vi lm nhim mi trng khng c loi tr ngay c khi ngi gy thit hi khng c li. iu 624 B lut dn s (2005) quy nh: "C nhn, php nhn v cc ch th khc lm nhim mi trng gy thit hi th phi bi thng theo quy nh ca php lut, k c trng hp ngi gy nhim mi trng khng c li. iu ny bt ngun t quan im tn trng v bo v trit li ch ca ngi b thit hi trc s xm hi ca ngi khc.

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Phn 2

MT S THC TIN P DNG Quyn khi kin i bi thng thit hi do hnh vi vi phm php lut mi trng Vit Nam
Bi thng thit hi do nhim, suy thoi mi trng c php lut Vit Nam quy nh ln u tin trong Lut Bo v mi trng nm 1993, theo t chc, c nhn gy tn hi mi trng do hot ng ca mnh phi bi thng thit hi theo quy nh ca php lut. Nhng phi n khi Lut Bo v mi trng nm (2005) c ban hnh, vn ny mi c cp mt cch r rng hn bng 5 iu quy nh v: Thit hi do nhim suy thoi mi trng (iu 130); Xc nh thit hi do nhim, suy thoi mi trng (iu 131); Gim nh thit hi do suy gim chc nng, tnh hu ch ca mi trng (iu 132); Gii quyt bi thng thit hi v mi trng (iu 133); v Bo him trch nhim i bi thng thit hi v mi trng (iu 134). Cc quy nh trn th hin mt bc tin ng k trong qu trnh hin thc ha nguyn tc ngi gy nhim phi tr tin c p dng rng ri trn th gii. Theo nhng quy nh ny, cc t chc, c nhn, cng ng hon ton c quyn khiu ni, t co, i bi thng nhng thit hi m mnh phi chu do cc hnh vi vi phm php lut v bo v mi trng gy ra. Trong thc t, mt s v vic khiu ni, t co, khi kin i bi thng thit hi do hnh vi vi phm php lut mi trng gy nn ti mt s a phng c p dng trong thi gian qua. 2.1 Mt s v vic khi kin i bi thng thit hi do hnh vi vi phm php lut mi trng ti mt s a phng (a) Tnh ng Nai c mt s v ng ch nh: Thng 9/2000, Cng ty heo ging Vnh Tn nui 2000 con heo, khng x l nc thi, x thng vo rung la ca dn lm la b d m v dn n gim nng sut. Sau khi xc nh v chp thun nguyn nhn gy nhim, Cng ty t tha thun v h tr cho dn 30 triu ng. Thng 3/2001, Cng ty Dt nhum Th Ha x l nc thi cha t tiu chun quy nh, nhng vn nc thi chy ra khu vc trng la ca dn, lm gim nng sut. Sau khi Hi ng n b ca huyn kho st nh gi mc thit hi, Cng ty Th Ha phi n b cho dn 287 triu ng. Thng 11/2001, Cng ty ma ng La Ng x l nc thi cha t tiu chun quy nh, nhng vn thi ra khu vc nui c b ca dn, dn n tnh trng c cht hng lot. Sau khi nh gi nhim, Hi ng n b ca huyn thng k cc h nui c v s lng c c tnh thit hi cn n b. Kt qu, cng ty phi h tr cho dn hn 186 triu ng. (b) Tnh Thi Nguyn Trong thi gian t thng 4 n thng 7 nm 2006, hot ng ca Nh my km in phn Thi Nguyn gy nhim, lm thit hi n ti sn v sc khe ca ngi dn, nh cy b tp l, la, m b cht kh, hay gy kh th cho nhng h dn sng xung quanh tng ro
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nh my. Sau khi b ngi dn khiu kin, Nh my tin hnh bi thng gn 100 triu ng cho 70 h dn xm Chng Lng v Cu St thuc x Tn Quang, th x Sng Cng. (c)Tnh Ha Bnh Cng ty C phn Xi-mng Vinaconex Lng Sn (Ha Bnh) v cc doanh nghip sn xut ng trn a bn hot ng x khi, bi ra mi trng xung quanh. Hu qu l ch v cc cy trng khc trong khu vc ny u khng pht trin c, nng sut st gim, thm ch mt trng trong khi thu nhp ca ngi dn ni y ch yu da vo ngh lm vn. ng thi, ngi dn sng xung quanh cn cm thy ngt ngt, kh chu khi cc nh my trn hot ng v tin hnh khiu ni. Cng ty Xi mng Vinaconex Lng Sn tha nhn hnh vi gy nhim mi trng v thit hi do nhim gy ra. Cng ty chp thun vic xc nh gi tr thit hi v chi tr n b 631 triu ng trong 2 nm 2005 -2006. Nhng ngi dn b thit hi Lng Sn cho rng n b ch l vic nh trc mt, m vic cn lm ngay l yu cu Cng ty C phn Xi mng Vinaconex Lng Sn v cc doanh nghip sn xut ng trn a bn phi c gii php thay i, gim nhim mi trng. (d) Tnh B Ra Vng Tu Nh my Cao su X Bang (thuc Cng ty Cao su B Ra) gy nhim mi trng ko di trong nhiu nm. T nm 1998, trung bnh mi ngy nh my thi ra mi trng khong 1000m3 nc thi/ngy m, lm nhim ngun nc sinh hot ca nhn dn trong vng. Ngi dn tin hnh khiu ni. Nh my ch ng m phn v tha thun vi cc h dn b hi, ng tin hnh bc u vic bi thng thit hi cho dn vi tng gi tr gn 500 triu ng. ng thi, nh my u t 10 t ng thay i cng ngh, gim nhim, v xut gii php cp t mi cho cc h dn h chuyn i ni khc. 2.2 Nhn xt chung v cc v vic khiu t i bi thng thit hi do nhim mi trng (a) Cc v vic khiu kin thng c quy m nh, cp a phng Cc v khiu kin i bi thng thit hi xy ra t trc n nay ch yu quy m nh, mt a phng c th cp huyn hoc x, v thng lin quan n hnh vi x thi nc thi v kh thi gy nhim mi trng. Trng hp c xem l nghim trng nht cho n nay c ghi nhn l v nng dn 3 tnh ng Nai, B Ra Vng Tu v thnh ph H Ch Minh khi kin Cng ty TNHH Vedan (ng Nai) i bi thng thit hi v ti sn do x nc thi gy nhim sng Th Vi trong nhiu nm. Tuy nhin, nhng tranh ci v mt php l xc nh thit hi, quy li v chng c chng minh Vedan l nguyn nhn chnh git sng Th Vi hay Vedan phi c trch nhim bi thng thit hi cho nng dn cc tnh vn cha c khng nh v thuyt phc tt c cc bn c lin quan, c bit l Cng ty TNHH Vedan. (b) Cc v vic thng tp trung khiu kin nhng thit hi v tnh mng, sc khe, ti sn v li ch hp php ca cc t chc, c nhn b thit hi m cha tnh n nhng phn tch suy gim chc nng, tnh hu ch ca mi trng. iu 130 Lut Bo v mi trng (2005) quy nh loi thit hi do nhim, suy thoi mi trng gm c suy gim chc nng, tnh hu ch ca mi trng (cn gi l thit hi i vi cc thnh phn mi trng hay i vi mi trng t nhin). Loi thit hi ny thng gn vi ch th thit hi l nh nc v/hoc cc cng ng dn c. Tuy nhin, cha c trng hp no khiu kin i bi thng thng cho loi thit hi ny.

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(c) Trng hp dn n sau, kin ngc cng ty, nh my gy nhim nh hng n cuc sng ca h. Thc t cho thy mt s v vic kh xc nh c ai l ngi c li trong trng hp cc nh my c quy hoch, xy dng trc v ngi dn n nh c sau xung quanh nh my v c nguy c ri ro do nhim. Khi b nh hng, nhiu h dn kin ngc li nh my, i n b cho nhng tn hi m h phi chu, chng hn nh trng hp Nh my Cao su X Bang (thuc cng ty cao su B Ra Vng Tu) hoc nhiu doanh nghip khc tnh Bnh Dng. Vi nhng trng hp ny, cc doanh nghip v chnh quyn a phng thng phi tnh n phng n xin cp t di di cc h dn b nh hng sang ni mi. (d) Tha thun v ha gii gia cc bn vi s chng kin ca bn th ba l cch gii quyt ph bin trong cc v khiu kin i n b thit hi do nhim mi trng hin nay. Lut Bo v mi trng (1993) cha quy nh v c ch bi thng thit hi v mi trng; v vy cho n trc nm 2005, cc v vic khiu kin i bi thng thit hi do vi phm php lut mi trng ch yu da trn bin php tha thun v ha gii. Sau khi sa i, iu 133 ca Lut Bo v mi trng (2005) quy nh ba bin php gii quyt cho cc v vic ny gm: (1) T tha thun gia cc bn; (2) Yu cu trng ti gii quyt; v (3) Khi kin ti ta. Tuy nhin, do thiu hng dn c th v gii quyt khiu kin i n b thit hi do nhim mi trng nh quy trnh gii quyt; xc nh thit hi v b hi, nn cc v khiu kin hin vn ch dng li thng lng, ha gii gia cc bn c s iu phi ca c quan c thm quyn a phng nh S Ti nguyn-Mi trng, y ban nhn dn huyn, hoc Hi ng n b cp huyn. Qu trnh gii quyt cc v vic xy ra a phng thng din ra nh sau: u tin l nguyn n (ngi b hi) np n khiu t. Nguyn n khi kin thng l cc h dn b nh hng bi cc hot ng gy nhim. H thng gi n th khiu ni trc tip n phng tip dn, gii quyt n th khiu ni ca S Ti nguyn Mi trng. Trng hp bn nguyn n l mt nhm cc h dn (cng ng dn c) th thng c chnh quyn a phng phi hp tham gia nh gi, xc nh ngi b hi. Th hai, tip nhn v gii quyt v vic. i vi v vic quy m nh (mc nh do tng a phng quan nim, cha c chun quy nh), cc bn s gii quyt theo phng thc ha gii, bn gy hi s bi thng di hnh thc h tr thit hi cho bn b hi, c s chng kin ca bn th ba (c th l U ban nhn dn x, huyn hoc S Ti nguyn-Mi trng). Vi nhng trng hp khng t c tha thun ha gii, nu bn gy hi khng chp nhn hnh thc bi thng v chm dt hot ng gy hi, th ty theo tnh cht, S TN-MT c th s c tham mu cho cp c thm quyn ra quyt nh nh ch hot ng ca doanh nghip gy nhim. Thc tin cho thy, khong 80-90% v vic c gii quyt gii quyt thnh cng theo cch tha thun v ha gii cc tnh B Ra Vng Tu, Bnh Dng, Thi Nguyn v Ha Bnh. Nhng v khng tha thun c (khong 10%) thng do vic kin khng ng, hoc nu yu sch qu cao, hoc khng th xc nh hnh vi vi phm cng nh mc gy hi.

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Phn 3

NH GI & KHUYN NGH Bt cp v thc hin quyn khi kin i bi thng thit hi do hnh vi vi phm php lut mi trng gy ra
Thc tin gii quyt cc v vic i bi thng thit hi do lm nhim mi trng gy ra Vit Nam cn bc l nhiu vng mc do quy nh cha y , r rng v hp l. Nhng nh gi di y s nhn din v phn tch c th nhng bt cp, ng thi a ra cc khuyn ngh v: (1) quy nh v quyn khi kin i bi thng thit hi; (2) quy nh v thi hiu khi kin; (3) quy nh v ngha v chng minh; v (4) quy nh cch thc gii quyt bi thng thit hi.

