EEE 360

Energy Conversion and

Transport
George G. Karady & Keith Holbert

Chapter 7
Induction Motors

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 Lecture 22

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 Construction

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 7.6 Single Phase Induction Motor
 The single-phase induction machine is the most
frequently used motor for refrigerators, washing
machines, clocks, drills, compressors, pumps, and so
forth.
 The single-phase motor stator has a laminated iron
core with two windings arranged perpendicularly.
 One is the main and
 The other is the auxiliary winding or starting
winding

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 7.6 Single Phase Induction Motor

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 7.6 Single Phase Induction Motor
• This “single-phase” Stator with laminated
iron core Slots with winding

motors are truly two- Rotor with

laminated
phase machines. Main winding + iron core

• The motor uses a + Bars

squirrel cage rotor,
which has a laminated _
iron core with slots. _ Ring to short
Starting winding circuit the bars

• Aluminum bars are

molded on the slots and
short-circuited at both
Figure 7.42 Single-phase
ends with a ring.
induction motor.

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 7.6 Single Phase Induction Motor

Figure 7.10 Squirrel cage rotor

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 7.6.1 Operating principle

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 7.6 Single Phase Induction Motor
• The single-phase induction motor operation
can be described by two methods:
– Double revolving field theory; and
– Cross-field theory.
• Double revolving theory is perhaps the
easier of the two explanations to understand
• Learn the double revolving theory only

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 7.6 Single Phase Induction Motor
7.6.1 Double revolving field theory
• A single-phase ac current supplies the main
winding that produces a pulsating magnetic
field.
• Mathematically, the pulsating field could be
divided into two fields, which are rotating in
opposite directions.
• The interaction between the fields and the
current induced in the rotor bars generates
opposing torque
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 7.6 Single Phase Induction Motor
Main winding flux

• The interaction between

the fields and the current -ωt +ωt
induced in the rotor bars Main winding
generates opposing
torque.
• Under these conditions,
with only the main field
energized the motor will
not start Starting winding

• However, if an external
torque moves the motor in
any direction, the motor
will begin to rotate. Figure 7.43 Single-phase motor main winding
generates two rotating fields, which oppose and
counter-balance one another.

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 7.6 Single Phase Induction Motor

7.6.1 Double revolving field theory

• The pulsating filed is divided a forward and reverse
rotating field
• Motor is started in the direction of forward rotating
field this generates small (5%) positive slip
s pos = (n sy − nm ) n sy

• Reverse rotating field generates a larger (1.95%)

negative slip
s neg = (n sy + nm ) n sy
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 7.6 Single Phase Induction Motor
7.6.1 Double revolving field theory
• The three-phase induction motor starting torque inversely
depends on the slip
Rrot_t
(
3 ⋅ Irot_t ( s ) ) 2
⋅
s
T m_start ( s ) :=
2 ⋅ π⋅ nsy

• This implies that a small positive slip (0.01–0.03) generates

larger torque than a larger negative slip (1.95–1.99)
• This torque difference drives the motor continues to rotate in a
forward direction without any external torque.
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 7.6 Single Phase Induction Motor
7.6.1 Double revolving field theory
• Each of the rotating fields induces a voltage in the
rotor, which drives current and produces torque.
• An equivalent circuit, similar to the equivalent
circuit of a three phase motor, can represent each
field
• The parameters of the two circuits are the same
with the exception of the slip.

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 7.6 Single Phase Induction Motor
7.6.1 Double revolving field theory
• The two equivalent circuits are connected in series.
• Figure 7.44 shows the equivalent circuit of a single-
phase motor in running condition.
• The current, power and torque can be calculated
from the combined equivalent circuit using the Ohm
Law
• The calculations are demonstrated on a numerical
example
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 7.6 Single Phase Induction Motor
Ista Xsta/2 Rsta/2 Xrot/2 Rrot/2

Forward Ipos
rotating field
Rc/2 Xm/2 Rrot(1-spos)/(2spos)

Vsta
Xsta/2 Rsta/2 Xrot/2 Rrot/2

Reverse Ineg
rotating field
Rc/2 Xm/2 Rrot(1-sneg)/(2sneg)

Figure 7.44 Equivalent circuit of a single-phase motor in running condition.