3.1 QUY NH V QUYN KHI KIN I BI THNG THIT HI 3.1.1 Nhn din v phn tch bt cp Quyn khi kin l vn php l c t ra u tin trong mi v kin. Trong tranh chp i bi thng thit hi do hnh vi vi phm php lut mi trng, thc hin quyn khi kin l vn ang cn tranh ci. iu 1, khon 1 ca B Lut t tng dn s (2004) quy nh "To n ch th l gii quyt v vic dn s khi c n khi kin, n yu cu ca ng s v ch gii quyt trong phm vi n khi kin, n yu cu ". iu ny c ngha tt c nhng ngi b thit hi v tnh mng, sc khe, ti sn do tnh trng mi trng b nhim u c quyn khi kin i bi thng thit hi, song h ch c th c bo v quyn li hp php khi thc hin quyn. Quy nh trn cn c theo nguyn tc t nh ot ca ng s - tranh chp khng ny sinh v trch nhim bi thng thit hi khng t ra nu bn b hi khng thc hin quyn khi kin yu cu bn gy hi phi bi thng cho mnh, thm ch trong trng hp bn b hi c yu cu th To n cng ch gii quyt nhng vn thuc ni dung yu cu m khng gii quyt nhng vn khc. Nh vy, cho d c c s khng nh rng thit hi v tnh mng, sc khe, ti sn m mt t chc, c nhn bt k phi gnh chu nm trong s cc thit hi do nhim mi trng gy nn, song nu c nhn, t chc khng thc hin quyn khi kin i bi thng thit hi th h cng khng c phc hi nhng tn tht v ngi v ti sn b xm hi. H ch c hng kt qu ca vic khc phc tnh trng mi trng b nhim hay ci thin mi trng sng chung ca cng ng m thi. Tuy nhin, quan im khc2 li cho rng, quy nh trn cha tnh n c th ca cc v tranh chp, xung t trong lnh vc mi trng. Do phm vi b nh hng do nhim mi trng thng rt rng, trong nhiu trng hp nhim c th lan sang nhiu a phng, thit hi lin quan ti hng trm h, thm ch hng nghn h gia nh, c nhn, nn khng th v khng nht thit tt c cc nn nhn u phi thc hin quyn khi kin i bi thng thit hi m ch cn thng qua ch nh i din th coi nh quyn khi kin ca ngi b hi c thc hin. Khi c c s kt lun trong s cc thit hi m cng ng dn c phi gnh chu bao gm c thit
2

Xem: Lun n tin s lut hc Xy dng v hon thin c ch gii quyt tranh chp trong lnh vc bo v mi trng ti Vit Nam. V Thu Hnh. H Ni - 2004. 16 |

hi ca cc t chc, h gia nh, c nhn khng trc tip ng n khi kin th h vn l ngi c b p nhng tn tht v ngi v ti sn do hnh vi lm nhim mi trng gy nn. Mt vn t ra ai s l ngi i din cho li ch ca cc t chc v c nhn thc hin quyn khi kin i bi thng thit hi?. Php lut hin hnh theo iu 162, khon 3, B Lut t tng dn s (2004) mi ch quy nh C quan, t chc trong phm vi nhim v, quyn hn ca mnh c quyn khi kin v n dn s yu cu To n bo v li ch cng cng, li ch ca Nh nc thuc lnh vc mnh ph trch; trong khi v bn cht php l, thit hi i vi tnh mng, sc kho, ti sn v li ch hp php ca t chc v c nhn hon ton l li ch t ch khng phi li ch cng cng nh cp trn. Hin nay Vit Nam mi ch c mt s v i bi thng thit hi do s c trn du gy nn ti thnh ph H Ch Minh, B Ra Vng Tu c i din php l l S Ti nguyn v Mi trng, S T php c giao nhim v hon thin h s php l i bi thng thit hi do nhim mi trng gy nn. Ngay c khi xc nh c li ch cng cng b xm hi th vic thc hin quyn khi kin v n dn s yu cu To n bo v loi li ch ny cng l vn cn ang tranh ci. iu 56, khon 2 B Lut t tng dn s (2004) quy nh C quan, t chc do B lut ny quy nh khi kin v n dn s yu cu To n bo v li ch cng cng, li ch ca Nh nc thuc lnh vc mnh ph trch cng l nguyn n. Theo hng dn ti Phn I, mc 2 ca Ngh quyt s 02 ca Hi ng Thm phn To n Nhn dn Ti cao ngy 12/5/2006 th C quan, t chc c quyn khi kin v n dn s yu cu To n bo v li ch cng cng, li ch ca Nh nc quy nh ti Khon 3 iu 162 ca B Lut t tng dn s khi c y cc iu kin sau y: (1) C quan, t chc c nhng nhim v, quyn hn trong vic thc hin chc nng qun l nh nc, qun l x hi v mt lnh vc nht nh; v (2) Li ch cng cng, li ch ca Nh nc cn yu cu To n bo v phi thuc lnh vc do c quan, t chc ph trch. Theo quan im ca To n Nhn dn Ti cao3, C quan Ti nguyn v Mi trng c quyn khi kin v n dn s yu cu To n buc c nhn, c quan, t chc c hnh vi gy nhim mi trng phi bi thng thit hi, khc phc s c gy nhim mi trng cng cng. Tuy nhin, quy nh ny khng xc nh r C quan Ti nguyn v Mi trng l c quan no, S Ti nguyn-Mi trng hay B Ti nguyn-Mi trng (?) Xt v phng din qun l nh nc th nhng c quan c nhim v, quyn hn trong vic thc hin chc nng qun l nh nc v mi trng, bao gm cc b4, u ban nhn dn cc cp ch khng phi l S Ti nguyn-Mi trng. Nhiu tho lun cho rng c th coi cc t chc x hi nh Hi nng dn, Hi bo tn sinh vt bin, Hi khoa hc k thut bo v thc vt, Hi bo v thin nhin v mi trng Vit Nam l nhng t chc c quyn khi kin v li ch cng cng, li ch ca nh nc thuc lnh vc mnh ph trch. Tuy nhin, xut ny cha p dng c do Lut v Hi hin cha c ban hnh v cng cha c cc quy nh c th v chc nng, nhim v, quyn hn ca cc hi, hip hi nu trn trong vic bo v li ch cng cng, li ch ca cc nhm x hi khc nhau trong lnh vc mi trng.
3 4

Xem Ngh quyt s 02 ca Hi ng Thm phn To n nhn dn ti cao ngy 12/5/2006. Xem iu 121 - Trch nhim qun l nh nc v bo v mi trng ca Chnh ph, B, c quan ngang B, c quan thuc Chnh ph - Lut Bo v mi trng 2005. 17 |

3.1.2 Khuyn ngh Phn tch trn cho thy quy nh hin hnh cha ch n nhng yu t c th ca quan h php lut mi trng, th hin qua vic bc tch mt cch c hc li ch chung v li ch ring b xm hi trong lnh vc mi trng, trong khi khch th b xm hi trong lnh vc mi trng lun khch th kp. Thit hi v tnh mng, sc kho, ti sn v li ch hp php ca t chc v c nhn lun l thit hi gin tip, thit hi pht sinh t thit hi i vi li ch cng cng, li ch ca nh nc. Do cha c quy nh c th v quyn khi kin i bi thng thit hi i vi mi trng t nhin nn php lut cha c s gn kt gia quyn khi kin ca nh nc, ca cc t chc i din li ch cng cng b xm hi vi quyn khi kin ca cc t chc, c nhn b hi, dn n vic cc t chc, c nhn b thit hi thng b ri vo tnh trng n thng c m trong vic thc hin quyn khi kin i bi thng thit hi trong khi h hon tonc th c php lut bo v li ch chnh ng ca mnh thng qua vic php lut bo v cc li ch cng cng. Nghin cu ny cho rng cn c s ghi nhn v mt php l Ch nh ng nguyn n trong cc v kin i bi thng thit hi v mi trng, theo khi c hnh vi vi phm php lut mi trng gy thit hi th cc c quan nh nc c thm quyn trong lnh vc mi trng phi c ngha v khi kin i bi thng thit hi i vi mi trng t nhin. S Ti nguyn-Mi trng (hoc Chi cc Bo v Mi trng) l ch th c iu kin nht thc hin ngha v ny. Tuy nhin, trnh nhng bt cp nh nu trn, php lut cn quy nh r thm quyn ca S Ti nguyn v Mi trng trong vic thc hin quyn khi kin i bi thng thit hi v mi trng; hoc nu vn quy nh chung thm quyn thuc v c quan qun l nh nc trong lnh vc mi trng th phi c thm ch nh y quyn ca y ban nhn dn tnh/thnh ph trc thuc trung ng trong nhng trng hp c th. Nguyn n cn li s l ngi i din hp php (theo u quyn) ca cc t chc, c nhn b thit hi v tnh mng, sc kho, ti sn do hnh vi vi phm php lut mi trng gy nn. Quy nh nh xut nu trn s gip khc phc c t nht 3 im khim khuyt ca c ch php l hin hnh: (1) cao v rng buc hn trch nhim ca c quan qun l mi trng v thc hin quyn i bi thng thit hi i vi mi trng t nhin, trnh tnh trng cc ch th ny ch tin hnh x pht vi phm hnh chnh mt cch qua loa. Hn na, do nguyn n phi c ngha v chng minh cc thit hi n mi trng t nhin l do hnh vi vi phm php lut mi trng ca cc i tng gy hi nn quy nh ny buc cc c quan qun l mi trng phi y mnh hot ng theo di, quan trc, gim st, kim sot nhim mi trng vn c xem l khu yu nht hin nay ca c quan qun l mi trng a phng. (2) Gip gii phng bt gnh nng cho cc nguyn n l t chc, c nhn b thit hi v tnh mng, sc kho, ti sn v li ch hp php trong vic chng minh mi quan h nhn qu gia hnh vi gy nhim mi trng (gy thit hi i vi mi trng t nhin) vi thit hi v ti sn, tnh mng do nhim mi trng gy ra m trn thc t khng mt t chc, c nhn b hi no c th lm c. Ngha v chng minh thit hi i vi mi trng t nhin c cc ch th c iu kin v chuyn mn, nghip v tin hnh s lm cho vic i bi thng thit hi c cn c khoa hc hn.
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(3) Gip to c p lc cn thit ngn chn hnh vi xm hi mi trng ca cc i tng gy hi, ng thi m bo s cng bng hn i vi ngi gy nhim mi trng trong trng hp mi trng b nhim bi nhiu i tng khc nhau. Mi i tng ch phi chu trch nhim tng ng vi tnh cht v mc nguy him ca hnh vi vi phm php lut cng nh tnh cht v mc nguy him ca hu qu m h gy ra. Trong trng hp nhiu ngi gy thit hi trch nhim s phi c xc nh cho tng ngi, trnh tnh trng trch nhim ch dn vo mt i tng do khng xc nh c cc i tng khc. i din hp php ca cc t chc, c nhn b thit hi thc hin quyn khi kin i bi thng v tnh mng, sc kho, ti sn do hnh vi vi phm php lut mi trng gy nn c th l cc hip hi, hi ngh nghip, cc t chc x hi, cc t chc thnh vin ca Mt trn T quc Vit Nam nh Hi nng dn, Hi bo tn sinh vt bin, Hi Khoa hc k thut bo v thc vt, Hi bo v thin nhin v mi trng Vit Nam, Hi lut gia, Hi kinh t mi trng hoc c th thnh lp cc Hi nn nhn nhim mi trng. Php lut c th quy nh cc hip hi trn i din cho c li ch cng cng v li ch ca t chc v c nhn theo s u quyn ca c hai nhm ch th l cc c quan nh nc c thm quyn v t chc, c nhn b hi. Cc t chc ni trn c mt s u th tham gia qu trnh gii quyt tranh chp mi trng nh: c iu kin v chuyn mn, nghip v trong lnh vc mi trng nn vic thu thp, cung cp chng c v chng minh cho yu cu ca ngi b hi s c cn c v m bo mc tin cy cao hn; thc y s tham gia ca cc t chc x hi v gim st mi trng, thc thi dn ch c s, v gy sc p y mnh trch nhim x hi ca doanh nghip; gim bt p lc v mt hnh chnh trong mi quan h gia c quan cng quyn vi i tng gy nhim mi trng, gia c quan cng quyn vi ngi b thit hi5. iu ny s gip cho qu trnh gii quyt xung t m bo tnh cng bng, khch quan hn.