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 7.6 Single Phase Induction Motor

The results of the calculations are:

– Input power:

S in = Vsta I *
sta

– Developed or output power:

2 Rrot 1 − s pos 2 Rrot 1 − s neg
Pdev = I pos + I neg
2 s pos 2 s neg

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 7.6 Single Phase Induction Motor
nm := 400rpm , 410rpm .. 1780rpm

500
nmax
Pdev_max
Pmech( n m) 400
Pmech_max
W

Pmot_dev( n m) 300
W
200
Pmech( n rated)
Operating Point
W Stable
100
Operating
Region
0
400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
nm
rpm
Figure 7.47 Single-phase motor mechanical output power and electrically
developed power versus speed.

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 7.6.2.2 Starting torque

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 7.6 Single Phase Induction Motor
• The single-phase motor starting torque is zero
because of the pulsating single-phase magnetic flux.
• The starting of the motor requires the generation of
a rotating magnetic flux similar to the rotating flux
in a three-phase motor.
• Two perpendicular coils that have currents 90° out-
of-phase can generate the necessary rotating
magnetic fields which start the motor.
• Therefore, single-phase motors are built with two
perpendicular windings.

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 7.6 Single Phase Induction Motor
• The phase shift is achieved by
connecting
– a resistance,
– an inductance, or
– a capacitance
in series with the starting winding.
• Most frequently used is a capacitor to
generate the starting torque.

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 7.6 Single Phase Induction Motor
• Figure 7.50 shows the
connection diagram of a I Centrifugal switch

motor using a capacitor

to generate the starting Main
V winding Starting
torque. winding

• When the motor reaches C Rotor

the operating speed, a
centrifugal switch turns Figure 7.50 Single-phase motor
connection.
off the starting winding.

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 7.6 Single Phase Induction Motor
• The centrifugal switch is
necessary because most I Centrifugal switch

motors use a cheap

electrolytic capacitor that
Main
can only carry ac current V winding Starting
winding
for a short period.
• A properly selected C Rotor

capacitor produces
around 90° phase shift Figure 7.50 Single-phase motor
and large starting torque. connection.

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 7.6 Single Phase Induction Motor
n m := 0.1rpm, 1rpm.. n sy

12

( )
T sm nm 10
Combined main and
N⋅ m starting windings
generated torque Figure 7.51
( )
T m nm 8

N⋅ m
Starting winding Torque–speed
is disconnected characteristic of
( )
T nm 6

N⋅ m
a small single-
Main winding phase induction
4
T nom generated torque
N⋅ m
motor.
2
Operating Point
0
0 500 1000 1500
nm

rpm

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 7.6 Single Phase Induction Motor
• A less effective but more economical method using
shaded pole motors
• The motor has two salient poles excited by ac
current.
• Each pole includes a small portion that has a short-
circuited winding. This part of the pole is called the
shaded pole.
• The main winding produces a pulsating flux that
links with the squirrel cage rotor.
• This flux induces a voltage in the shorted winding.
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 7.6 Single Phase Induction Motor
• The induced voltage produces a current in the
shorted winding.
• This current generates a flux that opposes the main
flux in the shaded pole (the part of the pole that
carries the shorted winding).
• The result is that the flux in the unshaded and
shaded parts of the pole will be unequal.
• Both the amplitude and the phase angle will be
different.

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 7.6 Single Phase Induction Motor
• These two fluxes generate an unbalanced rotating
field. The field amplitude changes as it rotates.
• Nevertheless this rotating field produces a torque,
which starts the motor in the direction of the shaded
pole.
• The starting torque is small but sufficient for fans
and other household equipment requiring small
starting torque.
• The motor efficiency is poor but it is cheap

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 7.6 Single Phase Induction Motor
• The motor has two Shorted
coil
salient poles excited Shaded
pole
by ac current.
Unshaded Squirrel cage Unshaded

• Each pole includes a pole rotor pole

small portion that has Shaded

a short-circuited Shorted
pole

winding.
coil

• This part of the pole Main winding

is called the shaded

pole Figure 7.52 Concept of single-
phase shaded pole motor.

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 7.6 Single Phase Induction Motor

Figure 7.53
Shaded pole
motor for
household fan.

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