Chp nhn quan im u quyn khi kin i bi thng thit hi do nhim mi trng gy nn cng c ngha l php lut cn phi tip tc x l mi quan h "hu tranh chp"- quan h gia ch th i din vi ngi u quyn. l vic "phn b s tin c bi thng sau khi tranh chp c gii quyt. Thc t trong thi gian qua cho thy, khng phi trong mi trng hp quan h php l nu trn u din ra tt p, nht l khi ch th i din li l c quan hnh chnh cng quyn. Xung t mi vn c th ny sinh.

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3.2 QUY NH V THI HIU KHI KIN I BI THNG THIT HI 3.2.1 Nhn din v phn tch bt cp Vn thi hiu khi kin i bi thng thit hi trong lnh vc mi trng hin ang cn nhiu tranh ci. iu 160 ca B Lut dn s (2005) quy nh Khng p dng thi hiu khi kin v n dn s i vi trng hp yu cu hon tr ti sn thuc hnh thc s hu nh nc; yu cu bo v quyn nhn thn b xm hi, tr trng hp php lut c quy nh khc. Trong khi , cng theo quy nh ca B Lut dn s (2005) th Thi hiu khi kin yu cu bi thng thit hi l 2 nm, k t ngy quyn v li ch hp php ca c nhn, php nhn, ch th khc b xm hi (iu 607). R rng, iu lut ny khng xc nh r thi hiu c p dng i vi nhng thit hi no nn s dn n cc cch hiu khc nhau nh: (1) thi hiu khi kin yu cu bi thng thit hi l 2 nm p dng i vi mi loi thit hi, gm c thit hi v ti sn, tnh mng v sc kho; hoc (2) yu cu i bi thng thit hi i vi tnh mng v sc khe c xem l yu cu bo v quyn nhn thn b xm phm nn khng p dng thi hiu khi kin. Ngoi ra, nh phn tch trn, nu khng phn bit mt cch r rng gia thit hi i vi mi trng t nhin (nh ph v cc chu trnh v h thng dch v sinh thi, suy gim cc gi tr sinh hc, ngun li thy sinh b thit hi do nhim mi trng bin) vi nhng thit hi v ti sn, li ch hp php ca t chc, c nhn hot ng ti khu vc b nhim (nh thit hi kinh t i vi cc t chc, c nhn khai thc, nh bt hp php cc ngun li thu sinh ) th vic p dng hai quy nh khc nhau v thi hiu khi kin cng d b nhm ln, sai lch. Cng l thit hi v vt cht nhng nu xem ngun li thu sinh l ti sn thuc s hu nh nc theo ch s hu tondn i vi t ai, rng ni, sng h, ti nguyn thin nhin th khng p dng thi hiu khi kin yu cu bi thng thit hi; song nu xem s suy gim ngun li thu sinh l nhng tn hi v li ch hp php ca t chc, c nhn m ng l h c c nu mi trng bin khng b nhim th thi hiu khi kin i bi thng thit hi li l 2 nm. 3.2.2 Khuyn ngh Php lut cn c cc quy nh r rng hn v thi hiu khi kin yu cu bi thng thit hi theo hng ko di hn so vi quy nh hin hnh, ng thi cn phn bit gia thi hiu khi kin i bi thng thit hi v tnh mng, sc khe vi thi hiu khi kin i bi thng thit hi v ti sn v li ch hp php ca t chc v c nhn. L do ca khuyn ngh ny l: (1) Thi hiu khi kin yu cu bi thng thit hi l 2 nm ch ph hp vi nhng thit hi pht sinh trc tip t hnh vi vi phm php lut. i vi nhng thit hi gin tip t s suy gim chc nng, tnh hu ch ca mi trng t nhin, thi gian bc l ht cc thit hi trn thc t thng ko di hn. V d, cy trng phi n ma v mi bit sn lng b suy gim do khng ra hoa, kt tri v nhim mi trng t, nc, khng kh. (2) Thi gian bc l thit hi v tnh mng, sc kho ca con ngi thc t thng ko di. Thng thng, php lut cc nc v thng l quc t xc nh thi hiu khi kin i bi thng thit hi v tnh mng, sc kho do nhim mi trng gy nn l 10 nm6. y l khong thi gian c xem l ph hp thit hi thc t v tnh mng, sc kho ca ngi dn do nhim mi trng gy nn c bc l mt cch r rng, c cn c.
6

Php lut Hoa K quy nh thi hiu i vi loi n ny l 10 nm. y cng l cn c cc nn nhn cht c mu da cam ca Vit Nam thc hin quyn khi kin i bi thng thit hi v tnh mng, sc khe. 20 |

3.3 QUY NH V NGHA V CHNG MINH 3.3.1 Nhn din v phn tch bt cp Trong cc v kin i bi thng thit hi do nhim mi trng, ngi b hi thng khng c iu kin chng minh ht cc thit hi m mnh phi gnh chu. iu 6 ca B Lut t tng dn s (2004) nu r: Cc ng s c quyn v ngha v cung cp chng c cho To n v chng minh cho yu cu ca mnh l c cn c v hp php. Theo quy nh ny, ngi b hi c ngha v phi chng minh h v ang b thit hi v thit hi do nhim, suy thoi mi trng gy ra. Tuy nhin, trong lnh vc mi trng, thit hi i vi tnh mng, sc kho v ti sn lun l thit hi gin tip, pht sinh t thit hi i vi mi trng t nhin. Thng thng, ngi dn c th chng minh c nhng thit hi v ti sn, tnh mng, sc kho nhng nu h khng ch ra c mi lin h gia tnh trng nhim v thit hi h () phi gnh chu th h kh c c hi c bi thng do thit hi c th xy ra do (ng thi) nhiu nguyn nhn khc nh thin tai, dch ho, su bnh. S thiu vng cc quy nh ca php lut v gim st, thu thp, lu gi s liu, chng c v nhim, suy thoi mi trng, cng nh nhng hn ch v kh nng ti chnh ngi b hi t chng minh cc tc ng ca mi trng ti ti sn, tnh mng ca h c xem l mt trong nhng ro cn trong vic thc hin quyn khi kin i bi thng thit hi ni chung, chng minh mi quan h nhn qu gia hnh vi vi phm php lut mi trng vi thit hi thc t m h phi gnh chu ni ring. Hin ti, Lut Bo v mi trng (2005) cng c cc quy nh v gim nh thit hi do suy gim chc nng, tnh hu ch ca mi trng, theo Cn c gim nh thit hi l h s i bi thng thit hi, cc thng tin, s liu, chng c v cc cn c khc lin quan n bi thng thit hi v i tng gy thit hi (iu 132). Quy nh ny c xem l s h tr tch cc cho vic thc hin cc quyn i bi thng thit hi do nhim mi trng gy nn. 3.3.2.Khuyn ngh Phn tch trn cho thy cc v kin v i bi thng thit hi do nhim mi trng gy nn kh c th p dng cc quy nh v ngha v chng minh nh trong tranh chp dn s thng thng. Ngha v chng minh trong cc trng hp ny cn c tip cn theo hng ngi no chng minh c thit hi i vi mi trng t nhin, ngi c th chng minh c mc gy thit hi n tnh mng, sc kho, ti sn v li ch hp php ca t chc, c nhn, cng nh chng minh c mi quan h gia thit hi v mi trng t nhin vi thit hi v tnh mng, sc khe, ti sn do thit hi v mi trng t nhin gy ra. Theo cch ny, trch nhim trc ht thuc v cc c quan nh nc c thm quyn qun l mi trng, l bn c quyn v ngha v xc nh thit hi gy ra i vi mi trng t nhin, t lm c s xc nh thit hi i vi tnh mng, sc kho v ti sn ca ngi dn. D tho ngh nh v xc nh thit hi do nhim, suy thoi mi trng gy ra quy nh c quan chuyn mn v ti nguyn v mi trng cc tnh, thnh ph trc thuc trung ng c trch nhim t chc quan trc, nh gi, o c thu thp cc s liu, chng c phc v vic xc nh thit hi do nhim, suy thoi gy ra trn a phng mnh, gm xc nh khu vc mi trng b nhim, suy thoi; cc thnh phn mi trng b nhim, suy thoi v kh nng lan truyn nhim; mc cc thnh phn mi trng b nhim, suy thoi; quyt nh, giy php, vn bn ca c quan qun l nh nc c thm quyn cho php s dng hoc ph duyt quy hoch s dng cc thnh phn mi trng ti ni xy ra nhim, suy thoi... Trng hp khu
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vc mi trng b nhim, suy thoi nm trn a bn t hai tnh, thnh ph trc thuc trung ng tr ln th Tng cc Mi trng c trch nhim ch o cc c quan chuyn mn v ti nguyn v mi trng ca cc tnh, thnh ph lin quan phi hp t chc quan trc, nh gi, o c thu thp cc s liu, chng c nu trn7. Mc thit hi cn c th c xc nh thng qua ch nh gim nh c lp. Cch ny s gp phn gii phng ngha v bt kh thi cho cc bn ng s. Ch cn bn b hi k khai y , chi tit, trung thc nhng thit hi m mnh phi gnh chu, cng cc yu cu ca mnh, ng thi phi chu trch nhim v vic phn nh, k khai khng ng s tht. Bn b n c ngha v m t c th nhng tnh tit ca s kin php l dn n xung t, tranh chp trong lnh vc mi trng. Sau , vic xc nh mc thit hi, nguyn nhn gy thit hi, mi quan h nhn qu gia hnh vi v hu qu s do t chc gim nh thit hi mi trng tin hnh. C quan qun l mi trng a phng l ch th trng cu gim nh thit hi mi trng. Chi ph cho cng tc gim nh thit hi i vi mi trng t nhin do nh nc chi tr, chi ph xc nh thit hi i vi tnh mng, sc kho, ti sn ca t chc, c nhn s do bn thc hin quyn khi kin chi tr. Quy nh ny mt mt nhm rng buc trch nhim i vi cc bn tranh chp, hn ch tnh trng "kin ba, kin u", ng thi hn ch c tnh trng b mc cho thit hi mi trng xy ra v chi ph gim nh thit hi qu ln, thng vt qu kh nng ti chnh ca bn b hi.

D tho Ngh nh quy nh v xc nh thit hi do nhim, suy thoi mi trng gy ra do B Ti nguyn v Mi trng ch tr son tho nm 2009.

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3.4 QUY NH CCH THC GII QUYT BI THNG THIT HI 3.4.1 Nhn din v phn tch bt cp iu 133 Lut Bo v mi trng (2005) hng dn Vic gii quyt bi thng thit hi v mi trng c quy nh nh sau: 1) T tho thun ca cc bn; 2) Yu cu trng ti gii quyt; 3) Khi kin ti To n. Trong ba cch trn, vng mc s ny sinh khi p dng quy nh yu cu trng ti gii quyt vic i bi thng thit hi. Cu hi t ra l trng ti no s gii quyt bi thng thit hi v mi trng. (?) Trng ti thng mi kh c th p dng cho trng hp ny khi php lut hin hnh quy nh trng ti thng mi l t chc trng ti c thnh lp gii quyt cc v tranh chp pht sinh trong hot ng thng mi theo s tho thun ca cc bn; trong khi tranh chp pht sinh do hnh vi vi phm php lut gy nhim mi trng khng phi l tranh chp thng mi, hay ni cch khc, quan h i bi thng thit hi trong lnh vc mi trng khng phi l quan h thng mi. Hin ti, nu vic i bi thng thit hi khng th thng lng c, ngi b thit hi cng khng bit s c quyn yu cu trng ti no gii quyt tip v vic. Do , php lut cn phi xc lp v tha nhn mt thit ch loi hnh trng ti khc ph hp hn. Vng mc cng c th ny sinh khi xc nh thm quyn ca To n trong vic gii quyt tranh chp. Quy nh hin hnh v thm quyn ca To n theo i tng tranh chp hoc phm vi lnh th c xem l ch ph hp vi nhng tranh chp c tnh cht n gin, trong phm vi hp, gi tr tranh chp khng ln. Cn i vi cc tranh chp i bi thng thit hi do nhim mi trng c tnh cht phc tp, gi tr tranh chp ln, ny sinh gia cc nhm ngi thuc nhiu a phng khc nhau, c bit trong trng hp nhiu ngi cng gy nhim mi trng t dn n thit hi n tnh mng, sc kho, ti sn ca nhiu ngi, sinh sng ti nhiu a phng th cch phn chia thm quyn gii quyt tranh chp theo lnh th, theo ni c tr hoc ni xy ra s vic gy thit hi u t ra cha thc s ph hp. 3.4.2 Khuyn ngh Trc mt, php lut cn lm r phng thc trng ti gii quyt v vic i bi thng thit hi v mi trng. C th p dng m hnh trng ti v vic (ad hoc). Trng ti vin l nhng ngi c trnh , kin thc chuyn mn, kinh nghim thc tin trong cc lnh vc khoa hc mi trng, qun l mi trng, cng ngh mi trng, kinh t mi trng, hay php lut mi trng. Mt s nc nh Australia, n , Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Thi Lan, Malayxia...s dng Th tc tin t tng (th hin qua Hi ngh tin xt x )8 - c xem l mt trong nhng nt sng to ca t php cc nc.9. Thnh phn ca Hi ngh rt a dng, khng ch gm cc bn tranh chp vi thm phn m bao gm c i din ca cc c quan qun l ni trng v nhng ngi c kin thc, kinh nghim trong lnh vc mi trng nh k trn. V lu di, nghin cu khuyn ngh cn c m hnh To chuyn trch v mi trng, l ni s gii quyt tt c cc tranh chp, xung t li ch v mi trng, khng phn bit tnh cht ca quan h xung t, ch th tham gia tranh chp, thi im ny sinh tranh chp. To mi trng khng cn thit phi c thnh lp cp qun, huyn m thnh lp cp tnh v trung ng,

Xem Compendium of summaries of judicial decisions in environment related cases" do Chng trnh Mi trng Hp tc Nam (SACEP) v Chng trnh Mi trng ca Lin Hp quc (UNEP), 2001.
\

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hoc khng phn cp thm quyn gii quyt tranh chp theo a gii hnh chnh m theo tnh cht v mc nghim trng ca v vic hoc theo khu vc.

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3.5 QUY NH VIC P DNG PHP LUT XC NH THIT HI 3.5.1 Nhn din v phn tch bt cp Nh cp, iu 624 B Lut dn s (2005) quy nh: C nhn, php nhn v cc ch th khc lm nhim mi trng gy thit hi th phi bi thng theo quy nh ca php lut, k c trng hp ngi gy nhim mi trng khng c li. Tng t, iu 4 khon 5 ca Lut Bo v mi trng (2005) cng quy nh: T chc, h gia nh, c nhn gy nhim, suy thoi mi trng c trch nhim khc phc, bi thng thit hi v chu cc trch nhim khc theo quy nh ca php lut; iu 93, khon 3 im d Lut Bo v mi trng (2005) cng nu r T chc, c nhn gy nhim mi trng c trch nhim bi thng thit hi theo quy nh ca Lut ny v cc quy nh khc ca php lut c lin quan. Cu hi t ra l vic bi thng thit hi c p dng c th theo quy nh no khi cc ch ti, hng dn v xc nh thit hi do nhim, suy thoi mi trng gy ra vn cha c s thng nht. iu 131 khon 7 ca Lut Bo v mi trng (2005) quy nh Chnh ph hng dn vic xc nh thit hi do nhim, suy thoi mi trng, do vic bi thng thit hi s trng i vo cc hng dn c th ca Chnh ph s c ban hnh v c (1) xc nh thit hi do suy gim, chc nng tnh hu ch ca mi trng, v (2) xc nh thit hi i vi sc kho, tnh mng, ti sn v li ch hp php ca t chc, c nhn do nhim, suy thoi mi trng gy ra. Thc t gii quyt cc v tranh chp i bi thng thit hi do hnh vi lm nhim mi trng gy nn trong thi gian qua ti Vit Nam cho thy phng php so snh i chng10 thng c p dng tnh ton thit hi v ti sn, nh tnh tng thit hi v cy trng, vt nui ti khu vc b nhim, c bit trong trng hp phm vi nhim rng, thit hi xy ra i vi nhiu t chc, c nhn v khng th tnh thit hi chi tit i vi tng ngi. i lng chnh c so snh l sn lng cy trng, vt nui trung bnh hng nm. Cc s liu ny thu thp t cc c quan thng k a phng, ban qun l cc hp tc x hoc t vic gt, thu hoch trn cc mu i din : i chng gia sn lng cy trng, vt nui trong (nhng) nm mi trng b nhim vi nhng nm trc . m bo chnh xc, khch quan v nhng thit hi do nhim mi trng gy nn, cn loi tr trc sn lng suy gim do cc tc nhn gy hi khc nh thi tit, thin tai, su bnh; i chng gia sn lng cy trng, vt nui trong khu vc b nhim vi ngoi khu vc . m bo chnh xc, iu kin bt buc l gia cc khu vc phi c s tng ng nht nh v cc yu t a hnh t nhin, kh hu, th nhng v sinh k a phng. i vi nhng thit hi v tnh mng v sc kho con ngi do nhim mi trng gy nn, cch tnh thit hi ph bin thng da trn chi ph khm, cha bnh do cc c s y t cung cp. Tu thuc vo mc nhim v thi gian gy nh hng do nhim mi trng m thit hi ny c th biu hin di cc dng: bnh mn tnh (nh ri lon tiu ho do thng xuyn s dng nc c cht xyanua hay coliform...), bnh cp tnh (nh vim phi cp do ho cht c hi gy nn), t vong (do nhim cht phng x). Thc t, cc loi bnh mn tnh thng chim t l cao nht trong nhm thit hi ny.

10

Ngoi ra cc nh khoa hc mi trng, kinh t hc mi trng cn xy dng cc phng php khc tnh thit hi do hnh vi lm nhim mi trng gy ra nh: Phng php lng gi trc tip v phng php lng gi gin tip... 25 |

Nu p dng cch tnh thit hi v ti sn, tnh mng, sc kho c quy nh ti iu 162 ca B Lut dn s (2005), th vic tnh ton thit hi v ti sn trong lnh vc bo v mi trng mi ch dng mc xc nh gi tr ti sn b hu hoi hoc b h hng, m cha xc nh nhng thit hi v li ch gn lin vi vic s dng khai thc ti sn; chi ph hp l ngn chn, hn ch v khc phc thit hi. Tng t, thit hi do sc kho b xm phm cng mi ch c tnh thng qua nhng chi ph hp l cho vic cu cha bnh; cha tnh n nhng chi ph cho vic bi dng, phc hi sc kho v chc nng b mt, b gim st hoc cc khon thu nhp thc t b mt. 3.5.2 Khuyn ngh Phn tch trn cho thy quy nh ca B Lut dn s (2005) v xc nh thit hi cha thc s ph hp vi cc yu cu v xc nh thit hi i vi tnh mng, sc kho, ti sn ca t chc, c nhn do nhim mi trng gy nn. Do , phng n B Ti nguyn v Mi trng kin ngh xy dng mt ngh nh ca Chnh ph v hng dn vic xc nh thit hi i vi c thit hi do suy gim chc nng, tnh hu ch ca mi trng v thit hi v tnh mng, sc kho, ti sn v li ch hp php ca t chc, c nhn l rt cn thit. y l bc th ch ha iu 131 khon 7 ca Lut Bo v mi trng (2005) nhm c cc quy nh v hng dn tnh ton thit hi y , gip trnh s b tc trong qu trnh gii quyt tranh chp do tip cn quyn khi kin i bi thng thit hi v tnh mng, sc kho, ti sn do nhim mi trng gy nn theo hng bc tch hon ton vi quyn khi kin i bi thng thit hi i vi mi trng t nhin. Xt cho cng, im mu cht trong cc v tranh chp i bi thng thit hi l chng minh c mc thit hi, m mc thit hi v tnh mng, sc kho, ti sn do nhim mi trng gy nn li ph thuc hon ton vo mc thit hi i vi mi trng t nhin. Cch thc tnh hai loi thit hi trn lun phi i lin vi nhau.

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Phn 4

QUY TRNH THC HIN Quyn khi kin i bi thng thit hi i vi hnh vi vi phm php lut mi trng
iu 624 ca B Lut dn s (2005) quy nh cc ch th c hnh vi gy nhim mi trng c trch nhim bi thng thit hi cho ngi b thit hi. Vic gii quyt bi thng c th do cc bn t thng lng hoc khi kin trc To n. Quyn khi kin ca ngi b thit hi yu cu bi thng thit hi do hnh vi gy nhim mi trng gy ra c iu 128 Lut Bo v mi trng (2005) quy nh. Trn thc t, hnh vi gy nhim mi trng khng ch gy thit hi cho tng c nhn ring l m cn gy tn hi n i sng sinh hot, sn xut, kinh doanh ca nhiu ch th khc nhau trong cng ng dn c. Trong nhng trng hp ny, cn c vo khon 2, iu 163 ca B Lut t tng dn s (2004), cc ch th b thit hi (nhm ngi b thit hi) c th cng khi kin vi t cch l cc ng nguyn n yu cu bi thng thit hi trong cng mt v n. Ngoi ra, iu 161 ca B Lut t tng dn s (2004) cng quy nh nhng ch th b thit hi c th t mnh hoc thng qua ngi i din hp php khi kin v n ti To n c thm quyn bo v quyn, li ch hp php ca mnh. Phn ny trnh by v phn tch cc cng vic c th cng nh cc th tc t tng ti To n m ngi b thit hi cn phi tin hnh khi thc hin quyn khi kin i bi thng thit hi i vi hnh vi vi phm php lut mi trng.

4.1 LM N KHI KIN V CC TI LIU CHNG C KM N KHI KIN C nhn, c quan, t chc b thit hi do hnh vi vi phm php lut mi trng phi lm n khi kin. Ngi khi kin l c nhn phi k tn hoc im ch vo n khi kin; nu c quan, t chc khi kin th i din hp php ca c quan, t chc phi k tn v ng du vo phn cui n. n khi kin phi c nhng ni dung chnh sau y: Ngy, thng, nm lm n khi kin; To n c thm quyn gii quyt v n; Ngi ng n kin v ni c tr, lm vic; Kin ai v a ch ca ngi b kin; Nhng ngi c quyn li, ngha v lin quan trong v kin; Nhng vn c th v yu cu khi kin trc To n v nhng lp lun chng minh cho yu cu khi kin l c cn c v hp php. Cn lm r kin yu cu bi thng thit hi hay kin yu cu chm dt hnh vi vi phm php lut v mi trng, cn c php l yu cu khi kin v cc ti liu, v chng c chng minh. Cn c php l c th l cc iu 607, 608, 609, 610 v iu 624 ca B Lut dn s (2005) v/hoc cc iu khon c th ca Lut Bo v mi trng (2005). Km theo n kin l cc ti liu, chng c chng minh cho yu cu khi kin trc To n l c cn c v hp php. Nu ngi khi kin kin yu cu bi thng thit hi th phi cung cp c cc chng c, ti liu chng minh bn yu t lm c s cho yu cu i bi thng thit hi, yu cu chm dt hnh vi vi phm php lut v mi trng, bao gm: Ngi khi kin phi gnh chu nhng thit hi thc t, ngi gy thit hi c hnh vi vi
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phm php lut v mi trng, c li trong vic gy thit hi, gia hnh vi vi phm php lut v mi trng v thit hi m ngi khi kin phi gnh chu c mi quan h nhn qu vi nhau. Theo php lut dn s hin hnh th ngi gy nhim mi trng gy thit hi th phi bi thng theo quy nh ca php lut, k c trng hp khng c li (xem iu 624 B Lut dn s 2005).

Quy nh ca B Lut dn s (2005) v khi kin yu cu bi thng thit hi

iu 607.Thi hiu khi kin yu cu bi thng thit hi Thi hiu khi kin yu cu bi thng thit hi l hai nm, k t ngy quyn v li ch hp php ca c nhn, php nhn, ch th khc b xm phm. iu 608. Thit hi do ti sn b xm phm Trong trng hp ti sn b xm phm th thit hi c bi thng bao gm: 1. Ti sn b mt; 2. Ti sn b hu hoi hoc b h hng; 3. Li ch gn lin vi vic s dng, khai thc ti sn; 4. Chi ph hp l ngn chn, hn ch v khc phc thit hi. iu 609. Thit hi do sc kho b xm phm 1. Thit hi do sc kho b xm phm bao gm: a) Chi ph hp l cho vic cu cha, bi dng, phc hi sc kho v chc nng b mt, b gim st ca ngi b thit hi; b) Thu nhp thc t b mt hoc b gim st ca ngi b thit hi; nu thu nhp thc t ca ngi b thit hi khng n nh v khng th xc nh c th p dng mc thu nhp trung bnh ca lao ng cng loi; c) Chi ph hp l v phn thu nhp thc t b mt ca ngi chm sc ngi b thit hi trong thi gian iu tr; nu ngi b thit hi mt kh nng lao ng v cn c ngi thng xuyn chm sc th thit hi bao gm c chi ph hp l cho vic chm sc ngi b thit hi. 2. Ngi xm phm sc kho ca ngi khc phi bi thng thit hi theo quy nh ti khon 1 iu ny v mt khon tin khc b p tn tht v tinh thn m ngi gnh chu. Mc bi thng b p tn tht v tinh thn do cc bn tho thun; nu khng tho thun c th mc ti a khng qu ba mi thng lng ti thiu do Nh nc quy nh. iu 610. Thit hi do tnh mng b xm phm 1. Thit hi do tnh mng b xm phm bao gm: a) Chi ph hp l cho vic cu cha, bi dng, chm sc ngi b thit hi trc khi cht; b) Chi ph hp l cho vic mai tng; c) Tin cp dng cho nhng ngi m ngi b thit hi c ngha v cp dng. 2. Ngi xm phm tnh mng ca ngi khc phi bi thng thit hi theo quy nh ti khon 1 iu ny v mt khon tin khc b p tn tht v tinh thn cho nhng ngi thn thch thuc hng tha k th nht ca ngi b thit hi, nu khng c nhng ngi ny th ngi m ngi b thit hi trc tip nui dng, ngi trc tip nui dng ngi b thit hi c hng khon tin ny. Mc bi thng b p tn tht v tinh thn do cc bn tho thun; nu khng tho thun c th mc ti a khng qu su mi thng lng ti thiu do Nh nc quy nh. iu 624. Bi thng thit hi do lm nhim mi trng C nhn, php nhn v cc ch th khc lm nhim mi trng gy thit hi th phi bi thng theo quy nh ca php lut, k c trng hp ngi gy nhim mi trng khng c li.
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Thng thng, cc chng c, ti liu gi km theo n kin chng minh bao gm: Cc ti liu chng minh hnh vi vi phm php lut v mi trng nh mu gim nh cht thi v kt lun ca c quan thanh tra v mi trng; kt lun gim nh ca c quan chuyn mn v hnh vi vi phm; bin bn i thoi gia cc bn v gii quyt tranh chp; Bin bn vi phm hoc quyt nh x pht hnh chnh v hnh vi vi phm mi trng nh: x nc thi, bi, khi, gy ting n vt qu tiu chun cho php, b buc phi thc hin cc bin php khc phc nh cm x nc thi cha qua x l ra mi trng; buc c bin php gim thiu bi, khi, ting n; buc di di c s sn xut n v tr xa khu dn c v ph hp vi mc chu ti ca mi trng; h s v vic vi phm php lut v mi trng nhng cha ti mc phi truy cu trch nhim hnh s do cnh st v mi trng thit lp; Cc ti liu chng minh thit hi v ti sn m ngi b thit phi gnh chu do hnh vi vi phm mi trng nh kt lun gim nh ca c quan chuyn mn v nhng tn hi; bng hnh, nh chp, bn k khai, bin bn ca chnh quyn a phng hoc li khai ca ngi lm chng v ti sn b hu hoi; cc li ch gn lin vi vic s dng, khai thc ti sn b mt; chi ph hp l ngn chn, hn ch v khc phc thit hi do hnh vi vi phm php lut v mi trng gy ra; Cc ti liu chng minh thit hi v sc kho, bao gm: S khm bnh, bnh n, bn k hoc ho n, chng t, xc nhn ca c quan y t chng minh chi ph hp l cho vic cu cha, bi dng, phc hi sc kho ca ngi b thit hi; nu ngi b thit hi mt kh nng lao ng v cn c ngi thng xuyn chm sc th cn c xc nhn ca c quan chuyn mn v tnh trng mt kh nng lao ng11, cc chng t chng minh chi ph hp l cho vic chm sc ngi b thit hi; chng t chng minh thu nhp thc t b mt hoc b gim st ca ngi b thit hi; ti liu chng minh chi ph hp l v phn thu nhp thc t b mt ca ngi chm sc ngi b thit hi trong thi gian iu tr; Ngi khi kin cng cn gi km theo n kin cc ti liu chng minh t cch khi kin, a ch ca nguyn n nh chng minh th nhn dn, h khu, ng k tm tr, quyt nh thnh lp n v (nu ngi b thit hi l c quan, t chc), ni c tr s hoc chi nhnh; cc ti liu lin quan n vic xc nh tr s chnh hoc chi nhnh, quc tch ca bn b kin; ti liu v ni xy ra nhim, ngun gc ca nhim.

11

Theo iu 16 Php lnh gim nh t php nm 2004 th vic gim nh c th do t chc gim nh php y, bao gm Vin Php y quc gia, Trung tm Php y tnh, thnh ph trc thuc trung ng, Vin Php y qun i, Trung tm Php y thuc Vin khoa hc hnh s ca B Cng an thc hin.

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4.2 XC NH TA N C THM QUYN V GI N KHI KIN 4.2.1 Xc nh To n c thm quyn gi n khi kin Php lut t tng dn s hin hnh khng c nhng quy nh ring v thm quyn ca To n i vi cc v kin v mi trng. Tuy nhin, cn c vo quy nh ti iu 624 ca B Lut dn s (2005) v iu 129 ca Lut Bo v mi trng (2005) th tranh chp mi trng c coi l mt dng tranh chp dn s ngoi hp ng thuc thm quyn v dn s ca To n. V thm quyn s thm ca To n cc cp: iu 33, 34 ca B Lut t tng dn s (2004) quy nh cc tranh chp mi trng thng thuc thm quyn s thm ca To n nhn dn cp qun, huyn. Vi nhng tranh chp v mi trng c ng s hoc ti sn nc ngoi hoc cn phi u thc t php cho c quan Lnh s ca Vit Nam nc ngoi, cho To n nc ngoi li thuc thm quyn s thm ca To n nhn dn cp tnh. V d trng hp tu ch du ca nc ngoi gy nhim trn vng bin ca Vit Nam nhng li ngoi bin gii lnh th ca Vit Nam vo thi im To n th l v n. Ngoi ra, trong trng hp cn thit (do tnh cht phc tp ca v vic, hay m bo tnh khch quan trong vic gii quyt v n...), To n nhn dn cp tnh cng c thm quyn gii quyt theo th tc s thm nhng v vic dn s thuc thm quyn gii quyt ca To n nhn dn cp huyn m To n nhn dn cp tnh ly ln gii quyt. V thm quyn s thm ca To n theo lnh th i vi cc tranh chp v mi trng: v nguyn tc, cc v kin yu cu bi thng thit hi do vi phm v mi trng, yu cu chm dt hnh vi vi phm v mi trng thuc v tranh chp dn s ngoi hp ng. Quy nh ca iu 35 v iu 36, B Lut t tng dn s (2004) th To n c thm quyn gii quyt l To n ni b n c tr s, nu b n l c quan, t chc. Nu tranh chp pht sinh t hot ng ca chi nhnh t chc th nguyn n c th yu cu To n ni t chc c tr s hoc ni t chc c chi nhnh gii quyt (im a, khon 1, iu 35 v im b, khon 1, iu 36 B Lut t tng dn s 2004). Tuy nhin, theo quy nh ti im d, khon 1, iu 36, B Lut t tng dn s (2004) th Nu tranh chp v bi thng thit hi ngoi hp ng th nguyn n c th yu cu To n ni mnh c tr, lm vic, c tr s hoc ni xy ra vic gy thit hi gii quyt. Nh vy, php lut cho php nguyn n c th khi kin ti To n ni b n c tr s, To n ni nguyn n c tr, lm vic, c tr s hoc ni xy ra vic gy thit hi gii quyt. Trn thc t, To n ni xy ra thit hi l To n c iu kin tt nht xc minh, gii quyt vic kin yu cu bi thng thit hi do vi phm v mi trng, yu cu chm dt hnh vi vi phm v mi trng. Song cn phi hiu v xc nh ng ni xy ra vic gy thit hi i vi cc nhim dng chy. l ni khi ngun ca s nhim (thng l ni m b n c tr s hoc chi nhnh) hay l ni m ngi khi kin phi trc tip gnh chu nhng thit hi do nhim mi trng em li. V vn ny php lut v thc tin ti To n cha c hng dn c th. y l mt vn m c quan lp php v t php phi sm hon thin trong tng lai. 4.2.2 Gi n khi kin Theo quy nh ti iu 166 B Lut t tng dn s (2004) th ngi khi kin v n gi n khi kin, ti liu v chng c km theo n To n c thm quyn gii quyt v n bng phng thc np trc tip ti To n hoc gi n To n qua bu in. Ngy khi kin c tnh t ngy ng s np n ti To n hoc ngy c du bu in ni gi. Tuy nhin, xt v thc t
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 trnh vic tht lc h s th ngi khi kin nn trc tip n To n np n khi kin, nu gi qua bu in th cn gi qua th bo m. 4.3 CC TH TC PHP L LIN QUAN N TH L V N DN S 4.3.1 To n xt cc iu kin th l v vic v nhng iu cn lu i vi ng s Khi nhn n khi kin do ng s np trc tip ti To n hoc gi qua bu in, To n s phi ghi vo s nhn n. Trong thi hn nm ngy lm vic, k t ngy nhn c n khi kin, To n phi xem xt v c mt trong cc quyt nh sau y: Tin hnh th tc th l v n nu v n thuc thm quyn gii quyt ca mnh; Chuyn n khi kin cho To n c thm quyn v bo cho ngi khi kin nu v n thuc thm quyn gii quyt ca To n khc; Tr li n khi kin cho ngi khi kin nu v vic khng thuc thm quyn gii quyt ca To n. Trong thi hn nm ngy lm vic, k t ngy nhn c n khi kin v cc ti liu chng c km theo, To n phi nghin cu xem vic kin c iu kin th l hay khng, bao gm: Xem xt ti liu xc nh ngi khi kin c t cch php l thc hin quyn khi kin hay khng; Xem xt v vic iu kin thc hin vic khi kin ra To hay cha; Xem xt v vic tranh chp c gii quyt bng bn n, quyt nh c hiu lc php lut ca To n hay cha; v vic phi c cn thi hiu khi kin hay khng. Phn tip theo di y phn tch tng iu kin c th m ngi khi kin cn lu tm: Ngi khi kin phi c t cch php l thc hin quyn khi kin Ngi b thit hi ch c th t mnh khi kin hoc u quyn cho ngi khc khi kin nu h l ngi c nng lc hnh vi t tng dn s (T 18 tui tr ln v khng b mt nng lc hnh vi dn s). Trong trng hp ngi b thit hi khng c nng lc hnh vi t tng dn s th vic khi kin phi do ngi i din theo php lut thc hin. Trong trng hp hnh vi nhim mi trng gy thit hi cho nhiu ch th khc nhau trong cng ng dn c th cn c vo khon 2, iu 163, B Lut t tng dn s (2004) nhm ngi b thit hi c th cng khi kin vi t cch l cc ng nguyn n yu cu bi thng thit hi trong cng mt v n. Da trn cn c php l ti iu 161 B Lut t tng dn s (2004) th nhng ch th b thit hi c th lm giy u quyn cho cc t chc bo v mi trng thc hin vic khi kin vi t cch l ngi i din hp php ca cc nguyn n trong v n. V vic phi iu kin thc hin vic khi kin Theo quy nh ti im khon 1 iu 168 B Lut t tng dn s (2004) th To n khng th l v n v tr li n khi kin cho ng s nu ngi khi kin cha c iu kin khi kin. Quy nh ny ca B Lut t tng dn s (2004) c hng dn ti Phn I mc 7, tiu mc 7.3 ca Ngh quyt s 02 ngy 12/5/2006 ca Hi ng Thm phn To n Nhn dn Ti cao theo hng cha c iu kin khi kin l trng hp cc ng s c tho thun hoc php lut c quy nh v cc iu kin khi kin nhng ng s khi kin khi cn thiu mt trong cc quy nh . Xt theo quy nh ti iu 105 Lut Bo v mi trng (2005) v thc hin dn ch c s trong bo v mi trng th U ban nhn dn hoc c quan chuyn mn v bo v mi trng phi t
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chc i thoi v mi trng theo yu cu ca bn c nhu cu i thoi, ca c quan qun l nh nc v bo v mi trng cc cp hoc theo n th khiu ni, t co, khi kin ca t chc, c nhn c lin quan v lp bin bn v vic i thoi. V vy, nh nc phi quy nh y c phi l mt th tc bt buc phi tin hnh trc khi khi kin ra To n hay khng; ng thi cng phi xc nh vic ho gii cc tranh chp v mi trng ti U ban nhn dn cp x (ho gii c s) theo quy nh ti iu 122 Lut Bo v mi trng (2005) c phi l th tc bt buc phi tin hnh trc khi khi kin ra To n hay khng. y l nhng vn cn c cc c quan c thm quyn hng dn mt cch c th. Trc mt, khi cha c nhng hng dn c th v vn ny th trnh vic To n t chi th l v l do trn, trc khi khi kin ti To n, ngi i kin cn chun b trc cho mnh bin bn i thoi, bin bn ho gii c s khng thnh i vi v tranh chp v mi trng. Tranh chp c gii quyt bng bn n, quyt nh c hiu lc php lut ca To n Theo quy nh ti im c khon 1 iu 168 B Lut t tng dn s (2004) th To n khng th l v n v tr li n khi kin cho ng s nu s vic c gii quyt bng bn n, quyt nh c hiu lc php lut ca To n. Quy nh ny nhm trnh cng mt s vic nhng ng s li khi kin ti nhiu To n khc nhau, nhiu To n cng th l gii quyt mt v tranh chp, v i khi phn quyt ca cc To n ny li c s mu thun vi nhau. Do vy, trong n khi kin ngi khi kin cn nu r l v tranh chp cha c To n no gii quyt. Tuy nhin, ngi khi kin cng cn lu nu trc y h khi kin ra To n yu cu bi thng thit hi v mi trng hoc yu cu ngi vi phm chm dt hnh vi vi phm v To n ra quyt nh nh ch gii quyt v n dn s v l do ngi khi kin rt n khi kin hoc nguyn n c triu tp hp l n ln th hai m vn vng mt th h vn c quyn khi kin li v n nu cn thi hiu khi kin. V vic phi cn thi hiu khi kin Theo quy nh ti iu 607 B Lut dn s (2005) th thi hiu khi kin yu cu bi thng thit hi l hai nm, k t ngy quyn v li ch hp php ca c nhn, php nhn, ch th khc b xm phm. Tuy nhin, trn thc t, hnh vi vi phm mi trng c th ko di v ngi b thit hi i khi c th khng bit c nhng tn hi v ti sn hay sc kho ca mnh l do hnh vi gy ra, hoc tn hi sc kho khng th hin tc th ra bn ngoi, n khi bnh tnh rt nng th ngi b tn hi mi pht hin ra nguyn nhn tn hi sc kho l do nhim mi trng. Do vy, nghin cu ny cho rng ngi dn (b hi) c th vn dng cc quy nh v thi gian khng tnh vo thi hiu khi kin v n dn s, bt u li thi hiu khi kin theo iu 161, 162 B Lut dn s (2005) bo v quyn li ca mnh. Theo quy nh ti khon 1 iu 161 B Lut dn s (2005) th thi gian khng tnh vo thi hiu khi kin v n dn s l khong thi gian xy ra mt trong cc s kin sau y: S kin bt kh khng hoc tr ngi khch quan lm cho ch th c quyn khi kin, quyn yu cu khng th khi kin, yu cu trong phm vi thi hiu. S kin bt kh khng l s kin xy ra mt cch khch quan khng th lng trc c v khng th khc phc c mc d p dng mi bin php cn thit v kh nng cho php. Tr ngi khch quan l nhng tr ngi do hon cnh khch quan tc ng lm cho
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ngi c quyn, ngha v dn s khng th bit v vic quyn, li ch hp php ca mnh b xm phm hoc khng th thc hin c quyn hoc ngha v dn s ca mnh. Nh vy, trong trng hp nu trn ngi b tn hi v ti sn, sc kho c th lp lun trong n kin yu cu bi thng thit hi v c nhng tn hi trc y h phi gnh chu do hnh vi vi phm v mi trng gy ra nhng do hon cnh khch quan h khng th bit v vic quyn, li ch hp php ca mnh b xm phm. Cn lu l trong trng hp ng s l ngi cha thnh nin, mt nng lc hnh vi dn s hoc b hn ch nng lc hnh vi dn s th khong thi gian cha c ngi i din hoc ngi i din b cht m cha c ngi thay th khng tnh vo thi hiu khi kin v n dn s. Ngi b tn hi do hnh vi vi phm v mi trng gy ra cng cn nm vng cc quy nh lin quan n vic bt u li thi hiu khi kin trong trng hp To n khng th l v n v tr n khi kin v l do thi hiu khi kin ht. Thi hiu 2 nm thc hin quyn khi kin c th c bt u li khi c mt trong cc iu kin sau y: (1) Bn c ngha v tha nhn mt phn hoc ton b ngha v ca mnh i vi ngi khi kin; (2) Bn c ngha v thc hin xong mt phn ngha v ca mnh i vi ngi khi kin; v (3) Cc bn t ho gii vi nhau. Do , ngi b tn hi cn lu thit lp v lu gi cc ti liu vit lin quan n vic bn vi phm v mi trng tha nhn mt phn hoc ton ngha v ca mnh hoc thc hin mt phn ngha v ca mnh i vi ngi khi kin; bin bn, ti liu v vic t ho gii gia cc bn vi nhau lm c s cho vic kin ra To n sau ny. 4.3.2 To n nhn n v yu cu sa i b sung n kin Nu n khi kin hp l v ngi khi kin cung cp cc ti liu, chng c km theo th To n s tin hnh cc bc tip theo th l v tranh chp. Do vy, v vic c th c To n th l mt cch nhanh chng, khi lm n kin ngi khi kin cn lu nhng ni dung phn tch trn. Trong trng hp ngc li, ngi khi kin s phi mt thi gian lm th tc sa i, b sung n khi kin. Theo quy nh ti iu 169 B Lut t tng dn s (2004) th trong trng hp n khi kin khng c cc ni dung theo quy nh th To n thng bo cho ngi khi kin bit h sa i, b sung trong mt thi hn do To n n nh, nhng khng qu ba mi ngy; trong trng hp c bit, To n c th gia hn, nhng khng qu mi lm ngy. Trong trng hp ngi khi kin sa i, b sung n khi kin theo ng quy nh th To n tip tc vic th l v n; nu h khng sa i, b sung theo yu cu ca To n th To n tr li n khi kin v ti liu, chng c km theo cho ngi khi kin. 4.3.3 To n th l v n v vic tr li n khi kin Np tin tm ng n ph dn s s thm Sau khi xem xt n khi kin v cc ti liu chng c km theo nu xt thy cc iu kin th l, To n s tin hnh th tc th l v n. To n phi thng bo ngay cho ngi khi kin bit h n To n lm th tc np tin tm ng n ph trong trng hp h phi np tin tm ng n ph. Mc tin tm ng n ph m ng s phi np s do To n c thm quyn th l v n n nh cn c vo cc quy nh ti iu 25 Php lnh n ph, l ph (Php lnh s 10/2009/UBTVQH12 ngy 27 thng 02 nm 2009). To n d tnh s tin tm ng n ph, ghi vo phiu bo v giao cho ngi khi kin h np tin tm ng n ph. Trong thi hn mi lm ngy, k t ngy nhn c giy bo ca To n v vic np tin tm ng n ph, ngi khi kin phi np tin tm ng n ph ti c quan thi hnh n cng cp vi To n s thm nhn n khi kin.
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 Thi im To n th l v n Ngi khi kin cn lu l To n th l v n khi ngi khi kin np cho To n bin lai np tin tm ng n ph. Do vy, ngay sau khi np tin tm ng n ph ti c quan thi hnh n ngi khi kin phi nhn bin lai np tin tm ng n ph v np li bin lai ny cho To n. Thc tin, c nhiu trng hp do thiu hiu bit v quy nh ny nn sau khi np tin tm ng n ph ti c quan thi hnh n ngi khi kin tht lc bin lai np tin tm ng n ph hoc gi nh m khng np li bin lai ny cho To n. V hu qu l v vic khng c To n th l mc d ng s np tin tm ng n ph ti c quan thi hnh n nhiu thng trc . Php lut cng quy nh trong trng hp ngi khi kin c min hoc khng phi np tin tm ng n ph, n ph th To n phi th l v n khi nhn c n khi kin v ti liu, chng c km theo. Tuy nhin, hin cha c quy nh r nu kin yu cu bi thng thit hi do vi phm v mi trng, yu cu chm dt hnh vi vi phm v mi trng th ngi khi kin c c min hoc khng phi np tin tm ng n ph, n ph hay khng. Php lnh n ph, l ph To n ban hnh ngy 27/2/2009 (c hiu lc t ngy 1/7/2009) quy nh c quan, t chc khi kin v n dn s bo v quyn v li ch hp php ca ngi khc, li ch cng cng, li ch ca nh nc; c nhn, h gia nh thuc din ngho theo quy nh ca Chnh ph; ngi yu cu bi thng v tnh mng, sc khe khng phi np tin tm ng n ph, n ph (khon 2 iu 10 v khon 5, 6 iu 13). Nh vy, nu ngi khi kin yu cu bi thng thit hi v tnh mng, sc kho do hnh vi vi phm php lut v mi trng th h thuc trng hp c min n ph. Trong trng hp h khi kin yu cu bi thng thit hi v ti sn (nh gia sc, gia cm, tm, c cht hoc hoa mu b h hi...) th h ch c min n ph nu thuc din ngho theo quy nh ca Chnh ph. Trong trng hp ng s l ngi c kh khn v kinh t c U ban nhn dn x, phng, th trn ni ngi c tr hoc c quan, t chc ni ngi lm vic xc nhn, th c To n cho min np mt phn tin tm ng n ph, n ph. To n tr li n khi kin v quyn khiu ni ca ng s Theo quy nh ti iu 168 B Lut t tng dn s (2004) th To n tr li n khi kin trong cc trng hp sau y: (1) Thi hiu khi kin ht; (2) Ngi khi kin khng c quyn khi kin hoc khng c nng lc hnh vi t tng dn s; (3) S vic c gii quyt bng bn n, quyt nh c hiu lc php lut ca To n hoc quyt nh c hiu lc ca c quan nh nc c thm quyn, tr trng ngoi l; (4) Ht thi hn mi lm ngy, k t ngy ngi khi kin nhn c thng bo ca ta n v vic np tin tm ng n ph m ngi khi kin khng n ta n lm th tc th l v n, tr trng hp c l do chnh ng; (5) Cha c iu kin khi kin; v (6) V n khng thuc thm quyn gii quyt ca ta n. Nh vy, To n ch c th tr li n khi kin cho ng s khi c nhng cn c m php lut quy nh. hn ch ngi tin hnh t tng dn s tu tin v lm quyn, B Lut t tng dn s (2004) quy nh Khi tr li n khi kin, To n phi c vn bn km theo ghi r l do tr li n khi kin (iu 170), v ng s c quyn khiu ni v vic tr li n khi kin ca To n. Nu cho rng vic tr li n khi kin ca To n l khng ng php lut th trong thi hn 3 ngy lm vic k t ngy nhn c n khi kin v ti liu, chng c km theo do To n tr li, ngi khi kin c quyn khiu ni vi Chnh n To n tr li n khi kin. Trong thi hn 3 ngy lm vic k t ngy nhn c khiu ni v vic tr li n khi kin,
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Chnh n To n phi ra mt trong cc quyt nh sau: (1) Gi nguyn vic tr li n khi kin; hoc (2) Nhn li n khi kin, ti liu, chng c km theo tin hnh vic th l v n. 4.4 CNG VIC NGI KHI KIN PHI LM SAU KHI TA N TH L V N Thi hn chun b xt x cc loi v n l bn (04) thng, k t ngy th l v n. i vi v n c tnh cht phc tp hoc do tr ngi khch quan th Chnh n To n c th quyt nh gia hn thi hn chun b xt x, nhng khng qu hai thng. Sau khi th l v n, ngi khi kin phi tin hnh cc cng vic c th nh sau : B sung chng c, ti liu Theo quy nh ti iu 165 B Lut t tng dn s (2004) th ngi khi kin phi gi km theo n khi kin cc ti liu, chng c chng minh cho yu cu khi kin trc To n l c cn c v hp php. Tuy nhin, theo hng dn ti ti Phn I, mc 5 ca Ngh quyt s 02 ca Hi ng Thm phn To n Nhn dn Ti cao ngy 12/5/2006 th trong trng hp v l do khch quan nn ng s khng th np ngay y cc ti liu, chng c th h phi np cc ti liu, chng c ban u chng minh cho vic khi kin l c cn c. Cc ti liu chng c khc ngi khi kin phi t mnh b sung hoc b sung theo yu cu ca To n trong qu trnh gii quyt v n. Nh vy, trong trng hp ny ngi khi kin cn c vn bn gii trnh l do khch dn ti vic ng s khng th cung cp ngay cho To n nhng chng c ti liu cn thit. Theo php lut t tng dn s hin hnh nu ng s tin hnh cc bin php cn thit thu thp chng c m vn khng th thu thp c th c th lm n yu cu To n tin hnh cc bin php sau y thu thp chng c: Ly li khai ca ng s, ngi lm chng v hnh vi gy nhim, mc nhim, thit hi thc t do hnh vi gy nhim gy ra, nguyn nhn thit hi; Trng cu gim nh. iu 131, 132 Lut Bo v mi trng (2005) quy nh vic gim nh thit hi do nhim, suy thoi mi trng s do c quan chuyn mn v bo v mi trng thc hin; vic tn hi v sc kho s do c quan gim nh php y thc hin; Quyt nh nh gi ti sn. To n s t nh gi cc thit hi v ti sn do hnh vi vi phm php lut v mi trng gy ra hoc quyt nh thnh lp Hi ng nh gi, bao gm i din ca S Ti chnh v S Ti nguyn-Mi trng thc hin); Xem xt, thm nh ti ch. i vi cc v n bi thng thit hi do vi phm php lut v mi trng gy ra, Thm phn cn trc tip ti khu vc c thit hi xc nh mc nhim, nguyn nhn gy nhim, lm c s quy kt trch nhim bi thng) U thc thu thp chng c. V d, trong trng hp To n ni c tr s ca bn gy thit hi th l v vic cn xc nh mc tn hi v sc kho ca ngi b thit hi nhng h li c tr ti mt hun hoc tnh khc th To n ny c th u thc cho To n ni ngi b thit hi c tr xc minh v mc tn hi v chuyn kt qu u thc cho To n u thc gii quyt v vic. Yu cu c nhn, c quan, t chc cung cp ti liu lin quan n vic gii quyt v vic dn s (iu 85 B Lut t tng dn s (2004). Ring v vn trng cu gim nh, iu 9 Php lnh v Gim nh t php ngy 29/9/2004 quy nh Vic b nhim gim nh vin t php c thc hin trong lnh vc php y, php y tm thn, k thut hnh s, ti chnh - k ton, xy dng, vn ho, mi trng v cc lnh vc cn thit khc m khng cp ti lnh vc mi trng. Theo quy nh ti iu 132 Lut Bo
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v mi trng (2005) th gim nh thit hi do suy gim chc nng, tnh hu ch ca mi trng do c quan gim nh thc hin, nhng cha c hng dn c th c quan no lm gim nh mi trng. y l nhng vn m c quan lp php v t php cn hon thin trong tng lai. Yu cu To n p dng bin php khn cp tm thi: V nguyn tc, trong trng hp khn cp th ngay t khi np n khi kin hoc sau khi To n th l v n, ngi khi kin c th yu cu To n p dng cc bin php khn cp tm thi bo v quyn li ca mnh hoc m bo cho vic thi hnh n sau ny. Tuy nhin, ngi khi kin cng phi ht sc thn trng bi v vic yu cu To n p dng cc bin php khn cp tm thi i vi b n nu khng ng c th gy cho b n nhng thit hi vt cht. Theo php lut hin hnh th chnh ngi c yu cu s phi chu trch nhim bi thng nhng thit hi vt cht ny. Trong cc v kin v mi trng, ngi khi kin c th yu cu To n p dng mt trong cc bin php khn cp tm thi sau y: Buc thc hin trc mt phn ngha v bi thng thit hi do tnh mng, sc kho b xm phm; Phong to ti khon ti ngn hng, t chc tn dng khc, kho bc nh nc; phong to ti sn ni gi gi; Phong to ti sn ca ngi c ngha v; Cm hoc buc ng s thc hin hnh vi nht nh. Chun b phng n tranh tng nhm bc b vn bn phn i ca b n Trong thi hn ba ngy lm vic k t ngy th l v n, To n phi thng bo bng vn bn cho b n, c nhn, c quan, t chc c quyn li, ngha v lin quan n vic gii quyt v n, cho Vin kim st cng cp v vic To n th l v n. Trong thi hn mi lm ngy k t ngy nhn c thng bo, ngi c thng bo phi np cho To n vn bn ghi kin ca mnh i vi yu cu ca ngi khi kin v ti liu, chng c km theo. Do vy, ngi khi kin cn n To n sao chp vn bn phn i ca b n v cc chng c, ti liu m b n s dng phn bc li yu cu khi kin ca mnh. Trn c s nhng ti liu ny, ngi khi kin s tip tc cng c lp lun v b sung thm cc chng c, ti liu bc b cc lun c m b n a ra. To n tin hnh th tc ho gii gia cc bn Theo php lut t tng dn s hin hnh th ho gii l th tc t tng bt buc trc khi tin hnh xt x cc v kin v mi trng. Do vy, ngi khi kin cng phi chun b trc phng n thng lng khi To n tin hnh th tc ho gii. Trong trng hp khi To n ho gii cc bn tho thun c vi nhau nhng sau ng s li khng mun thc hin tho thun na th cn lu nh sau : ng s ch c quyn thay i tho thun trong thi hn by ngy, k t ngy Thm phn lp bin bn ho gii thnh. Nu ht thi hn by ngy, k t ngy lp bin bn ho gii thnh m khng c ng s no thay i kin v s tho thun th Thm phn ch tr phin ho gii hoc mt Thm phn c Chnh n To n phn cng ra quyt nh cng nhn s tho thun ca cc ng s. Quyt nh cng nhn s tho thun ca cc ng s c hiu lc php lut ngay sau khi c ban hnh v khng b khng co, khng ngh theo th tc phc thm. Quyt nh ny ch c th b khng ngh theo th tc gim c thm nu c cn c cho rng s tho
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thun l do b nhm ln, la di, e do hoc tri php lut, tri o c x hi. (iu 187, 188 B Lut t tng dn s (2004). 4.5 CNG VIC NGI KHI KIN CN LM SAU KHI TA N C QUYT NH A V N RA XT X S THM Trong trng hp ho gii khng thnh th To n s quyt nh a v n ra xt x s thm. Trong thi hn mt thng k t ngy c quyt nh a v n ra xt x, To n phi m phin To; trong trng hp c l do chnh ng th thi hn ny l hai thng. Thi gian ny, ngi khi kin cn nghin cu k lng cc ti liu, chng c v li khai ca b n chun b bn lun c bo v quyn li cho mnh khi tranh tng ti phin To s thm hoc nh ngi bo v quyn li cho mnh trc To n. Thng thng bn lun c bo v s xoay quanh vic chng minh bn yu t lm c s cho yu cu i bi thng thit hi, bao gm nhng thit hi thc t phi gnh chu, hnh vi vi phm php lut v mi trng ca bi n, b n c li trong vic gy thit hi, gia hnh vi vi phm php lut v mi trng v thit hi m ngi khi kin phi gnh chu c mi quan h nhn qu vi nhau. Trong trng hp, ngi tin hnh t tng c biu hin khng v t khi lm nhim v nu xt thy cn phi yu cu thay i ngi tin hnh t tng th phi c s chun b cc ti liu, chng c lm cn c cho yu cu thay i ngi tin hnh t tng ti To n. 4.6 THC HIN QUYN KHNG CO YU CU TA N CP PHC THM XT LI V N 4.6.1 Khng co Theo nguyn tc hai cp xt x, th sau khi To n cp s thm (To n cp huyn hoc To dn s thuc To n tnh) xt x v ra bn n s thm cc ng s c quyn khng co yu cu To n cp trn (To dn s thuc To n tnh hoc To phc thm To n nhn dn ti cao) xt li v n theo th tc phc thm. n khng co phi c cc ni dung chnh sau y: Ngy, thng, nm lm n khng co v tn, a ch ca ngi khng co; Khng co phn no ca bn n, quyt nh ca To n cp s thm cha c hiu lc php lut; v L do ca vic khng co v yu cu ca ngi khng co; Ch k hoc im ch ca ngi khng co. Km theo n khng co l ti liu, chng c chng minh cho khng co ca mnh l c cn c v hp php. Vic khng co i vi bn n ca To n cp s thm phi c thc hin trong thi hn l mi lm ngy, k t ngy tuyn n; i vi ng s khng c mt ti phin To th thi hn khng co tnh t ngy bn n c giao cho h hoc c nim yt. n khng co phi c gi cho To n cp s thm ra bn n, quyt nh s thm b khng co. Trong trng hp n khng co gi qua bu in th ngy khng co c tnh cn c vo ngy bu in ni gi ng du phong b. Theo quy nh ti iu 248 B Lut t tng dn s (2004) th sau khi chp nhn n khng co hp l, To n cp s thm phi thng bo cho ngi khng co bit h np tin tm ng n ph phc thm theo quy nh ca php lut, nu h khng thuc trng hp c min hoc khng phi np tin tm ng n ph, n ph phc thm. Trong thi hn mi ngy k t ngy nhn c thng bo ca To n v vic np tin tm ng n ph phc thm, ngi khng co phi np tin tm ng n ph v np cho To n cp s thm bin lai np tin tm ng n ph.
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Ht thi hn ny m ngi khng co khng np tin tm ng n ph phc thm th c coi l h t b vic khng co, tr trng hp c l do chnh ng. 4.6.2 Thi hn chun b xt x phc thm v quyn hn ca Hi ng xt x phc thm Thi hn chun b xt x phc thm l hai thng k t ngy th l v n. i vi v n c tnh cht phc tp hoc do tr ngi khch quan th Chnh n To n cp phc thm c th quyt nh ko di thi hn chun b xt x, nhng khng c qu mt thng. Trong thi hn mt thng, k t ngy c quyt nh a v n ra xt x, To n phi m phin To phc thm; trong trng hp c l do chnh ng th thi hn ny l hai thng (iu 258 B Lut t tng dn s (2004). Khi tin hnh phin To s thm, Hi ng xt x phc thm c cc quyn sau y: Gi nguyn bn n s thm; Sa bn n s thm; Hu bn n s thm v chuyn h s v n cho To n cp s thm gii quyt li v n; Hu bn n s thm v nh ch gii quyt v n. 4.7 THC HIN QUYN KHIU NI XEM XT LI V N THEO TRNH T GIM C THM, TI THM Trong trng hp bn n, quyt nh ca To n c hiu lc php lut, cc ng s khng c quyn yu cu To n cp gim c thm, ti thm xem xt li v n m ch c th thc hin quyn khiu ni yu cu nhng ngi c thm quyn khng ngh theo th tc gim c thm, ti thm tin hnh khng ngh xem xt li v n theo th tc gim c thm, ti thm. n khiu ni n khiu ni phi th hin c c cn c khng ngh theo th tc gim c thm, ti thm. C th l : Kt lun trong bn n, quyt nh khng ph hp vi tnh tit khch quan ca v n; C vi phm nghim trng th tc t tng; C sai lm nghim trng trong vic p dng php lut (iu 278 B Lut t tng dn s). Cn c khng ngh theo th tc ti thm, bao gm : Mi pht hin c tnh tit quan trng ca v n m ng s khng th bit c trong qu trnh gii quyt v n; C c s chng minh kt lun ca ngi gim nh, li dch ca ngi phin dch khng ng s tht hoc c gi mo chng c; Thm phn, Hi thm nhn dn, Kim st vin c lm sai lch h s v n hoc c kt lun tri php lut; Bn n, quyt nh hnh s, hnh chnh ca To n hoc quyt nh ca c quan nh nc m To n cn c vo gii quyt v n b hu b. Ngi c thm quyn gii quyt khiu ni n khiu ni phi gi ti nhng ngi c quyn khng ngh theo th tc gim c thm, ti thm. C th l n khiu ni c th c gi ti Chnh n To n nhn dn ti cao, Vin trng Vin kim st nhn dn ti cao ; Chnh n To n nhn dn cp tnh, Vin trng Vin kim st nhn dn cp tnh (iu 285, iu 307 B Lut t tng dn s (2004). Thi hn ng s phi gi n khiu ni Theo iu 288 v iu 308 B Lut t tng dn s (2004) th thi hn khng ngh theo th tc gim c thm l 03 nm, k t ngy bn n, quyt nh ca To n c hiu lc php lut ; thi hn khng ngh theo th tc ti thm l 01 nm, k t ngy ngi c thm quyn khng ngh bit
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c cn c khng ngh theo th tc ti thm. Do vy, vic khiu ni c hiu qu ng s cn gi n khiu ni ngay sau khi bn n, quyt nh ca To n c hiu lc php lut. S QUY TRNH KHI KIN V THEO KIN TI TO N
n khi kin np cho To n c thm quyn
5 ngy

To n xem xt th l

Th l v n

Tr li n khi kin
3 ngy

To n lp h s
4 thng

Khiu ni ti Chnh n
3 ngy

To n tin hnh ho gii

Chnh n gii quyt khiu ni

Ho gii khng thnh

Ho gii thnh cng

7 ngy

Q. a v n ra xt x s thm
1-2 thng

Q.. cng nhn tho thun

Phin to s thm
15 ngy

Khng co phc thm

3 thng

Phin to phc thm

Khiu ni gim c thm, ti thm

Khng ngh gim c thm, ti thm

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Phin to gim c thm, ti thm

TI LIU THAM KHO 1. Hin php nc Cng ha XHCN Vit Nam nm 1992, ngy 15 thng 4 nm 1992 2. B Lut dn s nc Cng ha XHCN Vit Nam, s 33/2005/QH11, ngy 14 thng 06 nm 2005 3. B Lut t tng dn s nc Cng ha XHCN Vit Nam, s 24/2004/QH11, ngy 15/06/2004 4. Lut Bo v mi trng nc Cng ha XHCN Vit Nam, s 52/2005/QH11, ngy 29/11/2005 5. Lut Khong sn nc Cng ha XHCN Vit Nam, s 47 L/CTN/QH9, ngy 20/03/1996 6. Lut Ti nguyn nc nc Cng ha XHCN Vit Nam, s 08/1998/QH10, ngy 20/05/1998 7. Thng t s 2262/TT-MTg ngy 29/12/1995 ca B trng B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng v khc phc s c trn du; 8. Quyt nh s 129/2001/Q-TTg ngy 29/8/2001 ca Th tng Chnh ph v vic ph duyt K hoch Quc gia ng ph s c trn du giai on 2001- 2010; 9. Quy ch hot ng ng ph s c trn du (ban hnh km theo Quyt nh s 103/2005/QTTg ngy 12 thng 5 nm 2005 ca Th tng Chnh ph) 10. Ngh quyt s 02 ca Hi ng Thm phn Ta n nhn dn ti cao ngy 12/05/2006 11.V Thu Hnh. Lun n tin s lut hc Xy dng v hon thin c ch gii quyt tranh chp trong lnh vc bo v mi trng ti Vit Nam. H Ni. 2004

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Bn bo co ny c thc hin trong khun kh cc hot ng ca d n Tng cng nng lc gim st chnh sch v php lut mi trng Vit Nam, 2008-2010 do Qu Ford (Hoa K) ti tr. Trung tm Con ngi v Thin nhin (PanNature) l t chc phi li nhun hot ng nhm bo v mi trng, bo tn s a dng v phong ph ca thin nhin, nng cao cht lng cuc sng ca cng ng a phng thng qua tm kim, qung b, thc hin cc gii php bn vng v thn thin vi mi trng.

TRUNG TM CON NGI V THIN NHIN S 3, Ngch 55, Ng 61, Trn Duy Hng, H Ni Hm th 612, Bu in H Ni T: (04) 3556-4001 Fax: (04) 3556-8941 Website: www.nature.org.vn